225

225

ifjf'k"V

ifjf'k"V

,l-vkbZ- ewy jkf'k;ksa osQ ek=kdksa dh ifjHkk"kk,

he

ehVj (m) : izdk'k }kjk fuokZr esa @ 299]792] 458 le;&varjky esa r; fd, x, iFk dh yackbZ ,d
ehVj gS (l=kgok lh-th-ih-,e-] 1983)A

is

fdyksxzke (kg) : fdyksxzke nzO;eku dk ek=kd gSA ;g varjjk"Vh; ekud fdyksxzke nzO;eku osQ cjkcj
gS (r`rh; lh-th-ih-,e- 1901)A

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

bl

lsdaM (s) : ,d lsdaM Cs-133 ijek.kq dh fuEure voLFkkvksa osQ nks gkbijiQkbu Lrjksa osQ chp osQ
lae.k osQ laxr gksusokys fofdj.k osQ 9192631770 vkorks dh vof/ osQ cjkcj gSA (rsjgok lh-thih-,e- 1967) ,sfEi;j (A) og fLFkj fo|qr~/kjk gS] tks fuokZr esa 1 ehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr nks lh/s vuar
yackbZokys lekukarj ,oa ux.; o`kh; vuqizLFk dkV esa izokfgr gksus ij rkjksa osQ chp izfr ehVj yackbZ ij
2107 U;wVu dk cy mRi djrh gS (ukSok lh-th-ih-,e- 1948)A

osQfYou (K) : ty osQ f=kd fcanq osQ "ekxfrd rki osQ 1@273-16osa Hkkx dks ^osQfYou* dgrs gSa (rsjgok
lh-th-ih-,e- 1967)A
eksy (mol) : eksy fdlh fudk; esa inkFkZ dh og ek=kk gS] ftlesa ewy d.kksa dh la[;k mruh gh gS] ftruh
0.012 kg dkcZu&12 esa mifLFkr ijek.kqvksa dh la[;kA tc eksy iz;qDr gks] rks ewy d.kksa (tks ijek.kq
v.kq vk;u] bysDVkWu vFkok nwljs d.k gksa) bafxr djuk pkfg, (pkSngok lh-th-ih-,e] 1971)A

osQaMsyk (cd) : ^osQaMsyk* fdlh fn'kk esa 540 1012 Hz vko`fkokys lzksr dh T;ksfr&rhozrk gS] tks ml
fn'kk esa (1/683) okV] izfr fLVjsfM;u dh fofdj.k&rhozrk dk ,do.khZ; izdk'k mRlftZr djrk gSA
(lksygok lh-th-ih-,e-] 1979)A
(;gk fn, x, izrhdksa varjjk"Vh; ekU;rk izkIr gSa] fdlh nwljh Hkk"kk ;k fLIV esa bUgsa ifjofrZr ugha djuk
pkfg,A

226

226

jlk;u foKku

ifjf'k"V

II

ro] mudh ijek.kq&la[;k vkSj eksyj&nzO;eku

laoQs r

ijek.kq
ekad

eksyj
nzO;eku

ro

laoQs r

ijek.kq
ekad

(g mol1)

(g mol1)

(247)

9.01
208.98
(264)
10.81
79.91
112.40
132.91
40.08
251.08
12.01
140.12
35.45
52.00
58.93
63.54
247.07
(263)
162.50
(252)
167.26
151.96
(257.10)
19.00
(223)
157.25
69.72
72.61
196.97
178.49
(269)
4.00
164.93
1.0079
114.82
126.90
192.2
55.85
83.80
138.91
(262.1)
207.19
6.94
174.96
24.31
54.94
(268)
258.10

ejdjh
ekWfyCMsue
uh;ksfM;e
fu;kWu
uSIVwfu;e
fuoSQy
fu;ksfc;e
ukbVkt
s u
ukscsfy;e
vkslfe;e
vkWDlhtu
iSysfM;e
I+kQkLI+kQksjl
IySfVue
IywVksfu;e
iksyksfu;e
iksVSf'k;e
izSft;ksfMfe;e
izksesfFk;e
izksVSfDVfu;e
jsfM;e
jsMkWu
jhfu;e
jksfM;e
:fcfM;e
#Fkhfu;e
jnjiQksM;e
lSesfj;e
LoSQfUM;e
lhcksZfx;e
flyhfu;e
flfydu
flYoj
lksfM;e
LVkWfU'k;e
lYiQj
VSUVsye
VsDuhf'k;e
Vsywfj;e
Vcve
FkSfy;e
Fkksfj;e
Fkwfy;e
fVu
VkbVsfu;e
VaxLVu
vuvufc;e
vuvufufy;e
vuvuvuh;e
;wjsfu;e
oSusfM;e
ftukWu
bVc;e
bfV;e
kd
kdksZfu;e

Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Sg
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
Uub
Uun
Uuu
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr

80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
104
62
21
106
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
112
110
111
92
23
54
70
39
30
40

200.59
95.94
144.24
20.18
(237.05)
58.71
92.91
14.0067
(259)
190.2
16.00
106.4
30.97
195.09
(244)
210
39.10
140.91
(145)
231.04
(226)
(222)
186.2
102.91
85.47
101.07
(261)
150.35
44.96
(266)
78.96
28.08
107.87
22.99
87.62
32.06
180.95
(98.91)
127.60
158.92
204.37
232.04
168.93
118.69
47.88
183.85
(277)
(269)
(272)
238.03
50.94
131.30
173.04
88.91
65.37
91.22

he

227.03
26.98
(243)
121.75
39.95
74.92
210
137.34

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

fcLeFk
cksgfj;e
cksjkWu
czksehu
oSQMfe;e
lhfk;e
oSQfYl;e
oSQfyiQksjfu;e
dkcZu
lhfj;e
Dyksjhu
ksfe;e
dksckYV
dkWij
D;wfj;e
M~;wcfu;e
fMLizksfl;e
vkbULVhfu;e
vc;e
;wjksfi;e
iQe;e
yqvksjhu
safl;e
xSMksfyfu;e
xSfy;e
tesZfu;e
xksYM
gSiQfu;e
gSfl;e
ghfy;e
gksfYe;e
gkbMkt
s u
baMh;e
vk;ksMhu
bjhfM;e
vk;ju
fIVkWu
ySUFksue
ykWjsfU'k;e
ysM
yhfFk;e
Y;wVhf'k;e
eSXuhf'k;e
eSaxuht
feVSfu;e
eSaMsyhfo;e

89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
107
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
17
24
27
29
96
105
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
108
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
109
101

is

cjosQfy;e
csfjfy;e

Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
Bh
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Db
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Hs
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Mt
Md

bl

,sDVhfu;e
,syqfefu;e
,sesfjfl;e
,sUVheuh
vkWxuZ
vkWlsZfud
,sLVSVhu
cs f j;e

eksyj
nzO;eku

ro

dks"Bd esa fn;k x;k eku lcls vf/d Kkr v/Z&dkyokys leLFkkfud dk eksyj nzO;eku gSA

227

227

ifjf'k"V

ifjf'k"V
vkSj ,d ok;qeaMyh; nkc ij dqN inkFkks dh fof'k"V ,oa eksyj "ek/kfjrk
eksyj "ek/kfjrk

(J/g)

(J/mol)

0.720
4.184
2.06
0.797
0.360
4.70
2.46
2.42
2.06
0.861
0.5980
0.817
1.03
0.477
0.473
0.460
0.385
0.902
0.128
0.720

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

ok;q
ty (nzo)
veksfu;k (xSl)
gkbMkstu DyksjkbM
gkbMkstu czksekbM
veksfu;k (nzo)
,sfFky ,sYdksgkWy (nzo)
,sFkyhu Xykbdksy (nzo)
ty (Bksl)
dkcZu VsVkDyksjkbM (nzo)
Dyksjksyksjks dkcZu (CCl F )
2 2
vkstksu
fuvkWu
Dyksjhu
czksehu
vk;ju
dkWij
,syqfefu;e
lksuk
xzsiQkbV

20.8
75.4
35.1
29.1
29.1
79.9
113.16
152.52
37.08
132.59
72.35
39.2
20.7
33.8
75.6
25.1
24.7
24.35
25.2
8.65

fof'k"V "ek/kfjrk

he

inkFkZ

is

298 K

bl

d.

III

[k. dqN xSlksa dh eksyj "ek/kfjrk (J/mol)

Gas

,d ijek.kqd*
ghfy;e
vkWxkZu
vk;ksMhu
ejdjh
f}ijek.kqd
gkbMkt
s u
vkWDlhtu
ukbVkt
s u
gkbMkstu DyksjkbM
dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM
f=kijek.kqd
ukbVl vkWDlkbM
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
cgqijek.kqd
,sFksu

*osQoy LFkkukarjh;
LFkkukarjh;] daiu

xfrt tkZ
vkSj ?kw.kZu tkZ

Cp

Cv

Cp - C v

Cp / Cv

20.9
20.8
20.9
20.8

12.8
12.5
12.6
12.5

8.28
8.33
8.37
8.33

1.63
1.66
1.66
1.66

28.6
29.1
29.0
29.6
29.0

20.2
20.8
20.7
21.0
21.0

8.33
8.33
8.30
8.60
8.00

1.41
1.39
1.40
1.39
1.41

39.0
37.5

30.5
29.0

8.50
8.50

1.28
1.29

53.2

44.6

8.60

1.19

228

228

jlk;u foKku

ifjf'k"V

IV

xq#Rokd"kZ.k dk Roj.k
ijek.kq nzO;eku ek=kd (1/12
nzO;eku dk 1@12)
vkoksxknzks fLFkjkad

g
amu
or u

ijaijkxr ek=kd

,l-vkbZ- ek=kd

980.6 cm/s

9.806 m/s

1.6606

10-24

he

izrhd

1.6606 10-27 kg

6.022 1023
particles/mol

6.022 1023
particles/mol

cksj f=kT;k

ao

0.52918 C
5.2918 10-9 cm

5.2918 10-11 m

cksYV~T+eku fLFkjkad
bysDVkWu osQ vkos'k ,oa
nzO;eku dk vuqikr
bysDVkWfud vkos'k

1.3807 10-16 erg/K

1.3807 10-23 J/K

1.7588 l08 coulomb/g

e/m

1.7588 1011 C/kg

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

bl

is

NA

foJke&voLFkk esa
bysDVkWu dk nzO;eku
iQSjkMs&fu;rkad

xSl&fu;rkad

me
F

1.60219 10-19 coulomb 1.60219 10-19 C

4.8033 10-19 esu
9.10952 10-28 g
0.00054859 u

9.10952 10-31 kg

96,487 coulombs/eq
23.06 kcal/volt. eq

96,487 C/mol e96,487 J/V.mol e-

0.8206

1.987

eksyj&vk;ru

Vm

HkkSfrd fLFkjkad

L atm

mol K

cal

mol K

22.710981 L/mol

8.3145

kPa dm

mol K

8.3145 J/mol.K
22.710981 10-3 m3/mol

22.710981 dm3/mol

foJke&voLFkk esa
U;wVkWu dk nzO;eku
Iykad&fLFkjkad
foJke&voLFkk esa
izksVkWu dk nzO;eku
fjM~cxZ fLFkjkad
izdk'k dh xfr
(fuokZr esa)

= 3.1416

e = 2.71828
ln X = 2.303 log X

mn
h
mp
R
c

1.67495 10-24 g
1.008665 u
6.6262 10-27 ergs
1.6726 10-24 g
1.007277 u
3.289 1015 cycles/s
2.1799 10-11 erg
2.9979 1010 cm/s
(186,281 ehy@ls-)
2.303 R = 4.576 cal/mol

1.67495 10-27 kg

6.6262 10-34 J s
1.6726 10-27 kg

1.0974 107 m-1

2.1799 10-18 J
2.9979 108 m/s

K = 19.15 J/mol K

2.303 RT (at 25C) = 1364 cal/mol = 5709 J/mol

229

229

ifjf'k"V

ifjf'k"V

dqN ykHkizn :ikarj.k&xq.kkad

fczfV'k "ek dk

osQyksjh

= 101.32 twy
= 1.0132 109 ergs
ek=kd = 1055.06 twy
= 1.05506 1010 ergs
= 252.2 osQyksjh

is

yackbZ dk lkekU; ek=kd

1 bp = 2.54 lsaVhehVj (lfVd)
1

ehy = 5280 feet = 1.609 fdyksehVj

1 xt = 36 inches = 0.9144 ehVj
1 ehVj = 100 centimetres = 39.37 bap
= 3.281 iQhV
= 1.094 xt
1 fdyksehVj = 1000 ehVj = 1094 xt
= 0.6215 ehy
1 ,axLVkWe = 1.0 108 lsaVhehVj
= 0.10 uSuksehVj
= 1.0 1010 ehVj
= 3.937 109 bap

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

vk;ru dk lkekU; ek=kd

1 DokV~t+Z = 0.9463 fyVj
1 fyVj = 1.056 DokV~t+Z

= 24.217

bl

ikSaM = 453.59 xzke = 0.45359 fdyksxzke

fdyksxzke = 1000 xzke = 2.205 ikSaM
1 xzke = 10 Mslhxzke = 100 lsaVhxzke
= 1000 feyhxzke
1 xzke = 6.022 1023 ijek.kq nzO;eku ek=kd
1 ijek.kq nzO;eku = 1.6606 1024 xzke
1 ehfVjd Vu = 1000 fdyksxzke
= 2205 ikSaM
1

fyVj&ok;qeaMy

he

nzO;eku vkSj Hkkj osQ lkekU; ek=kd

1 ikSaM = 453.59 xzke

1 fyVj = 1 ?ku MslhehVj = 1000 ?ku

lsaVhehVj = 0.001 ?kuehVj
1 feyhfyVj = 1 ?ku lsaVhehVj = 0.001 fyVj
= 1.056 10-3 DokV~t+Z
1 ?kuiQqV = 28.316 fyVj = 29.902 DokV~t+Z
= 7.475 xSyu

"e jklk;fud osQyksjh**

= 4.184 twy
= 4.184 107 ergs

= 4.129 102

fyVj ok;qeaMy
bysDVkWu cksYV
1 ergs = 1 107 twy = 2.3901 108 osQyksjh
1 bysDVku
W oksYV = 1.6022 1019 twy
= 2.612 1019

= 1.6022 1012 erg

= 96.487 kJ/mol

**

ok;qeaMy = 760 feyhehVj ejdjh dk

= 1.013 105 ikLdy
= 14.70 ikSaM izfr oxZbap
1 ckj = 105 ikLdy
1 Vkj = 1 feyhehVj ejdjh dk
1 ikLdy = 1 kg/ms2 = 1 N/m2
1

tkZ dk lkekU; ek=kd

1 twy = 1 107 ergs

cy* vkSj nkc osQ lkekU; ek=kd*

rki SI vk/kfjr ek=kd

K = -273.15C
K = C + 273.15
F = 1.8(C) + 32
C =

osQfYou (K)

F 32
1.8

cy: 1 U;wVu (N) = 1 kg m/s2, 1 U;wVu og cy gS] tks ,d lsdaM yxkus ij 1 fdyksxzke nzO;eku dks 1 ehVj
izfr lsdaM dk osx iznku djrk gSA
"ek dh og ek=kk] tks 1 xzke ty dk rki 14.50C ls 15.50C rd c<+kus osQ fy, vko';d gksrh gSA
;ku jgs fd vU; ek=kd izfrd.k gSa] ftUgsa 6.022 1023 ls xq.kk djuk gksxk] rkfd lgh&lgh rqyuk gks losQA

230

230

jlk;u foKku

ifjf'k"V
298 K

VI

ij "ekxfrdh; vkdM+s

vdkcZfud inkFkZ
laHkou ,aFkSYih]

fxCl laHkou tkZ]

fHJ / (kJ mol1)

fGJ / (kJ mol1)

0
524.7
1675.7
1276
704.2

0
481.2
1582.3

628.8

,sfUVeuh
147.75
301.2
334.29

232.78
337.80
401.94

bl

145.11
313.8
394.34

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

SbH3(g)
SbCl3(g)
SbCl5(g)

28.33
321.7
50.92

110.67

is

Al(s)
Al3+(aq)
Al2O3(s)
Al(OH)3(s)
AlCl3(s)

he

,syqfefu;e

,aVkWih,*
SJ /(J K1 mol1)

inkFkZ

vklsfZ ud

As(s), gray
As2S3(s)
AsO43(aq)

0
169.0
888.14

0
168.6
648.41

35.1
163.6
162.8

0
537.64
553.5
1216.3
1214.78

0
560.77
525.1
1137.6
1088.59

62.8
9.6
70.42
112.1
47.3

0
1272.8
1137.0

0
1193.7
1120.3

5.86
53.97
254.12

csfj;e

Ba(s)
Ba2+(aq)
BaO(s)
BaCO3(s)
BaCO3(aq)

cksjku

B(s)
B2O3(s)
BF3(g)

czksehu

Br2(l)
Br2(g)
Br(g)
Br(aq)
HBr(g)
BrF3(g)

0
30.91
111.88
121.55
36.40
255.60

0
3.11
82.40
103.96
53.45
229.43

152.23
245.46
175.02
82.4
198.70
292.53

0
178.2
542.83

0
144.3
553.58

41.42
154.88
53.1

oSQfYl;e

Ca(s)
Ca(g)
Ca2+(aq)

(tkjh)

231

231

ifjf'k"V
inkFkZ

laHkou ,aFkSYih]

fxCl laHkou tkZ]

fHJ / (kJ mol1)

fGJ / (kJ mol1)

,aVkWih,*
SJ /(J K1 mol1)

oSQfYl;e

dkcZu**
0
1.895
716.68
110.53
393.51
677.14
135.44
89.70
135.1
108.87

39.75
83.39
74.5
92.9
88.7
110.0
68.87
80.8
104.6
59.8
130
69.96
56.5
106.7
33.1

he

0
2.900
671.26
137.17
394.36
527.81
65.21
65.27
124.7
124.97

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

C(s), xzsiQkbV
C(s), Mk;eaM
C(g)
CO(g)
CO2(g)
CO32(aq)
CCl4(l)
CS2(l)
HCN(g)
HCN(l)

604.03
898.49
868.07
1128.8
1127.8
1081.39
1167.3
1111.15
748.1
816.0
663.6
64.9
477.4
1321.79
1298.10

is

635.09
986.09
1002.82
1206.92
1207.1
1219.97
1219.6
1208.09
795.8
877.1
682.8
59.8
482.4
1434.11
1452.10

bl

CaO(s)
Ca(OH)2(s)
Ca(OH)2(aq)
CaCO3(s), osQYlkbV
CaCO3(s), vkxksZukbV
CaCO3(aq)
CaF2(s)
CaF2(aq)
CaCl2(s)
CaCl2(aq)
CaBr2(s)
CaC2(s)
CaS(s)
CaSO4(s)
CaSO4(aq)

5.740
2.377
158.10
197.67
213.74
56.9
216.40
151.34
201.78
112.84

lhfj;e

Ce(s)
Ce3+(aq)
Ce4+(aq)

0
696.2
537.2

0
672.0
503.8

72.0
205
301

0
121.68
167.16
92.31
167.16

0
105.68
131.23
95.30
131.23

223.07
165.20
56.5
186.91
56.5

0
71.67
64.77
168.6
157.3
771.36
2279.7

0
49.98
65.49
146.0
129.7
661.8
1879.7

33.15
40.6
99.6
93.14
42.63
109
300.4

Dyksjhu

Cl2(g)
Cl(g)
Cl(aq)
HCl(g)
HCl(aq)

dkWij

Cu(s)
Cu+(aq)
Cu2+(aq)
Cu2O(aq)
CuO(s)
CuSO4(s)
CuSO4.5H2O(s)

**

dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa osQ fy, vyx lkj.kh blh fujarjrk esa vkxs nh xbZ gSA

(tkjh)

232

232

jlk;u foKku

inkFkZ

laHkou ,aFkSYih]

fxCt laHkou tkZ]

fHJ / (kJ mol1)

fGJ / (kJ mol1)

,aVWkih,*
SJ /(J K1 mol1)

M~;Vw hfj;e
D2(g)
D2O(g)
D 2O(l)

0
249.20
294.60

0
234.54
243.44

144.96
198.34
75.94

0
332.63
271.1
332.63

0
278.79
273.2
278.79

202.78
13.8
173.78
13.8

0
217.97
0
285.83
241.82
187.78
191.17

0
203.25
0
237.13
228.57
120.35
134.03

he

F2(g)
F(aq)
HF(g)
HF(aq)

yqvksjhu

130.68
114.71
0
69.91
188.83
109.6
143.9

bl

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

H2(g)
H(g)
H+(aq)
H 2O(l)
H2O(g)
H 2O 2(l)
H2O2(aq)

is

gkbMkstu (M~;wVhfj;e Hkh ns[ksa)

vk;ksMhu

I2(s)
I2(g)
I(aq)
HI(g)

0
62.44
55.19
26.48

0
19.33
51.57
1.70

116.14
260.69
111.3
206.59

0
78.90
4.7
1015.4
742.2
100.4
6.9
166.9

27.28
137.7
315.9
146.4
87.40
60.29

52.93

0
1.7
277.4
919.94
278.7
244.8

0
24.43
217.33
813.14
261.92
232.34

64.81
10.5
68.6
148.57
161.5
175.3

0
147.70
466.85
601.70
1095.8
524.3

0
113.10
454.8
569.43
1012.1
503.8

32.68
148.65
138.1
26.94
65.7
117.2

vk;ju

Fe(s)
Fe2+(aq)
Fe3+(aq)
Fe3O4(s),
Fe2O3(s),
FeS(s,)
FeS(aq)
FeS2(s)

esXusVkbV
ghesVkbV

0
89.1
48.5
1118.4
824.2
100.0

178.2

ysM

Pb(s)
Pb2+(aq)
PbO2(s)
PbSO4(s)
PbBr2(s)
PbBr2(aq)

eSXuhf'k;e

Mg(s)
Mg(g)
Mg2+(aq)
MgO(s)
MgCO3(s)
MgBr2(s)

233

233

ifjf'k"V
inkFkZ

laHkou ,aFkSYih]

fxCt laHkou tkZ]

fHJ / (kJ mol1)

fGJ / (kJ mol1)

,aVkWih,*
SJ /(J K1 mol1)

0
61.32
90.83
265.22

0
31.82
58.54
210.75

76.02
174.96
70.29
192.5

0
90.25
82.05
33.18
9.16
174.10
207.36
205.0
46.11
80.29
132.51
114.2
294.1
50.63
365.56
314.43
295.31

0
86.55
104.20
51.31
97.89
80.71
111.25
108.74
16.45
26.50
79.31

328.1
149.34
183.87
202.87
88.75

Hg(1)
Hg(g)
HgO(s)
Hg2Cl2(s)

he

eD;wZjh

ukbVkstu

is

191.61
210.76
219.85
240.06
304.29
155.60
146.4
146.4
192.45
111.3
113.4

238.97
121.21
151.08
94.6
186.2

bl

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

N2(g)
NO(g)
N2O(g)
NO2(g)
N2O4(g)
HNO3(1)
HNO3(aq)
NO3 (aq)
NH3(g)
NH3(aq)
NH+4 (aq)
NH2OH(s)
HN3(g)
N2H4(1)
NH4NO3(s)
NH4Cl(s)
NH4ClO4(s)

vkWDlhtu
O2(g)
O3(g)
OH(aq)

0
142.7
229.99

0
163.2
157.24

205.14
238.93
10.75

0
58.91
5.4
2984.0
964.8
1266.9
1277.4
319.7
287.0
374.9

0
24.44
13.4
2697.0

1018.7
272.3
267.8
305.0

41.09
279.98
210.23
228.86

217.18
311.78
364.6

0
89.24
252.38
424.76
482.37
567.27

0
60.59
283.27
379.08
440.50
537.75

64.18
160.34
102.5
78.9
91.6
66.57

iQkWLiQksjl

P(s), white
P4(g)
PH3(g)
P4O10(s)
H3PO3(aq)
H3PO4(1)
H3PO4(aq)
PCl3(1)
PCl3(g)
PCl5(g)

iksVSf'k;e

K(s)
K(g)
K+(aq)
KOH(s)
KOH(aq)
KF(s)

(tkjh)

234

234

inkFkZ

jlk;u foKku
laHkou ,aFkSYih]

fxCt laHkou tkZ]

fHJ / (kJ mol1)

fGJ / (kJ mol1)

,aVkWih,*
SJ /(J K1 mol1)

iksVSf'k;e
409.14
380.66
324.89
296.25
303.09
364.0
480.7

0
910.94

0
856.64

0
105.58
31.05
100.37
15.98
127.07
61.58
61.84
50.38
124.39

0
77.11
11.20
96.90
26.86
109.79
54.12
66.19
25.52
33.41

82.59
95.90
106.32
143.1
151.0
105
190.4

436.75
393.80
327.90
397.73
432.75
380.7
471.5

he

KCl(s)
KBr(s)
KI(s)
KClO3(s)
KClO4(s)
K2S(s)
K2S(aq)

flfydu

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

Ag(s)
Ag+(aq)
Ag2O(s)
AgBr(s)
AgBr(aq)
AgCl(s)
AgCl(aq)
AgI(s)
AgI(aq)
AgNO3(s)

42.55
72.68
121.3
107.1
155.2
96.2
129.3
115.5
184.1
140.92

bl

flYoj

18.83
41.84

is

Si(s)
SiO2(s,)

lksfM;e

Na(s)
Na(g)
Na+(aq)
NaOH(s)
NaOH(aq)
NaCl(s)
NaCl(aq)
NaBr(s)
NaI(s)
NaHCO3(s)
Na2CO3(s)

0
107.32
240.12
425.61
470.11
411.15
407.3
361.06
287.78
947.7
1130.9

0
76.76
261.91
379.49
419.15
384.14
393.1
348.98
286.06
851.9
1047.7

51.21
153.71
59.0
64.46
48.1
72.13
115.5
86.82
98.53
102.1
136.0

0
0.33
33.1
296.83
395.72
813.99
909.27
909.27
20.63
39.7
1209

0
0.1
85.8
300.19
371.06
690.00
744.53
744.53
33.56
27.83
1105.3

31.80
32.6
14.6
248.22
256.76
156.90
20.1
20.1
205.79
121
291.82

lYiQj

S(s), jkkWfEcd
S(s), eksuksfDyfud
S2(aq)
SO2(g)
SO3(g)
H 2SO 4(l)
H2SO4(aq)
SO42(aq)
H2S(g)
H2S(aq)
SF6(g)

(tkjh)

235

235

ifjf'k"V
inkFkZ

laHkou ,aFkSYih]

fxCt laHkou tkZ]

fHJ / (kJ mol1)

fGJ / (kJ mol1)

,aVkWih,*
SJ /(J K1 mol1)

fVu
0
2.09
285.8
580.7

0
0.13
256.9
519.6

51.55
44.14
56.5
52.3

0
153.89
348.28
+130.73

0
147.06
318.30
+95.14

41.63
112.1
43.64
160.93

Sn(s), liQsn
Sn(s), /wlj
SnO(s)
SnO2(s)

Zn(s)
Zn2+(aq)
ZnO(s)
Zn(g)

he

kd

vk;uksa osQ fy, muosQ foy;uksa esa ,aVWkih dk eku ty esa H+ osQ fy, 'kwU; ekudj fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj rc leLr vk;uksa
dh ,aVkWih blosQ lkis{k ifjHkkf"kr dh tkrh gSA blfy, .kkRed ,aVkWih og gS] tks ty esa H+ dh vis{kk de eku dh gSA

dkcZfud ;kSfxd
ngu
,aFkSYih]

laHkou
,aFkSYih]

fxCt laHkou
tkZ]

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

inkFkZ

bl

is

*O;fDrxr

,aVk iW h]

cHJ / (kJ mol1) fHJ / (kJ mol1) fGJ / (kJ mol1) SJ /(J K1 mol1)

gkbMksdkcZu
CH4(g),

esFksu
C2H2(g), ,Fkkbu (,lhVyhu)
C2H4(g), ,Fkhu (,FkkbZyhu)
C2H6(g), ,Fksu
C3H6(g), izksihu (izksikbyhu)
C3H6(g), lkbDyksizksisu
C3H8(g), izksisu
C4H10(g), C;wVsu
C5H12(g), isUVsu
C6H6(l), csUthu

C6H6(g)
C7H8(l), VkWywbZu
C7H8(g)
C6H12(l), lkbDyksgsDlsu
C6H12(g),
C8H18(l), vkWDVsu

890

74.81

50.72

186.26

1300

226.73

209.20

200.94

1411

52.26

68.15

219.56

1560

84.68

32.82

229.60

2058

20.42

62.78

266.6

2091

53.30

104.45

237.4

2220

103.85

23.49

270.2

2878

126.15

17.03

310.1

3537

146.44

8.20

3268
3302
3910
3953
3920
3953
5471

49.0

12.0

156.4

249.9

124.3

113.8

26.7

6.4

173.3

221.0

204.4

358

726
764
1368
1409
3054

238.86
200.66
277.69
235.10
164.6

166.27
161.96
174.78
168.49
50.42

126.8
239.81
160.7
282.70
144.0

349

,sYdksgkWy vkSj fiQuksy

CH3OH(l), esFksukWy
CH3OH(g)
C2H5OH(l), ,FksukWy
C2H5OH(g)
C6H5OH(s), I+kQhukWy

(tkjh)

236

236

jlk;u foKku

inkFkZ

ngu
,aFkSYih]

laHkou
,aFkSYih]

fxCt laHkou
tkZ]

,aVWkih]

cHJ / (kJ mol1) fHJ / (kJ mol1) fGJ / (kJ mol1) SJ /(J K1 mol1)

dkcksZfDlfyd vEy

C6H5COOH(s),

csUt+ksbd vEy

424.72
484.5
485.76
827.2

361.35
389.9
396.64
697.9

3227

385.1

245.3

571

108.57

102.53

1166

192.30

128.12

1192
1790

166.19
248.1

(,slhVsYMhgkbM)
CH3CHO(g)
CH3COCH3(l),

izksisuksu

128.86
155.4

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

(,slhVksu)

218.77

160.2

bl

HCHO(g), esFksuSy
(formaldehyde)
CH3CHO(l), ,FksuSy

167.6

is

,sYMhgkbM vkSj dhVksu

128.95
159.8
86.6
120

255
875

254

he

HCOOH(l), iQkWfeZd vEy

CH3COOH(l), ,slhfVd vEy
CH3COOH (aq)
(COOH)2(s), vkWDlsfyd vEy

250.3
200

'kdZjk

C6H12O6(s), Xywdksl
C6H12O6(aq)
C6H12O6(s), DVkst+

2808

2810

1268

1266

910
917

212

C12H22O11(s),

lwksl

5645

2222

1545

360

;wfj;k
C6H5NH2(l), ,sfuyhu

632

333.51

197.33

104.60

3393

31.6

149.1

191.3

NH2CH2COOH(s),

969

532.9

373.4

103.51

ukbVkstu ;kSfxd
CO(NH2)2(s),

Xykblhu
CH3NH2(g), esfFky,sehu

1085

22.97

32.16

243.41

237

237

ifjf'k"V

ifjf'k"V
298 K

ij ekud foHko

E J /V

vip;u v/Z vfHkf;k

E J /V

H4XeO6 + 2H+ + 2e XeO3 + 3H2O

F2 + 2e 2F
O3 + 2H+ + 2e O2 + H2O
2
2
S2O8 + 2e 2SO4
+

+
Ag + e Ag
Co3+ + e Co2+
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e 2H2O
Au+ + e Au
Pb4+ + 2e Pb2+
2HClO + 2H+ + 2e Cl2 + 2H2O
Ce4+ + e Ce3+
2HBrO + 2H+ + 2e Br2 + 2H2O

MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O

Mn3+ + e Mn2+
Au3+ + 3e Au
Cl2 + 2e 2Cl
2
Cr2O 7 + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
O3 + H2O + 2e O2 + 2OH
O2 + 4H+ + 4e 2H2O
ClO4 + 2H+ +2e ClO3 + 2H2O
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e Mn2+ + 2H2O
Pt2+ + 2e Pt
Br2 + 2e 2Br
Pu4+ + e Pu3+
NO3 + 4H+ + 3e NO + 2H2O
2Hg2+ + 2e Hg 2+
2
ClO + H2O + 2e Cl + 2OH
Hg2+ + 2e Hg
NO3 + 2H+ + e NO2 + H2O
Ag+ + e Ag

Hg 2+
2 +2e 2Hg
3+

Fe + e Fe2+
BrO + H2O + 2e Br + 2OH
Hg2SO4 +2e 2Hg + SO42
MnO42 + 2H2O + 2e MnO2 + 4OH
MnO4 + e MnO42
I2 + 2e 2I

I3 + 2e 3I

+3.0
+2.87
+2.07
+2.05
+1.98
+1.81
+1.78
+1.69
+1.67
+1.63
+1.61
+1.60
+1.51
+1.51
+1.40
+1.36
+1.33
+1.24
+1.23
+1.23
+1.23
+1.20
+1.09
+0.97
+0.96
+0.92
+0.89
+0.86
+0.80
+0.80
+0.79
+0.77
+0.76
+0.62
+0.60
+0.56
+0.54
+0.53

Cu+ + e Cu
NiOOH + H2O + e Ni(OH)2 + OH
Ag2CrO4 + 2e 2Ag + CrO42
O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH
ClO4 + H2O + 2e ClO3 + 2OH
[Fe(CN)6]3 + e [Fe(CN)6]4
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Hg2Cl2 + 2e 2Hg + 2Cl
AgCl + e Ag + Cl
Bi3+ + 3e Bi

SO42 + 4H+ + 2e H2SO3 + H2O

2+
Cu + e Cu+
Sn4+ + 2e Sn2+
AgBr + e Ag + Br
Ti4+ + e Ti3+
2H+ + 2e H2

+0.52
+0.49
+0.45
+0.40
+0.36
+0.36
+0.34
+0.27
+0.27
+0.20
+0.17
+0.16
+0.15
+0.07
0.00
0.0 by

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

bl

is

he

vip;u v/Z vfHkf;k

oS|qr~ jklk;fud e esa

VII

Fe3+ + 3e Fe
O2 + H2O + 2e HO2 + OH
Pb2+ + 2e Pb
In+ + e In
Sn2+ + 2e Sn
AgI + e Ag + I
Ni2+ + 2e Ni
V3+ + e V2+
Co2+ + 2e Co
In3+ + 3e In
Tl+ + e Tl
PbSO4 + 2e Pb + SO2
4
Ti3+ + e Ti2+
Cd2+ + 2e Cd
In2+ + e In+
Cr3+ + e Cr2+
Fe2+ + 2e Fe
In3+ + 2e In+
S + 2e S2
In3+ + e In2+
U4+ + e U3+
Cr3+ + 3e Cr
Zn2+ + 2e Zn

ifjHkk"kkuqlkj
0.04
0.08
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.23
0.26
0.28
0.34
0.34
0.36
0.37
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.44
0.44
0.48
0.49
0.61
0.74
0.76

(tkjh)
(continued)

238

jlk;u foKku
EJ /V

vip;u v/Z vfHkf;k

EJ /V

Cd(OH)2 + 2e Cd + 2OH
2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH
Cr2+ + 2e Cr
Mn2+ + 2e Mn
V2+ + 2e V
Ti2+ + 2e Ti
Al3+ + 3e Al
U3+ + 3e U
Sc3+ + 3e Sc
Mg2+ + 2e Mg
Ce3+ + 3e Ce

0.81
0.83
0.91
1.18
1.19
1.63
1.66
1.79
2.09
2.36
2.48

La3+ + 3e La
Na+ + e Na
Ca2+ + 2e Ca
Sr2+ + 2e Sr
Ba2+ + 2e Ba
Ra2+ + 2e Ra
Cs+ + e Cs
Rb+ + e Rb
K+ +e K
Li+ + e Li

2.52
2.71
2.87
2.89
2.91
2.92
2.92
2.93
2.93
3.05

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

bl

is

he

vip;u v/Z vfHkf;k

239

mkjekyk

oqQN pqus gq, iz'uksa osQ mkj

~ 15 10

g , 1.25 10
3

m
5

(ii) 2.34 10

(iii) 8.008 10

(iv) 5.000 10

(i) 2

(ii) 3

(iii) 4

(iv) 3

(v) 4

(vi) 5

(i) 34.2

(ii) 10.4

1.18

(i) 4.8 10

1.19
1.20

(d )

(iii) 0.0460

is

(v) 6.0012

1.21

he

1.17

(iv) 2810

([k) (i) (10 mm, 1015 pm)

xqf.kr vuqikr dk fu;e

bl

(ii) (10 kg, 10 ng)

3

(iii) (10 L, 10 dm )
6.00 10

m =0.600 m

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

1.22

1.23

1.24

(i) B

(ii) A

lhekar gSA
(iii) dksbZ ugha
(v) A lhekar gSA

(i) 2.43 103 g

(iii)

1.26

gkbMkstu vfHkf;k ugha djsxh;

nl vk;ru

1.27

(i)

1.30

1.99265 1023g

1.31

(i)

1.32

39.948 g mol1

1.33

(i)

2.87 1011m

3.131

(iv)

lhekar gSA
B lhekar gSA

(ii)

gk

5.72 10 g

(ii)

1.515 1011 m

(iii) 2.5365 102kg

(ii)

(iii) 4

1025

1.34

ijek.kq
(ii) 13 ijek.kq
ewykuqikrh lw=k CH, eksyj nzO;eku 26.0 g mol1, v.kq lw=k C2H2

1.35

0.94 g CaCO3

1.36

8.40 g HCl

(iii) 7.8286

,dd 2

2.1

2.2

2.3

(i) 1.099

1027

bysDVkWu
(ii)
(i) 6.022 1024 bysDVkWu
(ii) (d) 2.4088 1021 U;wVku ([k)
(iii) (d) 1.2044 1022 izksVkWu ([k)

7,6: 8,8: 12,12: 30,26: 50, 38

5.48

107 kg, 9.65

4.0347 106 kg

2.015

105 kg

104C

,dd 1

1024

ijek.kq

240

(i) Cl

(ii) U
1014

s1,

(iii) Be

106m1

1.72

2.5

5.17

2.6

(i) 1.988

2.7

6.0 102 m, 5.0 109 s1

2.8

2.012

2.9

(i) 4.97 1019 J (3.10 eV); (ii) 0.97 eV

1018 J

1016

(ii) 3.98

,oa

10 15 J

16.66 m1

iQksVkWu
(iii) 5.84

105 m s1

494 kJ

2.11

7.18

10 19 s 1

2.12

4.41

10 14s1 , 2.91

2.13

486 nm

2.14

8.72

10 19J

he

2.10

mol1

10 20 J

2.15

15

2.16

(i) 8.72

mRltZu js[kk,a
10 20 J

106

(ii) 1.3225 nm

is

2.4

jlk;u foKku

m1

1.523

2.18

2.08 1011 ergs, 950

2.19

3647

2.20

3.55

2.21

8967

2.22

Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+; Ar, S2

2.23

(i) (d) 1s2

2.24

n=5

2.25

n = 3; l = 2; ml = 2, 1, 0, +1, +2

2.26

(i) 29

2.27

1, 2, 15

2.28

(i)

bl

2.17

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

10 11 m

,oa

K+

([k) 1s2 2s2 2p6;

(x) 1s22s22p6

(dksbZ ,d eku)

izksVkWu

ml

1,0,+1

2,1,0,+1,+2

(ii) l = 2; m1=2, 1,0,+1,+2

(iii) 2s, 2p

2.31

rFkk (?k)
(d), (x) rFkk () laHko ugha gSA
(d) 16 bysDVkWu ([k) 2 bysDVkWu

2.33

n=2

2.34

8.72 1018J

2.35

1.33

2.36

0.06 nm

2.37

(d) 1.3

2.38

1560

2.39

2.29

2.30

(d) 1s, ([k) 3p, (x) 4d

4f

ls n = 1

izfr ijek.kq

10 9

102 pm

([k) 6.15

10 7 pm

(?k) 1s22s22p6

241

mkjekyk

Br

2.43

37
17

Cl 1

2.44

56
26

Fe 3 +

2.45
2.46
2.47

81
35

dkWfLed fdj.ksa

> Xfdj.ksa >

=k.kef.k (amber) jax

>

ekbksrjax > ,iQ-,e-

106

3.3
J
(d) 4.87 1014 s 1

([k) 9.0

109 m

(x) 32.27

1020 J

10 18

2.48

(?k) 6.2
10

2.49

8.28

2.50
2.51

3.45 1022 J
(d) nsgyh rjax nS;Z 652.46 nm

1010 J

fofdj.k dh nsgyh vko`fk 4.598 1014 s1

(x) fudys gq, i- QksVksbysDVkWu dh xfrt tkZ 9.29 1020J, i- QksVksbysDVkWu dk osx 4.516
([k)

530.9 nm

2.53

4.48 eV

2.54

7.6

2.55

vojDr, 5

2.56

434 nm

2.57

455 pm

2.58

494.5 ms1

2.59

332 pm

2.60

1.516

2.61

ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k tk ldrk D;ksafd lgh eku vfuf'prrk ls de gSA

2.62

(v) < (ii) = (iv) < (vi) = (iii) < (i)

2.63

4p

2.64

(i) 2s

(ii) 4d

(iii) 3p

2.65
2.66

Si
(d ) 3

([k) 2

(x ) 6

(?k) 4

( ) zero

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

2.52

2.67

he

2.42

is

2.41

gyosQ ijek.kq osQ NksVs ukfHkd gksus osQ dkj.k vfkd d.k ikj gksrs gSa] rFkk gyosQ ukfHkd ij de /ukos'k gksus
osQ dkj.k de d.k fo{ksfir gksrs gSaA
fdlh fn, x, ro osQ leLFkkfudksa esa izksVkWu dh la[;k leku rFkk leku ijek.kq ekad osQ fy, nzO;eku la[;k
fHkUu gks ldrh gSA

bl

2.40

103 eV

10 38 m

16

,dd 5

5.1

2.5 bar

5.2

0.8 bar

5.4

70 g/mol

5.5

MB = 4MA

5.6

203.2 mL

105 ms1

242

jlk;u foKku

5.7

8.314 104 Pa

5.8

1.8 bar

5.9

3g/dm3

5.10

1249.8 g mol1

5.11

3/5

5.12

50 K

5.13

4.2154 1023

5.14

1.90956

5.15

56.025 bar

5.16

3811.1 kg

5.19

0.8 bar

he

40 g mol1

,dd 6
(ii)

6.2

(iii)

6.3

(ii)

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

6.1

is

5.05 L

5.18

bl

5.17

bysDVkWu
106 o"kZ

6.4

(iii)

6.5

(i)

6.6

(iv)

6.7

q = + 701 J

w = 394 J,

D;ksafd fudk; }kjk dk;Z fd;k x;k gSA

U = 307 J

6.8

743.939 kJ

6.9

1.067 kJ

6.10

H = 7.151 kJ mol1

6.11

314.8 kJ

6.12

rH = 778 kJ

6.13

46.2 kJ mol1

6.14

239 kJ mol1

6.15

326 kJ mol1

6.16

S > 0

6.17

2000 K

6.18

6.19

.kkRed gS (vkca/ tkZ eqDr gksrh gSA) rFkk

vO;oLFkk gksrh gSA)
0.164 kJ, vfHkf;k Lor% izofrZr ugha gSA

6.20

5.744 kJ mol1

6.21

NO(g)

6.22

qsurr = + 286 kJ mol1

vLFkk;h gS] fdarq NO2(g) cusxk

Ssurr = 959.73 J K1

.kkRed gSA (v.kqvksa esa ijek.kqvksa dh rqyuk esa de

243

mkjekyk

,dd 7
7.2

12.229 molL1

7.3

2.67

7.5

(i) 4.33 104 (ii) 1.90

7.6

1.59

7.8

[N2] = 0.0482 molL1, [O2] = 0.0933 molL1, [N2O] = 6.6 1021 molL1

7.9

osQ 0.0352 mol rFkk Br2 osQ 0.0178 mol

7.10

7.47

7.11

4.0

7.12

Qc = 2.397 103.

7.14

0.44

7.15

H2 rFkk I2

10 4

0.068 mol L1

7.16

[I2] = [Cl2] = 0.167 M, [ICl] = 0.446 M

7.17

[C2H6]eq = 3.62 atm

7.18

(i) [CH3COOC2H5][H2O] / [CH3COOH][C2H5OH]

dk eku Kc ls de gS] vr% lkE;koLFkk ugha LFkkfir gksxhA

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

(ii) 3.92 (iii) Qc

is

ugha] vfHkf;k lkE;koLFkk ij ugha gSA

bl

izR;sd dk

he

1011 M1

10 15

7.19

nksuksa osQ fy,

0.02molL1

7.20

[PCO] = 1.739atm, [PCO2] = 0.461atm.

7.21

ugha] vfHkf;k }kjk vf/d mRikn cusaxsA

7.22

7.23
7.24

0.149
(d) 35.0kJ, ([k) 1.365 106

7.27

[pH2]eq = [pBr2]eq = 2.5 102bar, [PHBr] = 10.0 bar

7.30
7.31

([k) 120.48
[H2]eq = 0.96 bar

7.33

2.86

7.34

5.85 10 2

7.35

NO2, HCN, ClO4, HF, H2O, HCO3, HS

7.36

BF3, H+, NH4+

7.37

F, HSO4, CO32

7.38

NH3, NH4+, HCOOH

7.41

2.42

7.42

1.7

7.43

F = 1.5 1011, HCOO= 5.6 1011, CN= 2.08 x 106

7.44

[iQhukWysV

7.45

[HS]= 9.54 105, in 0.1M HCl [HS] = 9.1 108M, [S2]= 1.2 1013M, in 0.1M
1.09 10 19M

7.46

[Ac]= 0.00093, pH= 3.03

7.47
7.48

[A] = 7.08 x105M, Ka= 5.08 107, pKa= 6.29

(d) 2.52 ([k) 11.70 (x) 2.70 (?k) 11.30

104 molL1

1028 M

10 4M

vk;u]= 2.2

106,

= 4.47 105. 0.01M

lksfM;e iQhukWysV foy;u esa =108 = 9.30.

HCl [S2]=

244

jlk;u foKku

pH = 1.88, pKa = 2.70

Kb = 1.6 106, pKb = 5.8

7.52

= 6.53 104, Ka = 2.35 105

7.53

(d) 0.0018 b) 0.00018

7.54

= 0.0054

7.55

(d) 1.48 107M,

7.56

(d) 1.5 107M,

7.57

[K+] = [OH] = 0.05M, [H+] = 2.0 1013M

7.58

[Sr2+] = 0.1581M, [OH] = 0.3162M , pH = 13.50

7.59

= 1.63 102, pH = 3.09.

([k) 0.063
([k) 105M,

(x) 4.17 108M

(x) 6.31 105M

7.61

dh mifLFkfr esa 0.01M

Ka = 2.09 104 rFkk vk;u dh ek=kk = 0.0457
pH = 7.97. ty fo;kstu dh ek=kk = 2.36 105

7.62

Kb = 1.5 109

7.63

NaCl, KBr

7.60

(?k) 3.98 107

7.50
7.51

(?k) 6.31 103M

HCl, = 1.32 103

he

(d) 11.65 ([k) 12.21 (x) 12.57 (?k) 1.87

is

7.49

7.65
7.66

pH = 6.78
(d) 12.6 ([k) 7.00

7.67

flYoj sesV S= 0.65 104M; Ag+ dh eksyjrk = 1.30 x 104M

CrO42 dh eksyjrk = 0.65 104M; csjh;e ksesV S = 1.1 105M; Ba2+ rFkk CrO42 izR;sd dh eksyjrk =
1.1 105M; iQsfjd gkbMksDlkWbM S = 1.39 1010M;
Fe3+ dh eksyjrk = 1.39 1010M; [OH] dh eksyjrk = 4.17 1010M;
ysM DyksjkbM S = 1.59 102M; Pb2+ dh eksyjrk = 1.59 102M
Cl dh eksyjrk = 3.18 102M; ejD;wjl vk;ksMkbM S = 2.24 1010M;
Hg22+ dh eksyjrk = 2.24 1010M rFkk I dh eksyjrk = 4.48 1010M
flYoj ksesV vf/d foys; gS rFkk eksyjrk dk vuqikr = 91.9
dksbZ vo{ksi ughaA
flYoj csatks,V 3-317 xquk T;knk foy; gSA
foy;u dh vf/dree eksyjrk 2.5 109M
2.43 yhVj ikuh
osQMeh;e oyksjkbM foy;u esa iz{ksi.k gksxkA

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

bl

7.64

foy;u mnklhu NaCN, NaNO2 rFkk KF foy;u {kkjh; NH4NO3 foy;u vEyh; gSA
(d) vEyh; foy;u pH = 1.9
([k) ;g yo.k foy;u dh pH 7.9

7.68

7.69

7.70
7.71

7.72

7.73

(x) 1.3

245

vuqef.kdk

vuqef.kdk

he

bysDVkWu & 26
bysDVkWu yfC/ ,UFkSYih & 85
bysDVkWfud foU;kl & 57] 60

m
mRo`Q"V xSl & 79
mRizsjd & 199
midks"k & 49
mi/krq & 80
miLrj & 50

is

varjk&vkf.od cy & 132

varjkv.kqd cy & 134
v.kq & 3
v/krq & 80
vU;ksU; f;k & 131
vuqukn lajpuk,a & 104
vfHkf;k HkkxiQy & 193
voijekf.od d.k & 26
voLFkk lehdj.k & 139
v"Vd dk fu;e & 69
v"Vd dk fu;e & 97
&d.k izdh.kZu iz;ksx & 30

vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk & 87

vkWiQck fu;e & 55

bl

mQ

vkarfjd tkZ & 153

vkf.od d{kd flkar & 120
vkf.od lw=k & 15
vkf.od nzO;eku & 13
vkn'kZ O;ogkj ls fopyu & 142
vkn'kZ xSl lehdj.k & 139
vk/qfud vkorZ fu;e & 73
vkca/ ,UFkSYih & 103] 167
vkca/ /zqo.krk & 105
vkca/ dks.k & 103
vkca/ dksfV & 104
vkca/ fo;kstu tkZ & 167
vkca/ yackbZ & 102
vk;uh f=kT;k & 82
vk;fud lkE; & 200
vk;fud vkca/ & 101
vk;ru & 6
vk;uu ,UFkSYih & 83
vkjghfu;l vEy rFkk {kkjd & 201
vkoj.k izHkko & 83
vkorZ & 73
vkoksxknzks dk fu;e & 13] 138
vkoksxknzks fLFkjkad & 14

"ejklk;fud lehdj.k & 164

"ek/kfjrk & 159
"ekxfrdh dk izFke fu;e & 154
"ekxfrdh voLFkk & 152
"eh; tkZ & 134

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

vk

,dho`Qr nzO;eku & 13

,UVkWih & 171
,UFkSYih & 157

,s

,sfDVukW;M Js.kh & 76

.kk;u & 82

vkS

vkSlr ijek.kq nzO;eku & 13

d.ku ,UFkSYih & 167

d.kh; izo`Qfr & 31

246

ro & 3
rkie & 7
f=kd dk fu;e & 69

FkkWelu ekWMy & 28

pkYdkstu & 79
pkYlZ dk fu;e & 136

ty dk vk;fud xq.kuiQy & 204

tyh; ruko & 140
tkyd ,aFkSYih & 102] 169

he

Fk

ngu dh ekud ,aFkSYih & 166

nzo voLFkk & 146
nzo&ok"i lkE;kokLFkk & 181
nzO; & 2
nzO; dk }Sr O;ogkj & 44
nzO;eku & 4
nzO;eku izfrkr & 15
nzO;eku la[;k & 31
nzO;eku laj{k.k dk fu;e & 11
fnxa'kh DoakVe la[;k & 50
f}/zqo vk?kw.kZ & 106
f}/zqo&f}/zqo cy & 132
f}/zqo&izsfjr f}/zqo cy & 133
f}ijekf.od v.kq & 12
nh?kkZdkj vkorZ lkj.kh & 74

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

xfrd lkE; & 180] 184

xyu dh eksyj ,UFkSYih & 161
xyukad & 4
xgu xq.k & 158
fxCk tkZ & 173] 195
xqf.kr vuqikr dk fu;e & 11
xS&yqlSd dk fu;e & 11] 138
xSl fu;e & 135
xSlksa dk nzohdj.k & 144

Rk

is

MkYVu dk vkafkd nkc fu;e & 140

d&CykWd ro & 79

bl

d{kd & 50
d{kd vfrO;kiu & 114
d{kk & 50
dkWlsy ywbl vo/kj.kk & 96
kafrd nkc & 145
kafrd rki & 145
osQfYou rki ekie & 136
oSQFkksM fdj.k ufydk & 26
oSSQFkksM fdj.ksa & 26
oSSQuky fdj.ksa & 28
DoFkukad & 4
DoakVe ;kaf=kdh & 47

jlk;u foKku

/uk;u & 82
/kfRod f=kT;k & 81
/krq & 80

fVVh;e & 31

ukfHkd dk ifjj{k.k & 55] 83

uksM & 53
uksMh; i`"B & 53
fudk; & 152
U;wfDyvksu & 31
U;wVkWu & 28

Bksl&nzo lkE;kokLFkk & 181] 182

M~;wVhfj;e & 31
MkYVu dk ijek.kq flkar & 12] 25

247

vuqef.kdk

Hk
Hkkj & 4

he

Ek

ekud ifjos'k rki ,oa nkc & 138

feJ.k & 3
eq[; DoakVe la[;k & 49
ewykuqikrh lw=k & 15
esaMyho dh vkorZ lkj.kh & 71
eksy & 14
eksy va'k & 19
eksyj nzO;eku & 15
eksyjrk & 19
eksyyrk & 20

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

ip.k DokaVe la[;k & 51

ijek.kq & 3
ijek.kq d{kdksa dk jSf[kd la;ksx & 120
ijek.kq dh mkssftr voLFkk & 54
ijek.kq dh ryLFk voLFkk & 54
ijek.kq dk cksj ekWMy & 32
ijek.kq dk jnjiQksMZ ekWMy & 30
ijek.kq ekWMy & 28
ijek.kq nzO;eku & 13
ijek.kq nzO;eku bdkbZ & 136
ijek.kq ekad & 31
ijekf.od d{kd & 52
ijekf.od LisDVk & 40
ijek.kq f=kT;k & 80
ifjj{k.k izHkko & 83
ifj'kqrk & 9
ifjlheu lrg vkjs[k & 52
ifjos'k & 152
ikmyh viotZu flkar & 56
Iykad DokaVe flkar & 35
izdh.kZu cy & 132
izdk'k fo|qr~ izHkko & 36
izfr'kr la?kVu & 15
izHkkoh ukHkdh; vkos'k & 55
izkoLFkk :ikarj.k esa ,aFkSYih ifjorZu & 161
izksfV;e & 31
izksVkWu & 28
i`"B ruko & 147
p &CykWd ro & 79
pH ekie & 205

is

Ik

cgqijekf.od v.kq & 12] 167

czakLVsM ykWjh vEy rFkk {kkjd & 202
ckW;y cnq & 144
ckW;y fu;e & 135
cksj f=kT;k & 42

bl

U;wVkWu & 31

IkQ

iQk;Ul dk fu;e & 107

iQkWeZy vkos'k & 99
f &CykWd ro & 79

c
ciQj foy;u & 214

;FkkFkZrk & 9
;kSfxd & 3

jklk;fud lkE;koLFkk dk fu;e & 186

fjM~cxZ fLFkjkad & 40
jsfM;ks ,sfDVork & 29
jsfM;ks ,sfDVoro & 29

yanu cy & 132

yk&'kkrfy, flkar & 196
ywbl izrhd & 96
ywbl lajpuk & 98
ysUFksukbM Js.kh & 76

oxZ & 73
ok"i nkc & 146

248

'k

ladj.k & 116

lae.k Js.kh & 76
la;kstdrk bysDVkWu & 58
la;kstdrk bysDVkWu & 96
la;kstdrk dh vkorrk & 87
la;kstdrk dks'k bysDVkWu ;qXe izfrd"kZ.k flkar & 108
la;kstdrk vkca/ flkar & 112
la;ksx lkE;koLFkk & 189
la;qDr xSl fu;e & 139
la;qXeh vEy {kkjd ;qXe & 203
lrr~ LisDVe & 38
le vk;u izHkko & 212

he

is

no N
C
tt E
o R
be T
re
pu

';kurk & 148

JksMxj rjax lehdj.k & 48

lebysDVkWu Lih'khk & 82

leHkkfjd & 31
leLFkkfud & 31
lerkih o & 135
lenkc js[kk & 137
leakxh feJ.k & 3
lgla;kstd vkca/ & 97
lgla;kstd f=kT;k & 81
lkFkZd vad & 9
lkoZf=kd xSl fu;rkad & 139
lkE; ok"i nkc & 146
lkE;koLFkk feJ.k & 180
lkE;koLFkk fLFkjkad & 186
lkE;koLFkk fu;e & 186
lkE;koLFkk lehdj.k & 186
flXek rFkk ikbZ vkca/ & 115
lheakr vfHkdkjd & 19
lw=k nzO;eku & 14
LisDVe & 38
LisDVksfefr & 38
Lor%izorrk & 170
LVkbfd;ksehVh & 16
fLFkj vuqikr dk fu;e & 11
s&CykWd ro & 77

bl

ok"iu & 146

ok"iu dh eksyj ,aFkSYih & 161
fod.kZ laca/ & 88
fo|qr~ .kkRedrk & 86
fo|qr~ pqacdh; fofdj.k & 33
fo|qr~ pqacdh; fofdj.k dk }Sr O;ogkj & 37
fofue; tkZ & 59
foeh; fo'ys"k.k & 10
fojpu dh eksyj ,UFkSYih & 162
foy;u ,UFkSYih & 169
foys;rk xq.kuiQy fLFkjkad & 214
foLrh.kZ xq.k & 158
fo"keakxh feJ.k & 3
fo"kekax lkE;koLFkk & 191
oSKkfud laosQru & 8

jlk;u foKku

gkbtsucxZ vfuf'prrk flkar & 45

gkbMkstu ca/ & 126] 133
gkbMkstu LisDVk & 40
fgekad & 4
gqaM dk vf/dre cgqdrk dk fu;e & 56
gSl dk fu;e & 165
gSykstu & 79