1 Coons by My and Ban, Date 37 Evidence of Evolution BACKGROUND ——— A i hhas been found to indicate that living things have evolved or changed, natural history. The study of fossils as well as work in embryology, tomy provide evidence for evolution. gradually during their biochemistry, and comparative ana ORIECTVE er In this lab you will learn about homologous, analogous and vestigial structures and their significance in evolution theory. NMATERIALS: eee colored pencils PROCEDURES AND OBSERVATIONS. ssa Pe ee irre vm OU, SETOCE DS ‘a. Carefully examine the drawings of the bones single color, the bone groups of the hand shown in Figure 1. Note similar positions of like should be 4 different single color.) Then bones. color the similar bone in each of the other animals the same color as the human bone. 1. Color each bone of the human arm a di ‘ent color. (All bones of the wrist should be a cit bird FIGURE 1 carpal metacarpal phalanges aeset of bones 2, Describe the function of eac! 3. Are the bones arranged in a similar way in below ‘na Function pea These structures are formed human { during embryonic developme: arrangements; however, they have somewhat dif whale oe ferent forms and functions. They are called ho- oh mologous structures, cat | bat bird aligator a. Examine the butterfly wing and the bird wing shown in Figure 2. 1. What function do these structrures share? 2. How do the structures differ? 3. Do birds and insects share any structural similarities that would “suggest they are closely related taxonomically? Some apparently unrelated animals have or- gans with similar functions, yet are very different in structure and form. These structures are called analogous structures. Part Il Analogous Structures FiGure 2 bird wing, buttery wing 170 LAB aT EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTIONoo 1 con by A and Ba, Name rt. Gradual changes have occurred through time that have in some cases reduced or removed the function of some body structures and organs. The penguin's wings and leg bones of snakes are examples of this phenomenon, 1a. The cave fish and minnow shown in Figure 3 are related, but the cave fish is blind. FIGURE 3 TABLE 1. Date \Vestigial Structures ———————— 1. Explain why eyesight is not an important adaptation to life in a cave. 2. Does the appearance of the cave fish and minnow suggest common ancestry? Why? (Organs or structures that have lost their func- tion in the organism and become reduced in size (because of efficiency) are called vestigial struc tures, Human vestigial organs are well document- ed. b. Read the list of human vestigial structures shown in Table 1. 3. Suggest a possible function for each and explain why the structure became vestigial. Record your answers in the table, Sructure Probable Function Why Vestal? appendix ccoceyx (tall bones) rmusclés that muscles that make hair stand up litte toe | wisdom teeth LABa7_ EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTIONANALYSI 1, Expluin why the homologous structures in Part I are evidence of evolutionary relation: E e q 3 8 4 5 B 3 t a F gE 8 £ a P g q & e List two structures (not from the Table 1) that you think are vestigial and explain why.