Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 18

 .

 

./1
1 %& 1 
2 0'
k /1 
k = 1
2 k = 1 
k = 1 34 k = 1  
k = 1 34 k = 1  

a = b 

( a  )

( (a, b , c )  ) b / c a / c
3

a /b

( )
:% ' .$' ( )

(*

( (a, b )  ) b / a a = b

(*

a /b

 k  
 a   b 
.   ba 
. b / a 
. a = kb 

:
. b !" a  b  
b / a   *
{..., 2b, b, 0, b, 2b,...} %& b #" $
 *
b : ( )*
{kb / k } % '
( a = 1.a , ) ( a  ) 1/ a .*
( a = 1. ( a ) , ) ( a  ) 1/ a .
( 0 = 0.a , ) ( a  ) a / 0 .
( 0 = 0 2 . , ) 0 / 0 .
( a * ) 0 a .

$ ' (*

( )

$ ' (*

a /b

  
  I
: (1

:!"

( (a, b )  ) b / a a = b
2

.$#6

k = 1
k =1


k = 1
k = 1
a = b
2 a = b 

a / a % ' .$' 

  

b / a  b a *  *

$ '  $ 5& %4


a = kb  k  
  b / a  
a = k b :

 #$
 
(3
 #$
 
(a
:% 

 k 0  a 0  

k 1 % '
b k b 
a b % '

k *

b * a  
a = q.b + r
: ( q, r )   
7
) 


0rb

a 0
b a

b /a

:%

( a  )
( a  )

b  a  
*

:Existence 1

:
.*
a /a .

a/ a

: 
  !" (2

A = {k  / kb a} :$
 *'

. a / a  a = 1.a :  a   /1



( a  ) a / a
.$'  $  $0 $  

A  0 A   *
kb a
:  k A  *
kb k 12 b 1 % ' b *  

k a 

( k A) k a

a / b
   cba

b / c

 /2

b = ka    k 
  a / b  
c = k b    k 
  b / c  

c = k ka 12
a / c 
a /b

( (a, b , c ) 3 ) b / c a / c

. a  8*
 A 
q = MaxA :" .*9  *,   A  . A   
*
r = a bq

:;*< =  ( q, r ) 2   *
a = b.q + r  r = a bq  
0 r b 2  
qb a > 
q A  q = MaxA  
a qb 0 % '
0 r 
( q + 1) A  q = MaxA  
( q + 1) b a 
abq + b % '
r b % ' a bqb 12

.$'
a / b

b / a

( )

$ ' 

   ba  /3

b = ak    k 
  a / b  
a = bk    k 
  b / a

a = kk a % '
a = b  b = 0 34 a = 0   *
kk = 1 34 a 0   *

0rb

0 r b 
a = bq + r

0 r b

a = bq + r
: ( q, r )   7
) 
 

0 r b

: ( q, r ) 7
) 
 %
*

   ( q , r )q( r ,

:Lunicit (2

.
( q, r ) 7
) 2  $  $ *; @# 

: (1

b . q q = r r

b r 0

0 r b

:& '

:!" (2
/1
(*
.$'  $ 4
 $  
a b [ n ]    ba  (*
a b = nk :   k 
 % ' n / a b 
b a = n ( k ) 
b a [ n ] > 
n / a b 
.%0. $ 4
 $  : a b [ n ] b a [ n ]

n  
( a  ) a a [ n ]

a = bq + r

0 r b

 ba  (*

a = q.b + r
: (   ) 

0 r b

a  

( q, r ) 
7
) 


:%
b

a c [ n]

a  

:Existence (1

:

.;*< =  
7
) 
 > 34 a    *
a * 34 a *   *
: (   )  ( q , r ) 
7
) 
 

:(1) !"

a = bq + r

0 r b

.$'
$0. $'  $ 4
 $ 
.C4 $  $ 4
 $  

a = b ( q) r

 
a = b ( q ) 34 r = 0  
r = 0
q = q :"
r 0  
34
a = b ( q) r

* a a [n]

:% '

a b [ n ]
*
a c [n]
b c [ n ]

:(2) !"

= b ( q ) b + b r

n * 
  a  

a = b ( q 1) + ( b r )

 % ' n D0 > %  n * =4



. a r [ n ] 34 n D0 a $ % 
& r 

a = bq + r

r = b r

 
:"
q = q 1
0 r b  

0 r b  0 b r b % '

:%
a = nq + r

0 rn

=  ( q, r )   
7
) 
 %

b *

.$' $ 4
 $ 

* a b [ n] b a [ n]

 

:   #$
 
(b
:% 

.  
 a b [ n ]  
. k  : b c = k n (2)  b c [ n]

12 n / a c  a c = ( k + k ) n B  (1) + (2) 

0 r b

0 r b

% '

:
r r b :% '
b q q b :% '
b q q b :% '
q q 1 :% '
q q = 0
 q q   

q = q
% '
r = r
% ' r r = 0 > 


( q, r ) = ( q , r )

a = nk + b

( ( a , b, c )  )

:

b r r b

( k  ) a b = nk

a b [ n ]
a c [ n]

b c [ n ]

) 
) 
 > 2 ?*#

b ( q q) = r r

n  
  ; 4
 n * b =4
 a 

a b [ n ] 
n / a b
  ba

a b [ n ]
: 

b c [ n ]
k : a b = kn (1)

:Lunicit (2

a = bq + r
a = bq + r




0 r b
0 r b
bq + r = bq + r
: 

: n ## 

(II

a b [n ] n / a b

> 

 
2

a r = nq

: (2) + (1) 6 

a r [ n]

( a + c ) ( b + d ) = ( k + k ) n

a + c b + d [ n]
c ( a b ) = ckn :(1)    *
b ( c d ) = bk n :(2) 

ac bd = n ( ck + bk ) :4*; :

ac bd [ n ] > 
n
:
ac bd

.   ba
n * 
. n D0 b $ %  r
n D0 a $ %  r 
a b [ n] r = r
: 

a a + nk [ n ]

:%
b = nq + r

0 r n

: ) 

( n  )

:2   (1

n / a a 0[n ]

:& '

7 / 3 2
2n

9 7 [7]

2  
a b [ n ] 2 ?*# *

r = r

2 [7]

32 2 [ 7 ] 

r r [ n ] 

32 n 2n [ 7 ]


( n  ) : 7 / 32 n 2n 
*  n  17 / 3.52 n 1 + 23n 2 2   (2
: 
52 n 1 = 5
=5
52

0r n

0 r n

2 ( n 1) +1

2 ( n 1)

25 [17 ]

5
2 ( n 1)

3( n 1)

2( n +1)

3 n 1)

[17]

r r n 12

% '
k 1 
k = 0  k   

r = r  r r = 0 > 

k nn

:

5 [17 ]

:% '
3 n 1
52 n 1 2 ( ) 5 [17 ]
:% '
3( n 1)
2 n 1
3.5
2
15 [17 ]
:% '
2 n 1
3n 2
3n 3
3n 2
3.5
+2
2
15 + 2
:% '
[17 ]
2 n 1
3n 2
3n 3
3.5
+2
2
:% '
(15 + 2 ) [17 ]
3n 3
2
:% '
(17 ) [17 ]
2 n 1
3n 2
3.5
+2
0 [17 ]
:
17 / 3.52 n 1 + 23n 2 
( n * )
5.5

:(4) !"
4

a + c b + d [ n]
a.c b.d [ n ]

 bn ...b2 , b1 a n ...a 2 a,

(1

 (2

ai bi [ n ]
i =1
( i {1, 2,..., n}) ai bi [ n] in=1
n
a
bi [ n ]

i
i =1
i =1
a + c b + c [ n]
( ( a, b, c ) 3 ) a b [ n] a.c b.c [ n] (3

x  
a  
x
2 x  ( )* % $
 x C4 ! 9 %

( ( a, b )  ) ( n  ) : a b [ n] a
2

b n [ n ] (4

(1) D0 &*  :%

:%0  $4*'

a b [ n ]
2 ?*#

c d [ n ]
a b = kn (1) % ' a b [ n ]   *

x = { y  / y x [ n ]}
n

a b [ n]

n  

( ( a, b, c, d )  ) c d [ n]

:*+ !, - (3


: (a

 

n r r n 

:  

23 [17 ]

2(

a r [ n]

b r [ n ]  

r = r

k  : r r = k .n 12
r r = k n 

8 [17 ]
52

a = nq + r
: 

0 rn
r = r 2 ?*# *

a r [ n ]
a r [n]


2 0'

b r [ n ]
b r [ n ]
a b [ n ] 
r = r

: 

32 9 [ 7 ]



:(3) !"

.   a
n   :& '

( k  )


n / a r > 

: ! 9, 5& $
 )*

(k )
( k  ) c d = k n ( 2 ) 
3

c d [ n]

n

)}

0, 1, 2,..., n 1

x 
n

x = { y  / y x [3]}

2   *
n

= { y  / y = x + 3k / k }



x = { y  / y = x + 3k / k }

D0 a $ % 
& r  . n D0 x $ *'

0 = {3k / k }

x = nq + r
:12

0 r n

= {..., 9, 6, 3, 0,3, 6,9,...}

1 = {1 + 3k / k }

 x r [ n ] 2 0'
r {0,1, 2,..., n 1} : 

x =r

= {..., 8, 5, 2,1, 4, 7,10,...}

2 = {2 + 3k / k }

( )} 
{

0, 1, 2,..., ( n 1)} > 

n {

= 0, 1, 2,..., ( n 1)} :%
n {
r 0, 1, 2,..., n 1

card 

r r



= {..., 7, 4, 1, 2,5,8,11,...}

3 = {3 + 3k / k }
= {..., 6, 3, 0,3, 6,9,...} = 0

:!" (b

  *

n
{0,1, 2,..., n 1}  r r


r r 2  
r = r 2 ?*#
r r [ n ] :% '
r r = k n 12 r r = kn / k  :% '

)}

= 0, 1, 2,..., n 1
n
:  n   ./



n
X = x = x
Y = y = y

x + y x + y [ n ]

xy x y [ n ]

:
  y x
n   /2
:2  
x = y x y [n]
x = y 2  
x y [ n ] 2 ?*# ( *

z x z x [ n]

z y [ n ] ( x y [ n ])
z y

x=y
x y [ n]

x y [ n]

z x [ n]




z y [ n ]
x y [ n ]    y xn   /3

(*

xy =

:2  
x y 2 ?*# /

x y [ n]

:2 ?*#
:

z x [ n]

 z x y 
 

z y [ n ]
x y =  .E9 *F &

:!"

x x [ n ]


y y [ n ]

 y x
n  
x = { x + nk / k } (1
x = y x y [ n ] (2
x y = x y [ n ] (3
.9# 
2  ;  C4 %# 9 2 % ' &
n * : 
 /4
n




x + y = x + y

xy = xy
x + y = x + y

x . y = xy


( *

2  
x = y 2 ?*#
z x  z 7
  x = y  
z y

 Y X 

xy = xy

 /1

x = { x + nk / k }

0-
(c

x + y = x + y

y x y x [ n ] y = x + nk / k 


 

0 r n
k n n :% '
k 1 % '
k = 0  k   

.?   &
r = r > 

r r 
Card 
=n
:%
n
:$96
n * 
Card 
=n
(*
n


x  n

x = { y  / y x [ n ]}

0 r n

r r n




 :"

:% '

n

)}

= 0, 1, 2,..., n 1

{0, 1, 2,..., ( n 1)}  n


4

2  
:  *




n

n

:

%4 
*"
: (*
:%0 

%4 :0 $  %')


 *" (*

:1


.%' ( + ) 2   /
: 

= x + ( y + z) = ( x + y) + z

= x+ y +z
x +( y + z ) = (x + y)+ z

( ( x, y )  ) x . y = 0 x = 0
2



:& '

  :  6 %4
30 40

. +$
23
4 
III

1
2
3

4
5

4
5

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

6


1
1
2
3

%4 *"
:
 :"
6

= { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

3
3

2
2
3
4
5
0

4
5
0

1
0

3
3

2
2
3

1
2
3

4
0

4
5

2
4

5
5
0
1
2
3

1
2
3

1
2

:  /

4
4
5
0

4
5
0

4
0
3
0
3

4
4
5

5
5
0

2
0

4
3

4
2

2
1

: ) 

4 x 2 [ 6]

: (1

1
2
3

4
5

3.4 = 0

A = {d * / d / a d /b

0
0

1
2
3

:#/ 1

y=0

%4 *"
: !*'
x . y = xy

:%

n

x + y = x+ y

.:0 $   *9 '


& 0 (*
.*"0 $   *9 '
& 1 (*
. x  > )*
x     x (*
.$

$ $ 0 (  n , +, )  
 96 5& G60

x +(y + z) = x + y+ z

:$'  %4  (*

 ba 

:  6 %4  
4 x 2 [ 6] 4 x = 2

$
 *'
( 1 A , ) A   (*
:  (*
( d A ) d / a
d a

a  8*
 A 
A   
(*
.*9  *2   A 
= max A :"
ba *, *<   D
. = a b 

4.x = 2

x = 2

x = 5
x 2 [ 6]
x = 2 + 6k

(
 6  )
x 5 [ 6]

x = 5 + 6k ( k  )

S = {2 + 6k ,5 + 6k / k }

:
:$'  %4  (*

3x 1[5]

:

5

%4  

3x 1[5] 3 x = 1

 ba 
'; 
  *2 ba *, *<   %
p gcd {a, b}
2 ab
2 a b  > )* . ba  *<
*

3.x = 1


5

= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

: 

:2 B  ?
'

:1

x=2
x 2 [ 5]

48 36

 
,24 ,16 ,12 ,8 ,6 ,4 ,3 ,2 ,1 :%& 48 $
 

.48
.36 ,18 ,12 ,9 ,6 ,4 ,3 ,2 ,1 :%& 36 $
 

48 36 = 12  .12 ,6 ,4 ,3 ,2 ,1 :$*< 
 

x = 2 + 5k
S = {2 + 5k / k }

% '
% '


:!"
5

d '/ a
d '/ d

d '/ b

:& '

:2  

ab = ba
b 0  

(*
0 b = b :"
(*
.!*' *F 0 0 (*
a b = a 34 a / b   (*

d '/ d 2 ?*# ( (*
d '/ a

:
d '/ b

d / a

 

d / b

d '/ a
d / a
 

% ' a b = d (*
d d 34
d '/ b
d / b

d '/ a

2 ?*# ( (*
d '/ b

( u, v )  2 :

:!" (2
 /1
d = a b 
d = au + bv     ( u, v ) 
 > 2  
A = {au + bv / u , v } :$
 *' *
n = a 2 + b 2 A , A 0   /
.1  8*
I9 A   /
A   
/
A *F9 p   
p = au + bv   2  ( u , v ) 
  p A

d = p 2   *
  ba
*

d = au + bv  d = a b  

d '/ au

d '/ a

d '/ d % ' d '/ au + bv 


2
 
d '/ bv
d '/ b
:(2) !"

d 
;" %& ba

d = a b
* ba



d '/ a
d '/ d

d '/ b

: 

$*< 
 2 % ' &

d '/ a
d '/ a b

d '/ b

d /p

:& '

:  (*
a b = a b = a b = ab
:&*
a b = a b :2  
 ba
*

d= a b

a = pq + r

0 r p

d = a b :"

d / a

2 ?*# : r = 0 2  

= a ( au + bv ) q

: 

= a (1 uq ) + b ( Vq )

r = aU + bV
p = sin A
r p  
r A 
 
*
r 
. r = 0  .?   &
p / a > 

a / a

d / a b % '
 b / b : 

d / b

p / b 2  $ *; @# 

% '

a / a
d '/ a

 


b / b
d '/ b

( 2 ) d '/ d

d / a

% ' p D0 a $0 , $  *'

0 r p  r 0
r = a pq

d / a

 d = a b   /
d / b

(1) d / d '

d / au

% ' d / au + bv 

  /
d / bv
d / b
(1) d p % ' d p 
p / a 2   /

a b = d
ba
d = a b

*<  p 
( 2 ) p d 
p = d :2 B  (2)
(1) 
d = au + bv
:

  /

d '/ a

% ' d '/ a b % '



d '/ b

:(1) !"

:   ( u, v ) 7
) 
 > 34 a b = d  
 ba
*

d = d 2 B  (2)
(1) 

ab = a b

:
*, *<    =*;   %I0  (*
.
 '

d = au + bv

:& '
d = a b 
 ba


< D0  '  *F %';  *I92
& d ' *
. d = au + bv
.
@ ( u, v ) 7
) *
d = a b
* ba  /2
*

:5#
6
" (5
(1) !"
*

 ba 

a = bq + r
:% ' b D0 a $ % 
& r  

0 r b

a b = b r 34
6

. '  % 
2 rn +1 2 ?*#
rn +1 = 0 r n 0 :% '
a b = b r1

0 r1 b

b r1 = r1 r2

0 r2 r1

:%
a = bq + r
a b = b r 2  
 
0 r b
d = d 2   . d = b r d =a b ::"

a = bq1 + r1

rn / rn 1  rn +1 = 0  

b = r1q2 + r2
rn +1 = rn qn +1 + rn +1

d '/ bq
d '/ a
d '/ bq + r 

:  /
d '/ r
d '/ r

rn 1 rn = rn > 

. '  *F %  *6L


&
a b = rn 

d '/ a

:!"

  %4 '  *F %  *6L
& *, *<  
.( @0 2 $)*
6 ) $
 ba

% '

:& '
a
r1

b
q1

r1

:
 %4 BK  5& G60
r2
...
...
...

q2

q3

r2

r3

rn

d '/ a

d '/ b

(1)

d '/ d % ' d '/ a b % '

% ' d / a bq

d /a
d / bq



d / b
% ' d / b r :% ' d / r

:1

16

16
2
0

d = d 34 '; 


d d 2 

4
4

ab = br

:$ $#9  . 0 r b 


 ' &* %4
a b = b r 34 a = bq + r  
: .
416 76  
416 76
 
416 = 76 5 + 36 
36 5

:7   $
#
#$
(4
: (a

a b = 1   ; 4
 (  4 
2 ba 

* ba

:1

416 76 = 76 36 
76 = 2 36 + 4 : 

76 36 = 36 4 
36 = 9 4 + 0  

.(  4 


2 4 9 

:!" (b
( Bezout $ &* ) :(1) % 
a b = 1 ( ( u , v )  2 ) :1 = au + bv

36 4 = 4 = 4

* ba 

:%
:2 B  $  $96 6  a b = 1 2 ?*# (

416

( ( u, v )  ) :1 = au + bv
( ( u, v )  ) :1 = au + bv 2 ?*# (
2

a b = 1 2  

36

a b    ba


0 r1 b , a = bq1 + r1 : b D0 a $ 
*
a b = b  b / a 34 r1 = 0   /
a b = b r1 34 r1 0   /
0 r2 r1 J b = r1q2 + r2 : r1 D0 b $ 

b r1 = r1  r1 / b 34 r2 = 0   /
b r1 = r1 r2 34 r2 0   /

) '  %  D0 9 D $   BK &

$
 % 
 5& , '  %  D0
9 1*
*"
.( '; $9  

d / au
d / a

2 d / au + bv 

: 
d / bv
d / b
d /1 % '
d = 1

( n + 1) n

76
5
4

:> 
4 / 36 :
76 36 = 4 :%
416 76 = 4
:12
:%
 %4 & G60
36
4
2
9
0

:4

d = 1 :2  
a b = d :"

d = 1

% '

:& '

792 36 = 4 :

94 =1

d /d '

d = d 2 B  (2)
(1) 

: 
36
21
4

d /r



( 2)

792 36 : 

792

d / a
  /
d / b



d = 1 
. a b = 1 % ' d = 1  d 0  

:1
:   . n 1 n 0 : n  
1( n + 1) 1( n ) = 1
: 

( n + 1) ( n ) = 1
7

:& '
d = ab

a
a = d
a b
a b = = 1 
d d
b = b

a b = 1 34

* ba

(2) % 




. ac bc = c ( a b )  

 
::"
b = db

:%

a = da

d = a b

a = da
b = db

d = a b d

  

% '

:(4) % 
 cba
*

a b = 1
a bc = 1

a c = 1

c d / ac

c d / bc

( ( u, v )  ) : (1) 1 = au + bv
( ( u , v)  ) :( 2 ) 1 = au + cv

c /c

(1)

: 

: a c = 1

d '/ a

d '/ b

 

c d / d % '

( ( u, v )  ) :

d = au + bv : d = a b : 

c d = c au + c bv 
d = ac bc : 

d a c u


d b c v
d a c u + b c v 

:2 B  (2) . (1) 


1 = a uu + acuv + bau v + bcvv
1 = a ( auu + cuv + bu v ) + bc ( vv )

:"
d = c d 2  

 

: a b = 1  

ac= bc

c d / ac bc



:%

 cba

% '

( 2)

d ac


d bc

d a c


d b c

d d c

:% '
( 
  ( , ) d = c d :2 B  (2)
(1) 

1 = aU + bcV

:2 B  ( Bezout ) 

a bc = 1

:& '
.E9 %' )0M

:(3) % 

:8

 /1

* bn ...b2 b 1a

( i {1, 2,..., n}) a b

1 i

= 1 a bi = 1
i =1

( ( m, n )  )

 /2

( Gauss $ &* ) :(5) % 


* cba 

a b
=1

d d

a b = d  

d a

2 ?*# (
d b

a
b
a b
d. = d
d
d
d d : 
= d .1 = d

a b = d.

a c

ab c
b c
a b = 1

: 

ab = d
:
d a
a b
=1

2   a b = d 2 ?*# (
d d
d b
d a
 a b = d   /

d b

:& '
:N;6 )0M 34 a b 1  
6.4 12



:%

a b =1 a b =1
n

d a et d b

a b = d a b
d d = 1

* ba
2

d 
 ba
*

6 12


:.
4 12

:%

( ( u, v )  ) : d = au + bv
2

k  c = ak  a c

 
b ak % ' b c

b k 2 B  ( Gauss )   a b = 1  

k = bk

c = abk
> 

ab c 

 a b = d   /

a
b
d = d . u + d v :% '
d
d
a
b

d = d u + v :% '
d
d
a
b
1 = u + v :% '
d
d
a b
= 1 2 B  ( Bezout ) 

d d

y x


 (2) $'   ;  x   > 2 
(1) $'  
S = {( 4k 1;3k 1) / k }
:%

:& '
a1 b

a2 b
a b
n

D . D . (  4 $
2

:2 1

( E ) : 67 x + 57 y = 2

:(7) % 

:$'  2 %4  
67 57   *
67
57
10
7
3
1
1
5
1
2
3
10
7
3
1
0
67 57 = 1 
67u + 57v = 1  ( u, v ) 
 > 34 Bezout 

67 ( 2u ) + 57 ( 2v ) = 2 % '
. ( E ) $'0  ( 2u, 2v ) 7
) 
. , D0    ( E ) 
. ( E ) $'0 G6     *
   G6       @0 2 $)*
6
.E"
  &
1
67
=
1 57 + 10 : 
()

( 2)
( 3)
( 4)

10 = 1 7 + 3

b = 57

n 
 ba
*

67 ( 17 ) + 57 ( 20 ) = 1

:& '

n x y
x y [ n ] % '
ax ay [ n ]
x y [n]

a n =1

.  

= 67 :"






17 a + 20b = 1

67 ( 34 ) + 57 ( 40 ) = 2

:2 B  (2) (1) 

67 ( x + 34 ) + 57 ( y 40 ) = 0
67 ( x + 34 ) = 57 ( y 40 )

% '
57 67 ( x + 34 )

57 x + 34 34 57 67 = 1 2 

x + 34 = 57 k
12
x = 57k 34

: (1) %4 ?
'

 #
1 (5
:, (a
%4   :1 1

3x 4 ( 3k 1) = 1

3x = 12k 3
x = 4k 1
y
=
3k 1

x = 4k 1

57 y = 67 57 k + 2280

y = 67 k + 40

ax + by = c

:

. (1) 3 x 4 y = 1 $'  2
 ( u, v ) 7
) 
 :Bezout   3 4 = 1   *
.
3u + 4v = 1 :
3u 4 ( v ) = 1 :% '
(1) $'0  ( u, v ) 
. , D0    (1) $' %

.(1) $'0 G6     *


.(1) $'0  ( 1, 1) 2 
:
0 :   *
.(1) $'0  ( x, y ) 
3 ( 1) 4 ( 1) = 1  
( 2)
3 ( 1) 4 ( 1) = 1 :  ( 1, 1)  

( 3)
3 ( x + 1) 4 ( y + 1) = 0 :2 B  (2) (3) 
3 ( x + 1) = 4 ( y + 1) % '
3 4 ( y + 1) 
. 3 y + 1 :  ( Gauss )   3 4 = 1  

y = 3k 1 :% ' y + 1 = 3k
% '
:D0 9 (2) %4 ?
'

:% '
67 ( 34 ) + 57 ( 40 ) = 2 :% '
. ( E ) $'0  ( 34, 40 ) 
. ( E ) $'
0 :   *
.$'0  ( x, y ) 

67 x + 57 y = 2
(1)
:  ( 34, 40 )  

( 2)



.N;6 )0M 34 a n + 1  


2 4 [ 6]  3.2 3.4 [ 6] : .
:&*
n ax ay
% ' ax ay [ n ]  
n a ( x y)
% '
:2 B  ( Gauss )   a n = 1  

7 = 23 +1

10 = a b :D0 9 (1)
12 b = 5 ( a b ) + 7 :D0 9 (2)
3 = 6a 7b 12 a b = ( 6b 5a ) + 3 :D0 9 (3)
12
9
( 4)
6b 5a = 2 ( 6a 7b ) + 1 :D0

ax ay [ n ]
x y [ n]

a n =1

57 = 5 10 + 7

7 = 6b 5a

a1 .a2 ...an b

> 

% '
% '

( k  ) :

x = 57 k + 34

y = 67 k + 40 ( k  )

:!" 2
:(1) !"
*

:

 an ...a2 , a1 

( E )   ;  y   > , ( E )   ( x, y )
:%
*
S = {( 57 k + 34; 67 k + 40 ) / k }

d = a1 a2 ... an ( u1 , u2 ,..., u3 )  n / d = ai ui
i =1

:(2) !"

:4 (b

d = a1 a2 ... an :

b 0 a 0 : ax + by = c

ai P $*< 
 ;" %& d 

d a1

d a2 d a1 a2 ... an = d
d a
n

d c   /1

:% '

. ( x, y )    $' 2 ?*#
ax + by = c


:(3) !"

d c % ' d ax + by 


a b c = ( a b) c = a (b c )
: 
 2 8' *, *<      > 2 % ' &
.( *, *<    .  ?
'

a b = 1 :

:7   $
#
#$
(3
: (a

a = da

b = db
c = dc

::"

:E9 ( E ) 
12
( E ) a x + by = c
a b = 1   *
a u + bv = 1  ( u, v ) 
 
a ( c u ) + b ( cv ) = c :% '
. ( E ) $'0  ( cu, cv ) 
.  ( ( E ) 
:G6     *
.E"
  &    @0 2 $)*
6 '
.$'0 G6  ( x0 , y0 ) 2 ?*#
(1) ax0 + by0 = c % '
( 2 ) ax + by = c :% ' $'0  ( x, y )  *
a ( x x0 ) + b ( y y0 ) = 0 : (2)
(1) 
a ( x x0 ) = b ( y y0 )
:% '
b a ( x x0 )

x = b ' k + x0 % ' b ( x x0 )  a b = 1
 

 ( E ) %4 ?
'

a1 a2 ... an = 1

:& :
(  4 $
2 2
(  4 $
2 2  ;06  M
.D . D .
.(  4 $
2 9,12,16, 4,30 , :'
.D . D . (  4 $
2  ( 

:!" (b
:(1) !"
 an ...a2 , a1 
n

a1 a2 ... an = 1 ( u1 , u2 ,..., un )  n /1 = ai ui
i =1

:(2) !"
 an ...a2 , a1 

d a1 et d a2 ...d an

d = a1 a2 ... an a1 a2
an
d d ... d = 1

d a

a dx + bdy = c d

  ; 4
 (  4 $
2 * a n ... a1 , 

d ax

d by


 

d b
.  ( @ $'  .?   &

: d c   /2

 cba

d 0


( E ) $' *'
d = a b :" /

*

:

: 

a ( bk + x0 ) + by = c

by = c a x a bk

:% '
:(1)   

a x0 = c by0
by = c c + by0 a bk

y = a k + y0

( E )   ;  y   > , ( E ) =  ( x, y ) :
:%

S = {( bk + x0 , a k + y0 ) / k }

:;!$
23
/
(V
: (1

E = {m  / a m et b m } $
 *'

.( ab E , ) E   /
.0  8*
I9 E /
E /
q = min E ::" *9  *I9,   E 

. ba *I9, *< !" D q
 ba
*

:#
#, 9#  +$
23
4 
(IV
: 1
$'  *F 2 an ...a2 , a1 
*<  *2 , 5( *, *<   %
a1 a2 ... an  > )*
., 5( '; 


q = ab

10

(1)
b d


a d

:% '

: (1


= dk :% '  = 1  

m = b
:
d m

m = k d

:% '
: m d 2   *



 d = a


*I92 ba '0 *I9, *< !" %
. a b  > )*
. ba  *< 
 !"
 ba
*

d = b

:& ' *
a m

b m

: 

m m

avb d

(2)

m d

34 ba *< !" m  

ba = ab
aa = a

:% '
:2 B  (2)
(1) 

ab = b

m = d

m = d

:% '

dm = d 2

:% '
:% '
:> 

dm = ab

( a b ) .( a b ) =

ab

ac bc = c ( a b )

m = ab

. ba

*  ba 
$*< #" ;" %& m #"
a m
m = a b m

b m

:% '

:%


: 

:%

( ac bc )( ac bc ) = ac.bc :2 0'


2
:% '
c ( a b ) . ( ac bc ) = ab . c
( a b ) . ( ac bc ) = ( a b )( a b ) c :% '
( ac bc ) = c . ( a b ) :% '

m m

2  

m m 2 ?*# (
a m
a m
 



b m
b m
b m
a m :2 ?*# (

m = mq + r
:% ' . m D0 m $ *'

0 rm
r=0

2  
r 0 % ' .@' ?*#
0 r m 
r = m mq : 

:*
m 0
 ba 
*

a m et b m

m = a b m m
a b = 1

a m

% ' a m mq 
 

a m
b r  $ *; @# 

. ba *< !" r 


&
0 r m = 
ba *< !" r 2  

a b = m , ?  
. m m > 
r = 0 
a r

:#
#, 9# ;!$
23
/
(3
:

!" *I92
& , 5( *I9, *< !"
., 5&  *< 

* a n ...a 2 , a1

:& '

:!"
m = a1 a2 ... an

34 a b  

:!" (2
:(1) !"

:(3) !"
* cba

:% ' m = a b

a b = a b = a b = ab

 a n ...a 2 , a1 


. ai P $*< #" ;" %& m #"
*

:(2) !"

: $
#
#$
(VI

( a b ) .( a b ) =

: (1
:(1) 

 ba

ab

d = a b

m = a b

. * a 
1,1, a, a !6 a d   a %0'4  %
. d {a, a,1, 1} % '


: 
:&*
:"

a = d
= 1 :
:"
b = d
m = a
:"

m = b
d = d :% ' a = b : 

:(2) 

p  {1,1}


 % ' %0'4  12   M   ; 4
 %
2 p 

p; p; 1;1 %& ;" 
4   
*

11

. p0 
 %
2 0'4    p % ' .@' ?*#
P = {2,3,5, 7,..., q}
 
p0 P  
 %
2 p0  

p0 q !  q ! 
 2
& p0 
p0 p  

p0 p q ! 
p0 1 % '
p0 = 1 p0 = 1 % '
.%
2 p0 , ?   &

.%
2 p 
 *2
& q , ?   &
p q
%
2 p   
/
.%
2
.8*
 *F P %
.$(  *F P > 

:,
.$
2  1,1, 0 (*
.4 %0'4  2 , %
2 @ 4 (*
.$
2 2 7 ,5 ,3 ,2 (*

:(1) !" (2
:(1) !"

.%
2 *F a * {1,1} 
.
2 
 a 
 %0'4  *I92

:%
. a $
 $0'# 
 $
 A 
%0'4    %
%
2 @ a , ) A 0   /
(

.0  8*
I9 A   /
A /
p = min A :" .*9  *I9,   A 
:%
2 p 2   /
a 0 , p 0 p {1,1}  a %0'4  p  
.0'4    M p 2  

p 0'4    p 2 ?*#

: $
#
#$
##   ) (3
:& '
  %# %
.%
2 p 34 %
2  p  
.$
 $
, ,  =*;

:!"

n  {1}
*





p p

 p p   /
p p
:% '

%
.%
2 *F n 2 ?*#
n * {1}  
. n 
 %0'4  *I92 p 
.%
2 p   (1) $96 6 
p n
%
2 p 
p 2 n 2  
n = kp % ' p n : 
n %0'4  k 2  
k 0 k n  
:, ?   &
n = p  k = 1 2 ?*# /
.%
2 p
%
2 *F n
k 1 
.%
2 p , ?   &
p = 1  k = n 2 ?*# /
k n 
n  k 0  
/
k 1 k
. n 
 %0'4  k 
. n 
 %0'4  *I9
& p 2 
/
pk
:34
2
p kp
:% '
2
p n
% '
p n
2
p n

p p
 
p a

p a

p n
 p %
2  
 > 34 %
2 *F n  
2
p n

p p

p p


 

p p
p a 12 p a  p a  

p a 
p a 
p 1  

a %0'4  p 
p p  

p p = 
a 
 0'4   

.
 %0'4  *I92 p , ?   &

.0'4    M p > 

.%
2 p %

:& '

.
 %
2 %0'4    %
2 *F a  {1,1}  
*

:(2) !"
.$(  *F $
, , $


:%
.$
 $
, , $
 P 
.8*
 *F P 2  
.8*
 P % ' .@' ?*#
.( 2 P , ) P   /
P /
q = max P ::" .*9  *,   P 
p = q !+ 1 :" /
:%
2 p 2  

: %
2 p 
  /

12

:& '

p =1

 p a = p 
p = 1
2 p = 1 % '
.%
2 p , ?   &

p a 
p a = 1 2   p a 2 ?*# (
d = p a :"
1,1, p, p

d p

:%& p 
2 0'

d a
d p d

n * {1}

 /1
:%0  : J%
2 n & =  2  *2 
p 2 n =  % p $
, , *' +
  > , %
2 *F n 34 n   , 5& 2   /
.0'4 
.%
2 n 34 n   M , 5& :    /



:1
.100  *I92 $
, , :   /
 % p $
, , J100  *I9, P $ 
.7 ,5 ,3 ,2 %& p 2 n =  2
  M % , %& 100  *I9, $
, , 
.7 ,5 ,3 ,2 , D $4" 7 ,5 ,3 ,2 D0 $ 
:%& , 5&  /
,43 ,41 ,37 ,31 ,29 ,23 ,19 ,17 ,13 ,11 ,7 ,5 ,3 ,2
.97 ,89 ,83 ,79 ,73 ,71 ,67 ,61 ,59 ,53
. n * {1}  /2
.$ $)*
6 Q  %
2 n & =  %
J%
 D0 2   ;  p $
, , D0 n $ 

:M R   !

'  *F % 


J'; p  *I92 q 7*6 E92  /
.%
2 n ' $ 5& %4 
4
.%
2 *F n 
4 . '  %  D0  09  /

pa


 

p a
d 0 , d 1  

p a =1
> 

d = 1 

:(2) !"
:
2 qp 
p q =1 p q

:%

p q =1 pq
p {1, 1, q, q}
p {q, q}

p qp q
p q

:(3) !"
.%
2 p   an ,..., a2 , a1 

:%

p a1a2 ...an ( i {1, 2,..., n} ) p ai


i {1, 2,..., n}

.0'4    n 34 '  %  D0  09  (*


.%
2 *F n 
r = 0  q p D0  09 2 *# (*
0 r p n = qp + r  

:%
:2   . p a1a2 ...an 2 ?*#
. '  ai , 2   *
p ai 34 ai = 0 .
.0 !6 ai , :    *
( i {1, 2,..., n}) : p ai :2 ?*#
p ai = 1
% '

p ai

p ai
i =1

% '

q p q + 1 p

P ai = 1

: 

pq + p p 2

 

pq + r p + pq p 
2

n p
% ' pq + r p 2
D '  %  D0 9 
p D0 n   *2 
p %
2  12 D0   M n 2 % ' & p 2 n E92
.%
2 n  . p 2 n = 
r p



i =1

.?   &

. ( i {1, 2,..., n} ) : p ai 

:1

:& '
. n 
%
2 p
a   /1
p an p a
(*
p ab p a
2 p b
(*
.
 %
2 p  /2
(*
( 1 k p ) : p k = 1
(*
( k  /1 k p ) : p k = 1

p
q
r

2
89
1

3
59
2

5
35
4

7
25
4
: 

:%
2 179 & =  
11
13
17
16
13
10
3
10
9
.%
2 179 
   $
#
#$
(4

:(1) !"
.%
2 p
a * 

:(4) !"

p a = 1 p a

.$
2 2 pn ,..., p2 , p1 , p 

:%

p p1 p2 ... pn ( i {1, 2,..., n} ) p = pi

pa

13

2  
. p a 2 ?*# (
p a ?*# /

( a + 1)

a p + 1[ p ]

:%

:%
n n [ p ] 2   n   (a (3
:2 0'
p
p
n * 
( a  ) ( a + 1) a + 1[ p ]

1p 1[ p ]

: 
p pi
 i 
 
1,1, pi , pi :%& pi 
2 0'

pi = p
2 pi = p  p 1
p 1  

p = pi % '
p p1 p2 ... pn

2 p 1p + 1[ p ]

3 p 2 p + 1[ p ]

p p1 . p2 .... pn ( i {1, 2,..., n} ) p = pi


1

(*
$
 pi p ,    (*

p p1 . p2 .... pn ( i {1, 2,..., n} ) p = pi


:34

n p ( n 1) + 1[ p ]
p

:2 B  !*; !*; 


 !*;2 :

n p 1 + 1 + ...1[ p ]

:= )

8* n

.
 %
2  p 
1 k p 1  p C pk 2  (1

n p n [ p]

:% '
n = 0 2  $9 D  $96 2 

:
n p n [ p]
( n  )
n p 1 1[ p ] :2   . n p = 1  n   (b
n p n [ p ] :=   
p np n
% '
p 1
p n ( n 1)
% '
n p = 1 2 

34
p n p 1 1
p 1
n p = 1  n  n 1[ p ] % '
a p a [ p ] 2   . a   (a (4
a 0  
p
a a [ p ] :=  6  > 34
a 1  
p

a 1 34
( a ) a [ p ]
.1*4 p 34 p 2   /
p
( a ) = a p :
a p a [ p ]

p

a a [ p]

( a )

:& '

a [ 2]

:34
2
a a [ 2] :% '
a a [ 2]
 

a 2 a [ 2]


p=2

p
2  (2
( a  ) ( a + 1) a p + 1[ p ]
p
( n  ) n n [ p ] :2  (a (3
n p = 1    n  n p 1 1[ p ] :2 B  (b
( a  ) a p a [ p ] 2  (a (4
a p = 1    a  a p 1 1[ p ] 2  (b

 p C pk 2   (1
p C pk 2   . 1 k p 1 
: 

1 k p 1

C pk =

1.2.... ( p k )( p k + 1) ... p
p!
=
k !( p k ) !
k !(1.2.... ( p k ) )
=

( p k + 1) .... p

k!
k !C pk = ( p k + 1) ... p
p k !C
i {1, 2,..., k }



: 

k
p

1 i p
pi

p i =1





:Gauss   p k ! = 1 

  /

( 1 k p 1) p C pk  
p
( a + 1) a p + 1[ p ] :2   . a   (2
: 

( a + 1)

:

a p a [ p]
( a  )
a p 1 1[ p ] 2   . a p = 1  a   (b
a p a [ p]
: 

( a p + 1) = a k .1p k ( a p + 1)
p

k =0

= C pk a k ( a p + 1)
p

k =0

p 1

= 1 + a p + C pk a k ( a p + 1)

p ap a

% '
p a 1
12
p 1
p a 1
34 a p = 1 2 

p 1
a 1[ p ]


k =1

p 1

p 1

= C pk a k
k =1

1 k p 1

p C pk

p C pk a k
p 1

C
k =1

p ( a + 1) ( a p + 1)
p

14

k
p

ak

 




:% '

20.30 = 1

; 20.31 = 3

; 20.32 = 9

:Fermat % 

2 .3 = 27

; 2 .3 = 2

; 2 .3 = 6

2 .3 = 18

; 2 .3 = 54.

.
 %
2 p 
a  a p a [ p ]
(*
p 1
a p = 1/   a  a 1[ p ]
(*
:$
2 
  D  # (5
:%  (a
*
< D0 8
$ *;   {1,1}  a  

:*I9, *< !"


*, *<  
ba # %4 *( % $
, , pr ,..., p2 , p1 
0 i  a = p1 . p2 ... pr
::"

0 i

b = p1 . p2 .... pr

. a # %4 *( M pi   0 = 1 


. b # %4 *( M pi   0 = i

i = inf ( i , i ) : d = p1 . p2 ... pr :"


d = a b 2  
i {1, 2,..., r} i i :  *
i i

a = p11 p2 2 ... pr r

:
.D . D . $#06
$
 $
2 pi , (*
.$'  *F $'; i , (*
a 0   = 1 (*
a 0   = 1 (*

d a

: ) (b

*<  M 

d b
d d 2   . ba *<  d  *
ba

d = p1 . p2 .... pr

d a
: < D0  d 
d b

:$  $0
 {1}
*

: 

0 i i
d d
d = ab

a b = Pi

inf ( i , i )

: 

sup ( i , i )

= ( cardE1 )( cardE2 ) ... ( cardEr )

 b
a 
a = p1 . p2 ... pr
:"

b = p1 . p2 ... pr

b
2 a # %4 *( % $
, , %& pi 
a # %4 *( M pi   i = 0
b # %4 *( M pi   i = 0
r

= (1 + 1 )(1 + 2 ) ... (1 + r )

:!"

 D a # a = p1 p2 ... pr


r

= (1 + i )

 {1}  a 
.$
2 

*

:
& a $
 
 

i =1

:1

i =1
r

a b = Pi
i =1

:& '

54
27
9
3
1

$
, 
' S
& ba *, *<   (*
.@2 *I92 D $
4* $*<
$*< *F
$*< $
, 
' S
& a b (*
.@2 *2 D $
4*


:
& 54 $
 
  /

76 632 76 632 : 

76 = 22.19 
76 632 = 22 = 4

632
316
158
79
1

:54 '0 $


 
  
:54 # 
2
3
3
3
54 = 2 33

:1
76 2
38 2
19 19
1


:

:
  ;' E1 E2 ... Er  ( 1 , 2 ,..., r ) $* 
b = p1 p2 ... pr :
& a 

( 1 , 2 ,..., r ) * 
& a $
 
  
card ( E1 E2 ... Er ) :
& * 5&  2 0'

:!"
2

i {0,1, 2,..., i } = Ei

b = p11 p22 ... pr r






.*I9, *< !"  $ *; @# 


 {1}

 b a

.$
2 
  D a # a = p1 p2 ... pr
: < D0  b   ; 4
 b a

0 i i 
0 i i

0 i inf ( i , i )

:!"

= (1 + 1)(1 + 3) = 8

2
2
2
79

: < D0  % , %& 


 5&

1 {0,1}  d = 2 .3

2 {0,1, 2,3}
:%& 
 5& 
1

632 = 23.79 

: 
15

0 r1 b

q0 = bq1 + r1

76 632 = 23.19.79 = 12008

: b D0 q1  : q1 0   (*


0 r2 b

:#
& (VII

q1 = bq1 + r2

. '  7*6 D0 9 D   : &

:, J '  7*6 D0 9 2 1*


*" 

1b

q0 q0 b q0 b + r0 = n
:  /
q0 n 
1b

q1 q1b q1b + r1 = q0
/
q1 q0 
0...q2 q1 q0 n 
D0 9 2 1*
*" %
.'; $9   7*
6 5&
. '  7*6
. '  7*6
2
& q p 2 ?*# /
i {0,..., ( p 1)} qi 0
:% '
0 r0 b

n = q0 b + r0

0 r1 b

q0 = q1b + r1

0 r2 b

q1 = q2 b + r2

n = 526

n = 526 = 500 + 20 + 6

R

9 ,... ,2 ,1 ,0  *2 8*<' '  n ' 
. 10
%4 n .
2 n '0 1*< . n = 256 $ 

@,  ' $ %4 n ' .
2 J1*<' ' $
.10
:3 R

2 ,1 ,0 ; 4  *2 3 ' n $ 
(*
n = 526 = 486 + 40

= 2.35 + 27 + 13

(b )
(b )
(b )
(b )

= 2.35 + 33 + 9 + 4

= 2.35 + 33 + 32 + 3 + 1
n = 2.35 + 0.34 + 1.33 + 1.32 + 1.3 + 1


n = 201111( 3)
:

.3 @,  ' $ %4 n . D $ 5&

n = 200
' *' :2 1
.3 @,  ' $ %4 n .   /

D0 9 %
 D0 b p ,..., b 2 , b1 , b0 %4 *;, *"
:D0 9 
 !*;2 :

(q

n = r0 + r1b1 + r2 b 2 + ... + rp b p + q p b p +1

= 0)

n = 200 = 162 + 38

0=
n = rp b p + rp 1b p 1 + ... + r1b + r0
rp = q p i 0

:


n = rp rp 1 ...r0 (b )



0 ri b

= 2.34 + 27 + 11
= 2.34 + 33 + 32 + 2
= 2.34 + 1.33 + 1.32 + 0.3 + 2
n = 21102( 3)

:
b @,  ' $ %4 %';  ' /2

:!"

:% 

b  {1} b *


. n  S b D0 7*
60 $  

% 
& rp    5& % 
 %& rp ,..., r1 , r0   

'  7*6 D0 (4 9 $


2
n = rp rp 1 ...r0 (b )
:34
*

b  {1}


: < D0 8
$ *;    n  
*

n = p b p + p 1b p 1 + p 2 b p 2 + ... + 1b1 + 0

:
p 0 i {0,1, 2,...,
p

:%
 %4   5& G60

i 
0 i b

b p nb p +1

n b
q0 b
q1 b
q2

n = p p 1 ...1 0 (b )

:

.5 @,  ' $ %4 n ' . $ 5& D

:& '
:(&2 '  8  &
.$
 $  %&
1*<' ' $ /
.1 ,0 %& $0'  *,
%K . ' $ /
7,...,1 ,0 :%& $0'  *,
.8 @,  ' $ /
,9 ,... ,1 ,0 $0'  *,
.12 @,  ' $ /
. ,

b
0=qp

:1
n = 798
 *'
.7 @,  ' $ %4 n . 

798

:  (*

= 5102 + 2101 + 6

q p 1 = b.q p + rp

:, 1
' *' :1 1

7
114 7
16 7
2 7
0

. b 7  ,# 

## 1  ) 3


n * b * {1}


0 r0 b : n = b.q0 + r0
: b D0 n  (+
: b D0 q0  : q0 0   (*
16

10

i =1

+ 0 0 [ 2]

:% '

x 0 [ 2]

:% '
:

2 x x 0 [ 2]

799 = 2220( 7 )

:  $
; (4
(2  $ D 1*<' .  *
*  *2  (*
.$  $)*
6 :
$ D b (2  $ %4 .  *
*  *2  (*
n = d p p 1 ....d 0 ( b ) : ' J1*<' '
b

0 0 [ 2] ( x 0 [ 2])
2 0
2 x 2 0

= p b p + p 1b p 1 ... + 1b + 0

:%

:2   (*

:1
n = 3450( 6) = 3.6 + 4.6 + 5.6 + 0
3

3 x3

10 1[3]

$ D b (2  $ %4 .  *


*  *2  (*
. 
1*<' . D b  * J b (2 
. b D 1*<'

 


% '

i 10i i [3]

= 822

i =0

i {1, 2,..., p} 10i 1[3]

:##  (5
:!"

:
p

10 [3]

x = p p 1 ... 0 (b )

i =1

10
i =1

i =1

+ 0 i [3]

i =1

x i [3]

. y  *2   '; *2 x  *2  % ' p q  


. x y 34

:12

i =0

:' *'

y = q q 1 ... 0 (b )

:

:2 !"

:

:' *'
x = p ... 0 (b )

3 x x 0 [3]

y = p ... 0 (b )

i [3]

i =0

i 0 [3]
i =0

(  *,  @# ( y x )


i i ..., p 1 = p 1 , p = p 2 ?*#

i =0

34 i i   /


x y 34 i i   /
x y

3 x3

i =0

:%

4 x 4 1 0

i {2,..., p} : 10i = 10 2.10i 2

. b 7  , # &  ./
 0-
(6

:2   /
: 

$ *; @#   b (2  $ %4 *"


: 0
.1*<' ' $ %4
i + i
2 i i     J#M %4 ; 4 =*4  &

b D0  09 
.  b * D0  09 
0 r b : b : = bq + r D0 $ 
. q  #
r 

= 100.10i 2
= 4.25.10i 2
i {2,..., p}
102 0 [ 4]

i 10 0 [ 4]
i

.10
i=2

0 [ 4]




:1

:

3675(8) + 2764(8) = 6661(8)

(*
5624( 7 ) 56( 7 ) = 50313( 7 ) + 41356( 7 ) = 464203( 7 ) (*
.25 ,11 ,9 ,5 ,4 ,3 ,2 D0 $  !" (7
x = p p 1 ... 0 (10)
' *'


p

10
i=2

:

+ 110 + 0 110 + 0 [ 4]
x 1 .10 + 0 [ 4]

:% '

x 1 0 [ 4]

% '
:

4 x x 0 [ 4]

1 0 0 [ 4] x 1 0 [ 4]

x = p 10 p + p 110 p 1 + ... + 110 + 0

: 
2 x 2 0
:2   (*
i
i {1,..., p} 10 0 [ 2]
 10 0 [ 2] : 
i
i 10 0 [ 2]
% '

4 1 0
4 x 4 1 0

10

:%

i =1

17

0 [ 2]

:

11 x 0 + 1 + ... 1 + 3 + ...[11]

:D0 9 (1) %4 ?
'

5 ( 265a + 2c ) = 271.5

265a + 2c = 271
2c = 271 265a
( *)
271 265a 0
271
0<a<
=1
265
a =1
c=3



10i ( 1) [11]



i 10i i ( 1) [11]



10 ( 1) [11]
i

:% '

i =1

:
: (*) %4 ?
'

a = 1

b = 5
c = 3

10 1[11]

i {1,..., p}

% '
% '
2c 0  

:2   /
: 

10
i =1

:

i =1

+ 0 i ( 1) + 0 [11]
i

:12

i =1

x i ( 1) [11]

:%

:% '

i =1

x i ( 1) + i ( 1) [11]
2

i =0

:% '

i =0

i =0

i =0

x i i [11]
11 x x 0 [11]

:

i =0

i =0

i i 0 [11]
p

i =0

i =0

i i [11]
11 x 0 + 2 + ... = 1 + 3 + ...[11]

:%

:!"
x = p p 1 ... 0 (10)
*) 2 x

*) 3 x 3

%
)

' *'
: 

i =0

*) 4 x 4 1 0

*) 5 x 0 {0,5}
*) 9 x 9

i =0

*)11 x 0 + 2 + 4 + ... 1 + 3 + 5 + ... [11]

*) 25 x 1 0 00, 25,50, 75

: ) 
: c, b, a $'  *F $'; , 
bbac ( 7 ) = abca (11)

.7
11  '; *I92 c, b, a 2 
.7
0  '; 8*
9 %(4 %

.6
1  8*
9 %(4 %

: 
bbac ( 7 ) = abca (11) b73 + b7 2 + a 7 + c = a113 + b112 + c11 + a
343b + 49b + 7a + c = 1331a + 121b + 11c + a
1325a 271b + 10c = 0
1325a + 10c = 271b
5 ( 265a + 2c ) = 271b

(1)


5 b 2 B  Gauss   271 5 = 1 : 

b = 5 34 1 b 6 2 

5 271b

18

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi