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oO j{ UFu
uOUM UFu
eN s WOdJ Uu
WHK 

qLF uD
uKDL UFuL s WuL pb
b qL
bN WOL tF tu luL qJ sO UFuLU U sO u UL
b tOD U MO tKOGA
UDMK tb w hH WO dOL_ UN b U WIU  UFuL h
UFuL WODI hHK VUML
b w UN WOKFH WF  UOI r nJL WF UO UN b U
luL WLO dOOG l UOI UN b U oO b jC UFu dOGL UFuL hH r
luLK vKH  UOKF WLOI WEL

UM

tKOGA bN

WUI* WF  WOL WF 

tu

lu* qJ

r d

W??A?? U??M??L??K??
WUI* WLOI bF W MU k U luLK WOL WLOI WUI* WLOI 5 U
`U  W WOL WLOI s
dO2_ b U dOG* UFu* h sJ1 q
lu* bM qLF c bN' dOG l WU lu* WF vI q

b?????u

dL UO

Oscilloscope

U r

U r

WHK  UIM U UJ rd UO UN


wKOL sOKJ vK bu WOzUdNJ b?? w
r s bF jI wKOLK dFM UM wL
V p UOI eN
bF UIM U W s UMMJL
WOzUdNJ bU
qJ vK ULU UD UA lOD
b w U
qJ

ULO WuL qJ vK dF vK bU


a WFd WOO XU

U rd WOU WNu UuJ


qJA w UL U b U rd WOU WNu u

3
6
qJ

WUA

-1

qOGA r

-2

uLF rJ rUO r

-3

Screen
Power
Vertical

Horizantal

-4

wI rJ UO r

Trigger
Inputs

-5

U b

-6

qbL
Screen-

WUA

v r I WuL qJ UUO UN b??


r1 lK{ uD UFd
U WOUL r IuLF uL
U dAF r IwI uL
qJ

Power

qOGA r

vK u
tzUH UN qOGA qOGA UH

WUA U{ b w rJK :Intens WUA U{ b jU{


WULwdJ UFA eOd w rJK : Focus eOd jU{ ?
qJ

WUA vK j 

uLF rJ r

rJK e s d vK u b UuLWUA vK U qJ UN UOI r I c rJ


U uM bF U F
uLF r I qL
WUA vK UNu d r w U UM UO CHI/II- DUAL- ADD uMI UO `OUH
sOUMI s UO CHI/II 
UF sOU UO DUAL 
b UU ULUN sOU lL ADD 

DC-AC-GD U u UO `OUH
(DC) WU U Wd c DC

AC

WU s WdL U UN

(DC+ AC) dGL

WUA vK dHB l u UO GND 

qJ

Vertical Position uLF uB l{ UO UH ?


qH vK UU U pd

WuLF UFdL b

VOLT/DIV uLF jUC


WO W FU bN UO UM sJL tb U
uLF jUC UI XWuLF UFdL b WL WL bN
5VOLT/DIVldXu 5

uLF jUC UI U uK


U qJA w UL

WOI _ UFdL b

Xu 20 = 5 x 4 = bN

qJA

uMI qb ?
CH1 UMI qb
CH2 wU UMI qb

UNM b V UJU wQ Probes U L vL Ou s U u uMI b


qJA w w UL U bB UN l Oscilloscope U rd BNC f
U bu UN d U qbL d b jd
qJA w UL bU sOF l uL U Wd b u
WOUF dK b f
qJA w UL 10 : 1 W M bL L U L iF e

UMI qb
uJ OKO

buL
UN d 
U
2 1 UMI qb
uJ OKO

dzb v

fL

qJA

qJA

qJA

Horizontal

wI rJ r

UNL WUAK wI eU rJK U b UM


se jU{
WUA vK se W M rJ c?? e u
e W v WL I tN W{ u dF
ld WOUdJO
s/square
ms /square

ldWOU wKK

s/square

ld WOU

WO W FU WuLK b se U r


se UOF x WOI UFdL b b se
qJA

qJA w ldWOU
WOU 2 4 x

1
2

se UOF UM{d uK


1
2

b se S

Trigger

U b

UNUO qON  WUA vK U XO b

Level se U UH

WUA vK U se Wb jC


qJA

hold off se U u * UH


uNEU WuL UN b w WDIMU rJK
WUA vK

uJK UN b
uD
dUF* qOGA q uD
WO uD  UU UOI WOKLF eON V qLFK uJ KO UN b q
(OUT) U  l{uU uJ V jGC `OUH
UP l{u vK V  `OUH

nBMLU UNF{ U O sOLOK Wdzb `OUHL Wd qL s bU ?


CAL l{u uJ Wdzb WdU qLF dL uKU eOL w dUFLK Wb L `OUHL

qOGA bF
WUA vK wzuC j  uN WUG UE
uMIU rJ UH b U WKb U UMI bb
GND vK U u UO UH l{ ?

UD L b `O{uU uI Focus uB u{ Intens U{ b `OUH ULFU


dUF r WUA vK j  j{ rY-POS uLF X-POS wI uB l{ UH ULFU ?
 WOO Wu b U U r
WUA vK WuL U U se rJ jC
U uM `OUHL l{ dOG UMI vK UM b  eU

Oscilloscope

uKDL V

? `B p bF

DC AC WKbL

UNM dUFLK d d UM
U r pc 1Vp-p bN1 KHz d U bOu uI dOOF U wKb bBL
rdU U  probe UOI f b U U r qb v WFdL U c
uLF wMe jUC

time base ampiltude s qJ sensitivity `OUH WDu dOOF

rd vK U U d s bU
dK 0.05% %5 U W b 125KHz d WFd U bu b U dUFL sJL

Function Generator

Uu* bu

U bu YO WOdJ WUOB U w Wb L WdC eN s U bu dF


WKL WFdL UAML s WOO q WHK 
WbF U bu w eN iF UM UL
(sweep Generator) AM, FM

WOdJ WcG w U c b
bu U r b U UNFU r WHK 
`OUHL s dO WuL UN c?? WN vK
qJA

r UNU Ud UNu U qJ UO
`OUHL c
UN qOGA Power qOGA UH
WFd WOO XU ULO UbOu dL WuL u UO :Function WuL UO `OUH
WK
d UO `OUH
CMOS TTL u  UO d U K V  bM uJ UAML s Wu UO UH
OUTPUT d L

WFMBL UdA V d `OUH UM buL s WU  WuL vK uB r tM


dFK WUA U bu e U UO

U bu r????

sd9

bN
U r UN b vK VUD b
UuL bu UN VUD b

_ eN_
WOLJ

UN

U bu UN

U r

BNC

dOLu UN

qLF uD
U?? ? ? ?  q?? ?? ? O? ? J? ?  b?? ? ? ? ?? ? ?U?? ?
bu d  q uJ OKOU
Y uLF

U bu

rd UMI qb l U


V
U r

X
wI _

qJA w UL U
2Volt/div vK uLF jUC l{
rd 1 ms/div wI jUC
2

U
qJA

se

w b qL U U

edO d

Xu WL WL bN'

U u

500

10

WFd

12

WK

WOO

WOU wK 4
600

UuL c r r UuL buL oU  b vK UM U bOu r

WU U

WOU U

v_ U

W????K????????
20ms/div wMe jUC 10v/div WOU vK 5v/div v UMIK uLF jUC l{ U

wU qJA dNE v UMI vK dR UMI UO UH U


dUE WuL u U
WuL cN b se b
WL WL

bN WuL U ?

bN' UO
Uu* UJ

sd9

bN
UuL UJ vK VUD dF
U r ULFU WuLK vLEF WLO VUD fOI
WHK L UuL UJ sO VUD eOL

_ eN_
WOLJ

dBMF UN

U r

U bu

dOLu
BNC

WU V

qOuK

WdEM
WUA vK UUN t d UDM sL{ U UJ UN WOUJU U r UL
WHK  d Uu UJ bOu U bu uI ULMO

qLF uD
vK qL qJA w UL b qOu r
WOO WuL UN
WOO Wu b U bu b U
dLOuH d WUF WLOI 2V UbI
Y uLF

U bu
V
U r

X
wI _

100Hz Ud

U rd uLF jUC l{


1v/div vK

qJA

2ms/div wI jUC l{

U rd wI jUC dO

1 ms/div 5 ms/div

v

2v/div uLF UH l{ dO ?


edO 1500 edO 1000 edO 500 `BO d dO

d vK UJ r
WIU  ZzUM V b qL

U OUO ZzUM

U OU ZzUM

UH
uJuK_
bNK

UH
uJuK_
seK

V/div

S/div

2V/div

2m/sec/div

100Hz

2V/div

1m/sec/div

100Hz

2V/div

5m/sec/div

500Hz

2V/div

2m/sec/div

1000Hz

2V/div

2m/sec/div

1500Hz

2V/div

2m/sec/div

s d
GF

s WUFH WLOI vLEF WLOI


dOLu od
U

F(HZ)

Vrms

100Hz

2V

Vmax

vLEF WLOI
WL WL
Vp-p

WFd* Wu* UN
100Hz Ud dLOuH d WUF WLOI 2v UbI WFd Wu b U bu b U

? s WIU  uD  l

WK* Wu* UN
100Hz Ud dLOuH d WUF WLOI 2v UbI WK Wu b U bu b U

? s WIU  uD  l
W????K????????
UNu WuL d sO W F U
b se

(RMS) UFH bN b d w WudL UJ WIU  b s

b se d UO
Uu* UJ

sd9

bN
U r b U d b se VUD fOI

WdEM
WUA vK UUNU WHK L UuL UJ b se d UO s U r UMMJL

_ eN_
WOLJ

dBMF UN

Uu bu

U r UN

dOLu
BNC

WU V

qOu

qLF uD
WOO' WuLK
qJA w UL b q
dOLuH d WUF WLOI 12V bI bN 10KHz d WOO Wu bOu r UuL bu b U
2v/div

vK uLF jUC 10s/div 10 vK wI jUC l{ ?


WUA vK WuL UNU r
Y uLF

U bu
V
U r

X
wI _

d b se V ?
20s/div v wI jUC dO
dOOG bF d b se V
d vK UuL UJ rd r

qJA

WFd* WuLK
d WUF WLOI

12V

bI bN

10KHz

d WFd Wu bOu r UuL bu b U


? s uD  d r dOLuH

WK* WuLK
d WUF WLOI

12V

bI bN 10KHz d WK Wu bOu r UuL bu b U


? s uD  d r dOLuH
W????K????????

20ms/div wMe jUC 10v/div WOU vK 5v/div v UMIK uLF jUC l{ U

sOUMI vK 20 vtU 12.5KHz Ud Wu U r


b se b
v UMI UO bM WuL r WOO WuL XU
WOU UMI UO bM WuL r
WFd WuL XU sOU r
WK WuL XU sOU r b

wzUdNJ fOUMG*

sd9

bN
wzUdN fOUMG UM VUD uI

WdEM
v jUGL r I UdO XUuJ qJOM bbU WO OUMGL uL iF fOUMGL c
WHK  dD UM r wUM WFOD s tOK uB r wFO sOu

_ eN_
UHuL

WOLJ

dBMF UN

dO 1 Xu 10-0

dL  wzUdN bN bB

UOI bF

dOLK

rK 2 U dD r 10 tu

UDL bb s VOC

200-100

dOG WUI

WU V
1

rK 0.5 U tFDI WU  eF

e
WKu

WU V

dHM

WU V

pK

qLF uD
dHMB u bb VOC nE
bb VOC vK UNH WFDI VUM e W dC
eF W vK eFL pK  s U b n
WKu U vK p dOU k bb WFD s WKu d
qJA w UL bU tK VUML Zb vK DCmA WOF{ vK dOLKL j{

S
A

200

WOF{ k bb VOC s WOU WKu d


WKu

10V

qJA

vK qB dOGL WUIL j{ b oK


dO wKO 300

qJOM bb d s ZUM fOUMGL d


pUE q
wKO 50 tLO UO vK qB dOGL WUIL dO
fOUMGL c u k dO

W????K????????
wzUdNJ UO UD fJ bM w OUMGL UL uD  qB U
wzUdNJ fOUMGL UNOK bLF w quF U

UHK*

sd9

bN
UHKL u vK VUD dF
nKL WO h VUD lOD

WdEM
v nMB VKI U V dOGL WU UNM r qJA w UNCF s UHKL nK
Xd Wbb WOzu

nK* WO h
uJ YO WCH M WUI pK nKL UU dOL WDu nKL WO h sJL
sOU vK nKL w VDF
b WOU dOL d UNO uJ nKL UDI
nKL d W UH V UHKL sO UF UON WO UHK sO dB b
wU UO d s ZUM

_ eN_
UHuL
UOI bF
WHK  UJ u

WOLJ
1
6
1

dBMF UN
DMM dOL
UHK
WO h UN

qLF uD
dOG WU v pu w UHKL sO eO
WO h UN ULFU nK q WO b w q
UNK nK q WUI UOI r dOL b U

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

L(H)

R
WOL 

W????K????????
nKL WO vK WUF UL UON dOU U
nKL WO W dFL dOL ULF wHJ q

UA
U{ b w nKL WO vK VKI Wd dOU sO WO h UN b U

WO( WKUH*

sd9

bN
WO WKUHL VUD fOI
WO WKUHL vK d dOQ vK VUD dF

WdEM
w WO WKUHL bLF dMN bu tU UI b w WOU dUMF s nKL dF
XL= 2fL
V
XL= L
IL

WO WUFLU UL V d vK nKL

WO WUFLU UL uU b U WO WKUHL UI UL

_ eN_
UHuL

WOLJ
1

UOI bF

L=100mH

1K

1
1

dBMFUN
U bu
DMM dOu
nK
WOud WUI
dO

qLF uD
R
5KHz

qJA w b UM r
XL

1Vrms

A
qJA

5KHz d WOO Wu wDFO U bu j{


j{ r U bu d  vK dOu w d q
WUF WLOI Xu 1 vK buL bN
WLOI q WUIL w d vK dOu w d qI
bNK WUFH

U b w pUuKF r bN UOI r nKL w d vK dOu qI


s UIM b r WUF WLOI Xu 2 v buL bN dO

s uD  b r 10KHz v UuL bu s U d dO

WE
dOu d WUF WLO w b w uN q
f= 5 KHz

U bu bN VS

1V

2V

f= 10 KHz
1V

2V

WUI* bN VR
Y; bN Vl
dO d b UO I
(XL=VL/I) WO( WKUH* XL

L=XL2f nK* WO L

W????K????????
UDFL rOI l UNOK XKB w nKL WO U
nKLK WO WKUHL vK dR w quF w U
XU UOK dB b nKL qLF qK

luLK WuF  WKUH*

sd9

bN
luLK WuF  WKUHL VUD fOI
WuF  WKUHL vK d dOQ vK dF

WdEM
WuF  WKUHL bLF dMN bu tU UI b w WOU dUMF s luL dF
XC =
XC=

VC
IC

1
2fc

WO WUFL w UL V d vK luL w

WO WUFL w UL uU b U WuF  WKUHL U r UL

_ eN_
UHuL

WOLJ
1

UOI bF

C=0.1F

1K

1
1

dBMFUN
U bu
DMMdOu
lu
WOud WUI
dO

qLF uD
R
5KHz

qJA w b UM r
5KHz d WOO Wu wDFO U bu j{

1Vrms

U bu d  vK dOu w d q
A
qJA

WUF WLOI Xu 1 vK buL bN j{

q WUIL w d vK dOu w d qI
bNK WUFH WLOI

U b w pUuKF r bN UOI r luL w d vK dOu qI

s UIM b r WUF WLOI Xu 2 v buL bN dO


s uD  b r 10 KHz v UuL bu s U d dO

WE
dOu d WUFH WLOI w bU uN q
f= 5 KHz

U bu bN VS

1V

2V

f= 10 KHz
1V

2V

WUI* bN VR
Y; bN Vc
dO d b UO I
(XL=VL/I) WuF  WKUH* Xc

C=

1
nJ* WO c
2fXC

W????K????????
UDFL rOI l UNOK XKB w luL WFu sO U
luLK WuF  WKUHL vK dR w quF w U

RL wu vK nK WUI

sd9

bN
nK s WuJ b WOKJ WFULL VUD b
wu vK WUI

100mH
75KHz

R
47K

VS

w bN UO sO uD d VUD b


b

qJA

WdEM

s bK WOKJ WFULL V 0 90 bIL wu vK WUI nK w UO s bN bI


|ZT|=
VL
tan =
VR

X2L+R2

W F

W F s uD V

_ eN_
UHu*

WOLJ

dBMF UN'

U bu

Zb bF

dOu

47 K 0.5 w

WU WOud WUI

100 mH

nK

U r

qLF uD
100mH
75KHz

R
47K

VS
CH1

qJA

CH1

qJA w UL b UM r
WOO Wu wDFO U bu j{
WUF WLO Xu 1 75KHz Ud
2v/div 10s/div U r j{

wUMIK

b w t v UMIK vK U r b U WUIL w d vK bN UOI r


bU bI WOU UMI vK nKL w d vK bN UOI r
ULNMO uD d V rd vK sOU UNU r
s uD  b r Xu 2 `BO bN dO

VR

VS=1 v

Vl
VS=2v

VS=1v

I=Vr/R
VS=2v

VS=1v

VS=2v

XL=VL/I
VS=1v

ZT=VS/I

VS=2v

VS=1v

VS=2v

W????K????????
WUF WLO 10V bN bB 5 WUIL 80H nKLK WO XLK WIU  b w
V 10KHz Ud WOO WuL
WO WKUHL
WOKJ WFULL
uD W ?

UA
pUE UAM s WFd WK `B WOO WuL dOOG r

RC wu wK lu WUI

sd9

bN
lu s b WOKJ WFULL VUD b
wu vK WUI

0.01F
75KHz

R
1K

VS

b w bN UO sO uD d b

qJA

WdEM
bK WOKJ WFULL V 0 90 bIL wu vK WUI nK w dH UO s bN dU
|ZT|=
tan =

VC
VR

X2C+R2

W F s

W F s uD V

_ eN_
UHu*

WOLJ

dBMF UN'

U bu

Zb bF

DMMdOu

1K

WU WOud WUI

0.01uF

lu
U r

qLF uD
0.01F
75KHz

R
1K

VS
CH1

qJA w UL b UM r
CH2

WOO Wu wDFO U bu j{


WUF WLO Xu 1 75KHz Ud
2v/div 10s/div U r j{

wUMIK
qJA

b w t v UMIK vK U r b U WUIL w d vK bN UOI r


bU bI WOU UMI vK luL w d vK bN UOI r
ULNMO uD d V rd vK sOU UNU r
s uD  b r Xu 2 `BO bN dO

VR

VS=1 v

Vl
VS=2v

VS=1v

I=Vr/R
VS=2v

VS=1v

VS=2v

Xc=Vc/I
VS=1v

VS=2v

ZT=VS/I
VS=1v

VS=2v

WOO

W????K????????
Vs l tU WKBL u V r Vc,VrsO uN W UNLU r

WOU WUFL s UOIU We l UNU rdU uD W V

sd9

sOd

bN
wu vK sO VOd VUD uI

WdEM
sOd d vDF uDU t fUF WLOIU luL dOU U nKL dOU uJ UbM sOd b
L
100mH
75KHz

f0 =

C
0.01F

WO W FU

LC

WO WKUHLK bIL w WU  WuF  WKUHL

R
100

VS

qJA

_ eN_
UHu*

WOLJ

dBMF UN'

U bu

U r

Zb bF

DMM dOu

100 K 0.5 w

WU WOud WUI

0.1 F

lu

100 mH

nK

qLF uD
qJA w UL b UM r
0.2V/div, 0.1 mS/div, Ac vK U rd v UMI j{

U bu w d sO U rd v UMI q r b oK


VS=1 VP-P wDFO U bu j{

R WUIL w d vK U rd WOU UMI q

bNK WLO vK vK qB v U bu d dO

U r b U d UOI r
WIU  W F s sOd d V
Wu L WUIL WLOI sO U
t XL UL ddI V

W????K????????
u L s sOd d nK b u wu w sOd d UNOK bLF w quF sO
V  `{
dOU U sOd w wu vK lu nK UbI WUIL WOKJ WFULL WLO b
sOd vK nKL WO luL WF U
sOd WOU s UH L UIOD iF d

uL

sd9

bN
uL u sO VUD eOL
wzUdNJ uL WO VUD b

WdEM
bb wzu v uKI V nMB w U ULNMO uU d wzb nK s uL uJ
WC U WF v bN V XdH s VK

V i U  uL wH uU wzb nKL WUI UOI uL WO vK dF r


WUNU dB dH uJ V wzb nKL WUI s q uU nKL WUI uJ
uDItKb V
uL q bM uU nKL bN UOI dOLuH b U U C uL WObb sJL
WOKLF UO w Ub d WIdD w wzb nKL vK bN bBL

_ eN_
UHu*

WOLJ

dBMF UN'

UOI bF

dOu

WHK  UJ u

WuM u

WHK  UJ u

b u

qLF uD
pu w uL WuL vK dF
UNK u qJ

(R2)

uU nKL WUI (R1) wzb nKL s q WUI UOI r


uLK WOL rOI u pUE q w bU
T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

wzb nK* WUI R1


uU nK* WUI R2

bI u h
uLK WOL rOI u pUE q pu w bI u WuL vK dF
Xu 220 dOG bN bBL wzb nKL q
uLK WOL rOIU UNU r bU UNK uU nKL vK bN UOI r
T1

T2

T4

T5

T6

WOL rOI
wzb nK* bN
uU nK* bN

W????K????????
uNK WF d WC U  uL sO eOL nO qOBHU `{
220V/6V/1A u b

220V/ 6V/0.5A u VOd sJL q

wc uL h r nO `{


220v v 110v s bN qu UH bzU `{

sd9

wzUdNJ uL vK UUO

bN
WOzUdNJ uL vK WHK  UUO d s VUD sJL

WdEM
wK UL K qu W V UUO nMB uU wzb sOHK s uL uJ
K=

V2 N2
I1
=
=
V1 N1
I2

uI UMU

K WLO V

bF uL fLK tOM

K>1 XU bNK l uL

Xu 230 bNU tK

K<1 XU bNK i U uL


K=1 XU bNK U uL

_ eN_
UHu*
(V 6 /V 230) WOuHK i U

Zb bF
10K

WOLJ
1
1
1

dBMF UN'

wzUdN u
DMM dOu
WU WOud WUI

qLF uD
qbL w d sO vDFL uLK R1 wzb nKL WUI UOI r
d L w d sO (R2) uU nKL WUI UOI r
wzb nKL qb vK bN bB q
qOu bF wuU nKL d  vK bN UOI r
qL
qu W V
Xu 6 uU Xu 230 wzb bN UU qu W V

w b w UNK sOOM sO U
wzb nK* WUI

R1

uU nK* WUI

R2

WUI* qu W

Wu ; qu W

W????K????????
V  d qu W M Wu L s WUIL WLOI sO k bK udU

b?????u

UOzUM

UNBzUB UOzUM vK dF

sd9

bN
UOzUM U UJ vK VUD dF
U UJL V b U UOzUM u eOL
UNU vK WbL ud UUJ s UOzUM d eOL

WdEM
u v UNb UL U F nMB bFL UIOD WOdJ dUMF s UOzUM dF
wzUM UNM lMB w UL u b U V UNKJ UNL w nK wUU WHK 
UO wU w tO dL c UO wzUM w WJKN L bIK U F (Ge or Si) uJOK uOUd
tO d vK oDL bNK Forward or Reverse Biased w JF wU_
qN UL UNU vK VJ U Q WFUB UdA Ue iF UNCF s UOzUM eOOL
WdC UuKFL W U wDF WU b V vK ULU tu vK dF wzUM vK dF
tUO uN tu tb tUIOD wzUM s
rd l{u WMOF U b U (Cathode and Anode) bFBL jNL wzUM w d eOL
U Wdz WFI uUJ s Wd uJ u UCO U Wdz WIK q uUJ WN s
wU qJA w UL tKJ od s
A

UOzUM d eOOL qJ

WOzUdNJ b w WHK L UOzUM u wU qJA sO


Tunnel wIH
A

uCK YU

uCK U

LED

Photo

K A

Varicap uF

Zenner dM

UOzUM u qJ

K A

U
K

Wb
L _
UH
uL

WuL qJWOLJ

dBMF

U_ u_ UJ_ WHK 

10

U wzUM

dM wzUM

uF wzUM

wzu{ wzUM

10

uCK lA wzUM

wIH wzUM

wJu wzUM

U UJL U

WHK  WOdJ b Uu

u_

qLF uD
uKDL WOdJ UuK s WuL UOzUM s WuL pb
UNOK WbL UUJ r qJA YO s pU w UOzUM u sO eO
U b w UL d w Uu UOzUM c r
UOzUM vK WbL UF ud s u_ uUJ bFBL s jNLeO
WdA UN WIKFL UuKFL W U d qzb U UJL V w WIU  UOzUM s Y
b w UuKFL q a wzUM u qzb qJA WFUB
U UJL V s UOzUM vK uuL ud UF s oI
qJA r u UE

WFUB WdA

tu

wzUM r wzUM qJ

r d

UN qzb V s UNd pb uuL WOdJ UuK w uuL UOzUM b


oU  b w
W??A?? U??M??L??K??

jI tL qJ s wzUM u bb sJL q

tb wzUM r sO jd w W F U
jI WEL s wzUM d UD bb sJL q
p d bFL s lMB r dO UOzUMK wU  G Q k
qJA YO s WUIL wzUM sO dH U
WO UOzUM UJ hzUB UHu d qzb U UJL V b U

1N4001

1N4007

1N4148

BY399

BY299

BZY95

BA157

1N4500

UOzUM h

sd9

bN
wKOL wL d tOuM UOI bFUN b U WHK L dDU UOzUM VUD hH

WdEM
wU UO b P-N WK b vK uOUd uJOK WUF UOzUM h bLF
dL WCH ML WOU_ WUIL V wU_ UO bM wzUM w dL UO YO wzUMK w JF
h w u  c s UH sJLO b WOU WO JF WUIL uJ YO w JF UO bM
UOzUM
wKOL Digital wL d u dO_ UN q WUD bN bB u b s UH
VDI dRL UN w qL YO WUD WOD w sUN sO UH WE l Analog dRL
w uJ U fJ c WUDK VuL VDI u_ fL qL ULMO dL_ fLU WUDK VU 
wL d UN

:Multimeter

b
U wzUM h

l qUF rO pc U OKOL U OL b L hH UN u vK ULU hH WO nK


qBHM qJA UN q
(DMM)

wL d UOI UN b
U wzUM h

U wzUM e tOK rd wzUM hH UU U WOL d hH eN w bu


w wzUM qLF UbM uUJ l u_ fL u_ l dL_ fL qOu V
dI c qL WMOF WLO v WU c w UN d dOA qu wU_ UO WU
qJA w UL Xu wKKOLU wzUM w d sO bN WLO
VU  u_ fL uUJ l VuL dL_ fL WIU  Ou fJ bM
UN fOI wUU w JF UO WU w vI wzUM qu V u_ l
qJA w UL Display UN WU U vK 1 r d dNEO WLO

:(Analogue)

wKOL UOI UN b
U wzUM h

UNK  10 dOG WUI WUIL UO U sL{ VUML Zb UO V


wKOL
UO bM wL d UN WOD fJ w wKOL UOI UN WOD WE dC s
VU  VDI dL_ fL qL ULMO WUD Vu u_ fL qL YO UUIL
UNK qLF b V
wzUM qu uUJ l dL_ VU  VDI u_ l u_ VuL VDI qOu r
qJA w UL WLN dO WIO b WLOI WCH M WLO v WUIL WLO dOA
VuL u_ fL u_ l VU  dL_ fL WIU  Ou fJ bM
WUIL WLO uJ wUU w JF UO WU w vI wzUM qu V uUJ l
qJA w UL UOFD dRL d s WOzUN

qJ

qJ

qJ

qJ

Wb
L _
UH
uL

WuL qJWOLJ

UN dBMF

Zb bF

DMM UN

Zb bF

wKOL UO UN

WHK  u UJ

10

U wzUM

WHK  u UJ

dM wzUM

WHK  u UJ

uF wzUM

WHK  u UJ

wzu{ wzUM

WHK  u UJ

10

uCK lA wzUM

WHK  u UJ

wIH wzUM

U UJL U

WHK  WOdJ b Uu

qLF uD
Multitester UOI bF UN b
U wzUM h
x10 WOF{ vK dO_ UN l{
wzUM qJ WOU_ WUIL WLO q oU  qJA w UL dO_ q
UNM qJ WO JF WUIL WLO q dO_ w d fJF r
qOu wU w WU  WUI rO UN w UOzUM b
b w UL UOzUM W UJ qOu wU w UNOK XKB w rOI UuKFL
U
DMM wL dO UN b U WIU  uD  d
pUE wzUM v DMM UN WOF{ dOOG bF WIU  uD  d
tNUA b w ZzUM q WHK  Uu vK WdL UOzUM s WuL hH r
WOM k d d UOI dU r WuK s wzUM w d b qBH r

UM

WO JF WUIL

WOU_ WUIL

wzUM r wzUM qJ

r d

W??A?? U??M??L??K??

WIdD b sJL w u_ b WIU  WIdD fHM UOzUM W U h sJL q


UNO bb w WIU 
UL b s t d b qB wzUM h sJL q
d v wzUM s WOU_ WUIL WLO w V  u U
uDF d ULF `U wzUM sO eOL nO WIU  UUOI ZzU s UHU
UOzUM W UJ WIdD c `KB q dO_ b U wzUM UD bb sJL nO
UL `{ BY399 wzUMU BA157 wzUM b sJL q U UJL UJ UMOF 
wzUM VD UL w U

UOzUM u UOMM

sd9

bN
UOMML r UN VUD b
uJOK  uOUd UOzUM u  vMM sO eOL
dM wzUM u  vMM qJ rd

WdEM
U r UN Curve

Tracer

UOMML r UN b U wzUM h sJL

oO qJA wzUMK WO JF WOU_ u  vMM r sJL YO Oscilloscope


uJOK wzUM u  vMM sO wU qJA
I

wU UO
-VZk
0.7V

0.5V
UON

w J UO

uJOK wzUM WO JF WOU_ u  vMM qJ

WE
w uJ YO wU_ UO bN WLO w uJOK  s uOUd wzUM u vMM nK
volt 0.7 s b volt 0.3 uOUd

wzUM UO I

dM wzUM u vMM sOO wU qJA U


UO WOu
wU_
V

VZ dM WOu

-1mA

UNU ndF
u  UOMM rd b UN u
WOdJ dUMF ued UOzUMK

rOEM WIDM
WOuH

UIOD W U vK ndF tMO w rO d_


UOMM rd sdL c b O UN
wzUMK WO JF WOU_ u 

-IZ (max)

dM wzUM WO JF WOU_ u  vMM qJ

Wb
L _
UH
uL

WuL qJWOLJ

UN dBMF

WOU_ WOdJ dUMF W U r

UOMML r UN

U r UN

(Si Ge) WHK  u UJ

U wzUM

WHK  UJ

dM wzUM

U UJL U

qLF uD
uJOK uOUd U dM t d b L wzUM u b
UN WN vK hB L UJL w t d qOu r
WOU_ u  vMM bb (Forward Reverse) w J wU UHL l{ UO r

WO JF r
(Ge Si) hH X wzUM u UO UH WOF{ b

u  vMM qJ WEL UN l U r qOu r

qJA vK rOI b W b wzUMK WO JF WOU_ u  vMM qJ r

W??A?? U??M??L??K??

uOUd wzUM uJOK  wzUM u vMM sO dH u U


d v wzUM s u  vMM qJ w V  u U
U r WU vK wzUMK U WO JF u  vMM bUA sJL q
dM wzUM UF wzUMK u  vMM sO dH u U

dM wzUM hzUB vK dF

sd9

bN
UO bNdM wzUM u vMM VUD rd

WdEM
UON bN bM UNM w JF UO WU w qLF tQ d_ UOzUM s dM wzUM eOL
UF wzUM s d W M WO U{ Vzu W U{ s ZU c w JF
fH u wU_ u  vMM UF wzUM q UUL wU_ UO bM dM wzUM qLF
UF wzUMK wU_ u  vMM
dOLuH b U U tB r pc dM wzUM hH `KB UF wzUM h WId
w ld be tKUI bN w be YO w JF UO WIDM sL{ qLF t YO b qL UM
UO

Wb
L uL
UHuL

WuL qJWOLJ

dBMF

1N3828

dM wzUM

1 K

WUI

U UJL U

VDC dOG bN bB

dOLu

dO

qLF uD
WIL dOH Wu UK U b U U WMOL b q
b uUJ l VU  u_ l VuL wU UO WU b l bN bB qOu r
WLO q bM UO WLO d 400mV v bN qB v 100mV bFL UOb bN l d

U b w UL UNK
Xu 800mV v bN qB v 40mV `B Ue WLO b bNK WIU  WLOI bF
Xu 1 v bN WLO qB v UO rO qO lU
b w ZzUM UbM qLF w dM wzUM bN WLO UA U WIU  uD  d
tUA
u  vMM UO bN W UOUO r

WOU_ u

UE

wzUM UO

wzUM w d sO bN

bBL bN

mV

mV

UOI

100

200

300

400

440

480

520

560

600

640

10

680

11

720

12

760

13

800

14

900

15

1000

16

dM wzUM qL WIDM WOJF u



UE

wzUM UO

wzUM w d sO bN

bBL bN

mV

mV

UOI r
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

A
ZDP
1N3828
VDC

1K

qJ

W??A?? U??M??L??K??

u  vMM qJ s pUE w U
dM wzUM UF wzUMK u  vMM sO dH u U
pc UF wzUM b b bN rOEM dM wzUM b d H nO

LED uCK YU wzUM

sd9

bN
uCK WU UOzUM h WId vK VUD dF
WOdJ b w uCK YU wzUM VUD b
uCK YU wzUMK wu WUI U WId vK VUD dF

WdEM
dO _ UN b wzUMK WO JF WOU_ WUIL vK uCK YU wzUM h b bLF
hH WOKL s qN b U l UF wzUM h WId fHM wzUM hH DMM UN
w JF UO bM wC WCH M WOU WUI wU_ UO bM wC wzUM k YO
WOU WO J WUI
UF wzUM WU w UL U OL U U OKOL hH w b L UN uM U V WE
U wzUM e tOK rd wzUM hH UU U WOL d hH eN w bu
w wzUM qLF UbM uUJ l u_ fL u_ l dL_ fL qOu V
dI c qL WMOF WLO v WU c w UN d dOA qu wU_ UO WU
UU t vK wzUM wC Xu wKKOLU wzUM w d sO bN WLO
VU  u_ fL uUJ l VuL dL_ fL WIU  Ou fJ bM
UN fOI wUU w JF UO WU w vI wzUM qu V u_ l
qJAWU c w wzUM wC Display UN WU U vK r d dNEO WLO
sOU `{u wU

wzUM wC qJ

wzUM wC qJ

dRL LED uCK YU wzUM b


2V

wJa dc dRL eN_ qOGA

LED

dL  bN bBL tKOu V wzUM c qLF


12V

qLF v t qJA w UL WO WODI


0.02A

10V

tKOu V nKK dF LED wzUM


c WLO V wu vK tF qu WUI l
UHuL V UuUJ v UMU WUIL

qJ

qJA w WMOL b w L (Data Book)


Xu 2 U wzUM bN
20mA vB _ UO
udO sOu uU oOD UNK V w wu WUI U sJL wUU
500 = 0.02 /10 UO b UNO d vK bN d WUIL WLO
sOU s UO sJLO 560 470 w u_ w d uL WOKLF rOI YO
sOLOI

uL _
UH
uL

WuL qJWOLJ

UN dBMF

12V

dL  bN bB

Zb bF

DMM UN

Zb bF

wKOL UO UN

WHK  u UJ

10

uCK lA wzUM

U UJL U

WHK  WOdJ b Uu

qLF uD
U sOL b w ZzUM X pu w UOzUM hH r
UM

WO JF WUIL

WOU_ WUIL

wzUM r

wzUM qJ

r d

rO s bQ b w dUMF W U vK uN UOI r qJA w WMOL WIU  b V


UO uN

W??A?? U??M??L??K??
Xu 5 bN bB s cG Xu 3 wzUM wu WUI WLO V

wzuC wzUM VOd qJ

wzuC wzUM e qJ

Half Wave Rectifier

tu* nB .uI

sd9

bN
WuL nB ruI VOd vK VUD dF
UNUD vK dF b hH uI

WdE WbI
dL  UO v dOGL UO qu v bN wUU AC dOGL UO U bOu tQ ruI dF
tII U c d UU dL UU UO dL dBM b WIU  WOKLF VKD DC
wzUM
dUMF s WDO WuL b wzUM b YO dD j WuL nB ruI WId dF
jI dOGL UO Wu nB dL UN_ r cN WIdD c XOL b
b d  w DC dL  bN vK uBK p rOFM WOHB dBM bK UC

bN bB
qL
(AC) dOG
Wu nB ruI qJ

uL _
UHuL

WuL qJWOLJ

UN dBMF

Xu 12 WUG

dOG bN bB

U r UN
WUI qL

1N4007

ruI wzUM

WuL

qU b bM

U UJL U

3,6,9,12 volt, 1Amp

u

1F,10F,100F,470F, 1000F (16 volt)

WHK  WOzUOLO UHJ

dOG Wu

WI dO Uu

WU V

qOu
U

afOK WKB UJH WD  UJH j U U U vK bF bM u

qLF uD
WIL WuK vK dUMF X
UIU UNLKF w UK f V dUMF UK qJA w WMOL b q
Xu 6 bI bN 21 sO dD vK o dOGL bN bB b U
oU  qJA w sO u UL b d  qb bM U r wUM wKb qOu r
XO l wKLF Vb d vK W b ULNL U r wUM vK UuL qJ k
qJA vK uN rO
dOu UN b U b e nK  w uN UOI r
bNK i U  uLU dOGL bN bB b bF WIU  uD  b
qJ k b L nJL WODI t qL l u vK 1F tF nJ qOu r
wUO r W vK UNL WU  bN U
nJL uL W U{ bF bb b qJ r
pb w UHJL rO W UJ WIU  uD  b

W??A?? U??M??L??K??

Wu nB ruI qL b UBU d


b w Wb L dUMF s dBM q qL u U
b qL vK nJL WF dOOG dOQ U
Xu 3 wzUM b w wzUM b sJL q
WIU  b U  U
ruI d  bN vK nJL w qB b dOQ U
WIU  bK WKLL UD_ w U
p d d UBL U{ uJ WU w qJA w WMOL b w

1
2

bN bB
(AC) dOG

qJ

d

bNK X l Wu nB .uI

sd9

bN
bNK XL dM wzUM qL vK VUD dF
bNK X l Power Supply WcG VUD Vd

WdEM
dOG l XU sOF bN vK k U YO w JF UO WU w qLF dM wzUM U UIU UM UL
vK d  bN k U YO bN XO rOEM w wzUM c b bI wUU w JF UO UO
qL UO dOG l UU tLO
w UNOd r w WuL nB uI d bN rOEM dM wzUM b sdL c w rO
u rOEM r b c vK oKDoU sdL

Wb
L uL
UH uL

WuL qJWOLJ

dBMF

10V, .55A, 5.5Watt

dM wzUM

1N4004

U wzUM

12V, 0.5A

u

UUJL U

DMM

100 ohm (5W)

WUI

10

WUI

5 uKO 1 UNLO
qB dOGWUI

qL WUI

Xu 25 UdJU 4700

wOdJ wzUOLO nJ

qU b bM

qLF uD

0.66A
230V
50Hz

12.6V
AC

16.6V
DC

10 (5W)

4700 F

10V
DC

0.11A

qJ

b UF wzUM U U l WIL dOH Wu UK U b U WMOL b q


dM wzUM qu
U b w ZzUM WHK L UIM w uN UOI r
uL w d vK .
ruI wzUM bF

qL w d vK

WUI b bF qL w d sO bN d vK p dOU k qL WUI WLO dOOG r


dOG WUIL qL
b w UN WIU  UUOI fH b b w UL dM wzUM q

qL w d vK bN

ruI wzUM bF bN

uL w d sO bN

q bF

q q

q bF

q q

q bF

q q

dM wzUM

dM wzUM

dM wzUM

dM wzUM

dM wzUM

dM wzUM

W??A?? U??M??L??K??

bK W MU pUE w U


b vK dM wzUM q dOQ u U
dP wzUM dM wzUM UMb WIU  b w Xu 18 d bN vK uB sJL q
Xu 18 bN WLO
b qL vK dM wzUM w dB b dOQ u U

5OzUM bU WKU Wu .uI

sd9

bN
sOOzUM b U WKU Wu ruI vK VUD dF
b VOd uI
UNUD vK dF b hH uI

WdEM
bN Wu s VU  nBM s UHU uI UNQ WuL nB ruI s b c nK
dOGL bN w WOzUdNJ bI qU G rO dOGL
WOzUdNJ bI qU s UH r YO j WDI u b c w sOOzUM b r
ruI WU w UC WF `Od WOKL dF UL WuL nB WU w jI bI nB G s b
U s VU  nBM c WO WuL nB

bN bB
qL

(AC) dOG

sOOzUM b U WKU Wu ruI qJ

uL _
UHuL

WuL qJWOLJ

UN dBMF

U r UN
WUI qL

1N4007

wzUM

WuL

qU b bM

U UJL U

3,6,9,12 volt 1Amp

j WDI u

1F,10F,100F,470F (16 volt)

WHK  WOzUOLO UHJ

dOG Wu

WI dO Uu

WU V

qOu
U

dOOF UJH fOK WKB UJH WD  UJH j U U U vK bF bM u

qLF uD
WIL WuK vK dUMF X
UNLKF w UK f V dUMFK UK U b U qJA w WMOL b q
ju WDI uLK U l UIU
oU  qJA w sO u UL b d  qb bM U r wUM wKb qOu r
rO Ub wKLF Vb d vK W b ULNL U r wUM vK UuL qJ k
qJA vK uN
sO bN WLO s bU b qd W U w WHK L uN UOI dOLuH UN b
wzUM w d
UNL WU  bN U qJ k qL l u vK 1F tF nJ qOu r
wUO r W vK
pb w UHJL W UJ WIU  uD  b

W??A?? U??M??L??K??

dA w bU WOU UJ_ sOOzUM b U WKUJ WuL ruI qL b UBU d

qJ

qJ

b w Wb L dUMF s dBM q qL u U


b qL vK nJL WF dOOG dOU U
WuL nB ruI WKUJ WuL ruI sO dH u U
b qL vK nJL dOQ UMO tKOu bF nJL q q UuL qJ r
wzUM w d sO bN u u U
UF ULNOK fJ dOU u U b qL vK UOzUM b U fJ dOU u U

dDMI bU WKU Wu .uI

sd9

bN
dDMI WKUJ WuL ruI vK VUD dF
b VOd uI
UNUD vK dF b hH uI

WdEM
b s UL u dDM UNKJ w tA w b qJA WO r cN WIdD c XOL
bM WU fJFM qB WU w d UOzUM vI ULO UOzUM qu WMOF WOM WE w tQ d_
U b d_ b c dF W UFL UuL UB

bB
rOFM
bN

bN
d 
u

ruI
b

se u

dL L d  U qJ dDM WKU Wu ruI qJ

qJ

uL bF _
UHuL

WuL qJWOLJ

UN dBMF

sOUM

U r UN

WOU b WHK  rO
1N4007

WUI qL
4

wzUM

ruI dDM

WuL

qU b bM

U UJL U

3,6,9,12 volt 1Amp

u

1F,10F,100F,470F (16 volt)

WHK  WOzUOLO UHJ

dOG Wu

WI dO Uu

WU V

qOu

WU V

U

dOOF UJH fOK WKB UJH WD  UJH j U U U vK bF bM u

qLF uD
WIL WuK vK dUMF X
UNLKF w UK f V dUMFK UK U b U qJA w WMOL b q
`OB qJAU UOzUM qOu U l UIU
oU  qJA w sO u UL b d  qb bM U r wUM wKb qOu r
XO l wKLF Vb d vK W b ULNL U r wUM vK UuL qJ k
qJA vK uN rO
b qd W U w WHK L uN UOI dOLuH UN b
UNL WU  bN U qJ k qL l u vK 1F tF nJ qOu r
wUO r W vK
pb w UHJL rO W UJ WIU  uD  b
UNKOu WIdD U l pb uuL WKUJL dDMIU UOzUM 4 s WuJL dDMI b
ULO uL d b l qu dOGL UO qb vK b ~ U YO WOB
DC dL L b d  vK U b

W??A?? U??M??L??K??
rN w WOU b bU dDMI WKUJ WuL ruI qL b UBU d
qLF b

qJ

qJ

b w Wb L dUMF s dBM q qL u U


b qL vK nJL dOQ UMO tKOu bF nJL q q UuL qJ r
b qL vK UOzUM b fJ dOQ u U
b qL vK UOzUM W U fJ dOU u U

bNK X l WKU Wu Wu .uI

sd9

bN
bNK X l Power Supply WcG VUD Vd

WdEM
dOG WUI b YO bNK rEM XL dM wzUM qL `O{u w WOU b b
b d  bN rJK Potentiometer
50
220V
AC

WcG
12V

100 F

100
10K

100

qJ

Wb
L uL
UHuL

WuL qJWOLJ

dBMF
dM wzUM
ruI dDM
u
U UJL U

10V, .55A, 5.5Watt

DMM

1
12V, 0.5A

100 ohm (5 W)

uKO 10
50
Xu 25 U dJU 100

1
1
1
1

WUI
dOG WUI
WUI
wOdJ wzUOLO nJ
qU b bM

w d wM ruI dDM Ub  WIL dOH Wu UK U b U WMOL b q


oU  sdL
oU  sdL w UL U b w ZzUM WHK L UIM w uN UOI r
uL w d vK .a
ruI dDM bF

.b

b d  w

.c

b d  w bN d vK p dOU k dOGL WUIL WLO dOOG r


w UN WIU  UUOI fH b w uN UO b b w UL dM wzUM q
b
qL w d vK bN

ruI dDM bF bN

uL w d sO bN

q bF

q q

q bF

q q

q bF

q q

dM wzUM

dM wzUM

dM wzUM

dM wzUM

dM wzUM

dM wzUM

W??A?? U??M??L??K??
bK W MU pUE w U
b vK dM wzUM q dOQ u U
b w 50 WuIL b UL

5V bN X

sd9

bN
IC WKUJL b b U bN rOEM vK VUD dF
WKUJ b U5V bNK X l (Power Supply) WcG VUD Vd

WdEM
(V 0.2 U QD 5V WLOI rEM XU bNTTL q WOL d WKUJL b iF cG
WOU bU WHKJ dO WDO b U t bN rEM uu WU dN V  cN

bB
rOFM
bN

IP OP
COM

bN
d 
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u
b

ruI

se u

bN uI
qJ

Wb
L uL
UHuL

WuL qJWOLJ

7805

12V, 0.5A

1
1
1

Xu 25 U dJU 10
Xu 25 U dJU 100
U uU 100

1
1
1
1

dBMF
bN rEM
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U UJL U
ruI dDM
wOdJ wzUOLO nJ
wOdJ wzUOLO nJ
nJ
qU b bM

qLF uD
WKU Wu ruI q
WMOLU ruI dDM b U
w d q u qJA w
sO dD sO uU uL
cR ULO dDMIK sODu
sO dD sO dL L bN
sd
dOGL uN UOI r
dDMI d vK dL L
w U b w UN
qJ

WOU WHB

7805 Wb L WKUJL b d WE l wU qJA w WMOL b qOu r


1 dD w rEML dO bN
2 dD w WdAL WDIM
3 dD w rEML bN

b w ZzUM rOEM bF w uN UOI r


qL vK bN UOI r b d  w dOG qL q

7805

7805

8 - 18V (input)
150mA
100 F

3
10 F

+5V (output)
100nF

1 2 3
qJ

bN rEM bF qL w d vK bN

dDMI bF bN

uL w d sO bN

b u UE
UO WKOKI UNHKJ b c UL
VOd WKN
dO 150 qL UO bM Xu 5 tLO ULEM bN b c wDF
1

v qB sJL YO ruI l qB Ud d b qL UO WLO Ue


dO

05 b c w  uN rOEM bN WLO vK bN rEM r s sOdO_ sOU  b

Xu 5 vK b uN wUU
U d UH bM qBH YO WOK Wd WUL vK UNzuU b c UL
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W??A?? U??M??L??K??
oU  b s pUE w U
cN rOEM bN WLO w U 7812 bN rEM qzb U UJL U b U d
b

Limiters bb Clipping hI

sd9

bN
hI w UOzUM UIOD vK VUD dF

WdEM
hI WOKL uJ sOF u  bM WOO WuL s e c vK Clipping hI qLF
qJA w sO u UL wzUM U V qH s vK_ s U c

se

se

se

se

qJ

ULNMO dO oU  sdL w UNOK X dF w bN X bb hI tA


WOKL b `{u WO b WUIL nJL b w uJ
R
VB + 0.7V
Vin

VB

RL

qJ

uL bF _
UHuL

WuL qJWOLJ

UN dBMF

Xu 12-0

WOO Wu U bu

Xu 12-0

dL  bN bB

sOUM

U r UN

DMM bF UO UN

BAX 13 1N4007

wzUM

10 k

WUI

100 k

WUI

Solderless Breadboard

U Wu

0.5 mm

WU V

WFO qOu

qU b bM

qLF uD
oU qJA w sO u UL b q
t WLO v vK DC dL L bN WLO j{
edO 500 WLOI vK WOO U bu d WLO j{
Xu 5 WLOI vK U bN j{
dHB u  vK U r wUMI DC u  j{
rd vK qb U qJ r U bB l _ U r qb q
wUO
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rOI bb s d  qb wU qJ r 10V DC v qbL bN WLO l
UC dGB vLEF
rOI U qJ r Xu v dL L bN l 5V AC v U WLO b
dGB vLEF

vLEF rOI U r Xu WLOI v d d dL L bN WLO l


dGB
dL L bN bB WOD fJ bM sdL b

W??A?? U??M??L??K??

UBU UNO dBM q qL U{u b qL b d


vLEF WLOI h r w bN WLO bBL tODF c dL L bN WLO sO W F w U
UbM
dH WLOI bM UuC dL L bN bB uJ UbM d  qb wU sO dH u U
Xu
dL L bN U bM d  U qJA b U
qL w d vK U qJ dL L bN bB WOD sO jd w W F U

U??????A??????
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Amplitude
R

VB

RL

qJ

U?????A?????
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d  qb wU qJ r sdL w uD  W U cH
b s uM c w dM wzUM bzU w U

1K

1K

R1

R2

Vin = 10VP-P
1N4728A
WK Wu
3.3V / 1w
500Hz

VO
1N914

qJ

Clamping

XO

sd9

bN
XO w UOzUM UIOD vK VUD dF

WdEM
WU  WuL vLEF WLOI XO b c uI Clamping Circuit bN X qJA sO
XU u  bM bNK
VO

VS

VO

qJ

qb s DC Uu  e vK nJL qLF ULO XO w wU_ dBMF wzUM dF


vLEF WLOI UbM X w WLOI bb dL L bN bB b b d 

uL bF _
UHuL
Xu 12-0
Xu 12-0

WuL qJWOLJ
1
1
1

BAX 13 1 N4007

100nF / 16 V

Solderless Breadboard

0.5 mm

WU V
1

UN dBMF
WOO Wu U bu
dL  bN bB
U r UN
DMM bF UO UN
wzUM
nJ
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WFO qOu
qU b bM

qLF uD
wU qJA w sO u UL VuL bN X q
100F

vK DC dL L bN WLO j{
t WLO v
100K
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10V

WOO U bu d WLO j{


edO 500 WLOI vK
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VuL UU bN X qJ

WLOI vK U bN j{
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DC WOF{ vK U r UH WOF{ X
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wUO
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U dGB vLEF WLOI
sOU sO U wUO
rOI
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UC dGB vLEF
m 5V AC v U WLO b

100F

r Xu 2 v dL L bN
100K
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10V

vLEF rOI
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dGB
v UOb dL L bN WLO l

U r Xu 4 WLOI

qJ

dGB vLEF rOI


XL b uD  fH b
WOU VU 

XO bN WLOI rJ l WOU XL b uD  fH b


100F

10V
5V

100K
R

qJ

W??A?? U??M??L??K??

UBU UNO dBM q qL U{u bN X qL b d


vLEF WLOI XO r w bN WLO bBL tODF c dL L bN WLO sO W F U
UbM
d  qb wU sO dH U
UNOd XL w  b U  sO U
b d  U qJ vK wzUM U dOU U

bN' UHUC

sd9

bN
UOzUM b U bN UHUC vK VUD dF
bN nUC Vd

WdEM
b qLb sOOU sOb `{u bN nUC w qJA sO

C1
C2 output

CR1

DC
OV
RL

qJ

C1 200V CR2
200V
OV

CR1

200V

C2

Eout

VuL nBM
qJ

C1
OV
200V

200V

CR2

CR1

VU  nBM
qJ

C2

Eout

800V
OV
RL

RL

wU qJA LF ruI w UNU UNKL tOA sJL YO bN UHUCL d J sO WOU b
qbL bN WLI bN nF{ U d L w bN `B YO sOOzUM b fJ WE l

CR1
200V
OV
200V

800V
A OV
C1

R1

200V
C2
CR2

200V

RL
R2
B

qJ

wUF jGC WKd w wUF bN UHUC UHK eN w UNL bb UIOD b cN
Xu 25000 s be U v CRTUHK WU Wu v qB c wUF jGC WLO qB b

uL bF _
UHuL

WuL qJWOLJ

UN dBMF

Xu 30-0

dOG bN bB

bF UO UN

wzUM

nJ

qU b bM

U Wu

1F Xu 100

Breadboard

qLF uD
12V WLOI vK qbL bN XO bF qJA w sO u UL b q
AC dOGL bN bB l b q
ddI w UOI WO b d  w bN UOI r

W??A?? U??M??L??K??

WOU b d  w l uL bN WLO w U

12V

qJ

d l bN nUC r
b d  uN UHJL UOzUM b sO W F w U
qJA WIU  b w UHJLK qOGA uN uJ V r

- /+15V WcG

sd9

bN
VU Vu sbN wDF w WcG vK VUD dF
UNOK dUMF X bK WuDL WuK dOC VUD uI
W UUOI cQ uI b qOGA VUD uI

WdEM
s dOJ UL Xu 15 v qB UNLO dL  WcG uN CMOS u WOL d WKUJL b cG
V 15 WLOI VU d Vu ULb sbN cG Operational Amplifier UOKLF dJ
d_ Wu ULb Xu 15V rEML bNK sOLO wDF WDO WcG `{u WOU b
WU
ULNM q WF sOOOdJ sOFu s uJ rOFM WOHB Wu ruI s b c Vd
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b d  w V 15 sbN vK uB sJL

S1a

F1

D1-D2

30mAT
230V

S1b

2200/35
C1

Tr1
4x15V
50mA

IC1
7815
C5
C3

100n

10/25

100n

10/25

15V

D GND
C2

4x1N4001

2200/35

C4
IC2
7915

C6
15V

qJ

UNOK oKD w Printed Circuit Boards WuDL UuK WOMI b U b c cOHM rO


sdL c cOHM s UdOC WO `O{u rO w PCB UB
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Ou b vK uBK UULO qUF r UuK c vK b r r WOU WID UDG dO


WOU qOu b b WuK sL{ Wb WOU

WuD* WuK qJ

qJ

UNOK Wd dUMF l WuD* WuK

qJ

Wb
L _ uL
UHuL

WuL qJWOLJ

dBMF

7815

bN rEM

7915

bN rEM

18V, 50mA

u

U UJL U

1N4001

wzUM

10F, 25V

wOdJ wzUOLO nJ

2200F, 35V

wOdJ wzUOLO nJ

100nF

nJ

WOLKOH WID 15x8 cm

UMU WOKD dO Uu

D W UJ 1

UN

WU 
WO HM u WF_U qLF

Ultra Violet Developer


Etching Machine

D W UJ 1

UM W UN

VU qJ WuL

Ou uD

Permanent

WOUM UuK vK rdK rK

FeCL3

UM W U

d uM s

UO UH

qU b bM

qLF uD
WuDL WuK
vK dO W b WuDL WuK r
UUIL U sOF c_ l u
d sO dUMF sO U U LK WOIOI
r UOIL fO rd bu dBMF

`O
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q WU Zd WDu p
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duBWMUb UWO UHAvKrdduBr


w UO UHA vK dU qJA WUD qCH
uU WDu rd b U
w WHK L Ou uD b U
vK jGC od s WuK rd r pu
vK dUE Ou V uD  c
WuK
qJA WU  WOUM WuK vK WO UHA X
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WuK s UM W XL b t k UL
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b U dUMF XO UI w WuK VOI r


0.6mm dD WUM WAd XU bI
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WOUM Ou WN
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WN s UNOK Xb w WOB UK d
WuK d_
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ZzUM b qd W U w uN UOI r


U b w
dOOG dOQ k dOG qL l b q
w ZzUM bN rOEM WOKL vK qL
b
sJL ucL eN_ d u b U w WE
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rU dHM b U WOUM WuK nE
Caborundum Paper b
UL WUML WOIOI UF_U b rd r
WIU  WIdD w

vK UN b UNOK XL w W u VK
ULNMO ud W l{ WOUM WuK
WOUM WuK vK UNFD b r b
w WHK L Ou uD b U
vK jGC od s WuK rd r pu
vK dUE Ou V uD  c
WuK
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ucL Ou uD d u b U w UM W uL UI WOUM


W pbb buK rd XO uuB bO bO uK qOUL bU r
UM
uKL w UuK l{ sJL Etching Machine UM W WMU d u b U w
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d v d sO UuK VOKI pd d{ l
p dC XC rUM dHM  ULU UNHE WuK l
WIU  uD  w UL WOKLF lU
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qL w d vK bN

bF bN

bN rEM bF

dDMI

uL w d sO bN

W??A?? U??M??L??K??

oU  b w rOI s pUE w U
LM7815 LM7915 sOKUJL sOb sO dH u U
dO wKKO 50 UO s vK UO WIU  b b sJL q
WU  pIdD WIU  bK WuDL WuK r
dOGL dL L bN WLO sO dH w V  u U

U??????A??????
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dOG WcG

sd9

bN
w _ qBH UNOK b w UNL W U tO oD UJ UdA VUD cHM
qLA
dUM VOd lD WdF U s WbO UNL W U
qBH w UNF qUF r w dUMF WOU h
WuDL UuK b
UNKOGA WcG bBL b qOu
oz wM qJA dAL d

WdEM
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dOG WUI
sL{ b c qLF 1.2V

-/+25V sO d UU DC Uu dL  bN b c wDF

UO bN WLO vK b dRL b be sJL 800mA WUG UOK b


LM317 sOKUJL sOb s U u b c w bN rOEM WOKL w wU_ dBMF
W d_ LM337

qJ

UOu UE
b cOHM bM WOU u_ Ud V
d dL s WeF X u fHM W UN s bU WKUJL b qOu t
RO wKL dO p UNd UH bM qBH WLLB WKUJL b oL
UNHK v
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100mm s UdL bN
bN ULEM qb s Wd uJ YO 10F UHJL qOu sJL
WKUJL b d bM dUC4 C3 sOHJL qOu s bQ
UR UJU 1N4004 UOzUM U fH b d{ UOzUMK WOB WODI s bQ
WOU  UHJL s ZM b w W UFL uN s bN ULEM wL p YO
dOJ WF 
b d  qb nK sJL wUU WFMBL WdA V b d nK b WE
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d_ fJ bM qLF s b UOzUM
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dBM d UH b s bU WKU dOOG

Wb
L _ uL

UHuL

WuL qJWOLJ

dBMF

LM317

Vu bN rEM

LM337

VU bN rEM

25 -0- 25V

j WDI u

qzb U

5A

ruI dDM

1N4004

wzUM

10F, 40V

wOdJ wzUOLO nJ

4700F, 40V

wOdJ wzUOLO nJ

10nF

nJ

WOD 2K

dOG WUI

Banana

U L qbLK 

WU V

qOu
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UMU WOKD dO Uu

D W UJ 1

Developer UN

Etching Machine

D W UJ 1

UM W UN

VU qJ WuL

Ou uD

WOLKOH WID 15x8 cm


WU 
WO HM u WF_U qLF
Ultra Violet

Permanent

WOUM UuK vK rdK rK

FeCL3

UM W U

d uM s

UO UH

qU b bM

qJA uL fH vK sOUI We b WUIL sOdOGL sOUIL s W{UF sJL


uHKL pK  u WOLUu X O WOD UUI b u dC U l fUF
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bM UOb UN rJ uJ wUU uL WOF{ dOOG l UOD UO l bN VUM wb qJA
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qLF uD
r sdL w W{uL WIdD fHM WuDL WuK b eON r
W{uL UOu UEL W U Ud l sdL cN WU  ULOKF fHM b lL
UIU
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w b w

UE

d  w bN

d  w bN

w d sO bN

VU  rEML

VuL rEML

uL

W??A?? U??M??L??K??

oU  b w rOI s pUE w U
b qJ vK p V WIU  b w dUMF s dBM q qL u U
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UNN w UuFB
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U???????A???????
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qGAL

dOLuHK WOKb WUIL s bU d{ dRL dOOF dC t WE

+VE

1A

+Out
30V

Set 30V

R1
22K
VR2
10K

-VE

1A

-Out
qJ

1mA
58R

1mA
58R

1mA
58R
1K

60K

0.058R

wu vK dOLOu WUI u vK dO WUI

0.1R
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qJ

b?????u

ued

ued vK dF

sd9

bN
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WdEM
WHK  U??? UJQ ued lMB
dEM dL UNM iF vK b dF sJL
eN v ued c s d iF U ULMO
UL qJA sOUNHOMB WU UO WMOF UO
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_ eN_
UHuL

WOLJ

WFDIUN

r? qJA w WHK ??

u??ed

qLF uD
w b  WEL dEM s ued s WHK  WuL pu
UEL

U _ ed

qJA

r d

W??A?? U??M??L??K??
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ued bI W t tKJ ued r q

W d bb% ued h

sd9

b_
PNP NPN

ued u W dF
t d bb

U uDF U U U tO W dF

WdEM
UL sOOzUM (PN)wK s U OKL ued uJ
wzUM hzUB vK U??L?? qJA w?? `{u
w??U??_ U??O? ? w???U?? w?? t??U??I?L? WLO ???
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c s bF nU dO ued d sO UUIL WLO qJ `{u ULMO


O UUIL
W dF UNUu sJL ued hH WU eN bu UL ued nK vK

WOU

U

I

M W

UI

I
U
W

B
E

WC

WOU

U
I

PNP ued h WId qJ

B
E

WC

M W

WOU WUI

WOU WUI

WOU WUI

WOU WUI

WC
H

WOU

WC
H

WOU

U

I

M W

UI

u c b_ wze nK WU w U u v WO ued u

M W

U

U

I

I

NPN ued h WId qJ

ued d sO UUIL WFO s wQ U UM sJL


w ued U u lLL YU sO d sO b WOU WUIL uJ UO bu
w J wU UO WU
bb bUI u YU dD uJ uedK lLL YU sO d bb WuN sJL
PNP

NPN ued u

d vK dOL_ UN VuL VDI XO wU_ UO WU s UH sJL


uJ WCH M lLL bUI WUI pc tCH M YU bUI WUI uJ YO bUI
.NPN ued u

bUI WUI WCH M YU bUI WUI uJ bUI vK X d_ d uJ UbM


PNP ued u uJ WCH M lLL

ued h `O{u wKL U


D.M.M wL dOL hH WOKL w b WE

UOI WO

uD 
lC d vK dOL_ X

WOU WUI

BD136

dvK dOL_
lC d vK dOL_ X
WOU WUI
dvK dOL_
lC d vK dOL_ X

WCH M WUI
dvK dOL_
lC d vK dOL_ X
WCH M WUI
dvK dOL_
sOU w WOU WUI

sO WUIL fOI
bUI d PNP ued u uJ

_ eN
UHuL

U_ UJ_ u_ WHK 
tO ued u b

WOLJ

WFDI UN

wL dOL UN

15

ued
ued hU UN

qLF uD
b w ZzUM q pu uuL ued s q d sO UUIL UOI r
c d b pu w ued h b ued hU b U
UNO UNu ued
sOuD  w UNOK XKB w ZzUM sO U
ued WO
V 

`U dO

wU UO w WUIL

`U

EB

BC

CE

w JF UO w WUIL
EB

BC

CE

uM

ed

r d

sOO sOb s hH UOKL vK b sJL


NPN u s u ed

WCH M WUI

WCH M WUI

PNP u s u ed

WCH M WUI
WOU WUI

WOU WUI

b WOU WUI

b WOU WUI

WOU WUI

WOM

WOU WUI
WCH M WUI

WCH M WUI

b WOU WUI

b WOU WUI

WE
VU  VDI U wMF UOIUN VuL VDI wMF U

WK_
p wMF U b s q YU bUI tK sO WUIL uJ qIF q
NPN u ued w tUIL fH w PNP u ued w lLL YU sO WUIL q

ued qzb V b

sd9
b_

U UJL U b U ued hzUB VUD b


ued qzb VUD b

WdEM
lOD tb tUML qzb tKJ ued u sO WU UuKF U UJL V sLC
c WU WId nK YO ued r vK tuJL U _ d s UNOK b
w b V p uedK tFUB WdA V U _ d

uDL ed

dB L ed

b L ed

lUB bK

2N3055

2N3055

2N

UJd

2SA 217 2SB 331


2SC 1815 2SD 2144

A217 B331
C1815 D2144

2S

UUO

BC 107 BFY 51

BC 107 BFY 51

A-Z

K2222

K2222

Uu

ued b s Y WId l WOMH UHu* `{u qzb U s UU) iF b' 5


wL d wzUN d( V rUF* w Y WId fH qzb U w WOdJ WFD
uM

VOd

UHu*

jD *

qzb

WLOI

2SC 3715

Si -N +Di

TV-HA, 1500/
600V,4A,50W

18c

BU508DF,2SC4293....
94,2SD1555....56++

tdv4

2N3669

50Hz-thy

=2N3668:200V

23a

2N2576

tht

2SD1855

Si -N

NF/S-

17c

2SC3851,2SC3691,2
SD1408,2SD2000

tdv4

3TX002

Si-N

AM-

23a

-----

tdv4

_ eN
UHuL

WOLJ

WFDI eN_

qzb U

qLF uD
w b  qzb U b U pu uuL ued s
bI

UO

bN

UD _ lu qJ

qb

UHuL

lMB U

uM

ed

r d

Si

Bu

208

Si

1013

W??A?? U??M??L??K??
WO ued qzb U UJL U s d
A945 , 2N2222 , A117 , BF224 , BD136 , BC309
C1454 , BUY51 , BSX70 , BU126 , K11

qOBHU p U{u WO ued sO dH U


BU208D , BU 208A
BU508D , BU508

udd UO

sd9

b_
ued u w JF wU UO vK VUD dF
dL L bN bBL ued qOu WOHO vK VUD dF

WdEM
UO WU w UO dL (ON)uedK wU_ UO WU w P-N WK w UO dL
(OFF) w JF

_ eN_

UHuL

WOLJ

WFDI UN

Xu (4-0)

dL  bN bB

1-10A

dO

BC107 , BC640

ued

10K ,1W

WU WOud UUI
c

100mADc
BC 107

BC 107
e

e
0-4v

0-4v

qJ

qJ

qLF uD
qJ w UL b UM r
Xu dH bN vK bN bB j{

dO_ d k U Ob bN U w b

100mADc
+

BC 107

qJ w UL bN bB WOD fJ

E
0-4v

dO_ d k U Ob bN l w b
r qJ w vK WIU  uD  d
qJ

pUE q
qO l qJA w UL b?? qu r
pUE
pUE q NPN u s dQ PNP ued b
pUE q qJA w UL b qOu r
+15V
10mA

IC

10k

1mA
IB

C
BC107

10k

1mA
IB

BC 640
E

10k

10k

-15V

IE

1mA

IC

10mA

qJ

IE

1mA

qJ

W????K????????
UL

NPNued u uJ UbM

qJA w ued qL oI q

udd w WL U( dOG*

sd9

b
YU lLL bN u bM bUI UO lLL UO sO W F VUD b
dOJ qUF U

WdEM
w UL ued w WLU dOG X bu

qJA w W{u

VCE

IB

VB

IC
+
+

BE

- IE

IE

YU UO

IB

bUI UO

IC

lLL UO

VBE

YU bUI sO bN

VBC

lLL bUI sO bN

VCE

YU lLL sO bN

qJ

_ eN_
UHuL

WOLJ

WFDIUN

0-2V

dL  bN bB

Zb bF

du UN

1K

, 2W

WOud WUI

220

, 3W

dOG WUI

ued

W UJ U BD137

uAdO uU V

Iout 3

Iin

IE-IB-IC=0
Vout

Vin

VEC-VBC-VEB=0

IE=IC+IB

qJ

sJL WOzUdN dz w wdJ dBM


IOut

w `{u UL d  qb t bMB WKOL


qJ

Vout

Vin

Iin

qb UO

vin

d  bN

Iout

d  UO

Vout

d  bN

qJ

qJA k ued vK p oOD bM


lLL bN u bM bUI UO lLL UO dOOG W Wb ued qJA `{u
UO dOJ qUF dF bUI UO lLL UO sO W F vMM r l YU

bN u bM
YU lLL

IC

220

1K
IB

lLL UO w dOOG
bUI UO w dOOG
=

BD137

IC
IB

qLF uD
qJA w UL b q
Xu 9 vK bBL bN j{

qJ

bUI UO j{ dOGL WUIL WDu

WU q w lLL UO UO q r o dL b w sO u UL


IBmA
ICmA

0.02

0.04

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

bUI UO lLL UO sO W F vMM r

ICmA

50mA lLL UO bM dOJ qUF b

IB(mA)

W????K????????
vMML V bUI UO lLL UO sO W F u U `{

U???????A???????
WO rOI v YU lLL bN dOOG bM qLF uD d
4V, 6V, 8V

sdL

dA* YU WKOu WODI WOzUM ued hzUB


b
WODI WOzUM ued hzUB VUD dF
hzUB  vMM VUD rd

WOU UuKF
Ue WFU WODI wzUM ued hzUB s dOF sJ1
l VBEYU bUI sO WOuH vK IB bUI UO UL sO WOU  c qb WO
U
d  dB
l VCEYU lLL sO WOuH vK IC lLL UO UL sO WOU  cd WO
U
IBbUI UO WLO U
IBbUI UO vK IC lLL UO UL b sO rJ WO
U
lLL sO WOuH vK VBE YU bUI sO U WOuH UL sO WFd WcG WO
U
VCEYU

eN
UHuL

WOLJ

V 30-0

2
2

4.7k ,10

1k

1nF,10 F

BC 639

qU dL  bN bB
jCK
UI bF UN
WOud UUI
dOG WUI
UHJ
ued

qLF uD
qb WOU
qJA w WMOL b qOu r
IB bUI UO rO q wU b s VBEWOu rO jC r
VBEWOuH IBbUI UO sO W F rd r
C1
0.1 F
R1
4.7 K

Tr

IB

10V

VBE
P
1K

R2
10

C2
10 nF

qJA

UCE = 10 V
0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.71

0.7

0.65

0.6

0.5

VBE (V)
IB ( A)

rJ WOU
qJA w b qOu r
b w IC lLL UO rO q wU b s IB bUI UO rO UU r
IC lLL UO IB bUI UO sO W F r

C1
0.1 F

IC

R1
4.7 K

Tr

IB

10V

P
1K

R2
10

C2
10 nF

qJA

UCE = 10 V
160

140

120

100

60

80

40

20

IB ( A)
IC (mA)

d) WOU ?
qJA w UL b qOu r
IC lLL UO rO q VCE WOuH rO IB bUI UO rO dOOG r wU b vK UL
VCE WOuH IC lLL UO sO W F rd r
C1
0.1 F
Tr

R1
4.7 K

IB

15V

P
1K

C2
10 nF

VCE
0-30V
R2
10

qJA

14

12

10

0.5

0.2

VCE (V)
IC (mA)
IB = 20 A
IC (mA)
IB = 40 A
IC (mA)
IB = 60 A
IC (mA)
IB = 80 A

WFd WcG WOU


qJA w UL b qOu r
WOuH rO q wU b vK UL VCE WOuH rO IB bUI UO rO dOOG r
VBE
VCE YU lLL sO WOuHVBE YU bUI WOu sO W F rd r

C1
0.1 F
Tr

R1
4.7 K

VCE

IB

15V

0-20V

VBE
P
1K

C2
10 nF

R2
10

qJA

14

12

10

VCE (V)
VBE (V)
IB = 20 A
IC (mA)
IB = 40 A
IC (mA)
IB = 60 A

WA UM
wU UO WU w VBE YU bUI WK dB nO
UNM UH sJL nO rJ WOU wU
WIU  b w C1 C2 s q WHO wU

IB ( A)

200

160

120

80

VBE (V)

40

IC (mA)

0.7

0.6

0.5

10

20

30

40

50

10

12

VCE (V)

14

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