Reconstruction - Full

Study Guide

Andrew Johnson was Abraham Lincolns second vice president

(Hannibal Hamlin was the first vice president). He wasnt what people
were expecting because of his horrible attitude and actions
o Democratic and a slave owner
Encouraged racial bigotry
o He was stubborn and didnt ask for advice or listen when it was
given
Uncompromising and was unmovable
o Didnt do anything to see fi the freedmen and freedwomens
rights were protected
o Was nasty to the Southerners who had supported the Union and
was starting to take sides
Also hated the Radical Republicans
o Was almost impeached by the Senate, but Edmund G. Ross of
Kansas votes not guilty
The Freedmens Bureau was made to help the newly freed blacks
Began opening schools that were taught by white missionaries
and educated Northern blacks
Also kept most people from starving and distributed clothes to
anyone that needs help, whether he or she was black or white.
Not only did the Bureau help, other people helped others as well
Black Codes were laws that were passed in every Southern state that
discriminated against blacks.
Made blacks practically slaves against and gave whites almost
unlimited power
No southern state would establish public schools for blacks
Ku Klux Klan
o A hate organization that terrorized black people, sometimes
pretending to be ghosts of Confederate soldiers
13th Amendment
o Neither slavery or industrial servitude will be accepted in the
United States unless as a punishment of a crime
Reconstruction Act
On March 2, 1867, Congress enacted the Reconstruction Act
Divided the South, except Tennessee, into five military
districts which were commanded by the authority of the
army
Thaddeus Stevens was a leader of the Radical Republicans
Was honest, the best lawyer in Gettysburg and the richest, said
what he wanted and didnt care what others thought
He fought as hard as he could for what he believed in was right
Believed all men are created equal
Believed that the Southern states should not be admitted back
until blacks were given voting rights and guarantees of equality
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Wanted to impeach president Johnson

The Chisolm Trail
o Created by Jesse Chisholm, a half Scot and half Cherokee
Drove a herd of cattle north from Texas to Kansas and
mapped out this route now known as the Chisolm Traill
o Had a lot of grass for grazing and water and led to Abilene
Wild Bill Hickok
o James Butler "Wild Bill" Hickok was a famous marshal for Abilene
Was paid $150 a month, but usually spent the money
gambling
o Had the "fastest draw in the West"
o He shot two people, one of whom was his deputy, so the people
of Abilene got rid of him and the cattle market, too
Abilene
o Abilene, Kansas was the location at the end of Chisolm Trail
where cattle herders sold their cattle
o Joseph G. McCoy was a famous for buying and selling lots of
cattle. He would buy them in Abilene, usually ship them to
Chicago, and sell them there for a lot of money
Martha Jane Cannary
o Better known as Calamity Jane, Martha Jane Cannary was able to
handle herself and get multiple jobs when her parents died
Calamity, or an event that causes disaster, describes her
well
o At 23, she joined a geological expedition to the Black Hills
o At 24, she joined 1,500 mean to help fight the Sioux at Fort
Laramie
Railroads
o On May 10, 1869, The Transcontinental Railroad was completed
in Promontory Point.
Two companies built the railroad:
The Central Pacific (starting in the West)
The Union Pacific (starting in the East)
o It was a race to see who could lay down more tracks faster
o The Central Pacific brought in 7,000 Chinese workers just to build
it
o The Union Pacific brought ex-Confederate soldiers, former slaves,
or Irish immigrants
China
o Between 1849 and 1882 (when gold was discovered in
California), more than 300,000 Chinese emigrated to America to
mine for Gold and make money
o In 1882, American racists got a Chinese Exclusion Act passed
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o Most Chinese workers went into the business of laundry, but

American citizens said that the Chinese couldnt become
naturalized citizens, so many Chinese laundry owners were
arrested
See Yick Wo v. Hopkins on pgs. 126-129
Ex-Confederates
Walt Whitman
George Pullman
o A perfectionist and a gentleman who tried to be fair to his
employees
o He made rules in his colony that he wanted people to follow, but
Americans want to govern themselves
They called Pullman "paternalistic", which means that he
gave wages but told the employees how to run their lives
People also called his ideas "welfare capitalism"
Joseph Glidden
o Glidden invented barbed wire
With barbed wire, farmers could fence in their property
The Grange
o Founded by Oliver Hudson Kelley in 1867, the Grange was a way
for farmers to band together and protect their interests
The grangers, members of the Grange, influenced
lawmakers and established cooperative stores and mills
George Armstrong Custer
o After the Civil War, Custer was dispatched to the West to fight
the American Indians. He was appointed lieutenant of the 7th
Cavalry Regiment
They were all killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn, which is
also known as "Custer's Last Stand"
Crazy Horse
o Crazy Horse was a Sioux leader that battled General Custer at
Little Big Horn
Earned a big victory for the Sioux
Little Big Horn
o The battle in which General Custer battled multiple Indian tribes
and warriors, most notable Crazy Horse
o Also known as "Custer's Last Stand"
Wounded Knee
o The Wounded Knee massacre was the last major armed
encounter between Indians and whites in North America
o At least 150 Sioux warriors, women, and children were killed
Chief Joseph
o Took over as chief of the Nez Perce after his dad died
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o The Nez Perce were honest, honorable, intelligent, courageous,

and trusted. They lived near Idaho, Washington, and Oregon and
used the land to their advantage
They agreed to move to a small reservation, but miners
started working in that land. When Joseph took over, he
would not agree to move
o Battled the Americans multiple times (not to mention they were
outnumbered and outgunned every time) and won everytime.
Finally, 30 miles from Canada, the Nez Perce were surrounded
and had to surrender
o "I will fight no more forever"
Alfred Ely Beach
Beach was a genius inventor, publisher, and patent lawyer that
couldn't take much more of Boss Tweed's scoundrels
In the 19th century, Beach took over the now-famous magazine
Scientific American and the became the publisher of the
important newspaper the New York Sun
Called the typewriter a "literary piano"
Beach came up with idea of putting a railroad train underground
and he called it a subway. After 58 nights of secret work (he
didn't want Boss Tweed to know about it), his subway made it's
debut under Broadway in February 1870.
What made it move was a giant fan that blew it 371 feet
This was a model for a grand subway he was to build that
would carry 20,000 passengers to Central Park at a mile a
minute.
Boss Tweed was outraged with the subway and would always get
his governor to veto any bills allowing Beach to build the grand
subway
When the bill finally got passed, he didn't have enough energy
and money to build and maintain the subway, so it was closed
and sealed
But in 1904, New York finally built that grand subway
Thomas Nast
o A cartoonist that exposed Boss Tweed of his horrible acts of graft.
Even though he was bribed to stop, Nast kept drawing and
exposing Tweed
Phineas Taylor Barnum
Became famous for fooling people
Barnum's museum was filled with special exhibitions that were
usually about tomfoolery. He was known as the "Prince of
Humbug"
Two ways he tricked people was by using the brick trick, he
would walk into his museum with brick after his brick which
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attracted people into his museum and making them pay for
entrance, and by his "To the egress", which also made
people curious about what egress was, which meant exit.
This meant that the people had to pay again to get into the
museum
Although his tricks did cause people to lose money just like Boss
Tweed, they didn't get really mad at P.T. Barnum because his
tricks were amusing and he took a little at a time
Very rich after his circus and tricks and was also very bizarre
Became a congressman and was a strong supporter of equal
rights and of the 14th amendment. Also fought for prohibition
"How were the receipts today at Madison Square Garden"
Mark Twain
o Samuel Langhorne Clemens, or "Mark Twain", was a famous
author known for the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn/Tom
Sawyer and other books
Twain thought that children really thought that children can
teach adults things as well
o His books made people chuckle, but were actually very serious
o He said that the promise of America was not being met
o Named the years after the Civil War the "Gilded Age"
Immigrants
Clara Barton
o Established American Red Cross
Helen Keller
o Although she was blind and deaf, she became a speaker and
writer of note
Seneca Falls
Thomas Alva Edison
o Edison was a lonely boy that usually withdrew to books usually
about science. He originally worked on the railroad but soon
learned how to operate a telegraph
"Reinvented the telegraph", became famous for his
inventions, and now was a full-time inventor. Here are
some of his inventions:
Motion-picture camera, projector, mimeograph,
storage battery, electric locomotive, waxed paper,
brick. Also patented more than 1,000 inventions
before he died
o Famous for inventing the light bulb and was able to make and
sell it for a cheap price. This sparked the start of the modern
world of electricity
J.P. Morgan
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Jim Crow
o Actually a name of a character in a song, but the name came to
stand for an evil policy--the policy of separation of the races, or
segregation
o Jim Crow laws were passed all across the Southern states
Although the South said that the Jim Crow laws were simply
stating "separate-but-equal", they were unconstitutional
and racist
See Plessy v. Ferguson case on pg. 163-164. With this case,
Jim Crow laws were banned and segregation was found to
be unconstitutional
Booker T. Washington
o Washington was 10 when the Civil War ended and determined to
get an education
He attended Hampton Institute in Virginia, a college that
provided vocational training for blacks. Washington was
one of the best students
o After graduation, Washington became the head of Tuskegee
Institute. After years of hard work, he turned Tuskegee from a
small school with two buildings into a renowned institute with 40
building and fine teachers
o Battled for economic freedom for blacks
W.E.B. DuBois
o A brilliant, wealthy African-American, DuBois often disagreed
with Washington because he was too soft and compromised with
the whites
DuBois didn't compromise with anyone. Instead, he wanted
full equality with everyone, even women and other people
being discriminated against
o One of the founders of the NAACP, the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People
o "We are Americans, not only by birth and by citizenship, but by
our political ideas"
Vocab
o Polyglot - a person that knows many languages
o Animosity - hatred or ill feeling
o Radical - extreme, going as far as you can with an idea
o Scalawag - a white Southerner who collaborated with northern
Republicans during Reconstructions, often for personal profit
o Antebellum - Latin and means before the ware. In America, it
always means before the Civil War
o Subsidy - a grant of money, land, or something value. Railroads
got many land grants