Fowlkes 1

Jack Fowlkes
DeBock
English IV H.
8 October, 2015
Essential question: Why are drugs and alcohol stigmatized the ways they are by society?
Working thesis: People dealing with substance abuse are really dealing with self-abuse.
Refined thesis: Someone abusing substances should be able to deal with themselves the same
way without abusing substances.

Annotated Bibliography
"Drug Use, Abuse, And Dependence." Alcohol and Tobacco: America's Drugs of Choice. Detroit:
Gale, 2006. Information Plus Reference Series. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web.
23 Sept. 2015.
This graph illustrates the different levels and stages of substance use and all the options
that can happen. It is a system that doesnt end. This graph puts the words into order so
that you can read along it and make sense from an omnipotent point of view.

Evans-Whipp, Tracy J., "Research And Practice. Longitudinal Effects Of School Drug Policies
On Student Marijuana Use In Washington State And Victoria, Australia." American

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Journal Of Public Health 105.5 (2015): 994-1000. Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson).
Web. 22 Sept. 2015.
Studies to show the changes in use by adolescents did not yield clear results. Some show
an increase in use and others show no change. The relationships in schools vary by geography
and how people react of students and the policies they may follow. It is illegal in most places. In
Washington though it is more likely that an administrator calls the police, gives o.s.s , or require
students to attend drug policy classes for the incident (being caught at school). The difference
revealing is that students in sydney report harm reduction policies, while a majority of
Washington students reported the police being contacted, 40% said suspension both places. This
article because it shows a strong correlation between adolescents and their habits between
Australia and Washington state, and the attitudes put forth by these different places.

Metlay, Grischa. "Federalizing Medical Campaigns Against Alcoholism And Drug

Abuse." Milbank Quarterly 91.1 (2013): 123-162. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
Collection. Web. 17 Sept. 2015.
The government programs for alcohol and drug addiction, dependence, and the reform in
the 20th century were unfairly funded and publicized. Alcoholism next to illicit drug use or
dependency got more attention because of the successful AA program. Illicit drug policies were
illustrated as criminals whereas alcoholics often spoke about their issues and dont get patronized
like the drug addicts. People would show remorse and what not to alcoholics who were fixing
themselves. Drug issues were associated with social decline and as they couldnt speak for

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themselves. They get thrown in jail or put in a facility. It was a stigma created and never left. It
shows that how peoples view of addiction and abuse is skewed and has been for years.

Netemeyer, Richard, et al. "The Legal High: Factors Affecting Young Consumers' Risk
Perceptions And Abuse Of Prescription Drugs." Journal Of Public Policy &
Marketing 34.1 (2015): 103. Advanced Placement Source. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
Prescription drug abuse (PDA) is one of the biggest social health issues in adolescents
according to this article. The amount of opiates and drugs being made, prescribed, and taken, is
exponentially and statistically on the rise in recent years. The factors studied for adolescents that
get caught in PDA are anxiety, need to be popular, a good example, excitement seeking, and use
of another substance. The author writes that their pool was from all around the US and diverse in
geography. Yet there was still weakness to the study. This source is helpful because it shows that
there is plenty of reasons, completely understandable, for adolescents to take it.

Robertson, Angela A.Xiaohe XuStripling, Andrea. "Adverse Events And Substance Use Among
Female Adolescent Offenders: Effects Of Coping And Family Support." Substance Use
& Misuse 45.3 (2010): 451-472.Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. Web. 23
Sept. 2015.
Family support can help keep one from drinking or using drugs, while family substance
abuse can lead to use more frequently. There are different types of coping strategies, avoidant,

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problem-focused, or accommodative. Family has a lot to do with your environment and stressors.
The impact of stressful life events on drug use has received less attention than the relationship
between stressors and alcohol use; thus, more empirical analysis is needed to clarify the factors
involved in stress and other substance use (Cerbone and Larison, 2000). This article is helpful
because it shows a sample of incarcerated African American females that experienced substance
abuse issues, and the fact that they may have specific chronic stressors and circumstances.

Turner, Randy. "Many People Are Addicted to Drugs That Were Prescribed for Them in the
Past." Prescription Drugs. Ed. Sylvia Engdahl. Farmington Hills, 2014. Current
Controversies. Rpt. from "Prescription for Disaster." Winnipeg Free Press 12 May 2012.
Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 15 Sept. 2015.
People get prescribed these things and then get addicted. They say just because a small
amount of people run into problems with it doesnt mean we stop prescribing it. Prescriptiondrug abuse now accounts for more overdoses than heroin and cocaine combined. Almost two
thirds of people prescribed would get medication not meant for them, and wouldnt translate that
to their doctor. Also in America people get bombarded with drug ads every day. It shows how
helpless someone can let their behavior get, which usually started with an ad then a doctors
office.