Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Act
Act of September 2, 1958 (National Defense and Educational Act of 1958), Public Law 85-864,
72 STAT 1580,. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015. <http://docsteach.org/documents/299869/detail?
menu=closed&mode=search&sortBy=relevance&q=space+race&commit=Go&page=2>.
After the launch of Sputnik the USA congress wanted to make the youth of the America
smarter so this Act was passed. It required the curriculum to be higher as well as provided
various programs for Americas youth to be involved in to better their education and well
being of the nation. This was the start of the competition because it showed that the USA was
making changes to outsmart the USSR.
Congress. National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958. 1 Oct. 1958. Act.
<http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spaceact.html.>
This Act was proposed by congress to get a national space program later to be called NASA.
In this Act Congress claims that having a space program will be for the best interest of the
United States. They get the law passed shortly after Sputnik launched and created NASA to
help improve the nations technology, military, and knowledge of outer space.
Books
Aldrin, Buzz, and Ken Abraham. Magnificent Desolation: The Long Journey Home from the
Moon. New York: Harmony, 2009. Print.
This book was written by Buzz Aldrin himself in 2009. In the book, Aldrin discusses his
adventure on the moon and his long way home. Aldrin was the second human ever to step foot
on the moon and discovered what no other man has seen before. The landing on the moon is
considered one of Americas greatest achievements and attracted the worlds largest audience
in television history. While back on Earth, Aldrin had to deal with fame, disaster, and

redemption. This book covers all three topics of exploration, encounter, and exchange and
tells the story of a brave American hero.
Aldrin, Buzz. Mission to Mars: My Vision for Space Exploration. Washington, D.C.: National
Geographic, 2013. Print.
This book was written by Buzz Aldrin and discusses his plans for the future of the space
program. Buzz Aldrins successful moon landing helped him to believe in new ideas for the
better understanding of space. Aldrin was thinking landing on the moon was really just a
small step and why stop there when there is so much more that can be accomplished. This
book relates to the topic of exchange because of the win of the space race and how new ideas
were made. For example, Buzz Aldrin does not only want to keep on going with space travel
but wants to keep on going all the way to the destination of Mars. He believes that the United
States are now very capable of this goal and that continuation of space exploration is the key
to the future of humanity. Buzz Aldrin helps by using his celebrity status to spread his ideas to
America and to keep carrying on the motives of the space program.
Aldrin, Buzz. Reaching for the Moon. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2005. Print.
This autobiography book was written by astronaut Buzz Aldrin. In the book, Aldrin discusses
events in his life that helped him with his decision of joining the space program. He discusses
how he got his nickname Buzz because his little sister mispronounced the word brother as
buzzer and so his family shortened it and began to call him that instead of his real name,
Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr. It is an informative book that discusses details from Aldrins life and
how he became independent. This books helps to mark the beginning of how Buzz Aldrin got
himself to be one of the very few in the world to walk on the moon. The events described lead
up to his exploration that begins a new era.
Barbour, John Andrews. Footprints on the Moon. New York: Associated, 1969. Print.
This book, written by John Barbour, explains the steps that were necessary for the United
States to reach their goal of landing on the moon. In the book, Barbour explains how the
program NASA was originally just an idea from a group of rocket scientists and was
previously called NACA. Barbour goes on to describe the failures that had to happen first in

space exploration before we could be successful. Although biased towards the United States,
Barbour does explain that without the courage from the Soviets and the embarrassment of the
Americans, then the U.S would have measured more time in taking a risk in space
exploration. Therefore, this source was chosen to represent the early U.S space program and
the effects of space exploration and the encounter on the moon. This book does a great job of
explaining the key aspects of both subjects.
Booker, Peter Jeffrey., Gerald C. Frewer, and G. K. C. Pardoe. Project Apollo: The Way to the
Moon. New York: American Elsevier Pub., 1969. Print.
This book was published immediately after the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. The book
summarizes ten years of the United States space pursuit. The book starts off with the
formation of NASA and ends with the consideration of future advancements in human
examination of the solar system. After the world witnessed the first ever man on the moon,
new studies began to form. This book helps society further understand the evolution of new
technology that would be developed due to the successful encounter on the moon.
Van Dyke, Vernon. Pride and Power: The Rationale of the Space Program. Urbana: University
of Illinois, 1964. Print.
This book, written by Vernon Van Dyke, explains that the Apollo programs most important
motive was due to the competition with the Soviets. Van Dyke finds that scientific discoveries
and technological advances, although very important, were secondary motives for the United
States. This book helps explain the importance of NASA, new organizations in the business
world, and international collaboration. Although this book uses very dated information, it
helps to show what the long term affects will be like in the future due to the exploration of
space and the moon.

Government Publication

United States. Official White House Transcript of President Eisenhower's Press and Radio
Conference #123. N.p.: n.p., 1957. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and
Boyhood Home. Web. 8 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/sputnik/10_9_57.pdf>.
This official transcript was of President Dwight D. Eisenhowers opinions and concerns on
the United States satellite idea. Eisenhower talks about how small satellites would be
launched as a test to check their rocketry and techniques in 1957. Eisenhower believes that the
United States satellite program was designed to find the best results in their scientific
research. Therefore, to put a satellite in space, it will help in the advancement of science and
technology and allow for the better knowledge of how to land on the moon successfully.
United States. U.S Information Agency. USIA Office of Research Analysis. Impact of U.S. and
Soviet Space Programs on World Opinion. NASA, 7 July 1959. Web. 16 Sept. 2015.
<http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/july59.html>.
This source was written in 1959 and published by NASA. It discusses the strong amount of
interest in space development and also military concerns. It states that the achievements of
space science were a possible contributor to the vital changes in the balance of military power.
People were concerned for international agreements and restrictions to limit the possibility of
danger that could come because of the space race. Also, it considers the U.S to have the lead
in scientific and technical achievements.
United States. U.S Objectives in Space Exploration and Science. By S. Everett Gleason. N.p.:
n.p., 1958. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home. Web. 9
Sept. 2015.
<http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/sputnik/3_6_58.pdf>.
This document was written at a meeting that included the Director of Central Intelligence and
a committee of scientists in 1958. The meeting occurred to help explain the significance and
motives of space travel and exploration. One of the scientists there, Dr. Killian, explained
three motives of why the development of the space program should occur. Dr. Killian believes
that it is the natural human curiosity to explore the nature of the universe. Also, it will help
with military considerations, scientific observations, and will allow the United States to be

prestige among the other countries. Dr. Killian is trying to explain that the United States needs
the space program in order to determine information on how the universe truly works.
Letter
King, David S. "Congress of the United States." Letter to Lyndon B. Johnson. 15 Apr. 1961. The
Space Race. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015. <https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/moreperfect-union-october-2009-march-2010/exploration/space-race>.
This letter was written by David S. King addressing to Lyndon B. Johnson about the
importance of the space race for America. In the letter, King expresses that people are
confused about our position in the space race. King wants the U.S to be competing and
keeping pace with the Soviets because letting the USSR win would mean a threat to our
country. King goes on to explain the importance of spending as much money as we need to, in
order to win the race of space control. This letter helps to show how many people cared about
the outcome of the space race and wanted space exploration to continue for the better of our
country.
Reitler, Mary Lou, and Meyer Feldman. Reitler-Feldman Letters. N.p.: n.p., 1962. John F.
Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Web. 19 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/gLQPx4-1Gky60QY6nmXEjA.aspx>.
This letter was written by 13 year old Mary Lou Reitler to President Kennedy in 1962
addressing why so much money was being spent by the United States on the space program.
Then a man named Meyer Feldman responded back to the letter saying that all of the space
exploration was necessary in order to help advance knowledge and welfare in ways that were
presently unthinkable. People of the outside world are starting to become invested in the
situations going on in space and care about how it will benefit them in the future.

"The National Archives Experience" Letter to President. 27 July 1975. Message from Soviet
General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev to President Gerald Ford Regarding the Apollo-Soyuz Test

Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015. <http://docsteach.org/documents/7347327/detail?

menu=closed&mode=search&sortBy=relevance&q=space+race&commit=Go&page=2>.
Written by the USSR General to the United States President, this letter was written to
congratulate the USA on the success of the Apollo mission. He congratulates the scientist and
astronauts who participated in the missions and also suggests that the USSR and USA work
together in better understanding space. This could have been written sincerely or possibly
because the USSR had lost the space race and wanted more information than they had. Either
way this is an important letter because it shows the USSR possibly wanting to end the feud.
"The National Archives Experience" Letter to Lt. Paul P. Bennett. 17 June 1959. Position
Description for Mercury Astronaut. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
<http://docsteach.org/documents/6734367/detail?
menu=closed&mode=search&sortBy=relevance&q=space+race&commit=Go&page=2>.
This letter helps show the exchange part of the race, it talks about the new technology that
will be needed for Project Mercury, such as a space ship able to withstand no gravity and the
force of leaving Earths atmosphere. It also explains the obstacles that must be tested before
launch such as the controls and tolerances for space. Project Mercury was the launch of six
astronauts who would go into space and back.
"The National Archives Experience" 19 May 1961. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Public Information Office Release on Project Apollo Contract. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
<http://docsteach.org/documents/20150115/detail?
menu=closed&mode=search&sortBy=relevance&q=space+race&commit=Go>.
This letter was written to inform Gorge C. Marshall about the Space Race and the Apollo
mission. This letter describes the conditions on the moon and how the weather changes will
affect each person that NASA sends there. It also goes on to explain how three men will go
and stay on the moon for 30 days. This in an important letter because it helps describe the
mission and how NASA will follow through, by sending the men with food water and oxygen.
It provides the knowledge and planning behind the project to keep all that go to the moon
safe.

Von Braun, Dr. Wernher. "The Deteriorating Effects of the Space Environment." Letter to C.J.
Wessel. 7 Mar. 1961. MS. N.p. <http://docsteach.org/documents/20150113>
This letter was written to inform that the U.S. did not have the facilities or the resources to go
to space. Dr. Von Braun is a German who helped invent the V-2 for Germany and the U.S. He
lists off various hasards such as the atmosphear and how we do not know how it will be up
there. As well as saying that the possibility of radiation is possible. His letter helped the U.S.
get a better understanding of space.
Memorandum
Johnson, Lyndon. "Memorandum for President: Evaluation of the Space Program." Letter to
President Kennedy. 28Apr.1961.MS. N.p.<http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/key_docu.htm>
This letter was written to President Kennedy in response to his request for the Space Program
to be evaluated. He talks about what they have evaluated so far and how likely they are to
beat the soviets to space. From what he describes the chances of the U.S. beating the USSR
are not high. He explains the U.S. has the resources but are so far behind the USSR the U.S.
does not have a chance. The proof the USSR has better technology and chances of getting to
space first pushes the U.S. to become even better by increasing our technology and chances of
getting in to space.
Kennedy, John F. "Correspondence between JFK and LBJ on the Space Program." John F.
Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. N.p., 20 Apr. 1961. Web. 19 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/6XnAYXEkkkSMLfp7ic_o-Q.aspx>.
This memorandum was a note from President Kennedy addressing to Lyndon Johnson that he
should be the one who checks up on the status of the space program. President Kennedy gives
Johnson a checklist for his inspection. On that checklist, President Kennedy wants to know
whether we are working hard enough, the total costs of everything, what field we should
mostly be focusing on, and whether or not we have a chance of beating the Soviets. Kennedy
is concerned for our progress in the space program and wants to hurry along the process of
space exploration.

Killian, J.R., Jr. "Memorandum on Organizational Alternatives for Space Research and
Development." Miller Center, n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/sputnik/iv1.html>.
This memorandum was written to explain that the United States needs a program that will
allow and provide for our best scientists to do space research. There needs to be a way of
extending our knowledge of Earth and the environment using scientific observations of space.
Killian describes that we as a nation must become a leader in this field or else the other nations
will continue to have all the leadership. Thus, space exploration was a key component to
advance our society.
United States. Memorandum of Conference with President. N.p.: A.J. Goodpaster, 1957. Dwight
D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home. Web. 9 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/sputnik/10_16_57.pdf>.
This confidential document was released in1957. It is about the conference that happened the
day before with President Eisenhower and fellow member scientists. The President in this
piece makes a point to say that he would like new ideas to help advance the National Science
Foundation. The President believed that American science was being outdistanced and needed
improvement fast because the country depends on science. Therefore, with the exploration of
space by U.S astronauts, changes could be made and new doors could open to help advance
American science and help people take an interest in it.
Newspaper Article
Baldwin, Hanson W. "The Sputnik Era- Where the U.S. and the Soviet Union Stand." New York
Times (5 Oct. 1958): 6. Print.
This newsletter was written by Hanson W. Baldwin who at the time was a military editor of
the New York Times. In his newsletter he talks about the launch of Sputnik and how it gave
the Soviets a head up in the race. He also talks about how the U.S. responded to this which
was by speeding up our own technology. This shows how the U.S. used the Space Race as a
way to launch off all the new technological ideas.

Clark, Evert. "Surveyor Makes Soft Landing." New York Times (2 June 1966): n. pag. NASA at
40. Web. 22 Oct. 2015. <https://partners.nytimes.com/library/national/science/nasa/060266scinasa-clark.html>.
This newspaper article describes the Surveyor mission. This mission was to land the very first
man made space craft on a universal object. The mission was successful and the Surveyor sent
back pictures to further the knowledge about the moon. This also shows the technological
advance because three years later there were U.S. citizens walking in the same spot, and
making it back safely to Earth.
"President Requests Funds To Speed Up Space Programs." Marshall Star 1 (31 May 1961): 1.
Print.
This newspaper is from the actual time and is connects with the spaces race because Kennedy
is requesting for millions of dollars for the space program. this falls in to text with the launch
of Sputnik because he feels that the U.S. is falling behind in technology race with the USSR
so he is doing anything he can to get the nation ahead.
Wilford, John. Astronauts Land on Plain; Collect Rocks, Plant Flag (n.d.): n. pag. Astronauts
Land on Plain; Collect Rocks, Plant Flag. 21 July 1969. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
<https://partners.nytimes.com/library/national/science/nasa/072169sci-nasa.html>.
This newspaper article talks about the final mission and how the U.S. has finally won the
Space Race. Landing on the moon was a giant technological leap for the U.S. because they
have gone from just orbiting to landing. Once the astronauts landed the collected samples for
further knowledge and placed the American flag on the moon marking their territory.
Wilford, John. "Vast Lonely." New York Times (25 Dec. 1968): n. pag. NASA at 40. Web. 22 Oct.
2015. <https://partners.nytimes.com/library/national/science/nasa/122568sci-nasa.html>.
This newspaper article is written about the Apollo 8 mission in which three astronauts orbited
the moon. With this orbit they found that the moon was a very dull lonely place. This helps
the U.S. improve their knowledge on space and allows them to explore the universe more.
This mission also shows how the U.S. made the leap from orbiting the Earth to orbiting the
moon and later landing on the moon.

Witkin, Richard. "Glenn Orbits Earth 3 Times Safely." NASA at 40. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Oct.
2015.<https://partners.nytimes.com/library/national/science/nasa/022162sci-nasa-witkin.html>.
This newspaper describes the three orbits around the Earth by John Glenn. This event
happened before the moon landing and shows how the U.S. went from only traveling around
the Earth to landing on the moon. This clearly shows how technology has improved
significantly. This event shows how the U.S. encountered space and improved.
Witkin, Richard. "U.S. Man Hurls 115 Miles into Space." New York Times (6 May 1961): n. pag.
Web. 22 Oct. 2015. <https://partners.nytimes.com/library/national/science/nasa/050661sci-nasawitkin.html>.
This newspaper article talks about how the technology of getting into space has improved.
This article was written in 1961 and eight years later the U.S. lands on the moon making a
huge technology leap. The exploration of space leads them to keep improving and improving
to remain the strongest nation.
Photographs
Armstrong, Neil. Buzz Aldrin on the Moon. 1969. NASA. Web.
This photo was taken by Neil Armstrong himself while he was on the moon. It shows his
fellow astronaut partner, Buzz Aldrin, while taking the very first steps on the moon. This
photo concludes the end of the Space Race with the United States beating the Soviet Union by
being the first people ever to land on the moon. Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael
Collins were the first people ever to encounter the moon and walk on it on July 20, 1969.
Astronaut Buzz Aldrin Entering the 30 Altitude Chamber. 1969. National Archives. National
Archives Docs Teach. Web. 8 Sept. 2015.
The photo is of Buzz Aldrin in the 30' altitude chamber, this photo was taken on the day of the
launch. Around him is all the technology and that shows the money spent on this launch. in
his hand you can see the camera that was use to take pictures of the moon and space.
Conrad, Charles, Jr. To the Moon. Digital image. NASA, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2015.

This photo was taken of Charles Conrad Jr. in 1969 examining the surface of the moon. In the
photo, Conrad uses a set of tongs and a hand tool to help him in the process of analyzing a
sample of rocks and soil from the moons surface. This photo helps to show that because of
the successful landing on the moon, the U.S is now able to dive further into science and learn
about how it will help our future. Fragments from the lunar rocks and soil can be
experimented on to help give a better understanding of the universe. Therefore, due to the
encounter on the moon it will help the U.S exchange new discoveries to the world.
Lunar Module Camera. U.S Flag on the Moon. 1969. NASA, n.p.
This photo was taken by a lunar module camera of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin planting
the first U.S flag on the moon. The flag was planted to express the American astronauts
journey through space and their encounter on the moon. NASA made a point to make sure
people understood that the flag did not symbolize ownership of the moon but to symbolize
American history. This opens up new doors for the United States space program.
Press Release
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Public Information Office Release on Project Apollo
Contract 5/16/1961. Docs Teach. National Archives, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
<http://docsteach.org/documents/20150115/detail?
menu=closed&mode=search&sortBy=relevance&q=space+race&commit=Go>.
This press release was a document from 1961 explaining the transportation systems of lunar
missions and the challenges that might come with it. It describes that the goal of Project
Apollo was to carry three astronauts on a manned vehicle into orbit that goes around the
moon. However, most of these lunar missions will come with great difficulty to function
correctly. Astronauts will have to figure out how to make shelter, deal with extreme
temperature changes, supply food and water, and must bring oxygen for them to sustain their
breathing. This source shows how dangerous these exploration missions were to go the moon
and how far the United States were willing to go to beat the Soviets.
Speech
Dulles, John Foster. John Foster Dulles on Cold War Conflicts. Apr. 1957 .New York.

<https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/dulles-john-foster>
This speech by John Dulles was said in front of journalists in New York. It occurred before
Sputnik was launched but talks about how the U.S. as a nation stands. He describes the U.S.
as the most prosperous and productive nation and then goes on to describe how as a younger
nation we are better off than the majority of the communist nations. This in a way
foreshadows the outcome of the Space Race by saying that we are the most productive nation
because in order to win the Space Race we had to be productive. During the Apace Race we
had to constantly be updating our technology to keep up with the USSR.
Dunbar, Brian. "Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs." NASA. NASA, 24
May 2004. Web. 06 Sept. 2015. <http://www.thespacerace.com/documents/>
This speech is from President John F. Kennedy to the Congress written May 25, 1961. It
addresses the point of making it to the moon "before the decade is out." Kennedy says "Now
it is time to take longer strides - time for a great new American enterprise- time for this nation
to take its clear leading role in space achievement." This fits into both encounter and
exchange because it is the U.S. encountering space and exchanging the idea of being the first
nation in space.

Nixon, Richard. In Event of Moon Disater. 1969. Speech.

<http://www.thespacerace.com/documents/>
This speech was never spoken to the public but was written in case Armstrong and Aldrin did
not make it to the moon safely. In the speech Nixon addresses the bravery that these men
showed by going to the moon and risking their lives. He also says how years ago people
would just look at the stars but now they are reaching them. This shows how the overall goal
of getting to space helped improve technology.
"TheSpaceRace.com - Documents - JFK Speech - Sept. 12, 1962." TheSpaceRace.com Documents - JFK Speech - Sept. 12, 1962. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.thespacerace.com/documents/>

The speech was written on September 12, 1962 and describes reasons why we want to space
and why we believe as a nation we are better than the Soviet Union. Kennedy says Within
these last 19 months at least 45 satellites have circled the Earth. Some 40 of them were made
in the United States of America and they are far more sophisticated and supplied far more
knowledge to the people of the world than those of the Soviet Union. Then he goes on to say
why we want to be the first on the moon We chose to go to the moon. We chose to go to the
moon in this decade and to do other things, not because they are easy, but because they are
hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills,
because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone,
and one which we intend to win.
Treaty
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water
Between the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
<http://docsteach.org/documents/5730931/detail?
menu=closed&mode=search&sortBy=relevance&q=space+race&commit=Go&page=2>.
This treaty was signed by all the represnitves at the time of the USSR, USA, and Great
Britain. This treaty banned any nuclear tests or activates by any of these countries in space or
in water. This is significant because it shows how the countries came together and did not
allow nuclear weapons to affect the greater good of the Earth, the most powerful countries
being the USA and USSR agreeing makes a big impact on the world.
United Nations. Treaty on Principles Governing the Activites of States in the Exploration and
Use of Outer Space. 27 Jan. 1967. Treaty. <http://www.thespacerace.com/documents/>
This treaty was written to make basic laws for any Nation when exploring space. Some of
these laws are sharing any new discoveries with all other nations to help improve science and
technology. Another law is sharing and discoveries of danger with other countries. These two
laws stood out because they involve other nations helping other nations improve technology
and science.
Video

September 12, 1962 - President John F. Kennedy at Rice University, Houston, Texas (Part One).
Perf. John F. Kennedy. 1962. Video.
In this speech Kennedy speaks of the progress that humans have made. At the time of his
presidency the U.S. was losing the Space Race to the USSR and he used this speech to show
how far America has come as a nation and how far they can go. He talks of the technology at
the time and it shows how after the Space Race our technology has improved. This shows
exploration by showing how we explored the idea of technology and achieved it.
Secondary Sources
Books
Burrows, William E. This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age. New York: Random
House, 1998. Print.
This book was written by William Burrows, who spent most of his life studying the field of
the space age. Burrows discusses historical factors both social and political that contributed to
the United States wanting to dive further into the space. Burrows also discusses the negatives
of the Soviets and what ultimately led to their defeat and collapse of their space programs.
This book helps to infer that the space race helped the United States for good and that it was a
possible catalyst that exchanged the idea of traveling to Mars someday into the minds of U.S
astronauts.
Cadbury, Deborah. Space Race: The Epic Battle Between America and the Soviet Union for
Dominion of Space. New York: HarperCollins, 2006. Print.
This book, written by Deborah Cadbury, explains the passion and ambition that the United
States had to explore outside of the Earth. Cadbury discusses the United States triumphs
during adversity and how the rivalry between the Soviets and the United States helped
motivate our astronauts to win the race. Also, Cadbury discusses all the dynamics of the space
race and the history behind it. This book helps to show how important space exploration was
to the United States and how important it was for the future of our science and technology.

Crocker, Chris. Great American Astronauts. United States: Drew Wheeler, 1988. Great American
Astronauts: Chris Crocker: 9780531105009: Books.
Chris Crocker wrote this book to glorify some of the greatest astronauts. In this book he
writes about Neil Armstrong and how he came to be an astronaut. He goes deeper and
describes the most famous mission Armstrong was involved in, Apollo 11. He explains what
Armstrong and his partner did and how they contributed to the future of the United States.
Hanson, James R. First Man. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005. Print.
In this book, written about Neil Armstrong, Hanson not only describes his life but also goes
into detail of the Apollo 11 mission. He explains everything through Armstrongs eyes and
includes the dialogue that took place. Within the dialogue, are details about the flight and how
each part came together. This shows exploration because no one has ever sent a person to the
moon yet and the U.S. is taking the leap.
Klerkx, Greg. Lost in Space: The Fall of NASA and The Dream of a New Space Age. New York:
Pantheon, 2004. Print.
In the book, Greg Klerkx discusses his opinion on NASA and the Space Race. Klerkx
believes that NASA was choosing to focus on selfish reasons to land on the moon. He
believed that the space race was not helpful in advancing technology and was ineffective.
Klerkx believed NASA was only doing it for the money, however, he still explained that the
landing on the moon was still a big success.
Miller, Ron. Space Exploration. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century, 2008. Print.
This book describes the times before and during the Space Race. Crocker helps explain why
the Space Race fits into exchange because he talks about where the U.S. was before the race.
He describes the effects of Sputnik and how it motivated the U.S. to get to the moon. He also
describes how the U.S. improves its technology by explaining the transformation from motor
vehicles to Space exploring objects.
Murray, Charles A., and Catherine Bly. Cox. Apollo:The Race to the Moon. New York: Simon
and Schuster, 1989. Print.

This book was written by the authors Charles Murray and Catherine Bly. Together they focus
on the scientific and technical side that allowed the mission to the moon to be possible.
Besides the main goal of beating the Soviets, there was more that went in to the project of
Apollo. Behind the heroic actions of the astronauts, people recognized the mission as a
success from the management systems. The United States provided the technological and
economic means that allowed for the project to start and it needed to be properly used by the
NASA leaders in order for the outcome of the mission to be successful. Without being
carefully monitored over, the Apollo mission could have been a disaster and would not allow
for further space exploration.
Sagan, Carl. Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space. New York: Random House,
1994. Print.
This book was written by Carl Sagan and looks back at our achievements from space
exploration and how it has influenced our future. This book discusses that the scientific
discoveries made in space have shaped who we are and how we look at the universe. Also,
Carl Sagan attempts to challenge us with our knowledge and how we will choose to use it in
the future. This book is trying to come to the point that the United States has a wide variety of
knowledge from the exploration of space and that it can help advance our society. It shows
how the space race has exchanged new ideas to help our future.
Smith, Andrew. Moondust: In Search of the Men Who Fell to Earth. New York: Fourth Estate,
2005. Print.
This book was written by journalist Andrew Smith in 2005 and discusses his encounters with
past astronauts. Smith helps to educate others of the history of these men and how they have
impacted his life. Also, Smith discusses what is was like to be a child around that time the
space race was occurring in the 1960s.This book helps to show what kind of effect that the
space race had on some people and how it exchanged new ideas and motivation to people all
over the United States.
Stott, Carole. Space Exploration. New York, NY: DK Pub., 2004. Print.

This book, written by Carole Stott, discusses a wide variety of topics on the space race. It
discusses how the Soviets and the United States each wanted to be the first to make historical
breakthroughs in space exploration and that the race started because of the Soviets proving
they are capable to Americans. Over 500 people have traveled in space, but only twelve of the
U.S astronauts were capable of touching down on the moon from 1969 through 1972. While
on the moon, astronauts were able to collect samples and monitor environments and spent
over 80 hours outside their space craft. This book helps to explain the United States
encounters on the moon and how we benefited from them.
Vogt, Gregory. Apollo Moonwalks: The Amazing Lunar Missions. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow,
2000. Print.
In this book Vogt, a famous writer, talks in detail about Neil Armstrong's and Buzz Aldrin's
exploration in space. He explains how they prepared for their journey and how they survived.
He also talks about how after the mission was a success, the excitement of space boomed and
how the U.S. planned future missions. This book helps show how the Space Race influenced
our future technology because it talks about the events following the Space Race.
Wagener, Leon. One Giant Leap: Neil Armstrong's Stellar American Journey. New York: Forge,
2004. Print.
This book, written by Leon Wagener, tells about the dangers and brave risks that Neil
Armstrong had on his quest to the moon. It discusses that the only true danger was a computer
error at the end of the mission. Leon Wagner discuses Neil Armstrong as being a national hero
and his walk on the moon has brought out the best in ourselves. Neil Armstrong showed true
courage and faced the impossible and succeeded. Armstrongs encounter on the moon and
space has shown great bravery and new discoveries.

Westwell, Ian. Explorers and Exploration. Vol. 10. Danbury, CT: Grolier Educational, 1998.
Print.
This book was written by Ian Westwell and discusses the importance of space exploration.
Westwell discusses how being able to travel through space was a step forward for mankind

and that most of the land in the world was already explored. Therefore, scientists needed to
explore and examine a new unknown. Thus, government agreed and put in money for a new
historical event to be made and discovered. Not only will space exploration benefit the United
States, but it will also help advance mankind.
Interview
Aldrin, Buzz. "Buzz Aldrin Interview." Interview. Interview with Buzz Aldrin. Scholastic, 17
Nov. 1998. Web. 15 Sept. 2015. <http://teacher.scholastic.com/space/apollo11/interview.htm>.
This source is an interview between a group of scholastic students and Buzz Aldrin in 1998.
Buzz Aldrin discusses his time on the moon and how he felt during the space race. Buzz
describes being on the moon as a magnificent desolation and that he felt a satisfying
freedom with being weightless on the moon. Buzz explains that moving around on the moon
takes careful adjustment and movement, and the moon itself looked like it had extreme
impacts of velocity such as meteors hitting the surface. Buzz Aldrins encounter on the moon
helped advance new ideas and helped America end the Cold War.
Online Newspaper Article
Kennedy, Randy. "When the Space Age Blasted Off, Pop Culture Followed." The New York
Times. The New York Times, 24 Sept. 2007. Web. 13 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/science/space/25pop.html?_r=0>.
This article is from The New York Times online newspaper and discusses how the space race
has influenced todays pop culture. It discusses how many movies and TV shows have been
influenced by the space age such as Lost in Space and The Jetsons. Also, it states that one
of the biggest impacts space has had on todays society can be seen in architecture. Many
buildings try to use satellite shapes and metallic colors to look like a space design. The space
age has undoubtedly made a huge impact in todays society and has influenced many
decisions.
Political Cartoon

Parker, Jeff. Sputnik Turns 50. Digital image. Florida Today, 3 Oct. 2007. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.politicalcartoons.com/cartoon/0B60ED09-D64E-46D2-B9833009290C17FB.html>.
In this political cartoon, by Jeff Parker, it shows the United States challenging the Soviets to a
new space race to try to beat them again. Once Apollo 11 successfully landed on the moon,
Americans felt strengthened by the achievement. Therefore, this cartoon helps show that
America believes they can always beat the Soviets now because they have the technological
advancements to keep up with them. The space race exchanged a new type of confidence into
the United States that would make them believe there was nothing that could hurt them.
Website Articles
"Apollo." Apollo. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org/schools-colleges/national-curriculum/spacerace/apollo.aspx>.
This article was written to describe each Apollo mission and how it helped improve the
overall mission of going to the moon. At first Apollo was just supposed to orbit the Earth but
when Kennedy said he would get man to the moon and back the mission changed. The
mission was not a success at first due to the atmosphere during the training all the crew died
due to fire. Then it goes on to explain more of Apollo 11 which was a success because of the
first fail. This helps explain exploration because the mission was originally just around the
earth but spread to the exploration of the moon.
Dunbar, Brian. "Apollo- Soyuz." NASA. NASA, 10 July 2015. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
<https://www.nasa.gov/topics/history/features/astp.html>.
This website article explains how in 1975 both nations sent men up into space to officially
end the Space feud. Once each was up there they shook hands and exchanged gifts that
symbolized a friend ship in space. The show exchange because each side exchanged their gifts
and peace with the other.
Garber, Steve. "Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age." Sputnik. NASA, 10 Oct. 2007. Web.
19 Sept. 2015. <http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/>.

This article was written by Steve Garber and talks about the early beginning of the space race.
Garber states that the launch of the Sputnik satellite was the starting point of the space race
and age. However, he states that everything changed when the United States successfully
launched the Explorer 1 satellite that was able to discover magnetic radiation belts that circled
the Earth. Also, NASA was created because of the launch of Sputnik and Congress passed the
Space Act that allowed for the creation of NASA. Therefore, without NASA, the United
States would never have won the space race without the help and discoveries made by NASA.
"John F. Kennedy and the Space Race." WHHA. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.whitehousehistory.org/teacher-resources/john-f-kennedy-and-the-space-race>.
This website article talks about the very first idea of going to the moon, the idea was by Keith
Glennen. At the time this seemed crazy and had never been thought of before so he started to
plan the trip to the moon with Max Faget. This helps show the idea of exploration because
they explored the idea of bringing man to the moon.
Kernan, Michael. "The Space Race." Smithsonian. N.p., Aug. 1997. Web. 07 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-space-race-141404095/?no-ist>.
Michael Kernan explains that during the exploration of space there was a time when the
United States felt defeated. People thought the Soviets won because of a false rumor that a
radio operator heard of Russian voices speaking in space. However, it turned out to be false
and the United States were able to continue on in the exploration of space. Therefore, by not
giving up, new discoveries can be made to help the advancement of science.

Llewellyn, Jennifer. "The Space Race." The Cold War. Alpha History, 11 Mar. 2013. Web. 14
Sept. 2015. <http://alphahistory.com/coldwar/space-race/>.
This website article helps to explain what happened during the space race and what happened
after it. It states that six years after the successful moon landing, the United States and the
Soviet Union eventually became partners to exchange ideas together and sent up their first

joint space mission with the name of Apollo-Soyuz project. This article also explains that in
order for space exploration to occur, there had to be quick advances in a variety of fields.
Therefore, causing an impact in consumer goods and helping to give a better understanding in
astronomy, communication, and physics.
"NASA Moon Landing." - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Columbia Point,
n.d.Web.14Sept.2015. <http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-Legacy/NASA-Moon-Landing.aspx>
This article was written and put on to the online John F. Kennedy Presidential library. The
bottom half of the article describes the orbiting of John Glen Jr. and the moon landing of
Aldrin and Armstrong. It describes their findings of 47 pounds of moon rock. It also describes
the format of the space ship and how it had three parts, the command module, the service
module and the lunar module.
Rahman, Mark. "The Role of the State in the Space Race." In Defence of Marxism. N.p., 8 Dec.
2014. Web. 20 Oct. 2015. <http://www.marxist.com/the-role-of-the-state-in-the-space-race.htm>.
This website article, written by Mark Rahman, discusses the origins of space travel, the
inventions that were made, and the founding of NASA. It explains that due to NASAs effort
and use of resources, the United States was allowed to pull ahead of the Soviets and win the
race. Rahman also explains that it was because of the space race that led to some of the most
important technological advances ever made for mankind. Therefore, this article helps to
conclude that the space race exchanged many new ideas for the benefit of humanity.

"Soviet Union Launches Sputnik I." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 08 Sept.
2015. <http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-union-launches-sputnik-i>
The launch of Sputnik "shocks and frightens many Americans." The idea that the Soviets had
gotten farther ahead in the Space Race worried many Americans because it seemed as though
the USSR was now superior to the U.S. After the launch the Democratic party got mad at the
Republicans and the President for allowing the USSR to get so far ahead, this lead to the
American satellite called the Explorer.

"Space Race Exhibition." Space Race Exhibition. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum,
n.d. Web. 07 Sept. 2015. <https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/space-race/online/>.
This website explains how the space race was started and the want for global control. It
explains that the space race began during the Cold War, and the United States and the Soviet
Union were the most powerful nations. Each country wanted to show superiority through their
own advances in rocketry. Therefore, to help keep up with their competition, secret satellites
were put up in space to spy on the other opponent. However, because of the contest, the United
States and the Soviets eventually agreed to become a partnership and exchanged ideas with
each other and built a space station together and helped to give the U.S a better understanding
of the universe for future references.
"The Space Race." The Cold War. N.p., 11 Mar. 2013. Web. 15 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0900/frameset_reset.html?
http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0900/stories/0901_0105.html>.
This online article was written to help show the reasonings for going to the moon. This article
describes how with the launch of each satellite from both the U.S. and the USSR the other had
to outdo the other. With Sputnik from the USSR came Explorer I from the U.S. and then the
USSR launched Sputnik II which carried a dog into space. Two months later the U.S.
launched its first communications satellite called SCORE which was followed by the USSRs
Luna I which was the first man made satellite to orbit the sun as well as Luna II which was
the first to land on the moon. Then each side launched humans into space and finally the U.S.
won by landing on the moon first.
"The Space Race Begins." NASA Challenging the Space Frontier. Scholastic, n.d. Web. 20 Oct.
2015. <http://teacher.scholastic.com/space/friendship7/>.
This article discusses how the space race began and what caused it. It explains that the Soviets
launched a satellite first causing a spark of fear into the minds of Americans. People began to
tease the president at the time, President Eisenhower, for a failed attempt at launching a
rocket. Therefore, this caused the start of the Space Race and the Soviets already had a head
start. Thus, this shows what the future of space exploration was going to look like.

Tyler, Joseph. "The Space Race and Its Impact on Technology Today Comments." Fall 2014
Washington State University. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
<http://history105.libraries.wsu.edu/fall2014/2014/08/29/647/>.
This website article describes the significance of the space race and its contributions to both
nations. With both nations competitive sides coming out each side tried to outdo the other by
significantly improving their technology, because of this each nations technology took a giant
leap. Without the space race we would not be able to have a GPS or accurate weather
predictions. It also helped with the development of computers to better design each rocket and
space ship. This website also explains when the space race started, with the launch of Sputnik,
and how it ended, with the US landing on the moon.
Williams, David R. "The Apollo Program (1963-1972)." NASA, 16 Sept. 2013. Web. 15 Sept.
2015. <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo.html>.
This website article was written to discuss all of the Apollo space missions and how many of
them were successful. It states that out of all the missions only six were successful of landing
safely on the moon, with the first mission being called Apollo 11. The article discusses that
because of all the moon landings, there was a significant amount of scientific data and lunar
samples that were collected and helped with experiments to figure out the Earths patterns.
Also, while on the moon, the astronauts would collect rock samples, pictures, and set up
experiments before they would orbit back to Earth.

Video
"Neil Armstrong - Interview." YouTube. YouTube, 27 June 2002. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hhk8rIkqdOk>.
In this interview Neil answers the question What did the computer look like that got you to
the moon? He responds and describes it as not better than a lap top but better than a hand
held device. He goes on and says how it had numbers 1-9 and an enter button and didnt

even have megabytes, it had no sounds or screen or graphics. This shows how after the space
race the technology has evolved from no screens to touch screens with sounds and various
buttons, this would never have happened without the space race.