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Running head: PARENTING STYLES AND LONG TERM EFFECTS

Parenting Styles and Long Term Effects


Katherine Zaleski
University of Memphis

PARENTING STYLES AND LONG TERM EFFECTS

Parenting Style and Long Term Effects


This paper is exploring the different effects of parenting styles and how they impact a
person as they mature. The main focus within this paper is the four parenting styles which are
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and neglectful. Each parenting style tends to approach
raising a child at different points of view. There is a large debate about which parenting style is
the right one and why. The parenting styles not only effect people during childhood, but also
carries on through adolescence and adulthood.
According to the 2015 edition of Lifespan Development by Winsor, Murrell, and MagunJackson, authoritative is the most preferred parenting style because it encourages mutual respect
between the parent and child. In authoritative parenting style, the parents set high standards for
the child and the parents stay with the child and give him/her support throughout the whole
process. This is why authoritative calls for high response and high demand from the child. This
style helps emphasize the importance of cognitive, social, and moral development but also helps
the child develop language as well (Winsor, Murrell & Magun-Jackson, 2015). As a result,
someone that was brought up with authoritative parents are very self-confident in accomplishing
their goals. This carries on through adulthood. For example, if they were given a challenge to
complete something at work then they would very confidently accept the challenge with the
intent of completing it at a high level. People raised with authoritative parents are also known to
be stable with their own emotions. Applying this to how this effects adults today, if they had a
family then there would be a lot less dysfunction and arguments within the household
theoretically. Due to the stability in their emotions it would cause less fighting and arguments
between spouses which is also healthy for a relationship and a good environment for a child to be
raised up in. In many cases one may be raised with authoritative parents, and then be raising their

PARENTING STYLES AND LONG TERM EFFECTS

kids in an authoritative way without meaning to. Overall, the main effect that authoritative
parenting has on adults is their ability to be self-confident and stable so that they can verbally
reason with others around them. It allows them to be successful and stress free in life when it
comes to their job and family life. Authoritative parenting style has the most benefits that come
from this type of parenting. The child and parent receive mutual respect which is important when
establishing a strong relationship (Winsor et al., 2015).
Authoritarian parenting is similar in some ways to authoritative but causes different
outcomes in an adults life depending the style of parenting used during their childhood
(Takeuchi & Takeuchi, 2015). The article Authoritarian Versus Authoritative Parenting Styles:
Application of the Cost Equalization Principle, discusses the differences in the parenting styles.
The characteristic that separates authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles
found in past studies is how likely the parent is to allow children to initiate spontaneously
and guide their own behavior. Being obedience-seeking, parents with a stronger
authoritarian tendency try to control the child by dominating most directive initiations
that occur in their interaction and enforcing compliance to the directives. On the other
hand, parents with a stronger authoritative tendency try to encourage the child also to be
assertive while maintaining their own assertiveness via directive acts simultaneously
(Takeuchi & Takeuchi, 2015).
In authoritarian parenting, the parents set high expectations for the child to achieve but do
not provide any support for the child to reach their expectations. According Lifespan
Development 2015 by Winsor et al., authoritarian parent use expressive language, values,
obedience and traditional values. This style of parenting relies on corporal punishment and a set
standard of conduct. The word authoritarian means favoring or enforcing strict obedience to

PARENTING STYLES AND LONG TERM EFFECTS

authority. These parents tent to be strict, and demanding. The parents get what they want from
their children in a very dictator like manor. The children are to accept what the parents say
without any question or back talk. They instill strict obedience in their child. Talking is kept to a
minimum and the child is in complete submission to their parents. It is thought that as a child
they do not excel in school as well due to these barriers between child and parent (Winsor et al.,
2015). This effects the children when they become adults because they are timid to speak up for
themselves in their job or when it comes to their emotions and the way that they feel. For
example, if their boss tells them to do this certain task they will do it the exact way that there
boss tells them. Even if they have a better way of doing it, they will not speak up or ask to do it
their way. They are used to the Because I said so style of parenting. These adults raised with
authoritarian parents can also have some issues at home as well because they are not as likely to
speak exactly what they feel. This can cause a lot of anxiety and withdraw within someones life.
Authoritarian parenting is not always negative, there are some positive characteristics that come
from being raised in an authoritarian parenting style. Growing up these children are less likely to
be involved with drugs and are very respectful to all authoritative figures. As adults they are
likely to be involved in things like their neighborhood school, church, or anywhere involving
their community. The kids that are raised in authoritarian homes do not feel neglected by their
parents. They trust their parents in every way. They think that everything that their parents make
them do is building them up to become better adults (Winsor et al., 2015).
The next type of parenting focuses on the parents being friends with the children. This
type of parenting style is called permissive parenting. The parents are less likely to give
punishments to the children for doing something wrong because they want to be friends and
involved in their social life. Also the parents let the children do whatever they want, they just let

PARENTING STYLES AND LONG TERM EFFECTS

them do as they please. They love their child but dont really care what they do. This type of
parenting directly effects the child as an adult. According to the Lifespan Development by Winsor
et al., 2015, the person raised by permissive parents will still have a high self confidence, but
have difficulty following the rules along with a lack of self-control. If their boss asked them to
do a certain task, the person raised by the permissive parent may ask if they can do it their way.
As long as they could do it their way then they would be happy and confident but if the boss told
them to do it his/her way then they would shut down. They would not know what to do because
they are used to getting anything that they want. This person could do anything between start a
fight with his boss to just quit the task or even their job. This type of parenting ends up spoiling
the child and effects the child when he/she becomes an adult because they do not know what to
do or how to excel when they cannot do it their way (Winsor et al., 2015). This causes problems
in the adults life at work but can also cause trouble in their family life. The spouse raised by a
permissive parenting style will not know how to compromise and that can cause fights and
arguments within the marriage. According to Maccobys 2015 article, The Role of Parents in the
Socialization of Children: An Historical Overview, early childhood is a time of high plasticity.
Characteristics acquired at that time are nearly irreversible, although they may change the way in
which they are manifested as children grow into adulthood (Maccoby, 2015). Overall,
permissive parenting can lead to the adult not being able to work or do day to day activities
without getting things done their way.
The last style of parenting is neglectful which the name basically speaks for itself. The
parent is completely uninvolved and uninterested in the child. This has a negative effect on the
child because he or she is seeking attention. If they are unable to receive positive attention they
will turn to seeking negative attention. They will begin to disobey elders and most likely start

PARENTING STYLES AND LONG TERM EFFECTS

some sort of trouble during school. Neglectful parenting can also become as serious as depriving
the child of physical needs such as depriving them of food or not taking them to the doctor when
they are injured (Freisthler, Gruenewald, and Wolf, 2015). Neglect can be further delineated by
supervisory neglect, as defined by the failure of a caregiver to appropriately supervise a child,
and physical neglect, which is defined as the failure of a caregiver to exercise a minimum degree
of care in meeting the child's physical needs (Freisthler et al., 2015). The child is probably not
going to take instructions from the teacher and so the child will have a hard time learning and
paying attention. It is not because the child is bad but simply because they are not use to
anyone telling them what to do. Adulthood is an even bigger shock to the person with a
neglectful parents because the child was not taught basic life skills and concepts. If this person is
asked to complete a task for work, worker will not know where to begin and may not have the
knowledge or tools to complete this task. Neglectful parenting style is linked to lower
socioeconomic communities. This being said, the parent normally do not neglect the child on
purpose but instead because the parent does not have the resources available to fully take care of
their child.
Different parenting styles shape the individual not only as he or she matures in childhood
but it is also carried with them as they continue to grow throughout adulthood. Someones
character is not completely shaped on the way that they were raised, but the way they treat
authority and act in certain situations can be directly correlated with the style of parenting they
underwent. There is not necessarily a right or wrong way to raise a child, but extreme styles of
parenting can be detrimental to the child's personality. Children are very impressionable, they are
like sponges soaking everything up. When they see an authoritative figure act a certain way, or
tell them to do something then it sticks with them sometimes for life.

PARENTING STYLES AND LONG TERM EFFECTS

References
Freisthler, B., Gruenewald, P. J., & Wolf, J. P. (2015). Research article: Examining
the relationship between marijuana use, medical marijuana dispensaries,
and abusive and neglectful parenting. Child Abuse & Neglect, 48170-178.
doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.008
Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The Role of Parents in the Socialization of Children: An
Historical Overview. Developmental Psychology, 28(6), 1006-17.
Takeuchi, M. M., & Takeuchi, S. A. (2008). Authoritarian Versus Authoritative
Parenting Styles: Application of the cost equalization principle. Marriage
& Family Review, 44(4), 489-510. doi:10.1080/01494920802454090
Winsor, D.L., Murrell, V.S., & Magun-Jackson, S. (2015). Lifespan Development:
An Educational Psychology Perspective. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning
Solutions.

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