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Calculus I
Dr Paul May
Indefinite, in which we aren't given the limits of integration, i.e. x=a to x=b,
so we just calculate a generic, all purpose solution, and
Definite, in which we are told a and b and so we can calculate an explicit
value for an area.
(ii)
3x .dx = x
2
But 3x2 is also the differential of x3 - 1 and x3 + 8, etc. so that this reversal is not unique we've 'lost' the constant! So in general, 3x2 is the differential of (x3 + k) where k is any
constant this is known as the 'constant of integration'.
3x .dx
2
= x3 + k
(Later on, youll see that if were given more information, we can work out the value for
k, but for now, we just leave it as it is).
x n1
x .dx = (n 1) + k
n
In words: Add one to the power, then divide by the new power. Then add k.
Examples
1.
x .dx
2
x3
+k
3
52
Chemistry 1S
Calculus I
2.
20x .dx
3.
7x.dx
4.
a.dx
5.
abx .dx
Dr Paul May
4x5 + k
For example:
abx .dx
ab x3.dx
ab
or:
5q .dq
5 q2.dq
5q 3
+k
3
Also, the position of the .dx is usually last in the line, but it can, in principle, be anywhere
inside the integral. You may sometimes see the .dx written first (usually in Physics
textbooks).
For example: Area = dr (r3 r5)
x .dx
x .dx
x3 / 2
(3 / 2)
2 x3
+k
3
1
.dx
x3
-3
.dx =
x 2
2
=
1
1
+k
2x 2
Chemistry 1S
Calculus I
Dr Paul May
2m 3
+k
3
5 .d
10 3
+k
3
1
.d
8.
2m2.dm
9.
10.
.d
1 / 2
1/ 2
2 +k
3x
12.
+ 7x.dx
x +
3x + 7x
2
1
5 2
x + 4x3.dx
2 +
3
x
=
=
54
Chemistry 1S
Calculus I
Dr Paul May
Example
1.
What is the area under the curve y(x) = 2x2 between x=1 and x=3? (Note: this is
the same problem we did graphically earlier).
x 3
Area
2x
.dx we write the limits at the top and bottom of the integration sign
x 1
2x3
k
=
3
x 3
indefinite integral
= (18 + k) - (2/3 + k)
= 18 - 2/3
= 171/3 sq. units
Note: the k's cancel. So when we evaluate a definite integral we can ignore the constant
of integration.
2.
What is the area under the curve y(x) = 2x3 - 6x between x = -1 and x = 0?
x 0
A=
2x
4
3
6 x.dx
area
x 1
x4
3x 2
=
2
1
0
-1
= (0 - 0) - ( - 3)
-2
= 2 sq.units
-3
-4
-2
-1
3.
What is the enthalpy of a gas at 20 K given that its heat capacity as a function of
temperature is given by C = 2T 2, over the range T = 0 K to 20 K?
Youll learn in chemistry lectures that the enthalpy of a gas, H, is given by the area under
the curve of heat capacity vs temperature. In most cases, we approximate it by saying
55
Chemistry 1S
Calculus I
Dr Paul May
that the heat capacity doesn't change much with T, so is in fact a constant. If we take an
average value between 0 and 20 K of 10 K, then C~2102 = 200 J K-1 mol-1. In this case
the enthalpy is just given by
H=
T2
T1
C.dT
= [200T] T12
= 200(T2 T1)
T2
T1
200.dT
= 200(30 0)
= 6.0 kJ mol-1
However in this question, we are asked for a more accurate answer, and are told C is not
constant, its a function of T.
So
H=
T2
T1
C.dT
T2 20
T1 0
2T 2 .dT
2T 3
3
20
(16000 / 3) - 0
= 5.3 kJ mol-1 (compare this with the approximate answer we obtained when we
assumed C was constant).
2
between x = 1 and x = ?
x2
[This may seem oddhow can you calculate an area up to x = infinity? But if you draw
the graph, youll see that although x goes to infinity, the curve is getting closer and closer
to the y axis and so the area is getting smaller. So in this case, it is possible to calculate a
finite area, even though we are integrating to infinity].
4.
A=
= 1
2
.dx
x2
2 x 2 .dx
= [-2x-1]1
2
x
= (0) - (-2)
= 2 sq.units.
56
Chemistry 1S
Calculus I
Dr Paul May
A=
2 x.dx
-3 sq. units
y = 2x
8
6
4
2
A2
A1
-2
-4
-6
-8
-4
-3
-2
-1
e .dx
x
ex + k
57
Chemistry 1S
Calculus I
ax
.dx
Dr Paul May
1 ax
e
+k
a
Example
1.
A = 1
3 exp( 5 x ).dx
= e 5 x
5
= (0) - ( -0.004)
0.004 sq.units
1
.dx
x
ln x + k
(this is the one we cannot do using the 'magic formula' and is very important in Physical
chemistry).
ln x.dx
x.(ln x - 1) + k
Example: (From 2nd year thermodynamics) Calculate the work done when an ideal gas is
expanded infinitely slowly from a starting volume V1 to a final volume V2.
The work done is given by the area under the pressure-volume graph, or:
Work = -p(V).dV
58
Chemistry 1S
Calculus I
Dr Paul May
Since were told its an ideal gas, we can replace p(V) with nRT/V
Work =
nRT
V .dV,
V2
Work = -nRT V
1
.dV. Applying the rule, above:
V
cos x.dx
sin x + k
sin x.dx
- cos x + k
tan x.dx
- ln (cos x) + k
Example: What is the area under the curve y() = 3sin between = 0 and
A =
/4
3 sin.d
= [ -3 cos ] 0
/4
= ( -3 0.707) - (-3)
= 0.879 sq.units
59
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4