Dos os

In the history of computers dos was your old school os system. It used no mouse and
you had to type for commands. To go to downloads from drive c [hard drive] you
would type cd \users\(the users name, example: Mr.Swag )\downloads . And then you
would be in the downloads folder. To see what was in it you would type dir for
directory like a file or dir a letter then this *. Here's a example dir a*. That would pull
up all entity's with a for the first letter. Dos well take about 27 sec to show you all of
the files on drive c (hard drive)

The picture bellow is a example of what dos looks like

Dos And a DDOS attack are

NOT related just so you know.

A replacement-PowerShell

Windows PowerShell, a replacement for dos it is more like the Lynix terminal. So the
commands are different how ever windows PowerShell is much more advanced. Unlike dos
its can connect to the internet. Here's a example, looks somewhat like dos but its not.
Commands do more in PowerShell. Like tree tree does more in PowerShell than it does in
dos. It is faster and more exact then dos and just is plain out new. Power shell well take
about 6 sec to show all of the files on you hard drive.

You cant really beat the new os shells

out there.

Similarity's

Both the old dos and new PowerShell can be launched via batch file if you put :A start and
save it as a batch file. Same for PowerShell put :A then PowerShell. Batch files end with
a .bat so like dos lancher.bat thats a batch file. And it would have the batch file symbol
like the one below. Both of these systems have all the info on your drives as temp files so
it wont cause as much lag going through the tree command. How ever power shell is still
faster.

Batch

The users of batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user
prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer
operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as
a group. Thus, the programmers left their programs with the operator. The operator then
sorts programs into batches with similar requirements. Batch processing is a technique in
which Operating System collects one programs and data together in a batch before
processing starts. Operating system does the following activities related to batch
processing.

VBS-Virtual Basic Scripting

VBS Virtual Basic Scripting you can make windows Pop up boxes with these files. Errors
Loading Screens all that great Stuff. So vbs stands for Visual basic scripting. Windows uses
this file a lot but I use it for fun like making one look like internet explorer and making it
pop up a box that says windows has detected the dreaded internet explorer closing.
Here's a example paste this in note pad and save it as a .vbs file

X =msgbox("Oh crud windows has detected the dreaded internet explorer

closing",0+48,"Crud")

Unix

Unix was developed in 1960 it is different then every other os it has advanced commands sent
to the CPU and processors. Its made up of three parts kernel, shell and, programs. The kernel of
UNIX is the hub of the operating system: it allocates time and memory to programs and handles
the file-store and communications in response to system calls. Suppose a user typesrm my
file(which has the effect of removing the filemy file). The shell searches the filestore for the file
containing the program, and then requests the kernel, through system calls, to execute the
programrmonmy file. When the processrm my filehas finished running, the shell then returns
the unix prompt % to the user, indicating that it is waiting for further commands. UNIX is a
computer Operating System which is capable of handling activities from multiple users at the
same time. Unix was originated around in 1969 at AT&T Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis
Ritchie. This tutorial gives a very good understanding on Unix. The UNIX operating system is a
set of programs that act as a link between the computer and the user.

The computer programs that allocate the system resources and coordinate all the details of the
computer's internals is called the operating system or kernel.

Users communicate with the kernel through a program known as the shell. The shell is a
command line interpreter; it translates commands entered by the user and converts them into
a language that is understood by the kernel.

Unix

Unix was originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken
Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. There are various Unix variants
available in the market. Solaris Unix, AIX, HP Unix and BSD are few examples. Linux is also a flavor
of Unix which is freely available. Several people can use a UNIX computer at the same time; hence
UNIX is called a multiuser system. A user can also run multiple programs at the same time; hence
UNIX is called multitasking. Kernel:The kernel is the heart of the operating system. It interacts with
hardware and most of the tasks like memory management, tash scheduling and file management.

Shell:The shell is the utility that processes your requests. When you type in a command at your
terminal, the shell interprets the command and calls the program that you want. The shell uses
standard syntax for all commands. C Shell, Bourne Shell and Korn Shell are most famous shells
which are available with most of the Unix variants.

Commands and Utilities:There are various command and utilities which you would use in your
day to day activities.cp, mv, catandgrepetc. are few examples of commands and utilities. There
are over 250 standard commands plus numerous others provided through 3rd party software. All the
commands come along with various optional options.

Files and Directories:All data in UNIX is organized into files. All files are organized into
directories. These directories are organized into a tree-like structure called the filesystem.

Unix

Linux

For Lynix you can get something called superuser this allows you to be like a admin on a
Pc for instance. You type $ su to get superuser. $ means standard user # means superuser.
Hashtags weren't invented for teens it was for PCs. Linux is one of popular version of UNIX
operating System. It is open source as its source code is freely available. It is free to use.
Linux was designed considering UNIX compatibility. It's functionality list is quite similar to
that of UNIX.

Kernel- Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all major activities of this
operating system. It is consists of various modules and it interacts directly with the
underlying hardware. Kernel provides the required abstraction to hide low level hardware
details to system or application programs.

System Library- System libraries are special functions or programs using which
application programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's features. These libraries
implements most of the functionalities of the operating system and do not requires kernel
module's code access rights.

Linux

System Utility- System Utility programs are responsible to do specialized, individual

level tasks.

Kernel Mode vs User Mode

Kernel component code executes in a special privileged mode calledkernel modewith

full access to all resources of the computer. This code represents a single process,
executes in single address space and do not require any context switch and hence is very
efficient and fast. Kernel runs each processes and provides system services to processes,
provides protected access to hard wares to processes.

Support code which is not required to run in kernel mode is in System Library. User
programs and other system programs works inUser Modewhich has no access to system
hard wares and kernel code. User programs utilities use System libraries to access Kernel
functions to get system's low level tasks.

Linux

Portable- Portability means soft wares can works on different types of hard wares in
same way. Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of
hardware platform.

Open Source- Linux source code is freely available and it is community

based development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the
capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.

Multi-User- Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system
resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.

Multiprogramming- Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications

can run at same time.

Linux

Hierarchical File System- Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/
user files are arranged.

Shell- Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute
commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, call
application programs etc.

Security- Linux provides user security using authentication features like password
protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.

Hardware layer- Hardware consists of all peripheral devices (RAM/ HDD/ CPU etc).

Kernel- Core component of Operating System, interacts directly with hardware, provides
low level services to upper layer components.

Linux

Shell- An interface to kernel, hiding complexity of kernel's functions from users. Takes
commands from user and executes kernel's functions.(Similar to dos and PowerShell)

Utilities- Utility programs giving user most of the functionalities of an operating systems