Lab 2:

21/01/2015

Date:

Digital Circuits I: CIRD 1131

Switches and LEDs
Objectives
1. To properly connect the DIP switch with the resistor networks and power
supply
2. To test the light emitting diodes
Information
A LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a
semiconductor that emits light
energy when a current flows
through it. Current will only flow
in one direction, just like a regular
diode. LEDs (Light Emitting Diode)
are commonly used as indicators
in most appliances.
A simple on/ off switch circuit can
be constructed with a DIP switch and a
resistor as shown in Fig2 (a). When the
switch is open, the voltage at the node 2
with respect to the ground is nearly equal to
Vcc. On the other hand, when the switch is
closed, the voltage will nearly be equal to 0
V. Look at a similar circuit with swath
position changed as shown in Fig2 (b).
LED has very low internal resistance. This
means that left to itself, an LED will pass so
much current that it will burn up. It requires
an external resistor to limit the current.

Fig 1. Leads of a LED

(a)
(b)
(c)
Most LED's have a current rating, which
determines the size of the resistor you will
Fig 2. Simple switch circuits
need. Generally, LEDs can handle at least
15mA of current. The LED is connected through a resistor R1 and the switch
S1. As you can see, when the switch is open, the voltage at the cathode will
be 5 V (Vcc) and hence the LED will be OFF. When the switch is closed, the
voltage at the cathode will be 0V and hence, it will be ON.

Components
1. Resistor network (1Kohm)
2. DC power supply
3. Digital Multimeter
4. Switches
5. Breadboard
6. LEDs (RED, GREEN, YELLOW)
Lab Tasks
DIP switch and resistor network

Fig 3 Switches connection circuit

1. Simulated the circuit with Multisim and pasted the circuit below:

R1
220
VCC
5.0V
XMM1

R2
220

R3
220

S1
Key = A

S2

S3

Key = B

R4
220

R5
220

S4

S5

Key = D
Key = C

Key = E

R6
220
7
S6
Key = F

R7
220

R8
220

S7

S8

R9
220
10

Key = G
Key = H

2. With power off, connected the 220 resistor network 4610X-101-221

and the DIP switch GYH-8 to a +5 VDC power supplied as shown in Fig
3 The switch & resistor network .
3. With power on, measured the voltage across each switch when the switch
is open and also when the switch is closed; following its result what I got
at that time:
Table 1: Voltage levels
V with
Logi V with switch
switch
c
closed
open
level
1-gnd
2-gnd
3-gnd
4-gnd
5-gnd
6-gnd
7-gnd
8-gnd

5V
5V
5V
5V
5V
5V
5V
5V

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

0V
0V
0V
0V
0V
0V
0V
0V

Logi
c
Leve
l
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

If +5 volts is equivalent to a logic 1, and zero volts is equivalent

to a logic 0, indicated in above table
Testing a LED
1. With power off, connect the red LED D1 to resistor R1 and switch S1 as
shown in Fig 4 below. Four LEDs are only shown in Fig 4.

Fig 4 Resistor network with LEDs.

VCC

XMM1

5.0V
R1
220

S1

R2
220

R3
220

R4
220

S2

S3

S4

LED1

XMM2

LED2

XMM3

XMM4

LED3
LED4

Key = X Key = Y

Key = V

Key = W

2. With power on, toggle switch S1 to observe LED turn on and off.
Switch S1 open, LED D1 is (on/off) ON
- Switch S1 closed, LED D1 is (on/off) OFF
3. With LED on, measure the voltage across the LED D1, and across
resistor R1.
Table 2: Voltage across the components
Across
Across
D1
R1
Voltage
1.96V
1.97V
4. Next, calculate the current flowing through the LED D1 when it is on.
ILED= (VSUPPLY-VLED)/R1
= (5V-1.96V)/220
=13.77mA

Testing three LEDs

1. With power off, connected three more LEDs, D2, D3 and D4, to the DIP
switch and the resistor network as shown in Fig 4. Let D2 = Yellow
LED, D3 = Green LED, D4 = Red LED.
2. With power on, I toggled the DIP switches S1, S2, S3, S4 and observing
the LEDs turn on and off. Indicated the result on below table:
Table 3: On/Off status of LEDs
D1
D2
D3
ON
ON
ON
S1, S2, S3, S4
open
OFF OFF
OFF
S1, S2, S3, S4
closed

D4
ON
OFF

3. Next, with the LEDs on, measured the voltages across R1, R2, R3, and
R4 and across D1, D2, D3, and D4.
Table 4: Voltage across resistor
Resistor
Voltage(volts)
R1
3.02
R2
3.06
R3
3.02
R4
3.13

Table 5: Voltage across LEDs

LED
Voltage(volts)
D1
1.96
D2
1.93
D3
1.96
D4
1.85

Conclusion:
"After completing this experiment I can say that LED is polarity
sensitive device. It will ON when it is placed in forward bias and OFF when it's
in reverse biased."
References
1. Rao Gorantla , (2010). Digital I lecture Notes, DurhamCollege, Oshawa
2. William Kleitz, (2007), Digital Electronics, Prentice Hall (book)

Questions:
1. Draw the schematic diagram symbol of the parts listed
below:

A diode

E
A transistor

B
C

The 5 V DC Power
Supply
A resistor
A DIP switch

V1
5V
R1

S1

A Capacitor
Electrical Ground

A LED

2. Give one function of each instrument found in the lab:

I.
II.

Power supply unit: It's most important part which we

used in the lab because we used it for supplying power to
each and every component when required.
Oscilloscope (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope)- The
oscilloscope is a graph displaying device-it draws a graph
of an electrical signal. It have four control group which we
required most: Display control, trigger control, Vertical
control, Horizontal control.

III.
IV.

Digital Multimeter- DMM is used to make voltage,

current, resistance measurements. We can also measure
both AC and DC signal.
Function Generator- It is a voltage source that supplies
different time-varying voltage functions which required for
our labs.

3. How do you identify pin 1 of an IC chip?

First pin is left side of semi-circle on an IC chip, that should be
my 1st pin.
4. Do the problems at the end of chapter 2: (pages 58 59)
2-6.Determine if the diodes in Figure P26 are reversed or forward
biased.
Diodes
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6

Bias
Reverse
Forward
Forward
Forward
Forward
Reverse

Diodes
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
D12
D13

Bias
Forward
Reverse
Reverse
Reverse
Reverse
Reverse
Reverse

2-7.Determine V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, and V7 in the circuits of
Figure P26.
V1=OV as D1 is reverse bias so voltage across it will be Zero.

V2 is voltage across D2 and it will be

Vs 0.7 = 5V-0.7V = 4.3V

For V3, D4 is reverse bias as it's become positive is connected to

ground instead of power supply.
V3= 5V 0.7V = 4.3V

For V4, 5V is equally divided in two 2.5V.

V4 = 2.5V-0.7V=1.8V

For V6, D6 is in reverse and D7 is in forward bias. S

V7=5V-0.7V=4.3V

V6 will be -10V as 15V is being supplied in opposition of 5V.

As 0V is applied, V7 also will be Zero.

2-8.In Figure P26, if the cathode of any one of the diodes D8, D9, or
D10 is connected to 0 V instead of +5 V, what happens to V6?

If anyone of the diodes is connected to 5V then it shall make a

difference for V6.
V6 will be 5V-0.7V = 4.3V

2-9.In Figure P26, if the anode of any of the diodes D11, D12, or
D13 is connected to +5 V instead of 0 V, what happens to V7?

If anyone of the diodes is connected to 5V then it shall make a

difference for V7.
V7 will be 5V-0.7V = 4.3V