Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
U????B??
WOKLF Ub
_ e?'
uU _ n?BK
wUMB
uHR*
UIM +U q
bO UL
wuA rU
e rOF
UF d?
hL( u rOF
5U
ZUM* ed
U db
ZUM* e?d
ud d
hL(u dL
WOMH dzb
U?d b?z
d?
UL o u
r?OL?B
u? bL?
WUDK Vu; b
U* c b w U
b rOd qUL WMU bO dB U wU bL wUueHK ud od
wLuI U uBM w
.dJ b V UULF UdN od
WO
d v_ WF D
?
ZUM* edwUF rOKF WOd u WuH l?D uI lOL
WMb* ed WN s 5LO vK U bUF* U uOB* w ZUM* ed
5DK
tK
fU
uHK
pcdc@palnet.com wdJ uMF www.pcdc.edu.ps WOdJ WHB
+U q
bONL
VFA UuL oOI WOMODKH WOuB) wd UNM l{ d{ wUF rOKF WOd
VFAK WOMu UO UM U LN
U U bF wMODK UNM UM uFA 5 tUJ cQ v wMODKH
w Wb* WdA uLK WOLM wU ou WOdI1b rOI aOd U U wMODKH
uK WOL) WD) U UN
u wu c lL* b oI UN s w rOKFK WOzd WKOu t w UNM* WOL sLJ
VUD rKF* bO v_ _ rKFK jOu bB* t_ UNM* dUM b wb* UJU WU WUM
jzUu s UdO d_ rKF WOK; WUI uU( Xd rKF qzU s dO v WU{
bU*
nB VJ wMODKH UNMLK UND s WU WKd* oOD UF c u d
WKd* V iF duD v WU{U wMI wMN* WOU uKF wLKF tdH uU _
WOd uJ UN UI UF w uU wU nB UNM V UNFO WOU_
U OU u qLF uHBK UF rOKFK WOb* VJ lOL b XKL b wUF rOKF
qd* ZUM* WOKOK% WO1uI U qL wdJ rOKF UJA U w WO WOM lOu vK
wMODKH rOKF WOu 5% ud duD WKu* UuL U OI YU* lOL w
UU UI Ub v dA b_ uHBK e$ w rKF* W WOb* VJ bF
wIDM qN uKQ X{d UuKF UF s tOK qLA U0 rKF rOKF WOKL w WOU eO
.uI VOU WDA_ qzUu fb ozdD qB W{ dR sLC WuM d dOu
uc* WOL) WD) U l
UNb uuI sc ULKF* 5LKF* 5ud WUA0 U uM
Ud UNOIM VJ WFd r
uK
W bI
oOu w tK
uHR*
WOU UN
UNUb
WbO bF
tb
WOHO UK U
dbBIU UK UOKL
UNU WOzUdNJ _ WdF
dbBIU _
v_ bu
U???u??;
WOU bu
UdNJ UOU
U r
U bu r????
bN UO UuL UJ
b se d UO UuL UJ
wzUdNJ fOUMGL
UHKL
WO WKUHL
luLK WuF WKUHL
RL wu vK nK WUI
RC
ued vK dF
Wd bb ued h
ued qzb V b
udd UO
udd w WLU dOGL
dAL YU WKOu WODI WOzUM ued hzUB
WU bu
UM* UO
W U) bu
ued
WFd bu
UOzUM
b?????u
WOU UN
sd9
b_
WbO bF vK VUD dF
q Ub vK dF
WOU_ UuKF*
qJA rNULN U s rNMJL rNKL WHK eN UB UdNJ uOM b
UD_ c WUOB bF b UD bb hH WHK eN b c oO
eN_ UD UJ VM _ eN_ cN `OB b s bQ V
bF
UNb
rd
wd VOd p
U UJQ UJH
WHK L
WHK
U iI b
U UJQ W
UO nK
WHK
WdF w b
WdF W
WOzUdNJ
nUN qLF
UJ nU gO W
Uu fJ
lDI b
WUD
WOdJ lDI U
U UJU j
WIO b WUF
WHK
lDI nK UK
bU l U U
dbB pK
dbBI jU
UJA
nUN qOu
lu UuK UJA
WOzUdNJ _
qU
dbBI s pK
lDI UK UNB
UK W
UK W
wU U j
WOKUL UO WU
WOL UO WU
Oscilloscope U r
UJ nK bOu
Uc bu
WOzUdNJ UuL
Function Generator
WHK L
UJ nK dF
WOzUdNJ UuL
UA
UNUb d WFD
q wL WbO bF vK dFU r
tUb d UN q wL d * w uu* WHK * eN_ vK dFU r
tb
WOHO UK U
sd9
bN
UK U UuJ vK VUD dF
UJ b UN tJ WOKL sUL qLF VUD uI
WdEM
wQ U rdU `{u u UL u j w UF UK U Vd
tuD q u{u UJUL s wuD U vK wu qJA uHK d pK
wuD UF q l{u U qJ WObF WFD
w UJ
WU U s iI
WObF WuD
UJ
UdJ qO
220 AC
50 HZ
d pK
s WU U
UJU*
WU U s iI
UK U e
UK U UJ
jO UF UJ
bL UJ
UH l UJ
td W w rJL UJ
dbBIU UK bM UN c_ V U
dbBIK U s WOU uJ YO bO UK U nOEM
UK `D vK dbBI
UA
UNUuJ vK dF WJKN U WU pH r
XJKN b nEM w WFDI w U
sd9
bN
dbBIU UK WOKL vK VUD b
UK p WOKL vK VUD b
_ bF
UH uL
WOLJ
dBMF UN
30-20
tbU
l U U
60/40
dbB
pK
1
WLb
eN s WOdJ Uu
U UH
WOdJ Uu
U
bO UN qLF WU nE
dbBIU UK sWFML UG UAM VM
VUML UJL w UJ l{u dO pH c VM
qLF uD
dbB
pK tbU
l WUM b
U U dC
dbBI dN W v qB s v UdNJU UJ q
r
qJAU `{u u UL dO bOU dbBI We wMLO bOU UJ p
UN bL tu s WuDL b Wu vK VUML UNUJ w WOdJ lDI l{
WDIM UL p WuDL bK dO tu qH s WOdJ lDI q vK UK WU l{
dbBI s dO WOL lC WDIM vK bO dNBMO WDIM pK vK dbBI l{
qJA
qJA
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
WOdJ lDI p XO w WOU b
U WU b UL
UeOL nO bO U WDI vMF U
sd9
b_
WOzUdNJ _ WdF VUD uI
dbBI pK UK U WUu WOzUdNJ _ UK VUD uI
Wd dL WDu _ nOEM s VUD sJL
WdEM
c dbBI vL
qJA
qJA
Wb
L _
UH uL
WOLJ
lDI d UMF
r u
rK
dbB
U pK
WUD
U WU
WdF W
WU W
qu p W
wU pK
qLF uD
r uD 5JK WdF r
r
r
r
r
UK WIDM
T d WK
UD qJ wK WK
dbBIU _
sd9
bN
sO nOE UK `D uJ YO WOUM W
d UK WOKL VUD cHM
WdEM
p WOzUdNJ b w UNU UNCF UNK UNU WOKL o dbBIU _ WOKL
WuI UK WOKL qON dFL pK e vK UK UJ dNBML dbBI s WOU WOL l{u
Wb
L _
UH uL
WOLJ
rK
U U
WdF W
WUD
qu p W
dBMF
WU W
dbB
pK
r uD wU pK
qLF uD
wUM pK WdF r
e_ b ruD WU e v pK e
UA
u_ UD
_ WHK b S sdL b
b?????u
dU??O ?d??
G*
?N???J??UO
? U????O???U
?U????
_ sdL
(DIGITAL MULTIMETER) wL d d bF UOI UN dUF j{
b
sdL cOHM bF pM l
u
d bF UOI UN jC
bN' UOI UN' b
UO UOI UN' b
WUI* UOI UN' b
hH UOKL w UN' b
eN
Digital Multi Meter wL
d d bF UN
tUM qOu
WOzUdN tUI
Xu (9)t(U tUD
wzUdN UB
bF UOI UN qJA
wL
d d_
tOU UuKF*
dL (DC) dLL u bN wzUdNJ UO UOI wL
d d bF UOI UN b
h tUu r bN UOI u vK qu UO UOI wu vK UN qu YO (AC)
WOzUdNJ b s UNKB bF WOzUdNJ WUIL UO
r pc qOu WdL wzUMWO
b w WuN W
s t eOL UL U uO d wL
d d bF UNdF td sO UNKOu
qJA sO UOI (range) b rOLB UJ u WOU s eN c nK jC
.DMM d bF UN oU
qLF uD
wK UL UNUO
d* WOLJ V tOB d d
V-
COM
COM
10A
COM
tOI* WOLJ u vK d* UO
wL
d d bF UN j{ qJA
(DC) tUD bN UOI dOLu UN tb
5 UL
DC
rOOI
bN' UOI vK d bF UOI UN qu
UNB bM b s WOzUdNJ WUI* qB r U*
UO UOI vK d bF UOI UN qu
WOzUdNJ WUI* WLO
UOI WUI* l vK d bF UOI UN qu
WOzUdN WUI w U* UO UOI u vK WK - d bF UOI UN' qB U
WUD bN UO
WU w u UJ dL pK qb - UN' dI qB U
U vK UOI UO UH l{ r U qu WO hH
wU sdL
eN
Xu 6 tUD dL bN bB
WeF WUM qOu
wzUdN UH
bO WU Xu 6 dL bN vK qLF wzUdN UB
tOU UuKF*
d dL U u bNK bB vK qLA tOU UuJ vK WOzUdNJ b u
b
wzUdNJ UOU WcG dL wzUdNJ qL qL wzUdN UB UOK dL qL teF qOu
qNO dOLuH bN UO
UN dOdO UO UO
UN WOzUdN UO
eN vK u
UNu w WOzUdNJ ud sO
qJA w We UDD ULF r WOzUdNJ b dUM qOL
qB qOu rJ sJL WOzUdNJ b dUM iF tzUdNJ ud b sO b
wzUdNJ UHL WUu power supply tcG bB s wzUdNJ qL
wzUdNJ ed
WOzUdNJ WOLJ
r d
XU bN bB
d bN bB
wzUdN UB
wzUdN UH
S
WOzUdNJ b dUM u iF b
qLF uD
qJA w tMO* WOzUdNJ b q
wzUdNJ
td
q wzUdNJ UB* l u vK dOLu UN qu r
WuH* WIKG* WOzUdNJ b uNH s BH ddI V
rOOI
WDO WOzUdNJ b UuJ w U
WuH* WOzUdNJ b U wzUdN UO UNO w b w WIKG* WOzUdNJ b
wzUdN UO UNO
WOzUdNJ b w WOzUdN UO
eN qOu r U*
WOzUdNJ bK ed jD * r s dG u U
b s wzUdNJ UB* wJK wd b qB - b U
WOzUdNJ b w U* wzUdNJ UO WLO
s WOzUdNJ WUI* qLF
YU sdL
eN
pKGA w du* dOLuH bN( UO
UN
dOLuH UN e qJA
WOU UuKF*
WLOI dOG WU bN UBL AC/DCWHK L uN UOI Voltmeter dOLuH UN b
Wd vK bN UO
dL qL l u vK WKOu r qJA w sOL edU W ed
WOzUdNJ b?? w bN hH WKOu pc qLF dLL uN WU w tODI Ud l
qLF YO rJ W
dL d UD_ hO A WHK L
wL
d dOLuH UN dF AnalogdRL dOLuH UN
qJA `{u dRL UN s UOI w W
d Digital
wKUL dRL dOLuH UN
qLF uD
Xu 1.5 bN tU WUD d
dOLuH
wL
d
qJA
d* WUD
UbN UO
UN d w QD W
DC UN d
(V)
DC tUD bN
(V)
1.5
3
6
WJKN WUD
dOLuH UN WUu WHK UUD uN UO
b
rOOI
WHK uN UOI wL
d dOLuH UN dUF r nO
dR* dOLuH UN s U uO W
d wL
d dOLuH UN dF U*
bN UO
d* qL( l vK dOLuH UN qu
bN bI WdF* bN bB h r nO
W
dLK dR* dOLuH UN qLF sJ1 s
qK UN' qb WU w UN' d
nK q
ld sdL
eN
tUD Xu 6 dL bN bB
VUM lDI WU teF tUM qOu
wzUdN UH
du* wL
d dOdO UN
WHK bI Xu 6 dL bN vK qLF WOzUdN `OUB
WOU UuKF*
d (Direct Current) DC edU t ed dLL UO vL ULb wzUdNJ UO s Uu UM
c UO u dLL UO (AC) Alternating Current edU W ed dL dOGL UOU vL
se d l WU WLO
dOG c UO uN dOG UO U se d l sOU WU WLO
vI
UO UO
dLdBMF l wu vK UN c qu V UO UOIdOdO UN b
bN U UL UOIU b q
tOK dOdO UN j{ rO tUO
dL UO u bb pc V
.d dL tu YO sdBMF vK jKL bN u l UO u U UOK VL u
qLF uD
l wu vK uu* Xu 6 dL bN vK qLFwzUdNJ UB*U wL
dOdO UN q
qJA w 5 u UL Xu 6 tLO
dL bN bB
b' w wL
d dOdO UN d
WLO
q
d
q r WHK b
d v wzUdNJ UB* dOG l WIU WOzUdNJ b qOu b
b' w UN'
wzUdNJ UB* dOOG l WIU uD) b
S
W uU UBL b
AdOdO d
UBL
wU UBL
YU UBL
dOdO UN d
b
rOOI
UO UO
d* dBMF l vK dO UN qu
tb
UB* w U* UO WLO
5 t
UM q
u vK UB* wdD dU dOdO UN q b l
u U
d UB s wzUdN UB b
eO9 sJ1 nO
dH U wzUdNJ UB* U vK VJ U vK U b wDF `OUB* s
p
fU) sdL
eN
Xu 1.5/6 uN' WHK UUD
dO2 dOLDu dL UO UO
eN
teF tUM qOu
10 qOL% WUI
wzUdN UH
tOU UuKF*
uI vL
Ri1
Ri2
V1
V2
Ri1
Ri2
V1+V2
U OU bN U vK UO vK uBK u vK UUD qOu qJA
V
qLF uD
V1
V2
Ri2
Ri1
S
A
b'
Ri1
V1
Ri2
V2
wzUdNJ UH* oK
b' w V dOLOuH UN d
q
qJA w 5*dOdO UN d
q
s uD) b r Xu
sJ qJA q
V2 dOLuH d
V1 dOLuH d
ULN UUD
(6)nK bN
wu V(1.5)
ULN UUD
V (6) bN fH
u
UO
eN l wu vK sOUD qOu b
(A) dOdO d
UHL WU
(V)
dOLuH d
uH
oKG
UO
eN l u vK sOUD qOu b
S
V2
V2
V1
R
V
q wL
d dOLuH UN WUu b vK
UUDK VdL qOu qJA
V dOLuH d
(V)
V2 dOLuH d
(V)
V1 dOLuH d
(V)
WUIL WLOI
S UHL WU
UH
oKG
rOOI
U OU uJ UbM wu vK UUD qu
U OU uJ UbM u vK UUD qu
Ou UUD qu
s qJ vK rO
v WU( bM U d
WIU UUD qOu w qOL% WUI WU{ w V u U
dL* bNK bBL WKLF* UUD u d
iF UNCF l WKB UUDK d lOL uJ VKD u vK qOu
iF UNCF l WKB UUDK d lOL uJ 5 w
UNM q bN' WMU u vK UUD qOu w wU dA u U
UM b WUD UB* s q wd vK bN' UO
WUD l wzUdN UB qOu bM
p qK 5U( wdOLuHK dI WLO
w d
b vDU Xu 6 bN UN WUD l q Xu 21 bN vK qLF wzUdN UB pb
wU UL V tHOF{ U
vK U b UB* wDFO Xu 6 ULNM q bN U F 5UD qOu sJ1 nO
d WUD WU{ WU w WUD q s U) UO WLOI b U
qOu WId r l p `{ uB
U b wDFO UB* Ub 5% sJ1 q
U sdL
eN
ohmmeter
dO2 WUI* UO UN
wzUdN UB
tOU UuKF*
UNM qJA w sOL edU UN ed WOzUdNJ b dUM r s WOzUdNJ WUIL
WOzUdNJ UUIL rO
UOI (ohmmeter) dOL UN b dOGL UUIL WU UUIL
qJA w WMOL WIdDU UNLO
UO
dL UUIL qOu r YO wzUdNJ e qJA `{u
WHK u WUI UO
sJL dUMF s UdO s WcG bB s UNKB bF p
UK U hH v UNU WdFL WOzUdN `OUB WUI UO
UNO WdFL
qLF uD
UNLO
UOI qGA* w pb du* WU UUI* s b d
w UNLO
q qJA w `{u u UL WU WUI* wdD wL
d dO2 UN wd q
b'
b' w UNK UNLO
UOI r
r dU WUI* dO
WOU WIdDU UNLO
UOI pb du* qJA w Ue 5* dOG* UUI* s b d
q WHK l
u w WUI* WIeM d tb dOG* WUI* wd bU UN' wd X
b' w dI
WIU uD) b r dU dOG* WUI* dO
dOG WUIL wzUdNJ ed qJA
UBL
wzUdNJ
U
UK
WUIL
dOGL
WUIL
WU
UN d
dOL
v dI
WOU dI
WU dI
wL d dOL UN d b
rOOI
h - b
W rKF l nU XMuK UB* u; oU) nK* WO s bQ nO
bO WU W b tUB
b U wzUdN UO qu bN bB0 u
u w wzUdN qO s bQ nO
dO2 b dO WOzUdNJ tKu w qK) WdF* d WId UM q dO UN
sd9
b_
UUIL u VUD eOL
UNOK uuL WUJ s UNL s UUIL b
VUD dF
u_ qO s UUIL WLO
b
WdEM
eOL U UNLO
bI wzUdNJ UO d W
U UNHzU r WOzUdNJ b UuJ b WUIL
UNM qu b UNCF s UUIL
WUIL lM U
WUIL WLO
UNb
UNKJ
WUIL b
e r Ue t k
eN
UH uL
WOLJ
dBMF UN
WHK rO
20
WHK UJ WHK rO
20
nK U WHK rO
20
1 w-2w
WHK bI WHK rOI WU WOud UUI
4
qLF uD
pU w dOGL WU UUIL sO eO
sUNMO eO rKFLK pR UNb sU vK dF U O dOGL UUIL b
UNOK uuL UUJ s qJA
b qL
UNb
UNLO
WOJK UUILU
UUJ c WOMF U U MO UNOK uuL UUJ UNu WUIL qJ tO `{u ddI V
sd9
b_
u_ Wb WOudJ WUIL WLO
VUD b
WdEM
sOF UE V WUIL r u rd WuK uD s WOudJ UUIL WLO
b
u_ s u qJ WbF WLOI sO wU b
uK
u
wM
dL
wUId
dH
dC
wHM
Color
WbF WLOI
Black
Brown
Red
Orang
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
U
iO
w
Grey
White
gold
0.1
wC
selver
0.01
QD) W
WFd WIK WU w
5% w
10%
1%
2%
wC
wM
dL
20% u b
UIK l UE
47x1k=47k 10%
_ uK
wU uK
QD) W
UH_ b
UO s _ bF qL
v_ WIK
UO s wU bF qL
UH_ b qL
QD W qL
WOU WIK
WU WIK
WFd WIK
UIK WL
UE
_ uK
wU uK
YU uK
QD) W
UH_ b
v_ WIK
UO s wU bF qL
WOU WIK
UO s YU bF qL
UH_ b qL
QD W qL
WU WIK
WFd WIK
WU WIK
U
w dL wUId wHM u_ WUIL WLO b
q
73X 100 5%
7.3K 5%
7 3 2 5%
WE
WUIL wd b w d
uJUO s v_ WIK
v_ u_ UIK s bF uJ QD W WIK
(1,2.2,3.3,4.7,5.6,6.8,7.2,10) K,
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
Uu r
UA
WU WOudJ UUIL pH r
pKGA w uDF wdJ UN WuD Wu s Y
UNU b r dOGL
UUI* qOu
sd9
b_
VdL u wu UUIL qOu d vK VUD dF
UUIL qOu sOu
s VUD oI
WdEM
1K
1K
R1
R2
1K
R3
WOKL b
Ou c qLA UNK_ rLB
1K
R1
1K
R2
1K
R3
u vK UUI qOu qJ
dH sO w d_ uK b UUIL lOL w
1K
R1
1K
R3
R2
1K
R4
1K
VdL qOu qJ
_ eN_
UH
uL
WOLJ
dBMF UN
Zb bF
dOu
(1/2 W) (1x4)K
WOud UUI
qOu Wu
30W
U U
qLF uD
qJA w tMOL b UM UK U qOu Wu b
UNLO
q R1 WUIL wd sO tK UN dH WUIL UO
vK dOLu j{
UNLO
q R1 , R2 , R3 UUILK UOI d
b bK WOKJ WUIL WLO
q R3 WUIL WUN R1 WUIL Wb sO dOLL wd q
`O wuU UUIL qOu uU
R1+R2+R3 UUIL w
uL U UNLO
qJA w WOML b UM UK U qOu Wu b
sbK WOKJ WUIL WLO
q qJA w UL R1 WUIL wd sO dOL wd q
u qOu uU
V bK WOKJ WUIL WLO
V UUILK WdFL rOI
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R1
R1
R2
R3
R 3 x R4
R 3 + R4
W????K????????
.u wu vK UUI* qOu ub w U_ U
ULNKOu WU w 5U 5UI* WUJ* WLOI U
wu vK
.u vK
sd9
b_
wU _ udO wuU
s U OKL VUD oI
WdEM
u bN e UO S WOzUdN w wu vK UUIL qOu WU w t rKF
tUF bBL bN WLO
U UUIL vK uNK wKJ uLL uJ YO UUIL vK
U WIKG w uN w dOGK d uLL vK _ udO uU
hM WODI w
vK e UO d bN S WOzUdN w u vK UUIL qOu WU w U dH
vMFL dH U WOzUdNJ b w dH WDI bM UOK d uL uJ YO UUIL
VDI w UN tUF UNM tU UO uL U dH WDI v tKb UO uL
V1
It
A
A
I1
Vt=10V
R1
6.8K
A
I2
R1
6.8K
A
I3
R2
4.7K
Vt
R3
R2
4.7K 3.3K
V2
3.3K
R3
V3
UO lu qJ
bN d lu qJ
_ eN_
UHuL
Zb bF
WOLJ
dBMFUN
dOu
qOu Wu
U U
d wzUdN bN bB
dbB
U
WOud UUI
1
1
30
(0-30)V , 1A
40/40
(2x6.8k,2x4.7k
3.3k,10K) 1/2w
1
1
qLF uD
qJA w tOML b UM r
VUM Zb vK dLL bN UO
vK dOu j{
dL Xu10 bN vK tD{ bF bU dLL bN bB q
UNOd sO sbN WLO
q R1 WUIL wd sO dOLuH UN q
R3 , R2 sOUIL vK r
uD d
bBL bN WODI WUF (V3 , V2 , V1) uN WOD
k
uU
W X c b WUIL rOI iuF V-V1-V2-V3=0 WUFL W s oI
_ udO
Xu10 vK tD{ bF bU dLL bN bB q
bU UL wKJ UO WLO
q b bN bB l wuU dO q
q R2 WUIL l wuU tK r I1 UO WLO
q R1 WUIL l wuU dO q
I3 UUO WLO
q R3 WUIL l wuU tK r I2 UUO WLO
wKJ UO WODI tUF(I1 , I2 , I3) UO UOD
k
udO uU
W X c b UOK WUIL rOI iuF I-I1-I2-I3=0 WUFL W s oI
wU
UA
pUE q WOU b vK WIU Wd b
R1
R2
R3
R4
UFuL qOu
sd9
b_
u wuU UFuL qOu vK VUD dF
UFuL qOu sOu
s VUD oI
WdEM
WOU_ UuKF*
5IdD UFu* qu
qJA w UL wu vK qOu
C1
CT
C2
C3
Cn
qJ
C1
C2
C3
Cn
WOU WUFL
UE
CT =
C1 x C2
C1+C2
CT =
C
n
ULNF d{ qU
sOFuL WUJL WF
ULNF lL qU
C1
C2
C3
Cn
u vK WuuL
qJ
CT = C1 + C2 + C3+......+Cn
_ eN_
UHuL
100F,100F,10F
470F x 2,220F,330F
WOLJ
dBMF UN
tF UO UN
UFu
30 W
U U
60/40
dbB U
qOu Wu
qLF uD
UNM q WF q qJA w C1C2C3UFuL WF UOI WF UO
UN b
qOu Wu vK qJA w WOML b UM r
WOKJ tF WLO
q b qb v tF UO
UN q
1
CT
C1
C2
C3
W????K????????
ULuU wuU UFuL qOu d WOK WF wDF ULN
uU wuU UFuL qOu d WOK qOGA bN wDF ULN
UFu* u eOO9
sd9
b_
WHK L UFuL u sO VUD eOL
UNOK WuJL ud s UFuL rO
VUD b
WdE
v U qJA UFuL nMB
uJOU dOGB rOI oO
b jC UFu dOG UFu v Ub nMB WLOI dOG
_ eN_
UHuL
WuL qJWOLJ
dBMF
WO UFu
U_ u_ UJ_ WHK
UJU UFu
u_
WOOdJ UFu
qOGA uN UFK WHK rO
dOG UFu
oO j{ UFu
uOUM UFu
qLF uD
uKDL UFuL s WuL pb
UuL v UNu V UFuL u sO eO
b qL
tKOGA bN tF tu luL qJ sO UFuLU U sO u UL
b tOD
U MO
UNM q WF dOOG WOUJ k dOGL UFuL b
UNF dOOG WOUJ k jC UFu b
pb uuL UFuL s WHK L u qOGA uN sO U
d_ UFuL s WODI UFuL u b
u_ eOd UE b U rOI c b u_ UE WDu UNF bb r w UFuL k
BH ddI V
t XL
UL
tOD
tKOGA bN
tF
tu
luL qJ
r d
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
qOGA bN rO
UNF YO s UFuL s d_ u_ WOOdJ UFuL sO dH U
U O WOUF qOGA uN UN dOJ WF UFuL
U O WOUF qOGA uN VUM w UFuL u u U
dOGL UFuL oO
b jC UFu sO WF w dOG w dH U
dOG uJ pOdO UJUL UFu w V U
tF uJ r 104K tOK V lu
UFuL h
sd9
b_
dO _ UN b U UFuL hH VUD uI
luL WF UO
UN VUD b
WdE
u s UH YO luL mdH s WOKL vK wdI h UFuL h b bLF
hH WU w l luL wD
qOu bMF Multitester UN w sO dL wzUdN bN bB
b
nJL v dOA WOzb WOF{u v UOb uF r dH WLO
UU dO UN dR U
luL vK b p U tu b dRL d bM U `U t b sJL wUU tM r
p U U OFD
UN dR d r luL wd sO dB
b vK b dLL UO dL
dOJ UFu* WU w jI U U b WIO
XO WIU WIdD qB WU w luL vK b
WF UO
UN b VO oO
b hHK U U { mdH sA dNE YO UdJU*U U O
W
b nJ* WF wDF YO (Capacitance Meter) nJ*
_ eN_
UHu*
U_ u_ UJ_ WHK
WuL qJWOLJ
dBMF
bF UO UN
nJ* WF UO UN
UFK WHK rO u_
qOGA uN
WO
UFu
UJU UFu
WOOdJ UFu
dOG UFu
oO
j{ UFu
uOUM UFu
eN s WOdJ Uu
WHK
qLF uD
uKDL UFuL s WuL pb
b qL
bN WOL tF tu luL qJ sO UFuLU U sO u UL
b tOD
U MO tKOGA
UDMK tb w hH WO dOL_ UN b U WIU UFuL h
UFuL WODI hHK VUML
b w UN WOKFH WF UOI r
nJL WF UO
UN b U
luL WLO
dOOG l UOI UN b U oO
b jC UFu dOGL UFuL hH r
luLK vKH UOKF WLOI WEL
UM
tKOGA bN
WUI* WF WOL WF
tu
lu* qJ
r d
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
WUI* WLOI bF WMU k U luLK WOL WLOI WUI* WLOI 5 U
`U W WOL WLOI s
dO2_ b U dOG* UFu* h sJ1 q
lu* bM qLF c bN' dOG l WU lu* WF vI q
b?????u
dL UO
Oscilloscope
U r
U r
3
6
qJ
WUA
-1
qOGA r
-2
-3
Screen
Power
Vertical
Horizantal
-4
wI rJ UO r
Trigger
Inputs
-5
U b
-6
qbL
Screen-
WUA
Power
qOGA r
vK u
tzUH UN qOGA qOGA UH
WUA vK j
uLF rJ r
DC-AC-GD U u UO `OUH
(DC) WU U Wd c DC
AC
WU s WdL U UN
qJ
WuLF UFdL b
WOI_ UFdL b
Xu 20 = 5 x 4 = bN
qJA
uMI qb ?
CH1 UMI qb
CH2 wU UMI qb
UMI qb
uJOKO
buL
UN d
U
2 1 UMI qb
uJOKO
dzb v
fL
qJA
qJA
qJA
Horizontal
wI rJ r
ldWOU wKK
s/square
ld WOU
qJA w ldWOU
WOU 2 4 x
1
2
b se S
Trigger
U b
uJK UN b
uD
dUF* qOGA q uD
WO uD UU UOI WOKLF eON V qLFK uJKO UN b q
(OUT) U l{uU uJ V jGC `OUH
UP l{u vK V `OUH
qOGA bF
WUA vK wzuC j uN WUG UE
uMIU rJ UH b U WKb U UMI bb
GND vK U u UO UH l{ ?
Oscilloscope
uKDL V
? `B p bF
DC AC WKbL
UNM dUFLK d d UM
U r pc 1Vp-p bN1 KHz d U bOu uI dOOF U wKb bBL
rdU U probe UOI f b U U r qb v WFdL U c
uLF wMe jUC
rd vK U U d s bU
dK 0.05% %5 U W
b 125KHz d WFd U bu b U dUFL sJL
Function Generator
Uu* bu
WOdJ WcG w U c b
bu U r b U UNFU r WHK
`OUHL s dO WuL UN c?? WN vK
qJA
r UNU Ud UNu U qJ UO
`OUHL c
UN qOGA Power qOGA UH
WFd WOO XU ULO UbOu dL WuL u UO :Function WuL UO `OUH
WK
d UO `OUH
CMOS TTL u UO d U K V bM uJ UAML s Wu UO UH
OUTPUT d L
U bu r????
sd9
bN
U r UN b vK VUD b
UuL bu UN VUD b
_ eN_
WOLJ
UN
U bu UN
U r
BNC
dOLu UN
qLF uD
U?? ? ? ? q?? ?? ? O? ? J? ? b?? ? ? ? ?? ? ?U?? ?
bu d q uJOKOU
Y uLF
U bu
X
wI_
qJA w UL U
2Volt/div vK uLF jUC l{
rd 1 ms/div wI jUC
2
U
qJA
se
w b qL UU
edO d
Xu WL WL bN'
U u
500
10
WFd
12
WK
WOO
WOU wK 4
600
WU U
WOU U
v_ U
W????K????????
20ms/div wMe jUC 10v/div WOU vK 5v/div v UMIK uLF jUC l{ U
bN WuL U ?
bN' UO
Uu* UJ
sd9
bN
UuL UJ vK VUD dF
U r ULFU WuLK vLEF WLO
VUD fOI
WHK L UuL UJ sO VUD eOL
_ eN_
WOLJ
dBMF UN
U r
U bu
dOLu
BNC
WU V
qOuK
WdEM
WUA vK UUN t d UDM sL{ U UJ UN WOUJU U r UL
WHK d Uu UJ bOu U bu uI ULMO
qLF uD
vK qL qJA w UL b qOu r
WOO WuL UN
WOO Wu b U bu b U
dLOuH d
WUF WLOI 2V UbI
Y uLF
U bu
V
U r
X
wI_
100Hz Ud
qJA
2ms/div wI jUC l{
U rd wI jUC dO
1 ms/div 5 ms/div
v
edO 1500 edO 1000 edO 500 `BO d dO
d vK UJ r
WIU ZzUM V b qL
U OUO ZzUM
U OU ZzUM
UH
uJuK_
bNK
UH
uJuK_
seK
V/div
S/div
2V/div
2m/sec/div
100Hz
2V/div
1m/sec/div
100Hz
2V/div
5m/sec/div
500Hz
2V/div
2m/sec/div
1000Hz
2V/div
2m/sec/div
1500Hz
2V/div
2m/sec/div
s d
GF
F(HZ)
Vrms
100Hz
2V
Vmax
vLEF WLOI
WL
WL
Vp-p
WFd* Wu* UN
100Hz Ud dLOuH d
WUF WLOI 2v UbI WFd Wu b U bu b U
? s WIU uD l
WK* Wu* UN
100Hz Ud dLOuH d
WUF WLOI 2v UbI WK Wu b U bu b U
? s WIU uD l
W????K????????
UNu WuL d sO W
F U
b se
b se d UO
Uu* UJ
sd9
bN
U r b U d b se VUD fOI
WdEM
WUA vK UUNU WHK L UuL UJ b se d UO
s U r UMMJL
_ eN_
WOLJ
dBMF UN
Uu bu
U r UN
dOLu
BNC
WU V
qOu
qLF uD
WOO' WuLK
qJA w UL b q
dOLuH d
WUF WLOI 12V bI bN 10KHz d WOO Wu bOu r
UuL bu b U
2v/div
U bu
V
U r
X
wI_
d b se V ?
20s/div v wI jUC dO
dOOG bF d b se V
d vK UuL UJ rd r
qJA
WFd* WuLK
d
WUF WLOI
12V
bI bN
10KHz
WK* WuLK
d
WUF WLOI
12V
wzUdNJ fOUMG*
sd9
bN
wzUdN fOUMG UM VUD uI
WdEM
v jUGL rI UdO XUuJ qJOM bbU WOOUMGL uL iF fOUMGL c
WHK dD UM r wUM WFOD s tOK uB r wFO sOu
_ eN_
UHuL
WOLJ
dBMF UN
dL wzUdN bN bB
UOI bF
dOLK
rK 2 U dD r 10 tu
200-100
dOG WUI
WU V
1
e
WKu
WU V
dHM
WU V
pK
qLF uD
dHMB u bb VOC
nE
bb VOC
vK UNH WFDI VUM e W
dC
eF W
vK eFL pK s U b n
WKu U vK p dOU k bb WFD
s WKu d
qJA w UL bU tK VUML Zb vK DCmA WOF{ vK dOLKL j{
S
A
200
10V
qJA
W????K????????
wzUdNJ UO UD
fJ bM wOUMGL UL uD qB U
wzUdNJ fOUMGL UNOK bLF w quF U
UHK*
sd9
bN
UHKL u vK VUD dF
nKL WO h VUD lOD
WdEM
v nMB VKI U V dOGL WU UNM r qJA w UNCF s UHKL nK
Xd Wbb WOzu
nK* WO h
uJ YO WCH M WUI pK nKL UU dOL WDu nKL WO h sJL
sOU vK nKL w VDF
b WOU dOL d
UNO uJ nKL UDI
nKL d W UH V UHKL sO UF UON WO UHK sO dB
b
wU UO d s ZUM
_ eN_
UHuL
UOI bF
WHK UJ u
WOLJ
1
6
1
dBMF UN
DMM dOL
UHK
WO h UN
qLF uD
dOG WU v pu w UHKL sO eO
WO h UN ULFU nK q WO b w q
UNK nK q WUI UOI r
dOL b U
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L(H)
R
WOL
W????K????????
nKL WO vK WUF UL UON dOU U
nKL WO WdFL dOL ULF wHJ q
UA
U{ b w nKL WO vK VKI Wd dOU sO WO h UN b U
WO( WKUH*
sd9
bN
WO WKUHL VUD fOI
WO WKUHL vK d dOQ vK VUD dF
WdEM
w WO WKUHL bLF dMN bu tU UI b w WOU dUMF s nKL dF
XL= 2fL
V
XL= L
IL
_ eN_
UHuL
WOLJ
1
UOI bF
L=100mH
1K
1
1
dBMFUN
U bu
DMM dOu
nK
WOud WUI
dO
qLF uD
R
5KHz
qJA w b UM r
XL
1Vrms
A
qJA
WE
dOu d
WUF WLO
w b w uN q
f= 5 KHz
U bu bN VS
1V
2V
f= 10 KHz
1V
2V
WUI* bN VR
Y; bN Vl
dO d
b UO I
(XL=VL/I) WO( WKUH* XL
L=XL2f nK* WO L
W????K????????
UDFL rOI l UNOK XKB w nKL WO U
nKLK WO WKUHL vK dR w quF w U
XU UOK dB
b nKL qLF qK
sd9
bN
luLK WuF WKUHL VUD fOI
WuF WKUHL vK d dOQ vK dF
WdEM
WuF WKUHL bLF dMN bu tU UI b w WOU dUMF s luL dF
XC =
XC=
VC
IC
1
2fc
_ eN_
UHuL
WOLJ
1
UOI bF
C=0.1F
1K
1
1
dBMFUN
U bu
DMMdOu
lu
WOud WUI
dO
qLF uD
R
5KHz
qJA w b UM r
5KHz d WOO Wu wDFO U bu j{
1Vrms
U bu d vK dOu wd q
A
qJA
q WUIL wd vK dOu wd qI
bNK WUFH WLOI
WE
dOu d
WUFH WLOI w bU uN q
f= 5 KHz
U bu bN VS
1V
2V
f= 10 KHz
1V
2V
WUI* bN VR
Y; bN Vc
dO d
b UO I
(XL=VL/I) WuF WKUH* Xc
C=
1
nJ* WO c
2fXC
W????K????????
UDFL rOI l UNOK XKB w luL WFu sO U
luLK WuF WKUHL vK dR w quF w U
sd9
bN
nK s WuJ b WOKJ WFULL VUD b
wu vK WUI
100mH
75KHz
R
47K
VS
qJA
WdEM
X2L+R2
W F
W F s uD V
_ eN_
UHu*
WOLJ
dBMF UN'
U bu
Zb bF
dOu
47 K 0.5 w
WU WOud WUI
100 mH
nK
U r
qLF uD
100mH
75KHz
R
47K
VS
CH1
qJA
CH1
qJA w UL b UM r
WOO Wu wDFO U bu j{
WUF WLO
Xu 1 75KHz Ud
2v/div 10s/div U r j{
wUMIK
VR
VS=1 v
Vl
VS=2v
VS=1v
I=Vr/R
VS=2v
VS=1v
VS=2v
XL=VL/I
VS=1v
ZT=VS/I
VS=2v
VS=1v
VS=2v
W????K????????
WUF WLO
10V bN bB 5 WUIL 80H nKLK WO XLK WIU b w
V 10KHz Ud WOO WuL
WO WKUHL
WOKJ WFULL
uD W ?
UA
pUE UAM s WFd WK `B WOO WuL dOOG r
sd9
bN
lu s b WOKJ WFULL VUD b
wu vK WUI
0.01F
75KHz
R
1K
VS
qJA
WdEM
bK WOKJ WFULL V 0 90 bIL wu vK WUI nK w dH UO s bN dU
|ZT|=
tan =
VC
VR
X2C+R2
W F s
W F s uD V
_ eN_
UHu*
WOLJ
dBMF UN'
U bu
Zb bF
DMMdOu
1K
WU WOud WUI
0.01uF
lu
U r
qLF uD
0.01F
75KHz
R
1K
VS
CH1
qJA w UL b UM r
CH2
wUMIK
qJA
VR
VS=1 v
Vl
VS=2v
VS=1v
I=Vr/R
VS=2v
VS=1v
VS=2v
Xc=Vc/I
VS=1v
VS=2v
ZT=VS/I
VS=1v
VS=2v
WOO
W????K????????
Vs l tU
WKBL u V r Vc,VrsO uN W
UNLU r
sd9
sOd
bN
wu vK sO VOd VUD uI
WdEM
sOd d vDF uDU t fUF WLOIU luL dOU U nKL dOU uJ UbM sOd b
L
100mH
75KHz
f0 =
C
0.01F
WO W FU
LC
R
100
VS
qJA
_ eN_
UHu*
WOLJ
dBMF UN'
U bu
U r
Zb bF
DMM dOu
100 K 0.5 w
WU WOud WUI
0.1 F
lu
100 mH
nK
qLF uD
qJA w UL b UM r
0.2V/div, 0.1 mS/div, Ac vK U rd v UMI j{
U r b U d UOI r
WIU W
F s sOd d V
WuL WUIL WLOI sO U
t XL
UL ddI V
W????K????????
uL s sOd d nK b
u wu w sOd d UNOK bLF w quF sO
V `{
dOU U sOd w wu vK lu nK UbI WUIL WOKJ WFULL WLO
b
sOd vK nKL WO luL WF U
sOd WOU s UHL UIOD iF d
uL
sd9
bN
uL u sO VUD eOL
wzUdNJ uL WO VUD b
WdEM
bb wzu v uKI V nMB w U ULNMO uU d wzb nK s uL uJ
WCU WF v bN V XdH s VK
_ eN_
UHu*
WOLJ
dBMF UN'
UOI bF
dOu
WHK UJ u
WuM u
WHK UJ u
b u
qLF uD
pu w uL WuL vK dF
UNK u qJ
(R2)
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
bI u h
uLK WOL rOI u pUE q pu w bI u WuL vK dF
Xu 220 dOG bN bBL wzb nKL q
uLK WOL rOIU UNU
r bU UNK uU nKL vK bN UOI r
T1
T2
T4
T5
T6
WOL rOI
wzb nK* bN
uU nK* bN
W????K????????
uNK WFd WCU uL sO eOL nO qOBHU `{
220V/6V/1A u b
sd9
bN
WOzUdNJ uL vK WHK UUO
d s VUD sJL
WdEM
wK UL K qu W V UUO nMB uU wzb sOHK s uL uJ
K=
V2 N2
I1
=
=
V1 N1
I2
uI UMU
K WLO V
_ eN_
UHu*
(V 6 /V 230) WOuHK iU
Zb bF
10K
WOLJ
1
1
1
dBMF UN'
wzUdN u
DMM dOu
WU WOud WUI
qLF uD
qbL wd sO vDFL uLK R1 wzb nKL WUI UOI r
d L wd sO (R2) uU nKL WUI UOI r
wzb nKL qb vK bN bB q
qOu bF wuU nKL d vK bN UOI r
qL
qu W V
Xu 6 uU Xu 230 wzb bN UU qu W V
w b w UNK sOOM sO U
wzb nK* WUI
R1
R2
WUI* qu W
Wu; qu W
W????K????????
V d qu WM WuL s WUIL WLOI sO k bK udU
b?????u
UOzUM
sd9
bN
UOzUM U UJ vK VUD dF
UUJL V b U UOzUM u eOL
UNU vK WbL ud UUJ s UOzUM d eOL
WdEM
u v UNb UL U F nMB bFL UIOD WOdJ dUMF s UOzUM dF
wzUM UNM lMB w UL u b U V UNKJ UNL w nK wUU WHK
UO wU w tO dL c UO wzUM w WJKNL bIK U F (Ge or Si) uJOK uOUd
tOd vK oDL bNK Forward or Reverse Biased wJF wU_
qN UL UNU vK VJ U
Q WFUB UdA Ue iF UNCF s UOzUM eOOL
WdC UuKFL WU wDF WU b V vK ULU tu vK dF wzUM vK dF
tUO uN tu tb tUIOD wzUM s
rd l{u WMOF U b U (Cathode and Anode) bFBL jNL wzUM wd eOL
U Wdz WFI uUJ s Wd
uJ u UCO U
Wdz WIK q uUJ WN s
wU qJA w UL tKJ od s
A
UOzUM d eOOL qJ
uCK YU
uCK U
LED
Photo
K A
Varicap uF
Zenner dM
UOzUM u qJ
K A
U
K
Wb
L _
UH
uL
WuL qJWOLJ
dBMF
U_ u_ UJ_ WHK
10
U wzUM
dM wzUM
uF wzUM
wzu{ wzUM
10
wIH wzUM
wJu wzUM
UUJL U
u_
qLF uD
uKDL WOdJ UuK s WuL UOzUM s WuL pb
UNOK WbL UUJ r qJA YO s pU w UOzUM u sO eO
U b w UL d w Uu UOzUM c r
UOzUM vK WbL UF ud s u_ uUJ bFBL s jNLeO
WdA UN WIKFL UuKFL WU d qzb UUJL V w WIU UOzUM s Y
b w UuKFL q a wzUM u qzb qJA WFUB
UUJL V s UOzUM vK uuL ud UF s oI
qJA r u UE
WFUB WdA
tu
wzUM r wzUM qJ
r d
jI tL qJ s wzUM u bb sJL q
tb
wzUM r sO jd w W
F U
jI WEL s wzUM d UD
bb sJL q
p d bFL s lMB r dO UOzUMK wU G Q k
qJA YO s WUIL wzUM sO dH U
WO UOzUM UJ hzUB UHu d qzb UUJL V b U
1N4001
1N4007
1N4148
BY399
BY299
BZY95
BA157
1N4500
UOzUM h
sd9
bN
wKOL wL
d tOuM UOI bFUN b U WHK L dDU UOzUM VUD hH
WdEM
wU UO b P-N WK b vK uOUd uJOK WUF UOzUM h bLF
dL WCH ML WOU_ WUIL V wU_ UO bM wzUM w dL UO YO wzUMK wJF
h w u c s UH sJLO b WOU WOJF WUIL uJ YO wJF UO bM
UOzUM
wKOL Digital wL
d u dO_ UN q WUD bN bB u b s UH
VDI dRL UN w qL YO WUD WOD
w sUN sO UH WE l Analog dRL
w uJ U fJ c WUDK VuL VDI u_ fL qL ULMO dL_ fLU WUDK VU
wL
d UN
:Multimeter
b
U wzUM h
wL d UOI UN b
U wzUM h
:(Analogue)
wKOL UOI UN b
U wzUM h
qJ
qJ
qJ
qJ
Wb
L _
UH
uL
WuL qJWOLJ
UN dBMF
Zb bF
DMM UN
Zb bF
wKOL UO UN
WHK u UJ
10
U wzUM
WHK u UJ
dM wzUM
WHK u UJ
uF wzUM
WHK u UJ
wzu{ wzUM
WHK u UJ
10
WHK u UJ
wIH wzUM
UUJL U
qLF uD
Multitester UOI bF UN b
U wzUM h
x10 WOF{ vK dO_ UN l{
wzUM qJ WOU_ WUIL WLO
q oU qJA w UL dO_ q
UNM qJ WOJF WUIL WLO
q dO_ wd fJF r
qOu wU w WU WUI rO
UN w UOzUM b
b w UL UOzUM WUJ qOu wU w UNOK XKB w rOI UuKFL
U
DMM wL
dO UN b U WIU uD d
pUE wzUM v DMM UN WOF{ dOOG bF WIU uD d
tNUA b w ZzUM q WHK Uu vK WdL UOzUM s WuL hH r
WOM k d d UOI dU r
WuK s wzUM wd b qBH r
UM
WOJF WUIL
WOU_ WUIL
wzUM r wzUM qJ
r d
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
UOzUM u UOMM
sd9
bN
UOMML r UN VUD b
uJOK uOUd UOzUM u vMM sO eOL
dM wzUM u vMM qJ rd
WdEM
U r UN Curve
Tracer
wU UO
-VZk
0.7V
0.5V
UON
wJ UO
WE
w uJ YO wU_ UO bN WLO
w uJOK s uOUd wzUM u vMM nK
volt 0.7 s b volt 0.3 uOUd
wzUM UO I
VZ dM WOu
-1mA
UNU ndF
u UOMM rd b UN u
WOdJ dUMF ued UOzUMK
rOEM WIDM
WOuH
-IZ (max)
Wb
L _
UH
uL
WuL qJWOLJ
UN dBMF
UOMML r UN
U r UN
U wzUM
WHK UJ
dM wzUM
UUJL U
qLF uD
uJOK uOUd U dM td b L wzUM u b
UN WN vK hB L UJL w td qOu r
WOU_ u vMM bb (Forward Reverse) wJ wU UHL l{ UO r
WOJF r
(Ge Si) hH X wzUM u UO UH WOF{ b
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
sd9
bN
UO bNdM wzUM u vMM VUD rd
WdEM
UON bN bM UNM wJF UO WU w qLF tQ d_ UOzUM s dM wzUM eOL
UF wzUM s d WM WOU{ Vzu WU{ s ZU c wJF
fH u wU_ u vMM UF wzUM q UUL wU_ UO bM dM wzUM qLF
UF wzUMK wU_ u vMM
dOLuH b U U tB r pc dM wzUM hH `KB UF wzUM h WId
w ld be tKUI bN w be YO wJF UO WIDM sL{ qLF t YO b qL UM
UO
Wb
L uL
UHuL
WuL qJWOLJ
dBMF
1N3828
dM wzUM
1 K
WUI
UUJL U
dOLu
dO
qLF uD
WIL dOH Wu UK U b U U WMOL b q
b uUJ l VU u_ l VuL wU UO WU b l bN bB qOu r
WLO
q bM UO WLO
d
400mV v bN qB v 100mV bFL UOb bN ld
U b w UL UNK
Xu 800mV v bN qB v 40mV `B Ue WLO
b bNK WIU WLOI bF
Xu 1 v bN WLO
qB v UO rO
qO lU
b w ZzUM UbM qLF w dM wzUM bN WLO
UA U WIU uD d
tUA
u vMM UO bN W
UOUO r
WOU_ u
UE
wzUM UO
wzUM wd sO bN
bBL bN
mV
mV
UOI
100
200
300
400
440
480
520
560
600
640
10
680
11
720
12
760
13
800
14
900
15
1000
16
wzUM UO
wzUM w d sO bN
bBL bN
mV
mV
UOI r
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A
ZDP
1N3828
VDC
1K
qJ
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
u vMM qJ s pUE w U
dM wzUM UF wzUMK u vMM sO dH u U
pc UF wzUM b b bN rOEM dM wzUM b dH nO
sd9
bN
uCK WU UOzUM h WId vK VUD dF
WOdJ b w uCK YU wzUM VUD b
uCK YU wzUMK wu WUI U WId vK VUD dF
WdEM
dO _ UN b wzUMK WOJF WOU_ WUIL vK uCK YU wzUM h b bLF
hH WOKL s qN b U l UF wzUM h WId fHM wzUM hH DMM UN
wJF UO bM wC WCH M WOU WUI wU_ UO bM wC wzUM k YO
WOU WOJ WUI
UF wzUM WU w UL U OL U U OKOL hH w bL UN uM U V WE
U wzUM e tOK rd wzUM hH UU U WOL
d hH eN w bu
w wzUM qLF UbM uUJ l u_ fL u_ l dL_ fL qOu V
dI c qL WMOF WLO
v WU c w UN d
dOA qu wU_ UO WU
UU t vK wzUM wC Xu wKKOLU wzUM wd sO bN WLO
VU u_ fL uUJ l VuL dL_ fL WIU Ou fJ bM
UN fOI wUU wJF UO WU w vI wzUM qu V u_ l
qJAWU c w wzUM wC Display UN WU U vK r
d dNEO WLO
sOU `{u wU
wzUM wC qJ
wzUM wC qJ
LED
10V
qJ
uL _
UH
uL
WuL qJWOLJ
UN dBMF
12V
dL bN bB
Zb bF
DMM UN
Zb bF
wKOL UO UN
WHK u UJ
10
UUJL U
qLF uD
U sOL b w ZzUM X pu w UOzUM hH r
UM
WOJF WUIL
WOU_ WUIL
wzUM r
wzUM qJ
r d
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
Xu 5 bN bB s cG Xu3 wzUM wu WUI WLO
V
wzuC wzUM e qJ
tu* nB .uI
sd9
bN
WuL nB ruI VOd vK VUD dF
UNUD vK dF b hH uI
WdE WbI
dL UO v dOGL UO qu v bN wUU AC dOGL UO U bOu tQ ruI dF
tII U c d UU dL UU UO dL dBM b WIU WOKLF VKD DC
wzUM
dUMF s WDO WuL b wzUM b YO dD j WuL nB ruI WId dF
jI dOGL UO Wu nB dL UN_ r cN WIdD c XOL b
b d w DC dL bN vK uBK p rOFM WOHB dBM bK UC
bN bB
qL
(AC) dOG
Wu nB ruI qJ
uL _
UHuL
WuL qJWOLJ
UN dBMF
Xu 12 WUG
dOG bN bB
U r UN
WUI qL
1N4007
ruI wzUM
WuL
qU b bM
UUJL U
u
dOG Wu
WI dO Uu
WU V
qOu
U
qLF uD
WIL WuK vK dUMF X
UIU UNLKF w UK f V dUMF UK qJA w WMOL b q
Xu 6 bI bN 21 sOdD vK o dOGL bN bB b U
oU qJA w sO u UL b d qb bM U r wUM
wKb qOu r
XO l wKLF Vb d vK W
b ULNL U r wUM
vK UuL qJ k
qJA vK uN rO
dOu UN b U b e nK w uN UOI r
bNK iU uLU dOGL bN bB b bF WIU uD b
qJ k b L nJL WODI t qL l u vK 1F tF nJ qOu r
wUO r W
vK UNL WU bN U
nJL uL WU{ bF bb b qJ r
pb w UHJL rO
WUJ WIU uD b
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
1
2
bN bB
(AC) dOG
qJ
d
sd9
bN
bNK XL dM wzUM qL vK VUD dF
bNK X l Power Supply WcG VUD Vd
WdEM
dOG l XU sOF bN vK kU YO wJF UO WU w qLF dM wzUM U UIU UM UL
vK d bN kU YO bN XO rOEM w wzUM c b bI wUU wJF UO UO
qL UO dOG l UU tLO
w UNOd r w WuL nB uI d bN rOEM dM wzUM b sdL c w rO
u rOEM r b c vK oKDoU sdL
Wb
L uL
UH uL
WuL qJWOLJ
dBMF
dM wzUM
1N4004
U wzUM
12V, 0.5A
u
UUJL U
DMM
WUI
10
WUI
5 uKO 1 UNLO
qB dOGWUI
qL WUI
qU b bM
qLF uD
0.66A
230V
50Hz
12.6V
AC
16.6V
DC
10 (5W)
4700 F
10V
DC
0.11A
qJ
qL wd vK
qL wd vK bN
uL wd sO bN
q bF
q q
q bF
q q
q bF
q q
dM wzUM
dM wzUM
dM wzUM
dM wzUM
dM wzUM
dM wzUM
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
sd9
bN
sOOzUM b U WKU Wu ruI vK VUD dF
b VOd uI
UNUD vK dF b hH uI
WdEM
bN Wu s VU nBM s UHU uI UNQ WuL nB ruI s b c nK
dOGL bN w WOzUdNJ bI qU G rO dOGL
WOzUdNJ bI qU s UH r YO j WDI u b c w sOOzUM b r
ruI WU w UC WF `Od WOKL dF UL WuL nB WU w jI bI nB G s b
U s VU nBM c WO WuL nB
bN bB
qL
(AC) dOG
uL _
UHuL
WuL qJWOLJ
UN dBMF
U r UN
WUI qL
1N4007
wzUM
WuL
qU b bM
UUJL U
j WDI u
dOG Wu
WI dO Uu
WU V
qOu
U
qLF uD
WIL WuK vK dUMF X
UNLKF w UK f V dUMFK UK U b U qJA w WMOL b q
ju WDI uLK U l UIU
oU qJA w sO u UL b d qb bM U r wUM
wKb qOu r
rO
Ub wKLF Vb d vK W
b ULNL U r wUM
vK UuL qJ k
qJA vK uN
sO bN WLO
s bU b qd WU w WHK L uN UOI dOLuH UN b
wzUM wd
UNL WU bN U qJ k qL l u vK 1F tF nJ qOu r
wUO r W
vK
pb w UHJL WUJ WIU uD b
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
qJ
qJ
sd9
bN
dDMI WKUJ WuL ruI vK VUD dF
b VOd uI
UNUD vK dF b hH uI
WdEM
b s UL u dDM
UNKJ w tA w b qJA WO r cN WIdD c XOL
bM WU fJFM qB WU w d UOzUM vI ULO UOzUM qu WMOF WOM WE w tQ d_
U b d_ b c dF WUFL UuL UB
bB
rOFM
bN
bN
d
u
ruI
b
se u
qJ
uL bF _
UHuL
WuL qJWOLJ
UN dBMF
sOUM
U r UN
WOU b
WHK rO
1N4007
WUI qL
4
wzUM
ruI dDM
WuL
qU b bM
UUJL U
u
dOG Wu
WI dO Uu
WU V
qOu
WU V
U
qLF uD
WIL WuK vK dUMF X
UNLKF w UK f V dUMFK UK U b U qJA w WMOL b q
`OB qJAU UOzUM qOu U l UIU
oU qJA w sO u UL b d qb bM U r wUM
wKb qOu r
XO l wKLF Vb d vK W
b ULNL U r wUM
vK UuL qJ k
qJA vK uN rO
b qd WU w WHK L uN UOI dOLuH UN b
UNL WU bN U qJ k qL l u vK 1F tF nJ qOu r
wUO r W
vK
pb w UHJL rO
WUJ WIU uD b
UNKOu WIdD U l pb uuL WKUJL dDMIU UOzUM 4 s WuJL dDMI b
ULO uL d b l qu dOGL UO qb vK b ~ U YO WOB
DC dLL b d vK U b
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
rN w WOU b bU dDMI WKUJ WuL ruI qL b UBU d
qLF b
qJ
qJ
sd9
bN
bNK X l Power Supply WcG VUD Vd
WdEM
dOG WUI b YO bNK rEM XL dM wzUM qL `O{u w WOU b b
b d bN rJK Potentiometer
50
220V
AC
WcG
12V
100 F
100
10K
100
qJ
Wb
L uL
UHuL
WuL qJWOLJ
dBMF
dM wzUM
ruI dDM
u
UUJL U
DMM
1
12V, 0.5A
100 ohm (5 W)
uKO 10
50
Xu 25 UdJU 100
1
1
1
1
WUI
dOG WUI
WUI
wOdJ wzUOLO nJ
qU b bM
.b
b d w
.c
uL wd sO bN
q bF
q q
q bF
q q
q bF
q q
dM wzUM
dM wzUM
dM wzUM
dM wzUM
dM wzUM
dM wzUM
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
bK WMU pUE w U
b vK dM wzUM q dOQ u U
b w 50 WuIL b UL
5V bN X
sd9
bN
IC WKUJL b b U bN rOEM vK VUD dF
WKUJ b U5V bNK X l (Power Supply) WcG VUD Vd
WdEM
(V 0.2 U QD 5V WLOI rEM XU bNTTL q WOL
d WKUJL b iF cG
WOU bU WHKJ dO WDO b U t bN rEM uu WU dN V cN
bB
rOFM
bN
IP OP
COM
bN
d
0
u
b
ruI
se u
bN uI
qJ
Wb
L uL
UHuL
WuL qJWOLJ
7805
12V, 0.5A
1
1
1
Xu 25 UdJU 10
Xu 25 UdJU 100
U uU 100
1
1
1
1
dBMF
bN rEM
u
UUJL U
ruI dDM
wOdJ wzUOLO nJ
wOdJ wzUOLO nJ
nJ
qU b bM
qLF uD
WKU Wu ruI q
WMOLU ruI dDM
b U
w d q u qJA w
sOdD sO uU uL
cR ULO dDMIK sODu
sOdD sO dLL bN
sd
dOGL uN UOI r
dDMI d vK dLL
w U b w UN
qJ
WOU WHB
7805
7805
8 - 18V (input)
150mA
100 F
3
10 F
+5V (output)
100nF
1 2 3
qJ
dDMI bF bN
uL wd sO bN
b u UE
UO WKOKI UNHKJ b c UL
VOd WKN
dO 150 qL UO bM Xu 5 tLO
ULEM bN b c wDF
1
Xu 5 vK b uN wUU
U d UH bM qBH YO WOK Wd WUL vK UNzuU b c UL
UO
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
oU b s pUE w U
cN rOEM bN WLO
w U 7812 bN rEM qzb UUJL U b U d
b
sd9
bN
hI w UOzUM UIOD vK VUD dF
WdEM
hI WOKL uJ sOF u bM WOO WuL s e c vK Clipping hI qLF
qJA w sO u UL wzUM U V qH s vK_ s U c
se
se
se
se
qJ
VB
RL
qJ
uL bF _
UHuL
WuL qJWOLJ
UN dBMF
Xu 12-0
Xu 12-0
dL bN bB
sOUM
U r UN
DMM bF UO UN
BAX 13 1N4007
wzUM
10 k
WUI
100 k
WUI
Solderless Breadboard
U Wu
0.5 mm
WU V
WFO qOu
qU b bM
qLF uD
oUqJA w sO u UL b q
t WLO
v vK DC dLL bN WLO
j{
edO 500 WLOI vK WOO U bu d WLO
j{
Xu 5 WLOI vK U bN j{
dHB u vK U r wUMI DC u j{
rd vK qb U qJ r U bB l _ U r qb q
wUO
U bu l b q
rd vK U qJ r qL WUI wd vK U rd wU qbL q
U dGB vLEF WLOI sOU U
wUO
rOI bb s d qb wU qJ r 10V DC v qbL bN WLO
l
UC dGB vLEF
rOI U qJ r Xu v dLL bN l 5V AC v U WLO
b
dGB vLEF
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
U??????A??????
UOKL b cH WOU qJA w WMOL bK d U qJ u U
Amplitude
R
VB
RL
qJ
U?????A?????
hI w dM wzUM b YO U WMOL b lL
d qb wU qJ r sdL w uD WU cH
b s uM c w dM wzUM bzU w U
1K
1K
R1
R2
Vin = 10VP-P
1N4728A
WK Wu
3.3V / 1w
500Hz
VO
1N914
qJ
Clamping
XO
sd9
bN
XO w UOzUM UIOD vK VUD dF
WdEM
WU WuL vLEF WLOI XO b c uI Clamping Circuit bN X qJA sO
XU u bM bNK
VO
VS
VO
qJ
uL bF _
UHuL
Xu 12-0
Xu 12-0
WuL qJWOLJ
1
1
1
BAX 13 1 N4007
100nF / 16 V
Solderless Breadboard
0.5 mm
WU V
1
UN dBMF
WOO Wu U bu
dL bN bB
U r UN
DMM bF UO
UN
wzUM
nJ
U Wu
WFO qOu
qU b bM
qLF uD
wU qJA w sO u UL VuL bN X q
100F
vK DC dLL bN WLO
j{
t WLO
v
100K
R
10V
VuL UU bN X qJ
WLOI vK U bN j{
Xu
U r wUMI DC u j{
dHB u vK
DC WOF{ vK U r UH WOF{ X
rd vK qb U qJ r U bB l _ U r qb q
wUO
U bu l b q
rd vK U qJ r qL WUI wd vK U rd wU qbL q
U dGB vLEF WLOI
sOU sO U
wUO
rOI
bb s d qb wU qJ r 10V DC v qbL bN WLO
l
UC dGB vLEF
m 5V AC v U WLO
b
100F
r Xu 2 v dLL bN
100K
R
10V
vLEF rOI
U qJ
dGB
v UOb dLL bN WLO
l
U r Xu 4 WLOI
qJ
10V
5V
100K
R
qJ
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
bN' UHUC
sd9
bN
UOzUM b U bN UHUC vK VUD dF
bN nUC Vd
WdEM
b qLb sOOU sOb `{u bN nUC w qJA sO
C1
C2 output
CR1
DC
OV
RL
qJ
C1 200V CR2
200V
OV
CR1
200V
C2
Eout
VuL nBM
qJ
C1
OV
200V
200V
CR2
CR1
VU nBM
qJ
C2
Eout
800V
OV
RL
RL
wU qJA LF ruI w UNU UNKL tOA sJL YO bN UHUCL d J sO WOU b
qbL bN WLI bN nF{ U d L w bN `B YO sOOzUM b fJ WE l
CR1
200V
OV
200V
800V
A OV
C1
R1
200V
C2
CR2
200V
RL
R2
B
qJ
wUF jGC WKd w wUF bN UHUC UHK eN w UNL bb UIOD b cN
Xu 25000 s be U v CRTUHK WU Wu v qB c wUF jGC WLO
qB b
uL bF _
UHuL
WuL qJWOLJ
UN dBMF
Xu 30-0
dOG bN bB
bF UO UN
wzUM
nJ
qU b bM
U Wu
1F Xu100
Breadboard
qLF uD
12V WLOI vK qbL bN XO bF qJA w sO u UL b q
AC dOGL bN bB l b q
ddI w UOI WO b d w bN UOI r
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
12V
qJ
d l bN nUC r
b d uN UHJL UOzUM b sO W
F w U
qJA WIU b w UHJLK qOGA uN uJ V r
- /+15V WcG
sd9
bN
VU Vu sbN wDF w WcG vK VUD dF
UNOK dUMF X bK WuDL WuK dOC VUD uI
W UUOI cQ uI b qOGA VUD uI
WdEM
s dOJ UL Xu 15 v qB UNLO
dL WcG uN CMOS u WOL
d WKUJL b cG
V 15 WLOI VU d Vu ULb sbN cG Operational Amplifier UOKLF dJ
d_ Wu ULb Xu 15V rEML bNK sOLO
wDF WDO WcG `{u WOU b
WU
ULNM q WF sOOOdJ sOFu s uJ rOFM WOHB Wu ruI s b c Vd
UuU 100 ddL wFu Xu 35 UdJU 2200
wUU VU bNK 7915 VuL bNK 7815 bN wLEM b U bN rOEM WOKL r
b d w V 15 sbN vK uB sJL
S1a
F1
D1-D2
30mAT
230V
S1b
2200/35
C1
Tr1
4x15V
50mA
IC1
7815
C5
C3
100n
10/25
100n
10/25
15V
D GND
C2
4x1N4001
2200/35
C4
IC2
7915
C6
15V
qJ
WuD* WuK qJ
qJ
qJ
Wb
L _ uL
UHuL
WuL qJWOLJ
dBMF
7815
bN rEM
7915
bN rEM
18V, 50mA
u
UUJL U
1N4001
wzUM
10F, 25V
2200F, 35V
100nF
nJ
D WUJ 1
UN
WU
WOHM u WF_U qLF
D WUJ 1
UM W UN
Ou uD
Permanent
FeCL3
UM W U
d uM s
UOUH
qU b bM
qLF uD
WuDL WuK
vK dO W
b WuDL WuK r
UUIL U sOF c_ l u
d sO dUMF sO UULK WOIOI
r UOIL fO rd bu dBMF
`O
oO
qJA rdK uU b sJL WE
q WU Zd WDu p
Pspice Workbench - Orcad
vK UN b UNOK XL w W
u VK
ULNMO ud W
l{ WOUM WuK
WOUM WuK vK UNFD b r b
w WHK L Ou uD b U
vK jGC od s WuK rd r
pu
vK dUE Ou V uD c
WuK
UuKvKrdUU dOrK
b sJL
qL wd vK bN
bF bN
bN rEM bF
dDMI
uL wd sO bN
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
oU b w rOI s pUE w U
LM7815 LM7915 sOKUJL sOb sO dH u U
dO wKKO 50 UO s vK UO WIU b b sJL q
WU pIdD WIU bK WuDL WuK r
dOGL dLL bN WLO
sO dH w V u U
U??????A??????
sJ UcH U IU UcOHM XL
w bK WuDL UuK r
dOG WcG
sd9
bN
w _ qBH UNOK b w UNL WU tO oD UJ UdA VUD cHM
qLA
dUM VOd lD
WdF U s WbO UNL WU
qBH w UNF qUF r w dUMF WOU h
WuDL UuK b
UNKOGA WcG bBL b qOu
oz wM qJA dAL d
WdEM
od s uKDL bN vK uB sJL YO jCK U
bNK bB sO U WMOL b
dOG WUI
sL{ b c qLF 1.2V
qJ
UOu UE
b cOHM bM WOU u_ Ud V
d dL s WeF X
u fHM W UN s bU WKUJL b qOu t
RO wKL dO p UNd UH bM qBH WLLB WKUJL b oL
UNHK v
ULEM sO WUL be YO sJL U dB
bN ULEM jO w Ou uJ U
100mm s UdL bN
bN ULEM qb s Wd
uJ YO 10F UHJL qOu sJL
WKUJL b d bM dUC4 C3 sOHJL qOu s bQ
URUJU 1N4004 UOzUM U
fH b d{ UOzUMK WOB WODI s bQ
WOU UHJL s ZM b
w WUFL uN s bN ULEM wL p YO
dOJ WF
b d qb nK sJL wUU WFMBL WdA V b d nK b
WE
Udu w WUL V WKUJL b nK v R s sOdD fJ 3 2 sOdD sO
d_ fJ bM qLF s b UOzUM
Wd dL bK `OB iQ s bQ V
k ZbU bN ld b t WLO
v vK uC bN s bU b qOGA q
dBM d UH b s bU WKU dOOG
Wb
L _ uL
UHuL
WuL qJWOLJ
dBMF
LM317
Vu bN rEM
LM337
VU bN rEM
25 -0- 25V
j WDI u
qzb U
5A
ruI dDM
1N4004
wzUM
10F, 40V
4700F, 40V
10nF
nJ
WOD 2K
dOG WUI
Banana
U L qbLK
WU V
qOu
1
D WUJ 1
Developer UN
Etching Machine
D WUJ 1
UM W UN
Ou uD
Permanent
FeCL3
UM W U
d uM s
UOUH
qU b bM
qLF uD
r
sdL w W{uL WIdD fHM WuDL WuK b eON r
W{uL UOu UEL WU Ud l sdL cN WU ULOKF fHM b lL
UIU
ZzUM uN WLO
vK dOGL WUIL dOQ k b U w uN UOI r
w b w
UE
d w bN
d w bN
wd sO bN
VU rEML
VuL rEML
uL
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
oU b w rOI s pUE w U
b qJ vK p V WIU b w dUMF s dBM q qL u U
qUAL cOHMK UN XL
w uD WU b qL b UMO dAL s BH ddI V
UNN w UuFB
WU pIdD WIU bK WuDL WuK r
U???????A???????
w pLKF bUL p U W{uL Ou V UO bNK dRL qOu r
qGAL
+VE
1A
+Out
30V
Set 30V
R1
22K
VR2
10K
-VE
1A
-Out
qJ
1mA
58R
1mA
58R
1mA
58R
1K
60K
0.058R
0.1R
u vK dO dOG WUI
qJ
b?????u
ued
ued vK dF
sd9
bN
ued U UJ vK VUD dF
WdEM
WHK U??? UJQ ued lMB
dEM dL UNM iF vK b dF sJL
eN v ued c s d iF U ULMO
UL qJA sOUNHOMB WU UO WMOF UO
r qJA w WHK ued s WuL
ued s WuL
_ eN_
UHuL
WOLJ
WFDIUN
u??ed
qLF uD
w b WEL dEM s ued s WHK WuL pu
UEL
U _ ed
qJA
r d
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
Wu bb sJL q ued bUA s
ued bI W
t tKJ ued r q
W d bb% ued h
sd9
b_
PNP NPN
ued u WdF
td bb
WdEM
UL sOOzUM (PN)wK s U OKL ued uJ
wzUM hzUB vK U??L?? qJA w?? `{u
w??U??_ U??O? ? w???U?? w?? t??U??I?L? WLO
???
ued XO d bb sJL tS wJF
dOL_ b U
ued u qJ
WOU
U
I
M W
UI
I
U
W
B
E
WC
WOU
U
I
B
E
WC
M W
WOU WUI
WOU WUI
WOU WUI
WOU WUI
WC
H
WOU
WC
H
WOU
U
I
M W
UI
M W
U
U
I
I
NPN ued u
UOI WO
uD
lC d vK dOL_ X
WOU WUI
BD136
dvK dOL_
lC d vK dOL_ X
WOU WUI
dvK dOL_
lC d vK dOL_ X
WCH M WUI
dvK dOL_
lC d vK dOL_ X
WCH M WUI
dvK dOL_
sOU w WOU WUI
sO WUIL fOI
bUI d PNP ued u uJ
_ eN
UHuL
U_ UJ_ u_ WHK
tO ued u b
WOLJ
WFDI UN
wL dOL UN
15
ued
ued hU UN
qLF uD
b w ZzUM q pu uuL ued s q d sO UUIL UOI r
c d b pu w ued h b ued hU b U
UNO UNu ued
sOuD w UNOK XKB w ZzUM sO U
ued WO
V
`U dO
wU UO w WUIL
`U
EB
BC
CE
wJF UO w WUIL
EB
BC
CE
uM
ed
r d
WCH M WUI
WCH M WUI
PNP u s ued
WCH M WUI
WOU WUI
WOU WUI
b WOU WUI
b WOU WUI
WOU WUI
WOM
WOU WUI
WCH M WUI
WCH M WUI
b WOU WUI
b WOU WUI
WE
VU VDI U wMF UOIUN VuL VDI wMF U
WK_
p wMF U b s q
YU bUI tK sO WUIL uJ qIF q
NPN u ued w tUIL fH w PNP u ued w lLL YU sO WUIL q
ued qzb V b
sd9
b_
WdEM
lOD tb
tUML qzb tKJ ued u sO WU UuKF UUJL V sLC
c WU WId nK YO ued r vK tuJL U
_ d s UNOK b
w b V p uedK tFUB WdA V U
_ d
uDL ed
dB L ed
b L ed
lUB bK
2N3055
2N3055
2N
UJd
A217 B331
C1815 D2144
2S
UUO
BC 107 BFY 51
BC 107 BFY 51
A-Z
K2222
K2222
Uu
VOd
UHu*
jD*
qzb
WLOI
2SC 3715
Si -N +Di
TV-HA, 1500/
600V,4A,50W
18c
BU508DF,2SC4293....
94,2SD1555....56++
tdv4
2N3669
50Hz-thy
=2N3668:200V
23a
2N2576
tht
2SD1855
Si -N
NF/S-
17c
2SC3851,2SC3691,2
SD1408,2SD2000
tdv4
3TX002
Si-N
AM-
23a
-----
tdv4
_ eN
UHuL
WOLJ
WFDI eN_
qzb U
qLF uD
w b qzb U b U pu uuL ued s
bI
UO
bN
UD _ lu qJ
qb
UHuL
lMB U
uM
ed
r d
Si
Bu
208
Si
1013
W??A?? U??M??L??K??
WO ued qzb UUJL U s d
A945 , 2N2222 , A117 , BF224 , BD136 , BC309
C1454 , BUY51 , BSX70 , BU126 , K11
udd UO
sd9
b_
ued u wJF wU UO vK VUD dF
dLL bN bBL ued qOu WOHO vK VUD dF
WdEM
UO WU w UO dL (ON)uedK wU_ UO WU w P-N WK w UO dL
(OFF) wJF
_ eN_
UHuL
WOLJ
WFDI UN
Xu(4-0)
dL bN bB
1-10A
dO
BC107 , BC640
ued
10K ,1W
WU WOud UUI
c
100mADc
BC 107
BC 107
e
e
0-4v
0-4v
qJ
qJ
qLF uD
qJ w UL b UM r
Xu dH bN vK bN bB j{
dO_ d k U Ob bN U w b
100mADc
+
BC 107
E
0-4v
dO_ d
k U Ob bN l w b
r qJ w vK WIU uD d
qJ
pUE q
qO l qJA w UL b?? qu r
pUE
pUE q NPN u s dQ PNP ued b
pUE q qJA w UL b qOu r
+15V
10mA
IC
10k
1mA
IB
C
BC107
10k
1mA
IB
BC 640
E
10k
10k
-15V
IE
1mA
IC
10mA
qJ
IE
1mA
qJ
W????K????????
UL
NPNued u uJ UbM
qJA w ued qL oI q
udd w WLU( dOG*
sd9
b
YU lLL bN u bM bUI UO lLL UO sO W
F VUD b
dOJ qUF U
WdEM
w UL ued w WLU dOG X bu
qJA w W{u
VCE
IB
VB
IC
+
+
BE
- IE
IE
YU UO
IB
bUI UO
IC
lLL UO
VBE
VBC
VCE
qJ
_ eN_
UHuL
WOLJ
WFDIUN
0-2V
dL bN bB
Zb bF
du UN
1K
, 2W
WOud WUI
220
, 3W
dOG WUI
ued
WUJ U BD137
uAdO uU V
Iout 3
Iin
IE-IB-IC=0
Vout
Vin
VEC-VBC-VEB=0
IE=IC+IB
qJ
Vout
Vin
Iin
qb UO
vin
d bN
Iout
d UO
Vout
d bN
qJ
bN u bM
YU lLL
IC
220
1K
IB
lLL UO w dOOG
bUI UO w dOOG
=
BD137
IC
IB
qLF uD
qJA w UL b q
Xu 9 vK bBL bN j{
qJ
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
ICmA
IB(mA)
W????K????????
vMML V bUI UO lLL UO sO W
F u U `{
U???????A???????
WO rOI v YU lLL bN dOOG bM qLF uD d
4V, 6V, 8V
sdL
WOU UuKF
Ue WFU WODI wzUM ued hzUB s dOF sJ1
l VBEYU bUI sO WOuH vK IB bUI UO UL sO WOU c qb WO
U
d dB
l VCEYU lLL sO WOuH vK IC lLL UO UL sO WOU cd WO
U
IBbUI UO WLO
U
IBbUI UO vK IC lLL UO UL b sO rJ WO
U
lLL sO WOuH vK VBE YU bUI sO U WOuH UL sO WFd WcG WO
U
VCEYU
eN
UHuL
WOLJ
V 30-0
2
2
4.7k ,10
1k
1nF,10 F
BC 639
qU
dL bN bB
jCK
UI bF UN
WOud UUI
dOG WUI
UHJ
ued
qLF uD
qb WOU
qJA w WMOL b qOu r
IB bUI UO rO
q wU b s VBEWOu rO
jC r
VBEWOuH IBbUI UO sO W
F rd r
C1
0.1 F
R1
4.7 K
Tr
IB
10V
VBE
P
1K
R2
10
C2
10 nF
qJA
UCE = 10 V
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.5
VBE (V)
IB ( A)
rJ WOU
qJA w b qOu r
b w IC lLL UO rO
q wU b s IB bUI UO rO
UU r
IC lLL UO IB bUI UO sO W
F r
C1
0.1 F
IC
R1
4.7 K
Tr
IB
10V
P
1K
R2
10
C2
10 nF
qJA
UCE = 10 V
160
140
120
100
60
80
40
20
IB ( A)
IC (mA)
d) WOU ?
qJA w UL b qOu r
IC lLL UO rO
q VCE WOuH rO
IB bUI UO rO
dOOG r
wU b vK UL
VCE WOuH IC lLL UO sO W
F rd r
C1
0.1 F
Tr
R1
4.7 K
IB
15V
P
1K
C2
10 nF
VCE
0-30V
R2
10
qJA
14
12
10
0.5
0.2
VCE (V)
IC (mA)
IB = 20 A
IC (mA)
IB = 40 A
IC (mA)
IB = 60 A
IC (mA)
IB = 80 A
C1
0.1 F
Tr
R1
4.7 K
VCE
IB
15V
0-20V
VBE
P
1K
C2
10 nF
R2
10
qJA
14
12
10
VCE (V)
VBE (V)
IB = 20 A
IC (mA)
IB = 40 A
IC (mA)
IB = 60 A
WA UM
wU UO WU w VBE YU bUI WK dB nO
UNM UH sJL nO rJ WOU wU
WIU b w C1 C2 s q WHO wU
IB ( A)
200
160
120
80
VBE (V)
40
IC (mA)
0.7
0.6
0.5
10
20
30
40
50
10
12
VCE (V)
14