Visual Histology Atlas «Boo David T. Moran | J. Carter Rowley This e-Book is made available to students of histology free of charge, compliments of: http://www. VisualHistology.com Please visit our website to find other resources for teachers of histology and their students If you are a student, we invite you to share this book with your fellow students as well as your professors. If you are a teacher of histology, we invite you to share this book with your colleagues and students. @egteative ‘commons COMMONS DEED Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0, You are free: + to copy, elistribute, display, and perform the work Under the following conditions: [Atribution. You must give the orginal author credit. Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. «For any reuse or dlstrbution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work # Any ofthese conditions can be walved Ifyou get permission from the copyright holder. ‘Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. ‘This is human-readable summary ofthe Legal Code (the ful icense) www. VisualHistology.comVisual Histology www. VisualHistology.comDedication THIS BOOK is dedicated to the cells and tissues it describes; to the Master Builder who oversaw, and oversees, their creation and evolution; and to Professor Keith Roberts Porter, who taught us how to Took at, study, photograph, and, best ofall, appreciate the elegant cells and tissues of which we ourselves are made. www. VisualHistology.com]Preface FORTUNATELY, for students and professors alike, the learning of histology, or mieroanatomy, can be simple and enjoyable. This atlas grew out of a general principle of learning: that anything is simple once you understand it. We have found that histology is very simple to understand once you lear how to see the material. Histology is a visual art that, somewhat ironically, is based on the study of structures that cannot be seen. In order to study microanatomy, then, we need optical aids. ‘The major optical instrument available to the student is the light microscope. Wondrous though the light microscope is, however, it has one serious shortcoming: it does not show cell boundaries, because each cell is ‘surrounded by a structure called the cell membrane that lies beyond the resolving power of the light microscope. ‘This severe limitation of the light microscope can cause considerable confusion in the laboratory portion of a ‘microanatomy course, because students using the microscope for the first time are unable to tell where one cell ends and another begins. How can the student be expected to study the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues if he or she cannot see the size and shape of the fundamental unit of structure - the cell? atlas came into being to solve that problem. Fortunately, another kind of microscope, the transmission electron ‘microscope, can clearly resolve cell membranes, even at low magnification - well within the magnification range of the light microscope. Unfortunately, electron microscopes are too expensive to buy and maintain for general student use. Although many super’ photographs taken with the electron microscope are available, most of these are taken at high ‘magnification, beyond the range of the students’ light microscopes, and novices find it difficult to make the perceptual leap from what they see at low magnification by light microscopy to the high-magnification images of tissues available in the literature. ‘To adress this problem, we have assembled a collection of light and electron micrographs ofthe same tissues in which the electron micrographs are taken at low magnification, In many cases, we show matched pais of light and electron Imicrographs of serial “thick” and “thin” sections of the same tissue block, photographed atthe same magnification and deserhed with identical labels. We have found the use of matched light and electron miemngraphs ofthe same tcane the an extremely effective teaching tool that allows students to leam the material rapidly, With practice, students develop a kind of "x-ray vision," formerly the province of experienced research electron microscopists, with which they can mentally superimpose images observed by low-magnfiation electron microscopy onto the fuzzy images seen withthe light microscope. This allows students to accurately identify structures that formerly were “invisible” to them by light microscopy We firmly believe in the saying, "A picture is worth a thousand words.” Consequently, we have supplied each plate of pictures with a text description of about a thousand words. ‘The atlas is organized to maximize ease of use and speed of learning. Firs, i is subdivided into 20 major chapters that correspond to 20 major areas of study - starting with cells, ‘moving into tissues, and progressing into organs. Where necessary, each chapter starts off with an overview that gives perspective to the specific images that are to follow. Next, a series of plates is presented, Each plate has a one-page description that allows the reader to look back and forth between text and micrograph with no irksome page-turning. The important structures on each plate are labeled, and the labels are identified in the figure legend and used in the text. Wee fully realize that, although histology is a visual art, we need to use descriptive anatomic terms when talking about the material. Since the study of microanatomy may be the student's first foray into the formidable world of anatomic terminology - whether the student is an undergraduate, a medical student, a dental student, a graduate student, a nursing student, or simply a curious person who wants to understand his or her own inner workings - the terminology can be bewildering. To that end, we have italicized every key word as it is encountered for the frst time in the atlas and have written a complete glossary, placed at the end of the book, that gives a succinct working definition of each term, ‘Throughout this atlas, we have used human and primate material wherever possible. In certain cases, where a very small organ was required (each of our tissue samples had to be small enough to fit into a I-mm-wide slot in an electron lwww. VisualHistology.com‘microscope specimen grid) we chose to use a small mammal, since primate organs tend to be rather large, In other cases, when our fixation of primate material did not meet our high standard of tissue preservation, we chose available ‘mammalian material rather than take a monkey's life for a particular photograph. Wherever possible we used animals ‘whose lives were to be terminated during the course of biomedical research. ‘This atlas is not a comprehensive treatment of the subject matter. To make it so would have made the book very expensive. We ate aware of the increasing strain on the student's pocketbook and intend this atlas to be affordable, which ‘means its length must be limited. We have, nevertheless, attempted to offer a strategic sampling of key tissues and organs that should give the student a strong foundation in visual histology and have presented a Targe number of photomicrographs. In a sense, this atlas is as much of an art book as it isa science book, for good science, done properly, is an art form. Also, the cells and tissues of which we are made are intrinsically of great aesthetic beauty; for in theit creation, form has followed function. Tio Cay, Abo, Bahar Dem, Cetra, USA www. VisualHistology.com]Acknowledgments ‘THERE are a number of people we wish to thank who have helped create this atlas. Dr. Keith Porter offered much-needed encouragement at the onset of the project and generously supplied Figure A in Plate 10-4. Cecile Duray-Bito did a superb job with the drawings that appear in the overviews, and was a great pleasure to work with. Pam Eller and Kathy Ferguson ‘were both extremely helpful in many phases of materials preparation. Drs. Nolan Rucker and James Stevens generously offered their veterinary skills in obtaining primate tissues, Dr. Bruce Jafek kindly supplied us with tissues from the nose and ear for our chapter on the senses; Drs. Cedric Raine, Stephen Roper, and Thomas Mchalick were extremely helpful in providing tissues for the chapter on nerves when our own fixations fell short of the mark. Dr. Stanley Gould also helped by supplying fresh surgical specimens for the chapter on the female reproductive system, Shelley Rowley offered much-needed encouragement and support throughout the entire project. Dr. Kimberly Janes was 4 great help; being a student of medicine at the time this was written, she offered most valuable and incisive critiques of the manuscript, and was able to present us with the "student's-eye view" that helped us to maintain our focus. Jack Rowley generously provided, in addition to encouragement, the tranquil setting in which much of the thinking and writing for this book were done. In addition, we thank Ron Metusalem and the Tilloo Cay Foundation for Biological Research for their generous support throughout this project. Finally, we are most grateful to our publishers, Lea & Febiger, for their faith in us, their encouragement, their cooperation, and their patience - which, it seems, has no bounds. www. VisualHistology.com|Contents CHAPTER 1. Cells Overview 1 Plate 1-1. The Pancreatic Acinar Cell: A Protein Factory 8 Plate 1-2. The Paneth Cell: A Glycoprotein Factory 10 Plate 1-3. The Goblet Cell: A Mucus Factory 12 Plate 1-4, The Ovarian Endocrine Cell: A Steroid Factory 14 Plate 1-5. The Osteocyte: A Quiescent Cell 16 Plate 1-6, The Cytoplasm As Cell Product: Blood And Muscle Cells. 18, Plate 1 Plate 1-8. The Ciliated Cell: Specializations Of The Cell Surface 22 CHAPTER 2. Epithelia Overview 24 Plate 2-1. Simple Squamous Epithelium: The Lung 26 Plate 2-2, Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: The Thyroid Gland Plate 2-3. Simple Colummar Epithelium: The Intestine 30 Plate 2-4, Stratified Squamous Epithelium: The Esophagus32 Plate 2-5, Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: The Trachea 34 CHAPTER 3. Connective Tissue Overview 36 Plate 3-1, Dense Inregular Connective Tissue 40 Plate 3-2. Dense Regular Connective Tissue: The Tendon 42 Plate 4-2 Reticnlar Fibers: The Framework OF The Spleendd Plate 3-4, Fibroblasts, Mast Cells, And Macrophages 46 CHAPTER 4. Blood Overview 48. Plate 4-1. The Red Blood Cell $0 Plate 4-2. White Blood Cells: The Granulocytes 52 Plate 4-3, White Blood Cells: The Agranulocytes 54 CHAPTER 5. Cartilage Plate 5-1, Hyyaline Cartilage 56 Plate 5-2, Elastic Cartilage and Fibrocartilage 58 www. VisualHistology.com Stages In The Life Of A Cell: The Lymphocyte And The Plasma Cell 20 24 28 36 48 56CHAPTER 6. Bone Overview 60 Plate 6-1. Compact Bone: The Osteon 64 late 6-2. Bone: Remodeling And The Osteoclast 66 Plate 6-3. The Osteocyte 68 Plate 6-4, Bone Growth: The Osteon And Periosteum 70, CHAPTER 7. Muscle Overview 72 Plate 7-1. The Skeletal Muscle Fiber 16 Plate 7-2. Skeletal Muscle: The Sarcomere 78 Plate 7-3. The Heart: Cardiac Muscle 80 Plate 7-4, Smooth Muscle 82 CHAPTER 8. Nerves Overview 84 Plate 8-1. The Motor Neuron 88 Plate 8-2, The Myelinated Nerve Fiber 90, Plate 8-3. The Unmyelinated Nerve Fiber 2 Plate 8-4, The Myelin Sheath And The Synapse 4 Plate 8-5. Ganglion Cells Of The Autonomic Nervous System 96 CHAPTER 9. Skin Overview 98. Plate 9-1. Thick Skin: The Epidermis 100 Plate 9-2. Thin Skin: The Scalp 102 Plate 9-3. Skin: Epidermal Derivatives 104 CHAPTER 10. The Circulatory System Overview 107 Plate 10-1. The Aorta And Vena Cava 108 Plate 10-2. Medium-Sized Artery And Vein 110 Plate 10-3. Arterioles, Capillaries, And Lymphatic Vessels 112 Plate 10-4. The Heart: The Wall Of The Atrium 14 CHAPTER 11. The Respiratory System Overview 116 Plate 11-1. The Trachea 118 Plate 11-2. The Bronchiole 120 Plate 11-3. The Terminal Bronchiole 122 Plate 11-4. The Respiratory Bronchiole And Alveolus 124 CHAPTER 12. The Oral Cavity Overview 126 Plate 12-1. The Developing Tooth 130 Plate 12-2. The Tongue, Part 1 132 Plate 12-3. The Tongue, Part 11 134 Plate 12-4. The Salivary Gland 136 Plate 12-5. The Salivary Gland; Acini And Ducts 138 www. VisualHistology.com 2 84 98 107 116 126CHAPTER 13. The Alimentary Canal Overview 140 Plate 13-1. The Esophagus 144 Plate 13-2. The Stomach 146 Plate 13-3. The Gastric Glands 148 Plate 13-4. The Duodenum 150 Plate 13-5. The Duodenum: Villus And Submucosa 152 Plate 13-6. The Jejunum 154 Plate 13-7. The Jejunum: Intestinal Glands And Outer Wall 156 Plate 13-8. The lleum 158 Plate 13-9. The Colon, Part | 160 Plate 13-10. The Colon, Part IL 162 CHAPTER 14. Pancreas, Liver, And Gallbladder Overview 164 CHAPTER 1 Overview 172 Plate 14-1. The Pancreas 166 Plate 14-2, The Liver 168 Plate 14-3. The Gallbladder 170 |S. The Urinary System Plate 15-1. Kidney, Par I: The Renal Cortex 178 Plate 15-2. Kidney, Pat Tl: The Renal Corpusele 180 Plate 15-3. Kidney, Part Ill: The Renal Medulla 182 Plate 15-4. The Urinary Bladder 184 CHAPTER 1 Overview 186 CHAPTER 1 Overview 198 Overview 212 }6. Organs Of The Immune System Plate 16-1. The Lymph Node, Part 1 188 Plate 16-2. The Lymph Node, Part Il 190 Plate 16-3. The Spleen, Part I: Red Pulp 192 Plate 16-4. The Spleen, Part II: Venous Sinuses 194 Plate 16-5. The Taymus 196 7. The Male Reproductive System Plate 17-1. The Seminiferous Tubule Of The Testis 202 Plate 17-2. The Epididymis 204 Plate 17-3. The Vas Deferens 206 Plate 17-4. The Prostate Gland 208. Plate 17-5. The Seminal Vesicles 210 CHAPTER 18. The Female Reproductive System Plate 18-1. The Ovary 214 Plate 18-2. The Ovary: Primary And Secondary Follicles 216 Plate 18-3. The Ovary: The Tertiary Follicle 218 Plate 18-4. The Oviduet 220 Plate 18-5. The Uterus 22 CHAPTER /9. The Endocrine System www. VisualHistology.com| 140 164 172 186 198 212 224Overview 224 Plate 19-1. The Thyroid Gland 226 Plate 19-2. The Adrenal Cortex 228 Plate 19-3. Cells Of The Adrenal Gland 230 Plate 19-4. The Pituitary Gland 232 Plate 19-5. Cells Of The Pituitary Gland 234 CHAPTER 20. The Senses Overview 236 Plate 20-1. The Eye: Sclera, Choroid, And Retina 238 Plate 20-2. The Eye: The Retina 240 Plate 20-3. The Eye: Photoreceptors Of The Retina 242 Plate 20-4. The Ear: The Organ Of Corti 244 Plate 20-5. The Nose: Respiratory And Olfactory Epithls246 Plate 20-6. The Nose: Olfactory Receptors Plate 20-7. The Tongue: The Taste Bud 250 Appendix: Notes on Specimen Preparation 253 Glossary 255 Index 215 www. VisualHistology.com| 236