Data

Booklet
CHEMISTRY 12
Work done in this booklet
will not be marked.

Ministry of Education

Revised January 2000

CONTENTS

Page

Table

Periodic Table of the Elements

Atomic Masses of the Elements

Names, Formulae, and Charges of Some Common Ions

Solubility of Common Compounds in Water

Solubility Product Constants at 25C

Relative Strengths of Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Acid-base Indicators

Standard Reduction Potentials of Half-cells

REFERENCE
D.R. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1999.

14

(227)

Actinium

Ac

Yttrium

39

45.0

Scandium

(261)

Rutherfordium

Rf

104

178.5

Hafnium

Hf

Zirconium

Zr

40

47.9

Titanium

Values in parentheses
are the masses of the most
stable or best known isotopes for
elements which do not occur naturally.

Based on mass of C12 at 12.00.

(226)

Barium

137.3

Cesium

132.9

(223)

56

Ba

55

Cs

Radium

87.6

85.5

Francium

89

Strontium

Rubidium

88

138.9

Sr

Rb

Ra

Lanthanum

38

37

87

72

57

La

40.1

Fr

91.2

88.9

Calcium

39.1

Ti

Potassium

Sc

20

Ca

24.3

23.0

Magnesium

Sodium

19

12

Mg

11

Na

25

75

91

Pa
Protactinium

231.0

90
Thorium

232.0

140.9

Th

Neodymium

Praseodymium

Cerium

140.1

238.0

Uranium

92

144.2

60

Nd

59

Pr

58

Ce

Bohrium

Bh

107

186.2

Rhenium

(262)

Seaborgium

Sg

106

183.8

Tungsten

(263)

(262)

Dubnium

Db

105

180.9

Tantalum

Re

74

73

Ta

(98)

Technetium

Tc

43

54.9

Manganese

Mn

95.9

Molybdenum

Mo

42

52.0

Chromium

Cr

92.9

Niobium

Nb

41

50.9

Vanadium

28.1

26
27

(237)

Neptunium

Np

93

(145)

Promethium

Pm

61

(265)

Hassium

Hs

108

190.2

Osmium

Os

76

101.1

Ruthenium

(244)

Plutonium

Pu

94

150.4

Samarium

Sm

62

(266)

Meitnerium

Mt

109

192.2

Iridium

Ir

77

102.9

Rhodium

Rh

45

44

Ru

58.9

Cobalt

Co

55.8

Iron

Fe

(243)

Americium

Am

95

152.0

Europium

Eu

63

195.1

Platinum

Pt

78

106.4

Palladium

Pd

46

58.7

Nickel

Ni

(247)

Curium

Cm

96

157.3

Gadolinium

Gd

64

197.0

Gold

Au

79

107.9

Silver

Ag

47

63.5

Copper

Cu

31

(247)

Berkelium

Bk

97

158.9

Terbium

Tb

65

200.6

Mercury

Hg

80

112.4

Cadmium

(251)

Californium

Cf

98

162.5

Dysprosium

Dy

66

204.4

Thallium

Tl

81

114.8

Indium

In

49

48

Cd

69.7

Gallium

Ga

65.4

Zinc

Zn

27.0

Aluminum

Al

Boron

(252)

Einsteinium

Es

99

164.9

Holmium

Ho

67

207.2

Lead

Pb

82

118.7

Tin

Sn

50

72.6

Germanium

Ge

32

28.1

Silicon

Si

Carbon

14

13

13

30

12

12.0

29

11

10.8

28

10

9.0

Atomic Number
Symbol
Name
Atomic Mass

Beryllium

Silicon

Si

14

6.9

24

Lithium

23

22

Be

21

Li

1.0

Hydrogen

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

(257)

Fermium

Fm

100

167.3

Erbium

Er

68

209.0

Bismuth

Bi

83

121.8

Antimony

Sb

51

74.9

Arsenic

As

33

31.0

Phosphorus

15

14.0

Nitrogen

15

(258)

Mendelevium

Md

101

168.9

Thulium

Tm

69

(209)

Polonium

Po

84

127.6

Tellurium

Te

52

79.0

Selenium

Se

34

32.1

Sulphur

16

16.0

Oxygen

16

(259)

Nobelium

No

102

173.0

Ytterbium

Yb

70

(210)

Astatine

At

85

126.9

Iodine

53

79.9

Bromine

Br

35

35.5

Chlorine

Cl

17

19.0

Fluorine

17

(262)

Lawrencium

Lr

103

175.0

Lutetium

Lu

71

(222)

Radon

Rn

86

131.3

Xenon

Xe

54

83.8

Krypton

Kr

36

39.9

Argon

Ar

18

20.2

Neon

Ne

10

4.0

Helium

He

18

ATOMIC MASSES OF THE ELEMENTS

Based on mass of C12 at 12.00.
Values in parentheses are the mass number of the most stable or best
known isotopes for elements that do not occur naturally.
Element
Actinium
Aluminum
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Dubnium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mendelevium

Symbol

Atomic
Number

Atomic
Mass

Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Db
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Md

89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
20
98
6
58
55
17
24
27
29
96
105
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
101

(227)
27.0
(243)
121.8
39.9
74.9
(210)
137.3
(247)
9.0
209.0
10.8
79.9
112.4
40.1
(251)
12.0
140.1
132.9
35.5
52.0
58.9
63.5
(247)
(262)
162.5
(252)
167.3
152.0
(257)
19.0
(223)
157.3
69.7
72.6
197.0
178.5
4.0
164.9
1.0
114.8
126.9
192.2
55.8
83.8
138.9
(262)
207.2
6.9
175.0
24.3
54.9
(258)

Element
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Rutherfordium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulphur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
2

Symbol

Atomic
Number

Atomic
Mass

Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr

80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
104
62
21
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40

200.6
95.9
144.2
20.2
(237)
58.7
92.9
14.0
(259)
190.2
16.0
106.4
31.0
195.1
(244)
(209)
39.1
140.9
(145)
231.0
(226)
(222)
186.2
102.9
85.5
101.1
(261)
150.4
45.0
79.0
28.1
107.9
23.0
87.6
32.1
180.9
(98)
127.6
158.9
204.4
232.0
168.9
118.7
47.9
183.8
238.0
50.9
131.3
173.0
88.9
65.4
91.2

NAMES, FORMULAE, AND CHARGES OF SOME COMMON IONS

* Aqueous solutions are readily oxidized by air.
** Not stable in aqueous solutions.
Positive Ions
(Cations)
Al

3+

NH4+
2+

4+

Pb

Aluminum

Li+

Ammonium

Lead(IV), plumbic
Lithium

Barium

Mg2+

Magnesium

Ca2+

Calcium

Mn2+

Manganese(II), manganous

Cr2+

Chromium(II), chromous

Mn

Manganese(IV)

Cr3+

Chromium(III), chromic

Hg 22+

Mercury(I)*, mercurous

Ba

Cu

Cu 2+

4+

Hg2+

Copper(I)*, cuprous

K+

Copper(II), cupric

Mercury(II), mercuric
Potassium

Hydrogen

Ag+

Hydronium

Na

Fe 2+

Iron(II)*, ferrous

Sn2+

Tin(II)*, stannous

Fe 3+

Iron(III), ferric

Sn4+

Tin(IV), stannic

Pb 2+

Lead(II), plumbous

Zn2+

Zinc

H+
+

H 3O

Silver
Sodium

Negative Ions
(Anions)
Br

Bromide

OH

CO3 2

Carbonate

ClO

ClO3

Chlorate

Cl

ClO2
CrO4 2
CN

Chlorite

NO3

Nitrate

Chromate

NO2

Nitrite

Dihydrogen phosphate

HCO3

C 2O 42

Cyanide

H2 PO4

ClO4
MnO4

Ethanoate, acetate

Oxalate
Oxide**
Perchlorate
Permanganate

PO 4

Phosphate

Hydrogen carbonate, bicarbonate

SO 42

Sulphate

Sulphide

HSO4

Hydrogen sulphate, bisulphate

SO 32

HS

Hydrogen sulphide, bisulphide

SCN

HSO3

Monohydrogen phosphate

Fluoride

Hydrogen oxalate, binoxalate

HC2O 4

Iodide

HPO 42

Dichromate

Hypochlorite

Chloride

Cr 2O7 2

CH3 COO

Hydroxide

Hydrogen sulphite, bisulphite

3

Sulphite
Thiocyanate

SOLUBILITY OF COMMON COMPOUNDS IN WATER

The term soluble here means > 0.1 mol/L at 25C.
Negative Ions
(Anions)

Positive Ions
(Cations)

Solubility of
Compounds

All

Alkali ions: Li+ , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , Fr +

Soluble

All

Hydrogen ion: H +

Soluble

All

Ammonium ion: NH 4

Nitrate, NO3

or
or

Chloride,Cl
Bromide, Br

Iodide, I

Sulphate, SO4

Sulphide, S

Soluble

All

Soluble

All others

Soluble

2+

Ag , Pb , Cu

Low Solubility

All others

2+

Ag , Ca , Sr

Soluble

2+

2+

2+

Low Solubility

, Ba , Pb

Alkali ions, H + , NH 4 + , Be2+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+

Soluble

All others

Hydroxide, OH

Low Solubility

Alkali ions, H + , NH 4 + , Sr 2+

Soluble

Low Solubility

All others

or
or

Phosphate, PO4

Alkali ions, H , NH 4

Soluble

Carbonate, CO
Sulphite, SO

All others

Low Solubility

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS AT 25C

Name

Formula

K sp

Barium carbonate

BaCO3

2.6 10 9

Barium chromate

BaCrO4

1.2 10

10

Barium sulphate

BaSO4

1.1 10

10

Calcium carbonate

CaCO3

5.0 10 9

Calcium oxalate

CaC2 O4

2.3 109

Calcium sulphate

CaSO4

7.1 105

Copper(I) iodide

CuI

1.3 10 12

Copper(II) iodate

Cu IO 3

6.9 10

Copper(II) sulphide

CuS

6.0 10 37

Iron(II) hydroxide

Fe OH

4.9 1017

Iron(II) sulphide

FeS

6.0 10 19

Iron(III) hydroxide

Fe OH

2.6 10 39

Lead(II) bromide

PbBr2

6.6 10 6

Lead(II) chloride

PbCl2

1.2 10

Lead(II) iodate

Pb IO3

3.7 1013

Lead(II) iodide

PbI2

8.5 10

Lead(II) sulphate

PbSO4

1.8 108

Magnesium carbonate

MgCO3

6.8 10 6

Magnesium hydroxide

Mg OH 2

5.6 10 12

Silver bromate

AgBrO3

5.3 105

Silver bromide

AgBr

5.4 10 13

Silver carbonate

Ag2 CO3

8.5 10

Silver chloride

AgCl

1.8 1010

Silver chromate

Ag2 CrO4

1.1 10 12

Silver iodate

AgIO3

3.2 10 8

Silver iodide

AgI

8.5 1017

Strontium carbonate

SrCO3

5.6 10 10

Strontium fluoride

SrF2

4.3 10 9

Strontium sulphate

SrSO 4

3.4 10

Zinc sulphide

ZnS

2.0 10 25

( )2

( )2
( )3
( )2

( )

12

RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF BRNSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES

in aqueous solution at room temperature.
Acid

STRONG

Name of Acid
Perchloric

HI

Hydrobromic

HBr

STRENGTH OF ACID

Ethanoic, acetic
Dihydrogen citrate ion
Hexaaquoaluminum ion, aluminum ion
Carbonic (CO 2 + H 2 O)
Monohydrogen citrate ion
Hydrogen sulphite ion
Hydrogen sulphide
Dihydrogen phosphate ion
Boric
Ammonium ion
Hydrocyanic
Phenol
Hydrogen peroxide
Monohydrogen phosphate ion

very large
1.0
1.7 10 1

5.9 10 2
1.5 10 2
1.2 10 2

+
H 3 PO 4
H + H 2 PO 4
3+
2+
+
Fe(H 2 O)6
H + Fe(H 2 O)5 (OH)

+
H 3C 6 H 5 O 7
H + H 2 C 6 H 5O 7

+
HNO
H + NO
2

HF
H +F
+

HCOOH
H + HCOO
3+
2+
+

Cr(H 2 O)6
H + Cr(H 2 O)5 (OH)
+

C H COOH
H + C H COO
6

2
+
HC 2 O 4
H + C2O4
+

CH 3COOH
H + CH 3COO
2
+
H C H O
H + HC H O
2

Al(H 2 O)6

7
3+

H 2 CO 3
HC 6 H 5O 7 2

2+
+

H + Al(H 2 O)5 (OH)

H + HCO 3
3
+

H +C H O
6

5 7
2

+
HSO 3
H + SO 3
+

H 2S
H + HS
+
H PO
H + HPO
2

C 6 H 5OH
H + C 6 H 5O
2
+
HCO 3
H + CO 3

+
H O
H + HO
2
2

3
+

H + PO 4
+

H2O
H + OH

HPO 4

Water

OH H + + O 2

Hydroxide ion

NH 3 H + NH 2

Ammonia
6

6.0 10 3
7.1 10 4
4.6 10 4
3.5 10 4
1.8 10 4
1.5 10 4
6.5 10 5
6.4 10 5
1.8 10 5
1.7 10 5
1.4 10 5
4.3 10 7
4.1 10 7
1.0 10 7
9.1 10 8

+
H 3 BO 3
H + H 2 BO 3
+
NH 4 +
H + NH 3
+

HCN
H + CN

7.5 10 3

6.2 10 8
7.3 10 10
5.6 10 10
4.9 10 10
1.3 10 10
5.6 10 11
2.4 10 12
2.2 10 13
1.0 10 14
very small

very small

STRONG

WEAK

Hydrogen carbonate ion

very large

STRENGTH OF BASE

Hydrogen oxalate ion

very large

WEAK

Hydrogen sulphate ion

Benzoic

very large

+
H2C2O4
H + HC 2 O 4

+
H 2 SO 3
H + HSO 3
2
+
HSO
H + SO

Sulphurous (SO 2 + H 2 O)

Hexaaquochromium ion, chromium( III ) ion

Oxalic

Methanoic, formic

H + Br

H 2 SO 4 H + HSO 4
+
H 3O +
H + H2O

+
HIO
H + IO

Iodic

Hydrofluoric

Hydronium Ion

Nitrous

very large

HNO 3 H + NO 3

Sulphuric

Citric

H +I

very large

Nitric

Hexaaquoiron ion, iron( III ) ion

HCl H + Cl

Hydrochloric

Phosphoric

H + + ClO 4

HClO 4

Hydriodic

Ka

Base

ACID-BASE INDICATORS
Indicator

pH Range in Which
Colour Change Occurs

Colour Change
as pH Increases

Methyl violet

0.0 1.6

yellow to blue

Thymol blue

1.2 2.8

red to yellow

Orange IV

1.4 2.8

red to yellow

Methyl orange

3.2 4.4

red to yellow

Bromcresol green

3.8 5.4

yellow to blue

Methyl red

4.8 6.0

red to yellow

Chlorophenol red

5.2 6.8

yellow to red

Bromthymol blue

6.0 7.6

yellow to blue

Phenol red

6.6 8.0

yellow to red

Neutral red

6.8 8.0

red to amber

Thymol blue

8.0 9.6

yellow to blue

Phenolphthalein

8.2 10.0

colourless to pink

Thymolphthalein

9.4 10.6

colourless to blue

Alizarin yellow

10.1 12.0

yellow to red

Indigo carmine

11.4 13.0

blue to yellow

STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS OF HALF-CELLS

Ionic concentrations are at 1M in water at 25C.
Oxidizing Agents

Reducing Agents

STRONG

2F

+ 2.87

2SO 4 2

+ 2.01

2H 2 O

+1.78

Mn 2 + + 4 H 2 O

+1.51

Au ( s )

+1.50

1
2

Br2( l ) + 3H 2 O

+1.48

Cl + 4 H 2 O

+1.39

2Cl

+1.36

2Cr 3 + + 7H 2 O

+1.23

H2O

+1.23

Mn 2 + + 2 H 2 O

+1.22

+ 3H 2 O

+1.20

1
I
2 2( s )

+1.09

2 Br

Au ( s ) + 4Cl

+1.00

NO ( g ) + 2 H 2 O

+ 0.85

+ 0.82
+ 0.80
+ 0.80

(s)

Hg 2 2 + + e
Hg ( l )
2+
Fe 3 + + e
Fe

+ 0.80
+ 0.77

O 2( g ) + 2 H + + 2e
H2O2

MnO 4 + 2 H 2 O + 3e
MnO 2( s ) + 4OH

2
+ 2e
I
I

+ 0.60
+ 0.54

2( s )

Cu + + e
Cu ( s )
H 2 SO 3 + 4 H + + 4e
S( s ) + 3H 2 O
Cu 2 + + 2 e
Cu

+ 0.52

SO 4 2 + 4 H + + 2 e
H 2 SO 3 + H 2 O
+
Cu 2 + + e
Cu
4+
2+

Sn + 2 e Sn

+ 0.17

+ 0.45
+ 0.34

(s)

+ 0.15
+ 0.15

S( s ) + 2 H + + 2 e
H 2 S( g )
2H + + 2e
H 2( g )
Pb 2 + + 2 e
Pb ( s )
Sn 2 + + 2 e
Sn

+ 0.14
+ 0.00
0.13
0.14

(s)

Ni 2 + + 2 e
Ni ( s )
H 3 PO 4 + 2 H + + 2 e
H 3 PO 3 + H 2 O
Co 2 + + 2 e
Co

0.26
0.28
0.28

(s)

Se ( s ) + 2 H + + 2 e
H 2 Se
2+
Cr 3 + + e
Cr

Overpotential
Effect

0.40

7
2H 2 O + 2e
H 2 + 2OH 10 M

2+
Fe + 2 e Fe

(s)

2
Ag 2 S( s ) + 2 e
2 Ag (s) + S
Cr 3 + + 3e
Cr

(s)
Zn 2 + + 2 e
Zn

(s)

Te ( s ) + 2 H + + 2 e
H 2 Te

2H 2 O + 2e
H 2( g ) + 2OH

2+
Mn + 2 e Mn
(s)

Al 3 + + 3e
Al ( s )
Mg 2 + + 2 e
Mg

(s)

Na + + e
Na ( s )
Ca 2 + + 2 e
Ca
(s)

Sr 2 + + 2 e
Sr( s )
Ba 2 + + 2 e
Ba ( s )
K+ + e
K
(s)

Rb + + e
Rb ( s )
Cs + + e
Cs( s )
Li + + e
Li
(s)

0.41
0.41
0.45
0.69
0.74
0.76
0.79
0.83
1.19
1.66
2.37
2.71
2.87
2.89
2.91
2.93
2.98
3.03
3.04

STRONG

WEAK

+ 0.70

STRENGTH OF REDUCING AGENT

STRENGTH OF OXIDIZING AGENT

1
2

Overpotential
Effect

+ 0.96

Hg 2 + + 2 e
Hg ( l )
+
1
O
+ 2 H 10 7 M + 2 e
H2O
2 2( g )
2 NO 3 + 4 H + + 2 e
N 2 O 4 + 2H 2 O
Ag + + e
Ag

WEAK

F2( g ) + 2 e

S2 O 8 2 + 2 e

H 2 O 2 + 2H + + 2e

MnO 4 + 8H + + 5e

Au 3 + + 3e

BrO 3 + 6H + + 5e

ClO 4 + 8H + + 8e

Cl 2( g ) + 2 e

Cr2 O 7 2 + 14 H + + 6e

1
+ 2H + + 2e
O

2 2( g )
MnO 2( s ) + 4 H + + 2 e

IO 3 + 6H + + 5e

Br2( l ) + 2 e

AuCl 4 + 3e

NO + 4 H + + 3e

E (Volts )