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    Radial gate

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1K vues30 pages

    Radial Gate

    Transféré par

    nirez14
    Radial gate

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 30
    7 Radial Gate 37.1 General Description These gates can be used both on spillways as well as in conduits and tunnels, Figure 37.1 represents a typical radial gate, The basic idea of this design is to put the main struts supporting the gate frame into compression ; the hydrostatic. forces acting on the gate skin plate have a radial resultant which in the simplest gate design, passes through the gate trunnion or pivot. ‘Thus in this design they are capable of closing under free discharge by their own weight. Comparative studies indicate that radial gates are often the cheapest type of gatc. Its merit Wes in its mechanical simplicity. As compared to the vertical lift gates this type of gate has become more popular as a crest gate due to the following advantages : | coc be hyo . Fig. 37.1 (a) Tainter or Fig. 37.1 (b) Resultant force passing radial gate through trunnion of tainter or radial gate, loa. ‘TYPES (Simplicity of construction—requiring no precision finish; except at the bearing. (i) Easily accesible for maintenance. (iii) Absones of grooves in the piors which are unfavourable for the smooth hydraulic flow conditions. (iv) Absence of wheels and wheel astembly. (v) Reduction in the hoist capacity compared to the fixed wheel gate. ‘The operating gear has only to provide for lifting the weight of the gate and the relatively low trunnion friction. Risk of jamming is very much reduced and the “cracking open force” is not great. A few examples of the radial gates that have been used for spillway are given below. In Yacyrota-Apipe project. on R. Parana in Argentine/ Paraguay size of the gates built in 1981 is 15.2m wide and 20.1m_ high. The gates of Bath County (Back Creck-Virginia U.S.A.) Duilt in 1982 are of square size having each dimensions a5 9m. In the Lower Tachien project on R.Tachien in Taiwan built in 1971 the ratio of the height is still more pronounced as compared to the first example above having a width of only 10.7 m against a height of 20.1m. The gates on R, Thjorsa in Iceland at Burfell project are very wide as compared to height being 20.1 m wide but having a height of only 2.5 m. ‘The radial gate can also be designed with counter weights as shown in Figure 87.2. Tn the example shown, the torques (P.C.) on account of water resuliant passing above the pivot and G1 a1 on account of counterweight help the hoist to work against Ga, Fig. 37.2 Resultant force not passing through the trunnion 1050 RADIAL GATES (vi) Hoist can be arranged at the deck level and no hoisting bridge is required. Also no high superstructure is required ‘in this case as is required in the vertical Tift gates. (vii) ‘This gate adopts itself readily to automatic control, Te can be counterbalanced in any position of opening and when used as a crest gate, can be operated directly by floats situated in chambers. In these chambers the water Jevel and, therefore, the flood level is determined by the differential flow principle in which comparatively small change in reservoir level is followed by large alteration of water level in the chamber. "The design and construction of radial gate follow the lines discussed in Chapter 36 and have been further explained under the details of structural design of radial gates, ‘The hydrostatic pressure transmitted to the skin plate is taken by the secondary horizontal and vertical girders and transmitted to horizontal girders and the radial struts and finally to the trunnion. ‘The anchorage of the trunnion in the mass of concrete is fave proved useful in est >ution caused ina pier by the concent od by the gate trunnion. Radial gates, when submerged are hard to keep water both at che top of the submerged gate and at the Tower cor di ‘with hook gates as shown in Figure 37.3 or wi Figure 87.4 shows a submei “gave which has been used in the dam at Bagedeforsen on R. Faxalven, Sweden. Such types have been used in Sweden and elsewhere, They have been installed to serve the double purpose of passing timber, using a small flow of water, as well as Bischarging ‘as much water as posible through the gate opening during floods. ‘There were some gates installed on River Angermanalven (Sweden) which were lowered when PIER ae = * i ‘TYPES 1051 Fig. 37-4 Cross section of the submergible tainer gate and apron ‘used for_pasting timber and raised a when discharging water during floods. Dy. wire ropes. Ta Burope, some gates having flat skin plates have also been ‘uted, (sce Fig. 87.5). ‘The reason of its popul Hh some Tick 1052 RADIAL GATES designers may possibility be made clear by comparison with bridge design. It will in fact, be remembered that about a century ago, i.e. during the peak of the railway construction period in Europe, the curved boom of parabolic (or se Parabolic) girders was almost a standard feature for bridges of a certain length of span. The fact that it has now been almost entirely abandoned, at least in Central Europe, is due to a general tendency towards modern, polygonal types in steel- Work design in preference to the antiquated éurved outline, In the first instance, this avoids the deterioration of the rolled sections due to bending (either cold or heated) and secondly additional local stresses are thus much reduced but apart from these explicit, formal reasons, there is also the subconscious feoling of the, designer which has now developed into a .graving for stern simplicity of outline. This means that a straight line is preferred to a curve, in s0. far as steel work is concemed. The tainter gate with plane surface may be considered as a result of this tendency. The advantage of this will be apparent from a consideration of forces in the wo ‘types during various phases of operation as detailed below. 97.2. Operation _Hpdraulie forces on Radiat Skin Plate Reffering to Figure 37.6 a, the total hydrostatic force P, applied to the curved shell of the gate may be taken as the resultant of a horizontal force H = wh?/2, and of a vertical force U, which is equal to the shaded area ABC x x, where w is unit weight of water. ‘The resultant, P, is applied at two-thirds depth from the water surface; but since it passes through the centre of rotation, ‘does not afféct the force required to life the gate except ar ‘bearings, which may be disregarded. i Assoon as the gate begins to rise, the pressure on the skin Plate drops.” To calculate the reduction, assume the height of “the aperture, between -sill and gate, as t (Fig: 37.6 b), plot a flow net diagram, as shown. Poi a point x velocity v1 is ‘equal to the discharge q divided by the length s of the curve ay, Thus wep ee 4. 4 2g (7.1) HYDRAULIC FORCES 1053 Fig, 37.6 Forces on curved plate .e loss of head by at the point x is then equal to hasvr"/2g_ wile se Saanannag byaroneatte prestre Ww bg OaTeulatonr may be done for a nuiiber of poms on the “plate, between A and C, and the curve’ A By C, traced. To obtain the true diagram of pressures, the point by is projected on the straight line OF, with x as centre and hg as radius. This computation yields AOG, i.e. the envelope of the pressure area. ‘The analysis may be carried out for various values of t and the information obtained on the forces applied to the gate, during its operation. Hydraulié Forces on Plane Skin Plate rea in Fig. ! s graphically the ‘The shaded area in Fig. 37.7 (a) represents grapl difference inthe presures on curved and suight skin plate respectively. The horizontal components are the same in oth 2 cases, vi, where an unit weight of water but the Som theory. 1054. RADIAL GATES Fig. 37.7 Forces on plane plate vertical component is somewhat smaller in alternative, it can be calculated from a cea U=toh?tang oe (37.2) yhich gives P= 4 wh? sec x paid : “ this case P does not pass through the centre of rotation, the eccentricity being 8/6. Hence the motors Hing the gate must overcome an additional hydraulic moment; 1 Mm obi tect « ~Leliausky gives the following method for_redi additional moment, ig_this “We imay be reduced by altering the 7 sent. je reduced by altering di ‘Tope oF THE plato ax shown in the figure by dotted lines Ie is easily proved that to determine this 2 Aierence & must be calclced fom ns NW HOPE Oe he 8 = ota (37.5) ‘The changes of the pressure consequent on the movements of the water can in this case be found by using the potential ‘The velocity at x is (Fig. 37.7 b), then equal to = av Ye Fain B Zain (76) and the corresponding loss of head HYDRAULIC FORCES 1055 ah=f 31.7 , 7 etal Integrating, the total diference of pressure is aw = Lat? (97.7) In order to find the effect of this force on the performance of, the motors, we must know its centroid. We now calculate 2 h—t) hb aM = AS toe F 67.8) ‘The relief foree in thorefore applied to the shield at a distance th « sacar eM (7) from the point G Tr is obvious from these equations thet the drop in the pressure A P depends on_t and, i.e. on the position ofthe fate, ATE -cortain position, which is referred to as critical it ease maximum, Theoretically, thex®Wwould'be no obstacle to finding this critical value analytically, but in practice the uations become too involved, and itis dherefore simpler to ‘carry out the calculation graphically, i.e. to assume a certain. number of different values of t, find the corresponding values GFAP, and plot a curve, from which the masimum AP can be found ‘The corresponding value of ‘a’ can then be determined and this will permit finding: the moment of AP about the centre of rotation F. It follows that whilst the effect of the water pressure on the”Toree required wo lift the gave is nil for_a ‘ylindrical Gate, it may be arranged to help the motors in the This is particularly important when water flows over the plate, because the additional pressure due to a higher level can then be balanced by a proper selection of eccentricities. 37.3. Structural Design of Radial Gate ‘The design of this gate involves G) the overall planning of the gate, and (ii) detailed design of various component parts. In the overall dimensioning of the gate following parameters 1056 RADIAL GATES are fixed : : (i) location of the centre of circle, which in this case ‘would mean the location of the trunnions radius of the gate, location of sill, Jocation and type of hoists. ‘The following are the main component Of the ga which require detailed structural design eects (@). skin plate, (b) stiffeners (©) horizontal girders, (@ end arms (©) trunnion hub, pin, bush and bracket or boating pedestal (8) load carrying anchors. (g) anchorage girders (h) thrust block; (seals, seal seat, seal base and sill beam G) tunnion tie ee (&) guide rotler; and (1) anchor bos. 37.4 Overall Planning of Gate Location of Trunnion ‘The trunnion pin in the radial gate is a vital patt since it carries enormous Joad, and suitable arrangements are to be made to prevent cotrosion due to moisture. As a rule the trun= rion and the assembly is so located that there is at least 5 fi. clearance (1.5 1) between tho water nabpe flowing over the spillway crest under maximum water Conditions, 7 Some guidelines are given below. The trunnions be so located that the resultant hydraulic thf throug he gat theese positon or ese Ta ‘condition Ties as clos6 to the horizontal as possible, i ‘Fedluce the upward or downward foree that will otherwise be imposed on the anchorage girders. ‘The trunnions be normally located within the elevation of BD teaton ofthe sit - OVERALL PLANNING 1087 clearance, the centre line of the trunnions may be located up ween the top.of the gate and the horizontal vertical distance bet In the case of conduits and tunnels the trunnion be located clear of the water profile under free flow conditions. However, in’ case of pressure conduits there ‘be designed for_ gubmerged condition. The location of the trunnions should allow the gate to be folly raised or lowered without interfering with the spillway ‘of hoist bridge or any other part of the civil structure housing the gate, From considerations of economy and smooth operatio the U.S.B.R. recommends that the height of runnion pin above the horizontal from the sill is limited 10 0.5 to 0.75 H,_ where H is the height of gate. ‘The radius of the gate, that is the distance from the centers of the trunnion pins to the inside face of the skin plate is, as far as posible, kept 1.25 H_ metres consistant with the requirements of the trunnion location ouilined above, where HH isthe vertical distance between the top of the gate and the horizontal through the sill, ‘The sill of the gate is generally located slightly downstream of the crest, to avoid cavitation of the downstream glacis. “Tels, as far as possible, located so that a yertical plane tangent to upstream face of the skin plate intersect the spillway , at or downstream from the crest. This requirement would place the sill downstreaii of the crest, Operating clearance from the bridge and the location of the hoist may, require the sill to be shifted further downstream, . ‘The distance from the centre line of the crest to the centre, line of The sill H_Kopt as smal af possible in o For gates in tunnels and conduits, it may not be posible to fulfil the above requirement on account of the high “toa maximum of 0.75 H above the sill, where H is the H=qalz_ hedge 1058 RADIAL GATES SKIN PLATE 1059 ‘The width of the skin coscting with beam stiffener and the _ allowable stresses follow the same principle as discussed in ‘Chapter 36 for vertical gates. For gates in contiuits and tunnels and for gates for_spillways where the minimum reservoir level remains always or nearly| always above the spillway-crest, the computed thickness of the for abrasi location of the trunnions. WV taatn of Ho Tn case of crest gates, the hoisis may be installed on the roadway or on the piers or on an under-deck below the roadway. Te is 40 located, that, as far as possible, the hoistin is applied to the gate at the largest possible radius andthe hoisting” angle does not change much duris iravel_of. mee Th case the reservoir water is of corrosive nature, the hoisting is generally done from the downstream side of the gate to prevent deterioration of the hoisting cables. Tn case of radial gates in conduits and tunnels where the hoists bave to be installed in an underground chamber aliove the conduit these are located s0 that they remain sufficiensly clear of water spray, etc. for all positions of the gate. For ema eadial gates, the above arrangement of ski vertical stiffeners, horizontal girders and end arms is slightly Wotaea “The tin plawe is nade to span over a umber of Foigontl ginets at Gn feed whee) gaten, These horizontal ges in teenapan betwee the vertical girders placed almost, i ither-end 3 the gave "ThE aad arma button tho Verticab ieder inmead of a the_horinontal glider as inthe earlier afrangement. This latter arrangement is, however, found sc eeonomical for lege se radi gate. There i farther Geteouiage that the space Deween We end arms and the See ir nrow aod may wurvimes cau fowtng debris f0 Mfatrct the smooth operation o the pte 37.5 Detailed Design Skin plate: _ The skin_plate_ issu ably spaced stiffeners tal or vertical or both, If horizontal stiffeners are used, these are supporied By suitably spaced vertical Siaphragms which are connected together by horizontal girders ‘cansferring the load to the ewo end yertical diaphragm: ‘The skin-plate as in the case of fixed wheel gate, consists, of 9.5.mm_to 15.9 mm thick plates syitably joined together by Horizontal and_veriieal_ splices, It is the normal practice fo make all horizontal splices a8_shop_splicing and vertical splices are_usually_of field splicing for the sake of convenience and transport. ‘The skin plate is designed for the following two conditions : (a) In bending across the stiffeners or as panels; ot 4 (b) In bending, coacting with the stiffeners, Because of the span under varying loadin plate, it is GEonomical to use two or more sizes of ith a minimum of 8 mm thick plate. For gates in and conduits the prefera used throughout, Db Penica Sifiers- "Phe Vertical stiffeners are spaced at convenient distances, For large size gates, the_spacing may range from 40.6 cm to__ 60.0 em, Each vertical stiffener is designed as_an overhanging “beam spanning between the horvontal_gitder, The design “of the vertical stiffener will thus depend upon the number and spacing of horizontal girders. ‘contal_Girders Mente Speen Normally two girders are used for gate heights upto 8.5 m and three girders for gate heights from 8.5 to 12m, For gates higher than 12 m, four or even more girders may be required The nymber_of jers_used is kept ee to simplify _ loading on Hive avid negative bending mon-enis on thé When only two girders” are provided, the spacing of the horizontal girders can be 0.129 and 0.491 L, where I. is the length of the vertical gifder alo 1060 RADIAL GATES the curvature, This can be proved mathematically to give o> "ich a condition as to enture that maximum positive and nogative moments are equal. When more than three girders are used, it may become rnocessary to allow the bending moment in the vertical stiffener at the top most girder, of value higher than at the other girders, so as to adequately stress the skin plate. ‘The skin plate coacts with the vertical stiffeners. ‘The vertical stiffeners can be angles or tees. The tees are always so connected that the web of ihe sec is welded to the skin-plate, If the flange is welded to the skin-plate Fosibility of waier getting in the space between the flanges and the skin-plate causing corrosion. Horizantal_Ginders + > Horizontal Cinders ‘The principle for selecting tho number and spacing of these girders has already been discusted above. ‘The horizontal girders are_suppotted_on_the eneLarsisat eiher end and transfer the load coming from the vertical fiiffener to the end arms, ‘The horizontal gisders.can.be.of wide flange beams or built up girders depending upon the size ‘Of gate. “The girders are designed taking into consideration the fixity — arms support, Where inclined arms are used, the downstream flanges of the girders are also designed for the compressive stress induced. ‘The girders are checked for_sheat at the_ points w are supported by the arms, ‘The horizontal girders are suitably braced to ensure rigidity, re they a> sui ames “The end arms serve as columns transferring the water load from the horizontal girder to the (runnion casting and hence into the piers. ‘The arms may be kept as straight or parallel as indicated above where merits and demerits have already been discussed. If the arms are kept inclined to the face of the pier there is advantage of reducing the bending moment in the horizontal girder and results in economic design. It is, however, not, END ARMS 1061 _advisable to increase the inclination_of the end_arms and_may Fesult in causing “binding” on wrunnion pins during the ‘operation of the gates. "The arms, if inclined, may be fixed to the horizontal girders fat about one-fifth of the width of the gate span, from each Gadof ihe girder. This would result in equal bending mom eth centre of the girders. and at the points of support and_ Riitip an cconomigal design of horizontal girder ‘The joints between inclined arms and the horizontal girders ae designed against the_ side thrust duo to the inclination of the arms. ‘The arms are designed as columns for the axial load and bending moment transmitted by the iI girders = The total compresive sires should remain_within. the 3 for various values of ijr_where 1 is the effective length and Fis the least radius OF gyration. ‘The arms are suitably braced by bracings in between the farms. The bracings connecting the arms are so spaced, that era in both the longitudinal and transverse ‘The arms are also checked for one set of end ropes snapping ‘Under this condition, the stress in any component should not excoud 90 percent of he Mild res a a tap PPAR 2 In case of gates likely to be overtopped, end arms and other components should suitably be protecied by means of side Shields to prevent direct impact of water on arms. Trunnion Casting or Hub ‘The trunnion casting is a circular member made of cast, steel against which the end arms converge and transfer the load centrally to the pin. ‘The trunnion hub rotates about the trunnion pin and the end arms of the gate are rigidly connected to the hub to ensure full transfer of load, (Fig. 37.8). 1062 RADIAL GATES Fig. 97.8 Arrangement of end arms at pin ‘The hub is sufficiently long s0 as to allow the arms of the gate io be Bxed to the respective limbs of the hub without having to cut and shape the flanges of the arm, If the arms are inclined the limbs of the hub are on the apex of a cone with the base of tho cone along the joints of the arms and the horizontal girders. ‘Tho thickness of the webs and flanges of each of the limbs of the hubs are kept greater to the extent for providing adequate space for the weld. To ensure rigidity of the tranoion hub, sufficient ribs and stiffeners are provided in between its webs and flanges. Be Trunsion Bushing or Bearing +The inside of the trunnion bub is machined or smooth finished and bronze bushing ie fixed. Suitable holes are provided in the hub in the bushings for lubricating purposes, B lubricating pipe is provided adjacent to the pies 0 that a ran standing on the spillway bridge can we gresse pump and lubricate the same TRUNNION 1063 Side type bushings are force fit in the trunnion hub and a running fit on the trunnion pin. Sometime antifriction roller type bearings may be used if ‘required to reduce the hoisting capacity for gates in conduits ‘and tunnels or for very targe sized spillway gates. In case of roller type bearing, the outside diameter of the bearing is force fit in the trunnion hub and the inside diamater of the bearing is force fit on the trunnion pin. Spy Trunnion pins ‘The trunnion pins ore normally supported : the trunnion bracket which is fixed ancl Trunion Bracket or Bearing Pedestal It is meant to transfer the (otal_load from the trunnion _ ‘The bearing is made of cast steel in which the pin is suitably housed. It is a normal practice to arrange the bearing and the trunnion girder in such a way that the load Is transferred normally under the maximum conditions when the gate is closed over the spillway. As the gate is being raised, the direction of the resultant of the water pressure will not be normal to the surface of the bearing and the trunnion girder and hence will cause shear forces between the bearing and the trunnion girder. This is taken care of by providing a shear Key welded on the trunnion girder projecting into a suitable recess in the bearing pedestal. While erecting the gate itis extremely important that the pin is aligned properly. In order to enable this alignment, a suitable arrangement is _made in the bearing pedettal. ‘This isshown in Figure $7.8, Tt can be scen chat set screws are ‘mounted on tho trunnion against the bearing pedestal. With the help of set screws, the bearing pedestal can be moved into two. directions ensuring proper alignment. The recess between the bearing pedestal and the trunnion girder is filled with molten zinc and this ensur:s a uniform bearing between the two paris and an even distribution of load under all conditions. Suitable keeper plates are also provided to prevent zine from being squeezed out. ‘The arm of the bracket are designed to transfer the load from each trunnion in bearing. ‘The bearing stress should not exceed 1700 kg/cm? for steel. TRUNNION GIRDER 1065 ‘The arms of the bracket are also designed to resist any bending, which may come on them due to the component of the load parallel to the base of the trunnion bracket. ‘The bending. stress should not exceed 100 kg/em®, Ribs and stiffeners are provided on the trunnion bracket, particularly on the sides of the-bracket arms to ensure sufficient structural rigidity. > Trunnion Girder ‘The tunnion girder as shown in Figure 87.9 transfers the loads from the pin of the radial gate into the concrete of the pier. When there are more than one gate installations, the trunnion girder in_the intermediate pier is an overhanging beam, the loads coming from the end over-hanging portions “and the girder anchored into the concrete of the pier through anchor rods. Coe wowace Fig. 97.9 ‘The trunnion girder is to withstand the shear force, the bending moment and also the térgue. The designer must check two conditions - one with Both the gates closed and the other one gate closed and one open, ‘The girder is usually inade of @ box section with flange and web plates and additional stiffeners to take_care_of the stresses in the flan plates and alto the'shear, ‘The centre line of the girder is “isually so arranged that it coincides with the direction as well as the location of the resultant of the maximum water forces under the gate cloted conditions, As the gate is being Anchor girder raised, the resultant force becomes inclined to the eentreline of the girder causing bending moment as well as torque. 1066 RADIAL GATES Im order 10 resist the torque, suitable diaphragm plates are also provided inside the trunnion girder. It may be noticed that suitable man-holes are provided in the diaphragra plates so that painting can be done inside the trunnion girder. Another criteria for determining the width of the girder is that the bearing stress in concrete of the pier against which the girder bears, should not exceed permissible limit. There are different wypes_of anchorages for radial gates. In the U.S, Corps of Engineer's practice, tho anchorages consist of embedded girders with the tie members (Fig. 37.9). In this arrangement the load is transferred into the pier by bearing. It may be noted that the tie members are coated ‘with bitumen in order to prevent the bond between these members and the concrete of the pier. In the U.S.BR, practice, it is usually proposed that all the water lond from the trunnion girder is transferred into the pier through a series of anchor rods. This arrangement is preferred by engineers due to the simplicity of the ombedded material and also the distribution of the load through bond stress practically over the entire length of the rod. It may be noted that it is Gal practice to cover the frst 0.9.m_leagth of cach Sina wieniinen Thee pemne FSP, rod_from the anchor ge fe ‘Tfeslemnceusdine ofoneen sada alow Br ygeaml 2. Ryeee strain, if any, inside those rods. In the modern practice, ‘these rods i [are also given an initial _pre-tensioning by applying sulable torque to the muts so that it can be ensured that all “The rods take the load uniformly without any dackness. ~ —s> _For_small radial gates used in canals, etc. the elaborate aichor girder and anchorages can be ehumirare-by supporting the bearing pedestal ona concrete projection from the pier. ‘Since the loads are small these projections can be designed as cantilever beams from the piers. LS, Code 4623 recommends the following criteria for load carrying anchors, anchorage girder, thrust block and trunnion tie, seals etc. Load Carrying Anchors ‘Dhiese are designed to withstand the total water Joad on the gate and transfer it to the piers and the abutments or to the civil structure within the mnnel or the conduit. ee 1 ' 1 oa som 4 ANCHORS 1067 ‘The load may be transferred to the civil structure either in ond as a bond stress between the anchors and the concrete (Big. $7.10) or in bearing as a bearing stress between the concrete and the embedded girder at the upstream end of the anchors which in this case are insulated from the concrete Fig. 37.11. Fig. 37.10 Anchorage at pier Where the load is transferred by bond stress, rods are generally used as load carrying anchors, For insulated load carrying anchors, any convenient structural shape may be used. For determining the force to be borne by the load carrying anchors, the following procedure may be adopted alternatively: Allernatice I (a) The maximum horizontal and vertical force on one trunnion pin shall be determined. For this, the hori~ zontal and vertical forces on the trunnion pin shall first be determined for the two conditions : (Gate resting on sill and head on the gate varying from zero to maximum, and Gi) Water Jevel constant at the maximum level for which the gate has to be designed and the gate position varying from fully closed to fully open. ‘The worst combination of horizontal and vertical forees shall then be chosen. (b) If anchors uted are inclined to the horizontal by an angle @ the horizontal force so determined shall be multiplied by see 8. Alternative HL (a) For anchorages, “where tho anchors are not in a 1068 RADIAL GATES vertical pfane-thoughost the trnnfont bu ae ina vertical plane at a distance from the trunnions as i Tig. 97-10, the force Fin the anchors shall be (37.10) where p = the foree determined in Alternative I (b), and xand y= the distance of the contre of gravity of the area in compression in concrete from the centre line of the load carrying anchors and the centre line of the trunnion respectively. (b) For anchorages where the anchors are in a plane passing through the centre line of the trunnion and the thrust is transferred from the trunnion to these anchors through the yoke girder (see Figure 97.11) the force in the anchors shall be P where P = the force dotermined in Alternative (b) Fig.BV.11 Arrangement of radial gate with respect to face of pier ‘The total stress in the anchors shall be the sum of the direct stress and the stress caused by the tuming moment of the -veriteal foree determined in (a) above. 1 ‘The stress in anchors made of structural steel shall not exceed 1260 kg/em®. If the load-carrying anchors are not welded to the anchorage girder but are fixed by nuts and locknuts, the ends of the anchors, sball be forged toa larger diameter to provide at YOKE GIRDER 1969 least the clear cross-sectional area of the anchors, at the root of the threaded portion. The length of embedment of anchors for case cited in II (a) hall be such that the bond stress shall not exceed the permissible values for the concrete used. Anchors shall be hhooked at the end. “The length of insulated anchors which have an upstream ‘embedded girder and where the Joad is transferred in bearing, Shall be such as to limit the shear stress in the 45° planes at the embedded girder to a safe permissible value, ‘All the load-carrying anchors shall be suitably pretensioned to the same value to ensure that the anchors shall all be of the eame length and shall carry effectively their ovin proportion of the total load on the trunnio The prestress shall be of a magnitude to induce a strain in the anchors of at least 1x10". Anchorage Girder_or Yoke Girder_. The anchorage girder may or may not be embedded in concrete, It shall support the trinnion bracket and be held in place by the load carrying anchors. ‘The girder shall be designed so as to be safe in bending, shear, and torsion caused by the forees calculated above, ‘The maximum shear sizesses shall be calculated in the webs and flanges from the following considerations : (a) That caused" by horizontal and respectively determined in (Alt 1). vertical forces {b) That caused by the torque at the centre Tine of the anchorage yirder due to the vertical force at the trunnion for ease stated under (Alt, a). ‘The total shear in the webs and flanges shall be the sum of values determined in (a) and (b). “The maximum bending stress shall be calculated in the webs and flanges owing to the bending moment caused by the horizontal and vertical forces respectively. ‘The bending moment shall be the product of the horizontal ‘or vertical force and the distance between the centre line of the load carrying anchors and the centre line of the trunnion. Peer eee eee tee 1070 RADIAL GATES ‘The total shear stress shall be combined to the bending stress and the total combined. stress in the anchorage girder for either the web or the flange shall not excced 1400 kg/em? for structural steel. ‘The maximum vertical force calculated above shall be distributed by the anchorage girder to the concrete below the sirder. ‘The total compressive stress in the concrete shall be determined by combining the direct compressive stress with the compressive or tensile stress caused due to the eccentricity of the vertical force. ‘The maximum compressive stress at any point in the concrete shall not exceed 0.2 f'c, where f’c is the compressive strength of the concrete used ar28 dayr strength, Where the horizontal force from the trunnion pin is directly transferred to a yoke or anchorage girder immediately behind the trunnion pin the yoke or anchorage girder shall be designed against bending and shear caused by this fore. The girder shall be treated_as_a simply supporced beam loaded _at_the centre and fupported at The Junction of the Sitder and the load carrying anchors, sat ‘The bending and shear stes in the girder shall not exceed 1260 and 850 kg/cm? for structural steel. ‘To allow for the clongation of the insulated load carrying anchors, the trunnion bracket shall be 0 fixed as to be able to slide on the anchorage girder. Bronze pads shall be used for this purpose both on the top of the anchorage the bottom of the trunnion bracket (Figure 37.12). ‘The bearing stress on the bronze pads shall not exceed Invariably all welded girders shall be stress relieved unless the maximum thickness of plate used is less than 20 mm, Lairesit cad Trion Ti The thrust block or trunnion tie is required only if inclined arnié are_uied with The gate, The thrust block when” Whe horizontal force from the trunnion is directly transferred to a yoke girder immediately behind the wunnion, The thrust block is fixed to the anchorage girder and is designed to THRUST BLOCK 1o71 cnn wages Ny Pol ig. 7.12 Arrangements for altowing the elongation of she insulated Toad carrying anchors, withstand the bending and shear force caused by the side thrust on the trunaions due to the inclined arms. Ultimately the side thrust is transferred through the anchorage girder to the concrete as a bearing stress. A thrust washer should be used between the trunnion hub and trunnion bracket to transfer the thrust, The effect of the thrust block shall also be considered while computing the total compressive stress. as given. To allow for the elongation of the insulated load carrying anchors, bronze to bronze sliding surfaces or bronze to stainless steel clad sliding surfaces shall be provided on the face of the thrust block and the matching face of the trunnion bracket ‘The bearing stress on the bronze pads shall not exceed 175 kgfom®, ‘The trunnion tie is alternatively used to withstand the side thrust caused by we of inclined arms. ‘The tensile stress in the tie shall not exceed 1260 kg/em? for steel ‘The trannion tie shall span from one trunnion bub to the other and shall be fixed securely to the trunnion hub either by welding or by Jong bolis passing through holes in the trunnion bub. ~ 1072 RADIAL GATES ‘A steel pipe with flanges at the ends for bolting or standard rolled ‘T’ or “H’ section may be used for the tie beam. The deflection of the tie due to self weight shall remain within permissible limits, Ls Seals "The seals shall be fixed so as to bear tightly on the seal seats to prevent leakage in the fully closed position of the gate. For reducing teal friction metal clad seals may be used. ‘The ladding may be of brass, bronze, stainless or corrosion resisting steel. ; it i ssion shall vary from Initial compression—The seal_compresic 2mm to 10 mm depending upon the requirement and type of installation at the discretion of the engineer-in-charge. ‘The initial compression for caisson type seal shall be 2 mm and for wedge seals shall be 6.5 mm, Stal Seat, Seal-Seai Base and Sill Beam e ‘seat shall be either welded or screwed to the seal be Irucrewed, the head ofthe sews hal i a Teast 1mm below the surface of the seal seat, ‘The ‘number of screw should be such at to give sufficient rigidity to the assembly. The screws shall be of corrosion resisting steel. The seal seat shall be finished smooth. : “The seal svat base shall be made up of plate or any structural sectic m which the seal seat is fixed. Angles or flats are Sted to Bx the sealseat hase tothe embedded anchor bol. ‘After complete installation, the side seal seat (wall plates) and ‘the bottom seal seat shall preferably be flush with the surrounding concrete surfaces. For conduit gates,_the sam_face_of the gate provides, seat for the 65% Tixed to the embedded. metal, “The sill may be made from stainless steel or stainless steel dad plate with stable troctural ste) ange lessor fats 0 fix it to embedded anchor bolts, Alternatively a corrosion resistant. steel flat screwed by corrosion resistant screws to rolled steel beam may be weed as the sil. ‘The surface of the sill shall be machined smooth and kept flush with the surrounding concrete, unless otherwise required. | i ‘TOLERANCES 1073 Guide rollers shall be provided on the sides of the gate to limit the lateral motion or side sway of the gate to not more than 6 mm in either direction. The rollers shall be adjustable and removable. ‘They shall travel on wall plates bbut the portion of the wall plates on which they travel may be made of structural steel instead of being stainless steel clad or stainless steel. The rollers shall be provided with Plain bronze bushings turning on fixed steel pins. Provision for greasing the bushing shall also be made. (Sanchor Botts or Anchor Plates Anchor bolts shall be provided in the firt stago concrete, with suitable blockout openings, to hold the seal base and seal seat assemblies. The anchor bolts shall be with double ruts and washers, For adjustment purposes enlarged holes in the seal base parts shall be provided so as to allow for misalignment of the anchor bolts. Alternatively anchor plates may be embedded in first stage concrete and anchor bolts welded subsequently. The minimum size of anchor bolts shall preferably be not Jess than 16 mm dia. The anchor bolis shall invariably be used with washers, 97.6 Tolerances ‘The distance between the wall plates shall be true within a tolerance of 3 mm. The anchors shall be set in the blockouts within @ tolerance of 3 mm One problem in the tainter gate is whether such a gate should be operated from both sides or from one side only. ‘The section in the case of a gate operated by one rack only should be more heavier for it must resist torsion moments ‘whilst the gate is raised or lowered. ‘On the other hand if we have two chains, one at each end of the gato and there are, therefore, bending stresses only lighter sections and platings are, consequently, used in detailing the metal structure. Comparative estimates for both types were carried out by Harvung in taking into account both the estimated quantities and the unit prices; with“the result that for all practical 1074 RADIAL GATES. Purpotes, the total cost was the same, But as the second alternative calls for wider piers, it seems that the first solution is preferable; though the advantage is not very great and it requires more mechanical detailing. 37.7 Earthquake & Wave Effects ‘The earthquake and wave effects are to be considered in the design of gates of large reservoirs but they are not considered to act together. Increased stresses are allowed, Design Example 37.1 Spillway Tainter Gates (12.2 8.7m) ‘The spans being 12.2 m for the gate a R.C.C.T. beain or a steel plate girder bridge can easily be conmtructed supported on the spillway piers. ‘The piers have been provided 2.44 m wide to carry the anchorage arrangement of the radial gates. ‘The hoists will be carried on the piers and placed at a place easily accessible from the road slab, Height of Gate and Location of Tran May ores level ig 875.4 m and the reservoir level will normally remain upto 881-2m. To absorb the 10 day discharge peaks it has been assumed that the reservoir Level will be allowed to rise upto, 883.9 m, ‘Thus tho duration for which the controlled reservoir level will rise upto 883.9 m will be very short, the reservoir tevel again gradually coming @own to about 881.2m or lower depending upon rate of inflow. Assuch the top level of the gates has been kept just upto 883.9 m and no freeboard is considered necessary. The sll of the gate has_been located slightly lower on the crest 36 that with part gate openings, the issuing jet may not have a tentlency of leaving the crest, By this lower location the jet gets an intial downward motion. ‘The sill has therefore been located 1.68 m horizontal downstream of he erest EI. 875.2 m i.e. 0.2 m below erest level ‘The gate trunnions are located such as to remain above the water surface of the maximum flood nappe to avoid damage, ‘The usual convenient height ranges beween } (H—1) to 4H or atleast 0.9 to 1.2m above nappe profile, By Keeping pier Glevation at 877.62m it is much above nappe and hence is DESIGN EXAMPLE 1075 kept higher. Consideration has been kept in fixing the dimensions and locations that the gate remains clear off the top bridge and hoisting equipment. Economic radius of radi R = 1.25( 5 (28.6—1) = 34 ft, (10.96 m) approx, Hence radius of 10,36 m for the gate has been adopted. ‘The arrangement of the gate structure as proposed in the design is as below ‘The skin plate, with suitable increasing thickness towards the bottom, has been formed to a segment of the cylinder, supported by vertical stiffeners placed suitably apart, These vertical stiffeners are supported by three horizontal girders which are supported by two end frames converging radially to the horizontal pins anchored to the piers. The entire loads are thus transferred to the piers. ‘The skin plate is made concentric to this pin and henee the resultant of the water pressure passes through the pin creating no moment to be overcome in hoisting the gate. Design Sieesses Following working stresses have been adopted in the design of the gate : (i) Tension or compression in bending for steel = 18,000 psi = 1,265 kgfem? (f) Direct compression in struts with —- > 120 fi 17,0000. (-£ pi 2 = 1195 — 0.485 (4 J ejeme Where {= maximum unsupported length = least radius of gyration fe = safe working stress (iil) Welded structures to have the same stresses as above. In gate frames use of beams and other structurals of wide flanges proves very economical. In the absence of manufacture ‘of these in India upcil now fabricated sections were 1076 RADIAL GATES ‘used in the manufacture of gates obtained by welding together plates of vasious required sizes. However, now in the new steel plants started, these seetions are being manufactured and will be readily available. As such in the design use has been made of wide flange beams and stiffeners where called for. Both the Indian standard tables for these sections and U.S. Standard Section have been used, Controlling Dimensions of the Gate ‘The dimensions are determined by actual construction of the gate drawing on a large scale, which is reproduced on @ smaller scale in Figure 37.13. (all dimensions in mm.) Fig. 97.13 Controlling dimensions of the gate 4 From thegiagram, or Pia cane = BEM 0.100685, = 10° 4" 06 8.606 Hntige tany = 3 g990 = 0.26164; y = 14° 39’ 44° B = 90° — (a+y) = 64° 39 10° DESIGN EXAMPLE 1077 sin @ = 2 = 0.58023 and £ Co» 30°01" 55" Lam (90-0) = 79° 18" 54" Lb = 190°—(ate) = 64 39 LI" Lh=a +p = 75°20' 16" Li = 90 — 2 = 53° 56° 05" 4g = 180° — (h + i) = 180° — (75° 20' 16° + 53° 58’ 05") = 50° 41" 89° Are Length of Gate L=R x (Zp in radians) ‘50° 41' 39" «(™o"} = 30.1 f. = 9.17 m Spacing of Horizontal Girdors ‘Three horizontal girders have been adopied. The_vertical spacing of the horizontal girders has to be adjusted such_the ie Face severe coming of varices and Wn Diet face structure consisting of vertical stiffeners and skin_plate Gantilevers a short distance below the bottom girder _and_a_ Seareabie lengih: above The top glider, “Keeping this in” “View the spacing has to be adjusted Such that the positive and negative bending moments in the ver:ical stiffeners are balanced the maximum amount, After a series of ials and errors finally the spacing of girders from top along the arc length of ‘gate has bees kept as 2.6 m, 6.3 m and 8.3 m. The > 48w, corresponding vertical distances of these points are (5.9 and ysag ” “wise The hydrbstatic pressures at these points will be pee ‘Top girder == (62.5 x 8.17) paf. : 10 pas. = 2.48 sme Centra} girder 9 gen = Pht Bottom girder 7.9 tfm® Bottom sill Tifmt = 1 Fax ane 2) Moments at the supports SS oye ‘The moments at the supporis for one ft. length of gate have 1078 RADIAL GATES been found by the usual moment distribution method. Assuming complete fixity a the supports for determining the FED, ‘axed end moments) which ato to be releaved later on, we get Tn }Oaxd2.. FEM = (ve x 3. xat) = 7.85 30 | i 2 442.2) FEMon &FEMoo= WE 4 ME 3 909) 1 EE 2 (The quantity’ in the bracket is to account for triangular loading) a SIDRILAE TOO 18 + 0%) = a and 10,256 ft. Ib. or 8.71 fi. ips, and 10.26 fi. kp-ft. sar FEMvo and FEMon = 210758) 9756 A 4 90%) = 4.94 or 4.67 ft. ki ba yee, = 10x28, 178 x 2.08 y |S 725 f kip. Applying these fixed end moments to the supports and proceeding in the usual manner the moments at the girders i are obtained as : q Top girder | Bottom girder | —P Determination of Reactions at Horizontal Giders.— jee j@ Feaciion are found by taking moments about various | points and equating total moments on one sidg of the point i yet * 98 zero for equilibrium condition, as suse in PHC STTI L . at 7.95 kip f. unit = Lem. 7.25 kip. unit = Team. 8.21 kip ft. unit 4 tm, DESIGN EXAMPLE 1079 ‘Thus, taking moments about C for the right poisition EMe = 0 Or 8210-41 a 510% 11.52 8210-4(Rex 11.5) = HORS F 1,543.14 HORUS 700x 11.57 ty +e 4) R’p = 6,600 Ibs. = 2994 kg Ri, = 9,500 Ibs. = 4,909 kg. A Rion = 5,700 ths, = 2586 kg Re = 10,100 Ibs, = 4501 kg Complete bending moment and shear force diagram for the jons are drawn as shown in Fig. 37.15. Bm BIAGRAN Ayla = pols atsoogRsioico fF R=88O = 16,960 Fig. 37.15 BM. and 8.F. diagrams for 1 ft gate length, Stiffeners Design of Skinplat: Skinplate The usual practice in, providing the skinplate in gatess from the practical safety “consideration, is to use plates of not 1080 RADIAL GATES Jess than 10 mm. thickness. An allowance of 2 mm thickness is made to allow for corrosion and rusting due to contact with water, This allowance is included in the minimum specified thickness of 10 mm_ so that effective thickness of plate is only 10-2=8 mm. The thickness of the plate is increased suitably as we go down and hydrostatic pressure increases, Tn designing the skin plate it kas been taken spaning eet i continuous over the stiffeners with maximum moments = >. ‘The allowable heads upto which plates of 3/8°, 7/16" and 1/2" (10,12 & 14 mm) can be used with different stiffener spacings is calculated as shown in Table 37.1 and then an optimum combination is selected for adopting in gate design The calculations below are made in FPS units and the final results given in metric for the benefit of both the reader who are used to either of the units, ‘Table 37.1 Skin Plate £ = 18000 p. Pla We. pr’ Efetoe Sion modulus Alas Memes ticle ag ft. thins Per for I sip ess) Hate smtt}6 Mame f (thin) 3/8" 15.3 01625 292.5 76" 17.9 0234 421.5 1" 20.8 0319 574.5 oe 23.0 0417 750.5 Now considering a strip h ft, below water Pressure p = wh = 62.4xh p.s.f. = 0.495 h pis where bi isin ft Tespan is inches 3x hx 12 Ten Hence allowable head on a plate of particular thickness will be given by M 12 x Mattowante __ 27.75 Ma 0.433 x 2 2 ‘Where Mais in Ib, in as given in Table $7.1 and h=head in ft. attowspie = e DESIGN EXAMPLE 1081 I= stiffener specing of span in inches. 20.75. So for 16° stiffner spacing hantow. = ~yaq~ Ma = 0.0855Ma ‘Table 37.2 a + In the value of allowable head found from Table 97.2 substituting the value of Ma from Table 37.1 we get the results as shown in Table 37.3, v ‘Table 37.3 Allowable Head in feet for Various Vertical Stiffener Spacing (orally tah 20a Fs ae 50° 209" Ie 11 120 a 907.67 7per 96.0" 291% 240° 203 17.2 feo 129 110 DY wa _s3 2716 5 hos 7 AB r= Siler 63 520 H9 %2 308 265 21 197 he A perusal of the Table 37.3 shows that with 22" 1) aiffener spacing 3/8" thick plate can be used to a vertical depth, of 16.8 ft. followed by 7/16" plate upto 24 feet (7.52 mt.) and the remaining depth to be covered by #" thick plate. Im actual practice, comparative economic studies of two or more combination needs be made to strike at the most economic combination. Any of the combinations within the 1082 RADIAL GATES dark line can. be adopted for the gate. However, for this example stiffener spacing of 22° has been sclected and accordingly plates of 10, 12 & 14mm thickness have been used. The actual depths to which these plates have been used has been reduced slightly by trial, to allow for the extra_ stresses induced due to bending of plate ia the vertical ihe aioe Stifenars ‘The stiffeners are welded with the plates, and as such form a rigid part with the skin plate. In vertical bending therefore the skin plate also helps in resisting the bending moment. Te is customary to assume a width of 241 of plate to act with the stiffener where ¢ is effective thickness of the plate. Adopting ST'7 W F 17 U.S. Standard ‘T-Section for stiffener the moment “of inertia, and section modulus ete. of the ‘combined plate and T-Section are calculated in Table 37.4 for the three thickness of the plates used. (vide figure'37.16).. a Fig. $7.16 Details of stiffener ‘Total area distance of combined contre of gravity from xx line, y = 2247 a 5.547 ‘Modulus of section for the T-flange side Nat Spm DE = 21.25 ind 787 4 Modulus of section for plate side Sz = 17.95 ind em camsidering the combined stresses ip_the skin plate di a tobending in wo directions at right angles to each other, .3_ (Podson'e rata of steel) of the smaller stress is odd we to ie DESIGN EXAMPLE, 1083 : Table 37.4 ' See ea aE Nema : Area |Dizenee of | Distnce of | wate boa Sation Go tine (inh of Set fom| (ary | Git | "GG, pos Me) | OE a a ts 7 1 2 3 «| tae é : T=T-Section STIWF 7 5,00 1.55 7.75179 16.024-21.1 se 3415+ Sox7S" 2.94 7.16 382 Netigible = 7.27 “L WPSection 5.00 1.55 7.75227 25.8-42.1 i Pinte S/o" 3.58 7.1875 243 3.675 S844 noe t ligible | 18 ea Br f 85.3 Se | $2.05 5.97, Sy 95-5 99.95 ints Sam Pe ge 2A.00 i ‘ 185 7.75 2.84 40.9-+421.1 e 5.03 7.219 36.30 2.829 40.34 negligible 101.7 =334in? Lo larger stress of opposite sign to give the combined stress (Westergaard’s Criteria). For the skinplate the maximum sires will occur at_the points of its support on stiffeners 22° apart and where the bending moment in stiffeners is a Bending Moment Diagram for 1 fi. Length of Gate From igure 57.17 the bending monients for individual stiffener (M,) is obtained by multiplying the values in the curve by 1084 RADIAL GATES propre s09 yp past ey Fig. 37.17 B.M, for stiffeners ‘nah 22" being spacing of Tees. Tho stresses have been calculated at the four critical points, A,B,C, D, as shown in the diagram, of maximum bending moments ‘The results of calculation are tabulated in Table 37.5. Table 37.5 Stress Calculations Gril Points ij @ e wal usr oar 245 G20 88 3. Bending Moment (Op) Gab) 15h aah) 290 4 Seton toast ost cose! cans nee 5+ Banding een () psi =F.16.200 14600 3: 15,400 3,900 Siiffner Flange Side 6. Bonding moment (Me) (7.25 =(@21 4652 ~(7.88 (pain) 22)" w22) eB) 502) 7, Soction Modulus (S:) int 25.1 2285 21.85 21.29 8. Flange stress (f) 6.900 8,080 46,790 7,560 Plate side 9% Sqetion Modulus (8) iat 384-2800 1795 17.85 10, Rib bend +7,5380 8,000 +9,000 Hi, Skioplate & rib bending together +1564 $16,959 17,800 411,606 wenfe DESIGN EXAMPLE 1085, Bending Moment (My) of plate = Ra = wet Bonding Stress (G) = M2 MR St For Plate side f= MB Se for T-Flange fe Combined Stress fe = (fp + 0.3 fx) Tt will be seen that the stresses both in T-Flange and skinplate are within permissible limits. Hence U.S, Standard Tee-Section ST7 WFI7 is adopted for use as stiffeners at 22° cfc or ISST 200 @ 560 mm spacing welded to the skin plate. Horizontal girder design ‘The spacing of the horizontal girders has already been fixed earlier, ‘These girders are: supported by the two end frames consisting of three members converging radially to the pin. The fend frames are fixed to the horizontal girders at approximately (G.2W from each end (where W = 40 ft (12.2 m) span), This ““palances the bending moments of central and cantilever portions and helps to economise on the section. . Loading to the horizontal girder is transferred by the stiffeners placed 22% cfc (560 mm). Bending moments have been calculated assuming a uniform distribution of load rather than a series of concentrated loads. Besides this bending action the yirders are subjected to an axial load due to inclination of the end frames. This is caloulated by finding the component of the reaction in the end frame in the dircetion of horizontal girder. The schematic arrangement of horizontal girders and end frames is shown in Fig. 37.18. Bending Moment & Shear Force Diagram Gentral Girder Toad on horizontal girder por ft. length as calculated before 10,100 Ibsjrft. Referring to Fig. 37.19, reaction Ra & Ra normal to girder = 202 kips each (91 t) ‘Component along the girder = (202.252) kips = 50.8 kips 1086 RADIAL GATES NaN Lengel Fig. $7.19 Forces on horizontal girder Bending Moment at B Ma = 10.1> 8x 8/2 kips ft = —323 kips ft—44 mt Mo = (202 x 12)—10.1% 20% 20/2 = 2424-2020 = + 404 kips ft (55.8559 m ¢) Let the point of contraftexure be distant x from the support B, where BM «= 0 So 202x = 10.1 (@4x) x CE” or P= Dix + 6 = 0 05 and 20.98" oF (0.88 and 6.4:m) _From these data the bending moment diagram can be drawn, whence x Similarly knowing reactions at A and B shear force diagram ‘can be drawn as in Fig. 37,20 In the same manner the bending moment and shear force diagrams for the top and bottom girders are drawn vide Fig. 87.21. DESIGN EXAMPLE 1087 Fig. 37.20 BM. and S.F. diagrams of central ginder Central Girder ‘Maximum moment == 404 Kips ft = 56.6 t m ‘Maximum shear = 122.4 kips Axial load = 50.8 kips = 23 [As the girder flange is welded all along to the stiffeners, it has been taken as geting full lateral support and capable of taking full stress value. Dead load of girder is neglected. Using U.S, Standard 27% 10 WE 114,1 Section _ A= 92.93 in? = 216 cm* Sx = 299.2 in? = 4900 om* 50.8% 1000, 404121000 ce 209.2 = 17,716 psi 1245 kgfem™ Hence the section assumed i all right. Alternative section is ISMB 550 with 250% 10 plates Bottom Girder Maz. bending moment’ = $80 kip. ft. = 52.5 tm. 1088, RADIAL GATES: raed bene peak wellinad [ss , a \E= Fig. 9721 BM & SF. diagrams Max. shear force = = 114 ips = SLT Axial load 47.87 Kips = 29.7 t 4 Use 27 10 WF 114, as for central girder 47.87 x 1000, 380 12000 ~~ aa.83 F399; f Pasi = 16,650 p.s.i. which is safe and is adopted. Top Girder ‘Max. bending moment = 264 kip. ft, = 36.5t.m. DESIGN EXAMPLE 1089 ‘Max. shear force = 79.2 kips = 35.9 tm, Axial load = $3.26 kips = 15.1 ¢ ‘Trying 27 WF 94, A= 27.65 int = 178 cmt S = 242.8 in? = 3971 em? 38.26% 1000 , 264% 12%1000 Although the view of extra rigidity and to avoid inequalities of deflection girders of same depths have been adopted for all the three members. IS MB 530 with 250. 10 plates can also be used. Total weight of gate and centre of gravity Approximate calculations of the total weight of one gate excluding the trunnion pins and fixed parts, give weight of each gate (movable parts) as 26762 kg and distance of centre of gravity from the centre of pins approximate as 8.2m, Detailed and exact calculations are always required for determining these values accurately. However, for the purposes of this example no effort has been made to be very precise in these calculations. However, the calculations aro correct within ok 5% Chain load calulations (A) Normal condition with both chains operating See Fig. 97.22. Let T be tension in one chain. W#59,900 .8s, Fig. 37.22 1080 RADIAL GATES "Taking moments about centre of pin 2Tx 34 = 59000% 26.8 590003268 Bch ‘Hence, normal chain load for dead weight of the gate = (23.45 kips) = 10.6 or = 23.45 kips = 10.64t Seal Friction ‘Assuming 2° (50 mm) width of seal bearing the water pressure; Head at the bottom of gate = 28.606 f = 8.7 m. Pressure at bottom on the seal per ft, length of seal __, 62.5% 28.608 2% 12 1! = 206 Ibs, |ft, length = 443.5 kg/m. length ‘The seal at the top will also be having some initial compression against its seat. ‘Assuming about 9/B" — 1/2° extra setting of the seal, the precompression at the top will’ be about 100 Ibs/ft. length of the seal. So pressure of seal at the top ~* 100 Tbsft. length == 108.0 kg/m. ‘Taking straight line variation between top and bottom, 298 + 100 z 199 Ybs/ft, length = 296.1 kg/m. ‘Taking friction factor between rubber and metal as 1.1, ‘Total seal friction one side = 11x 191% 90.10 = 6.6 kips = 3 tonnes Average seal pressure Pin Friction Assume pin diameter as 12* (30.5 om) and coefficient of friction between bronze and iron a8 0.25. See Figure $7.23. The maximum horizontal thrust on the pin will be when 4 the gate is completely closed and full water pressure of 20 ft. t ae Fig. 97.23 DESIGN EXAMPLE 1091 (6.1 m) length of gate and 28,606 ft (8.7191 m.) head is acting on the gate. Maximum horizontal thrust on each pin ex 82.4% 28,6062 x 20 Se tea Kis = S11 Kips = 251.8 ¢ Frictional force of the pin P = 5110.25 kips = 127.75 kips. = 57.9t Taking moments TR = Pr 1775 x6 | 1 Tm PES x Lm 188 hips «0.85 Lifting Chain Weight of lifting chain may be taken as 55 Ibsifi run. Taking 30 ft. (9.15 m) length of chain. 1.65 ki ‘Tension in chain due to its own wt. Total tension in chain (one side) = (23.45+6.64+1.084-1.65) hips = 83.58 kips (15.2 t) say 84 kips (15.4 ¢) During fing part of the chain comes in contact with the sgate surface and thus will impart a thrust to the end frame members, Pressure per foot of contact T 3 yg = TPT | Mpper ft. = 149m The approximate length of contact surface estimated from the large scale drawing comes to 12.6 1. (3.8 m) as shown in Figure 37.24. ‘The load is distributed 1o end frame members as calculated below : sorren’mewoen chutRA wewocn Sop exo Faanee Tuo raawe “END etANe neuen Fig. 37.24 Chain contact length. 1092 RADIAL GATES Wbertbuti 3x 1.65 Distribution to bottom member A = =F = 086 k= 0200 Dineibuon 6 cent! member 4.75, 6.85 wosax 4 +(a9 908) soe = 3.651 Distribution to top end member c= (98 x HR) sa15k= 17 Chain Load Computation with one Chain broken ‘The ‘thrusts in the end frames are calculated for the emergency condition if one of the chains breaks. while hoisting in a somewhat distorted shape. The forces acting in such an ‘eventuality are shown in Fig. 97.25, cua EEN Fig. 37.25 One chain broken condition From the figure 34 tana = 5p 3 sue = A140" x= ising = 36.71 fi. = 1.2m 4 y= Wane = 179K. = 5.5m 2 = %8—17.9 =89f. =27m p = 8.9 sin 48710" = 6.64. = 20m, ‘Taking moments about axis AT’ and equating to zero for equilibrium : 59,000 x 6.64 = Ru x, 86.7 DESIGN EXAMPLE 1093 5936.64 36.7 “Taking moments about axis PQ. (10,680 x 2) — (59,000 x 18) = 38 Ra (992418) = (00.58%2) Kips acting upwards = MAR = 12.4 ¢ acting upwards. R= 10.68 k= .8 t acting downwards. Whence Ra = ‘Taking moments about an axis passing through B and parallel to line AT’ 59 x 48.34 = (27.4 x 96.7) + (T’ x 96.7) (59 x 434.34) — 274 36.7 = (69.6 — 27.4) k = 422k — 19.2 To this value of T’ must be added the seal friction, pin friction and dead load of chain to get total pull ia the chain. ‘Under normal condition, these forces amount to 10,139/23.45 = 43% of chain tension, Whence T’ Assuming same percentage, Total chain load = (42.2 x 1.48) kips = 60.3 kips = 27.4 ¢ so, promiro per ft. of contact = OSkipsit = 177 Kips/ft. = 2.6 t/m. Axial load on offside end frame members with the Chain broken ‘The end frame meibers of the side of which the chain has broken will be subjected to end thrust due to upward reaction at the pin of 27.4 kips==t2.4 tonnes (Ra). The central member is practically horizontal when the gate is in the impending lifiing position and will, therefore, take a very minor part of this thrust For any other position of the gate, the chain will bear against the gate toa lesser degree and hence will not cause ctitical thrusts. With the above assumptions the triangle of forces will be as showa in figure 37.26 of which the included angles are known for top Fr 24 Sin 75° 20 16" ~ Sin 50" AT 35" 1094 RADIAL GATES an mr 9.6 kips = 13 tonnes, tension. ain 55 88" 05" ‘whence Fs <> Leads_on ond frames adjacement to the remaining Chain ‘On the chain side the thrust induced due to the chain runing in contact with gate surface will be taken into account, Pressure per ft. length of chain contact = 1,77 ft, (0.54 m) as explained earlier. ‘Axial load = (12,6 X 1.77) = 22.3 kips. = 10.1 ¢ Figure 37.27 shows the loading conditions in the gate due to chain thrust. Hence taking moments, 22.3 x 6 ‘a rowuee 2 waist P = 5.87 kips = 2.5 Fig. 97.27 Loading conditions due to chain thrust mn ELS 97.85 hips = 126 Inclined component along the line of the end frame ‘ a Sir Vee eee = (27.85 x gp'75) Kips = 20-7 hips = 13 ¢ “This thrust is distributed axially in the three members of end frames as done for the normal loading conditions. This load is transferred to the end frame uniformly over a contact length of 12.6 ft. (3.8 m) Referring to Figure 37.28, we find. DESIGN EXAMPLE 1095 2% 994 a ae et Fig. 37.28 Chain contact length-one chain broken Load per ft. length of contact eg ea iange tare ee P55 Kipalft. = 2.28 kips/fe. = 3.4 mn. Load on bottom member A (3.3 > 2.28) Kips = 1.94 kips = 1. 5 60 * Load of top member C a (i 2 x9.8x 2.28 ) kips = 8.58 kips = 3.9¢ Load on central member = (28.7-1.94—8.58) = 18,18 kips = 8.2 ‘With the above analysis it will now be possible to design the end frame members for the worst condition of loading. ‘The hydrostatic loads transerred to the end frame members aro equal to the loads of 20 ft. (6.1 m) length of gate carried by each corresponding girder. The load on cach of the three horizontal girders has already becn calculated per ft. length of the gate. 7 Top Members Tnclined axial component of the above 92.7 317 Load impending lift chain side (one chain broken) 8.58 kips = 9.9 Load impending lif, offside = 34.3 kips = 15.6 « Maximum axial load = (196-+94.8) kips — 170.3 kips = 77.2 ¢ Bending is due to dead load of the girder itself. Approximate length of girtler will be 31 ft. (9.45:m). Tt will = 20% 6600 136 kips = 61.7 tonnes 1096 RADIAL GATES. therefore be necessary to trace at half length, the three members together to reduce the unsupported length in bending across Y Y axis to about 15.5 ft. (4.7 m) Using the U.S, standard wide flange beam try 10 WF 60 0 10.075 x 10.25 with X X parallel to 10.075 side, we have. For side bending across X-axis where the frame is ‘unsupported Ia _ (81.00% 12% 10.35) be =" 10.075x0.683 = 558 which is less than 600. Hence, for bending full sresses of 18000 p.s.. are allowable. Dead load of beam = 60 Ibjrft. ‘Bending moment due to dead load across YY axis 60% (31x 12}8 B Ib. My = 104,000 in 1b, or axial loading = = 2112 = : rertemd Tax 441 a Allowable Fe = 17000 ~0.495 (=) 13,520 pa Total area required (Axial load) oe (Mp x half flange width) Fe Fo ty 170900 104000x 5.0375, Tg520, + Teboox(a.s7)e = (126+4.4) 7 sq. in. “Area provided by 10 WF 60 beam is 17,66 aq. in.—114 om® Hence all right and adopted. Alternatively provide 1S WB 2004-200 20 plates giving 116.71 em®. —P_Lantral Members © axial hydrostatic load = 10.1 xg0x 27 37 ‘Load, impending lift chain side member with one chain broken = 208 hips = 94¢ = 18.18 kips = 8.2 ¢ DESIGN EXAMPLE 1097 Load, impending lift, offside member. = Zero ‘Load with both chains operating on either side members = 8.00kips = 3.6t Maximum axial load = (208-+18.8) = 226.18 kips — 102.6 ¢ Length (unsupported bending across YY axis) = 15.5 ft 472m Length (unsupported bending across XX axis) 31.00 ft = 9.45 m, ‘Try 10 WE 77 beam with 10,195 x 10.62, lange 0.860 and web 0.535 td _ 91412%10.62 br 10.195 x 0.868 “Therefore allowable Fy = 19000 p.si. Dead load of beam 71 Vbairkt = 114.6 kg/m. ‘Maximum Bending Moment. WL oe = TCA? jn. tb 1265 kgjem® = 133,000 in. Ib. For axial loading cag 0.485 2LI2 Fe= 17000—-0.465 “F7y = 19700 psi, = 963 kg/em* ; 226,18 1000, 138000%5.1 4 in Required area : ZTE + gooax 63 = 22.10 sq. in. = 142.6 cm? “Area of the 10 WF 77 section = 22.67 sq, inches. Hence safe. Or provide 1S WB 200 + 200 x 25 plates giving 137 cmt which is nearly required. stom Montr 7 Baton Monte a Hydrostatic load =-20 x 9500 x 377 ‘i 1098 RADIAL GATES = 196 kips = 88.9 t compression. Load, impending lift, with one chain ini eee ie ith one chain broken chain side = 1.94 kips = 0,94 Load, impending lift, one chain broken offside member = ~ 26.6 kips tension = — 12.9 Load, impending 1i i ing, cit | mictas impending lit, both ehainw operating, cither side 0.85 kips = 0.4 Maximum axial load = (196-+1.94) kips = 198 kips (say) 90 « (say) ‘Unsupported length across YY axis =15.5f = 4.72 m Unsupported length across XX axis = 310%, = 9.45 m. ‘Trying 10 WF 72 beam with 10.17 x 10.50 dimensi ; it 50 dimensions havi Mange & web thicknesses as 0.808 & 0.51 es i Jd _ 81x12% 10.5 _ yo, bt T0.17x0,808 — 78 < 600 Here Fy = 18000 p. (31.0% 198 Fe = 17000 —0.48 . 446 i = 13650 psi. I Dead load of beam — = 72 Ibsft. i Max, bending moment = 72 1°12) ip ay, = 124500 in. tb. 198000, 124500%5.08 13630" (8000 x (2.59)8 = 19.76 aq. jn, = 127 emt area of 10 WE 72 beam = 21.18, Hence s 4Or provide ISWB 200 + 200 x 25 plates. ae Summary Use for Top end member 10 WF 60 or ISWB 200-+-200% 20 plates ired sectional area DESIGN EXAMPLE 3099 Central member 10 WF 77 or ISWB 200-+200x25 plates Bottom member 10 WF 72 or ISWB 200++-200x25 Bracing of End Frame The end members should be suitably braced together in the vertical plane to reduce unsupported length and provide rigidity. However, as these are not_supported to provide any structural support or carry end load minimum recommended sections can be used. As the minimum recommended thickness of vicb of structural members for gates etc. i 0.26 (Gmm,) 8 WE 31 beams are used with dimensions as 8x8 swith flange thickness 0.433 and web thickness as 0.288, or provide IS WB 200, One set of bracings is provided near the centre of the end members. Additional set of bracings is given near the outer fend where these are joined to the horizontal girders as per details shown, Pier and Abutment Anchorage Pier Anchorage ‘The trunnion pin of the gate is suitably anchored in the, piers and the abutments by embedding anchor beams," ‘The arrangement for the pier is shown in Figure 97.29. Case 1 ‘Consider gates dlored and reservoir full upto BI 2900.00 (883.9 m). Both the gates will be carrying full hydrostatic Joad which has already been calculated as 511 kips, and hence Ry = Ra = Ra = Rg = SII kips = 282 tonnes ‘This will be governing case for the design of Jongitudinal beams. With maximum allowable stress of 18000 Ibsjsq. in, = 1265 kgjem* 511000 “Ta000 “ * U.S. standard 24x71 beam @ (100 Ibi.) run is used providing an area of 29.26 sq. in. or provide 1S MB 600-+320 X10 plates . 28.4 sq, inch. = 220 em? Area required 1100 RADIAL GATES [sia sooo ae sopaarree ELevArion Fig. 97.29 Pier anchorage Case IT abies Considering another case wh ii ; when one gate ia closed an other is open and reservoir full 2900.00. eer Ri=0 Ry = 511 kips xsi Raw = CN 96 5 ins S11 x68 Ry = = 607.5 kips 4 This will be an emerg i ency and daCeahagettte Which inereased allowable sremes an bent Condition in le stresses can be allowed upto 25% So area required = (607.5% 1000) ‘a Ti 000” 84: in. = 27.0 69. in. = 174, sq. em, DESIGN EXAMPLE 101 Area provided by 247 I beams @ 100 tbs. is. 29.25 sq. in. i ‘and hence is quite ample. Beckie Anchor Beams _ ‘While designing the anchor beams, it is assumed that no bond is being developed by the longitudinal beams. Bearing is considered over one flange of the anchor beam ‘but on twice the area. The assumptions are quite on the safe side, ‘The controlling conditions for the design of the anchor beams will be when both gates are closed and reservoir full apto El 2900.00. (883.9 m). Total load on anchor beams X

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