JOURNAL ARTICLE REVIEW TEMPLATE

North American University

Education Department
M.Ed. in Educational Leadership
EDUC 5321: TECHNOLOGY FOR SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
Name: Gercek Boz

Date: 9/4/2015

Cite the reviewed article in APA format:

Chang, I-Hua. (2012). The effect of principals' technological leadership on teachers'
technological literacy and teaching effectiveness in Taiwanese elementary. Journal of
Educational Technology & Society, 15(2), 328-340.
INTRODUCTION
Research Questions (if research questions are not specifically mentioned, what is
the theoretical background or overarching theme):
Whether there are any significant relationships among principals technological
leadership, teachers technological literacy, and teaching effectiveness.
Purpose of the research:
Purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among principals technological
leadership, teachers technological literacy, and teaching effectiveness.
METHODOLOGY
What is the methodology for the research or approach used to understand the
issue? Provide information regarding the following:

Participants:
Randomly selected total 605 teachers, 211 male and 394 female, from
Taiwanese elementary schools.
A range of years of experience was present with
120 participants having 5 years or below,
235 participants having 6-15 years
224 participants having 16-30 years
And
26 participants having greater than 30 years of experience ( Chang, I-Hua.
2012).

Procedures:

Target population, 1000 teachers from 100 elementary schools within the
six metropolitan cities Keelung City, Taipei City, Hsinchu City, Taichung
City, Tainan City, and Kaohsiung City, in Taiwan. Those cities determined
based on the location -northern, central, and southern parts of the island
respectively, to represent and indicate the broader teaching population of
Taiwan.
A letter survey which randomly sent to the Director of Academic Affairs
Division of each elementary school in aforesaid cities.
Then Director randomly selected the teachers based on the cover letter
sent to the school.
The survey asked teachers to evaluate the principals role in leading and
facilitating technology use, teachers technological literacy and teaching
effectiveness in their school.
Of the 1000 questionnaires distributed, 60.5% were returned.
(Chang, I-Hua. 2012).

Data Collection Methods/Data Source:

In survey both qualitative and quantitative questions were asked
Data Analysis:
This research empirically investigated the relationships among principals
technological leadership, teachers technological literacy, and teaching
effectiveness and tested the structural equation model (SEM). SPSS was used to
calculate scale reliabilities (the Cronbachs alpha) and to perform factor analyses.
The final SEM model was done with LISREL.

RESULTS
Findings or Results (or main points of the article):

SEM lets researchers simultaneously define and measure multidimensional

constructs (e.g., principals technological leadership). The fit of the model to the
data was assessed with SEM fit indices. The Chi-Square value was 271.97 with
74 degrees of freedom and significance (p=.00). The NFI, NNFI, PNFI, CFI,
SRMR, GFI, AGFI and PGFI values were .98, .99, .80, .99, .043, .93, .90 and .66,
respectively. The Critical N was 204.42. The results of these common fit indices
(see table 3) clearly indicated that the model fit these observed data quite well.
DISCUSSIONS
Conclusions/Implications (for your profession): Given the results of the study there
is a significant effect of principals' technological leadership on teachers' technological
literacy and teaching effectiveness in Taiwanese elementary schools. Since the survey
conducted in a totally random way, and the sample was a good representative of the

whole population, we can easily conclude that to achieve the integration of technology
and teaching practices, along with the evident improve in teachers technological literacy,
principals should take the first step and accept being a leader in implementing
technology to classrooms for better effective and efficient teaching practices.
REFLECTIONS
Students Reflections (changes to your understanding; implications for your
school/work): After having read the all article, couple of questions pop up in my mind at
an instant.
First of all, I am now really wondering how those teachers evaluated their principals. Due
to not seeing the actual questions in survey, I do not feel that I am totally positive of
accepting the results. Because the most important part of a survey is always its
questions and wordings.
Secondly, in article collecting the results is not clear, instead it is written The
respondents in this study were teachers (i.e., tenured teachers, mentor teachers,
teachers serving as administrators and directors) reporting to their principals. (Chang, IHua. 2012). Whether any bias occurred or not, still I am not sure.
Additionally, the results were shown in very abstract way which may bring about some
confusion in readers. As a Statistics teacher even I had troubles understanding all the
values at a first glance, and it took me several minutes to figure out the real meaning of
the numbers.
As a result, I think it should have been more organized and neat article with a bit more
effort; more straightforward explanations, a bit more details, example questions,
comprehensible tables with graphs, and a small amount of perspicuity could have made
it more functional.
After all, even I think it could have been improved, this article was very helpful for me to
understand the main role of a school leader in technology area to reach or obtain better
effective teaching experiences with the teachers technology literacy. Thus, if a leader
would like to exceed the threshold of the outmoded and old fashioned practices, he/she
first should roll up his/her sleeves to literally lead the people around him/her to the
proper direction which is required to gain 20th century skills.

References;
Chang, I-Hua. (2012). The effect of principals' technological leadership on teachers'
technological literacy and teaching effectiveness in Taiwanese elementary. Journal of
Educational Technology & Society, 15(2), 328-340.