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Earthquake Engineering
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
100420106034
Yati Tank
100420106035
Sanket Solanki
100420106036
Henish Patel
100420106037
Darshika Patel
100420106038
Ronak Jariwala
100420106039
Ruchika Patel
100420106040
FEBRUARY 2013
B.E. (3RD YEAR) 6TH SEMESTER
Department of Civil Engineering
Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology
Athwalines, Surat, Gujarat
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled Base Isolation-A Technique is prepared &
presented by Charmy Modi (34), Yati Tank (35), Sanket Solanki (36), Henish Patel (37),
Darshika Patel (38), Ronak Jariwala (39), Ruchika Patel (40) of B.E. III year, VI Semester
Civil Engineering during year 2011-12.
His / Her work is satisfactory.
Signature of Supervisors
Earthquake Engineering
CONTENTS
1. Literature review...4
2. Introduction...5
3. Response of Base Isolated Buildings....8
4. Spherical sliding isolation system10
5. Types of bearings.10
5.1 Lead rubber bearings.10
5.2 Elastomeric bearings..11
5.3 High-damping rubber bearings (HDRBs)..12
5.4 Hybrid type: lead high-damping rubber bearings (LHDRBs)13
6. Maintenance and management of the isolation system15
7. Factors which enable the use of the base isolation...16
8. Practical application of base isolation...17
8.1 The first seismically isolated building17
8.2 The first seismically isolated bridge...18
9. The future of seismic isolation..18
10. Limitations.19
11. Case study..20
12. Conclusion.22
13. Reference23
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2. Introduction:
What is base isolation?
Base isolation is one of the most popular means of protecting a structure against
earthquake forces. It is one of most powerful tools of earthquake engineering pertaining
to the passive structural vibration control technologies. It is easiest to see the principle at
work by referring directly to the most widely used of these advanced techniques, known
as base isolation. A base isolated structure is supported by a series of bearing pads, which
are placed between the buildings and building foundation.
The concept of base isolation is explained through an example of building resting
on frictionless rollers. When the ground shakes, the rollers freely roll, but the building
above does not move. Thus, no force is transferred to the building due to the shaking of
the ground; simply, the building does not experience the earthquake.
Earthquake Engineering
Now, if the same building is rested on the flexible pads that offer resistance
against lateral movements, then some effect of the ground shaking will be transferred to
the building. If the flexible pads are properly chosen, the forces induced by ground
shaking can be a few times smaller than that experienced by the building built directly on
ground, namely a fixed base building. The flexible pads are called base-isolators, whereas
the structures protected by means of these devices are called base-isolated buildings. The
main feature of the base isolation technology is that it introduces flexibility in the
structure. As a result, a robust medium-rise masonry or reinforced concrete building
becomes extremely flexible. The isolators are often designed, to absorb energy and thus
add damping to the system. This helps in further reducing the seismic response of the
building. Many of the base isolators look like large rubber pads, although there are other
types that are based on sliding of one part of the building relative to other.
Base isolation is not suitable for all buildings. Mostly low to medium rise
buildings rested on hard soil underneath; high-rise buildings or buildings rested on soft
soil are not suitable for base isolation.
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5. Types of bearings:
5.1 Lead-rubber bearings
These are the frequently-used types of base isolation bearings. A lead rubber
bearing is made from layers of rubber sandwiched together with layers of steel. In the
middle of the solid lead plug. On top and bottom, the bearing is fitted with steel plates
which are used to attach the bearing to the building and foundation. The bearing is very
stiff and strong in the vertical direction, but flexible in the horizontal direction.
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How it works?
To get a basic idea of how base isolation works, first examine the above diagram.
This shows earthquake acting on base isolated building and a conventional, fixed-base
and building. As a result of an earthquake, the ground beneath each building begins to
move. Each building responds with movement which tends towards the right. The
buildings displacement in the direction opposite the ground motion is actually due to
inertia. The inertia forces acting on a building are the most important of all those
generated during an earthquake.
In addition to displacing towards right, the un-isolated building is also shown to
be changing its shape from a rectangle to a parallelogram. We say that the building is
deforming. The primary cause of earthquake damage to buildings is the deformation
which the building undergoes as a result of the inertial forces upon it.
5.2 Elastomeric isolation system
The most popular seismic isolation systems use elastomeric bearings which
consist of thin rubber sheets bonded onto thin steel plates and combine with an energy
dissipation mechanism. The rubber sheets are vulcanized and bonded to the thin steel
plates under pressure and heat.
The inner thin steel plates provide the vertical load capacity and Stiffness,
and prevent lateral bulging of the rubber.In particular the steel plates laterally constrain
the rubber sheets as vertical load is applied to the elastomeric bearing, providing the
vertical stiffness. Horizontal flexibility is provided by the shearing deformability of the
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rubber sheets which are not restrained from deform in that direction by the steel plates.
Thick mounting steel plates are bonded to the bottom and top surfaces allowing the
isolator to be firmly connected to the foundation below and the superstructure above.
The energy dissipation mechanism is based either on the plastic deformation of a
metal or on the inherent damping properties of the rubber. In the first case either lead
plugs are inserted in the elastomeric bearings or auxiliary dampers based on deformations
of lead or steel are used.
Lead rubber bearings (LRBs) and high-damping rubber bearings (HDRBs)
are most useful in seismic isolation since they provide the following in a single unit:
Vertical support due to the high vertical stiffness, which is usually several
hundred times the horizontal stiffness .Sufficient vertical stiffness is necessary to
avoid rocking of the structure.
Horizontal flexibility which shifts the fundamental frequency of the structure out
of the dangerous for resonance frequency range.
An energy dissipation mechanism, either via the plastic deformation of the lead
plug or through the inherent damping properties of high damping rubber.
Finally, there are also some systems that use natural rubber bearings (NRBs) with
additional steel or lead damper; in this case energy dissipation results from the plastic
deformations of the damper.
5.3 High-damping rubber bearings (HDRBs):
This type of bearing consists of thin layers of high damping rubber sandwiched
between steel plates. The same manufacturing methods for vulcanization and bonding
that are used for LRBs are also used to construct HDRBs. The only difference is the
composition of the rubber compound, which provides increased damping.
High-damping rubber is actually a filled rubber compound with inherent damping
properties due to the addition of special fillers, such as carbon and resins. The addition of
fillers increases the inherent damping properties of rubber without affecting its
mechanical properties. When shear stresses are applied to high-damping rubber, a sliding
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limited. LHDRBs offer a practical and cost-effective trade-off between the advantages
and limitations of LRBs and HDRBs.
When practically possible, it may be more effective to place the high-damping
rubber bearings with lead plugs at the perimeter of the building, preferably under the
columns situated as far away as possible from the center of stiffness and mass of the
isolated structure. High-damping rubber bearings with no lead plugs may be used under
the internal columns. This configuration will allow lower prior-to-yielding stiffness of the
lead plugs and consequently, a smoother change of the stiffness during yielding and
reverse loading. The high initial stiffness and its sudden changes are responsible for
higher mode effects and acceleration increases, which may be avoided by reducing the
initial stiffness. In addition, lower initial stiffness will provide a higher degree of
isolation at the prior-to-yielding stage. Placing the bearings with the lead plugs under the
external columns away from the center of stiffness will provide higher resistance against
torsion, due to the larger diameter between the points of application of forces and the
center of stiffness of the isolation system. Note that this configuration may be used only
when there is a rigid diaphragm at the isolation level to redistribute the inertia forces to
the LHDRBs.
An effective isolation system must have both viscous and hysteretic damping and
must ensure a continuous energy dissipation mechanism. The viscous damping, which is
velocity dependent, will ensure a continuous energy dissipation mechanism for both
severe earthquakes and micro tremors. Viscous damping may be provided by actual
viscous dampers or by rubber with inherent damping properties. The latter does not
actually provide such damping, which may, however, be assumed due to the rubbers
smooth elliptical hysteresis loops during cyclic loading. The optimum viscous damping
ratio lies within 20 to 30%; higher values lead to increase in floor acceleration.
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10.Limitations:
Although seismic isolation is a very promising design method for dealing with
earthquake loads, it cannot be used for all structures and at all sites.
10.1 Superstructure characteristics
A seismic isolation is generally suitable for low- to medium-rise buildings which
have their fundamental frequency in the range of the usual dominant frequencies of
earthquakes. Super structure characteristics such as height, width, aspect ratio and
stiffness are related to the applicability and effectiveness of seismic isolation.
10.2 Site characteristics
The seismicity of the particular region must be considered in order to determine
the necessity of seismically isolated structure in that region. Base isolation is not suitable
for all buildings. Mostly low to medium rise buildings rested on hard soil underneath;
high-rise buildings or buildings rested on soft soil are not suitable for base isolation.
10.3 Surrounding structures
All adjacent structures or facilities which may impose restriction on the seismic
isolation system must be taken into account, especially in order to estimate the
maximum allowable displacement. There are cases where the location of adjacent
structures does not allow the use of seismic isolation. Finally, the surrounding ground
may also impose restriction and special design details may be needed to enable the use
of seismic isolation.
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The completion of the new earthquake resistant Bhuj District Hospital in Indias earthquake
prone Gujarat State is a particularly satisfying achievement for members of the Wellington-based
Earthquake Engineering NZ business cluster, says EENZ Chairman David Hopkins.
The 300-bed Bhuj hospital replaces the building that claimed 176 lives when it collapsed during
the major January 2001 Gujarat earthquake. This is the first new building in India to be fitted
with the earthquake-resistant NZ developed base-isolation technology. The hospitals base
isolation design and bearings have been provided with the assistance of Earthquake Engineering
NZ members.
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A bi-lingual Hindi and English video has been made by Story!inc and Execam of the Creative
Capital Cluster of the achievement of rebuilding the new Bhuj hospital within two years of the
earthquake by Indias leading architects, engineers and construction firm working with the
assistance of New Zealands specialist earthquake engineering expertise. Trade NZ, Industry NZ
and Cluster members have sponsored the making of this video for use in India.
The Indian design team for the hospital has been led by architect Uday Pattanayak of EFN
Ribeiro Associates, New Delhi, and Structural Engineer Kamal Sabharwal. The construction
company is Indias largest, Larsen & Toubro. Cluster member Becas internationally renowned
seismic expert Richard Sharpe was working on a project in India at the time of the earthquake.
With the assistance of the New Zealand Government and support of the Earthquake Engineering
NZ cluster he was able to identify the reconstruction of the Bhuj hospital as a suitable project for
New Zealands earthquake engineering assistance. He recommended that the replacement
hospital be fitted with New Zealand developed base isolation lead rubber bearings. This robust
technology is well-suited to construction styles in India.
The specialist computer-based earthquake-resistant base-isolation building design work was
undertaken in Wellington by fellow cluster members Holmes Consulting Group and Dunning
Thornton Consultants, with the bearings manufactured and supplied by Robinson Seismic Ltd.
The lead rubber bearing technology was invented by Cluster member Bill Robinson.
The New Zealand Government contributed $ 150,000 to the cost of the project base-isolation
feasibility study and design work as part of the initial disaster recovery stage. The Indian Prime
Ministers Relief Fund funded the hospital construction, including the cost of the Robinson
Seismic Ltd bearings.
Other follow-up project opportunities In India worth several millions of dollars are being
pursued by members of the Earthquake Engineering NZ and associated Natural Hazards NZ
business clusters. These include further base-isolated building projects as well as several World
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Mack Morum
Project Manager
Bhuj Hospital Project
Earthquake Engineering NZ India Export Network
Robinson Seismic Ltd.
12.Conclusion:
We can use base isolation technique to construct the earthquake resistant building.
Proper materials and design should be selected to get the best result. The safety of people
should be the main aim.
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13. References:
P. Komodromos
Seismic isolation for earthquake resistance structure.
Henry J. Lagorio
Earthquake An architects guide to nonstructural seismic hazards.
Charles K. Erdey
Earthquake Engineering.
Yousef Bozorgnia & Vitelmo V. Bertero
Earthquake Engineering.
Wai Fan Chen & Charles Scawthorn
Earthquake Engineering Hand Book
George G. Penelis & Andreas J. Kappas
Earthquake resistant concrete structure
David Dowrick
Earthquake risk reduction
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