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A G N I H OT R I E N G G . & G AT E C L A S S E S
Unit I , Topic - Fourier Series & Fourier Transform

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PERIODIC FUNCTIONS - The function f(x) defined for all real values of x is said to be a periodic function if it
repeats itself after equal interval of time say T such that f ( x) f ( x T ) f ( x 2T ) ..... for all x
Here the smallest positive value of T is called the primitive period or least period or simply the period of f(x).
For example:- f(x) = sin x or cos x have period 2
since sin x = sin (x + 2) = sin (x + 4) = .
similarly cos x = cos (x + 2) = cos (x + 4) = .
The behavior of these sinusoidal periodic functions
(sin x & cos x) is shown in graphs.
EVEN FUNCTIONS A function f(x) is an even function if f ( x) f ( x)
For Example f ( x) cos x gives f ( x) cos( x) cos x f ( x)
ODD FUNCTIONS A function f(x) is odd function if f ( x) f ( x)
For Example f ( x) sin x gives f ( x) sin x f ( x)
PROPERTIES OF EVEN & ODD FUNCTIONS
1. Multiplication of two odd function gives even function for example x sin x
2. Multiplication of even and odd function gives odd function for example x cos x
a

3.

f ( x)dx 2 f ( x)dx, if f(x) is even function

0

4.

f ( x)dx 0 , if f(x) is odd function

5. The property of even and odd function is used only when the limit of integration is a to + a
SOME USEFUL FORMULAE
1. sin n 0

2. cos n 1

1
sin(n 1) x sin(n 1) x
2
1

7. sin n cos n 0
2

cos ax
9. sin ax dx
a
eax
(a sin bx b cos bx)
11. eax sin bx dx 2
a b2

5. sin x cos nx

3. cos 2n 1

4. cos(2n 1)

1
cos(n 1) x cos(n 1) x
2
1
n

8. cos n sin n 1
2

sin ax
10. cos ax dx
a
eax
(a cos bx b sin bx)
12. eax cos bx dx 2
a b2

6. sin x sin nx

Classes on ED, BEEE, M1, M2, M3, NA, CONTROL, DSP & other GATE oriented Engg. Subjects
By :- Agnihotri sir, B. E. (Hons), M.Tech. (7415712500) B.T.I. Road Sherpura, Vidisha

pg. 1

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13. Generalized rule of integration by parts (Bernoullis formula).

If u and v are function of x, then uv dx uv1 u ' v2 u '' v3 u '" v4 .....

Where u, u, are successive derivatives of u and v1, v2, are successive indefinite integrals of v. This formula
will be useful if u is a polynomial.
cos nx
sin nx
cos nx
For example :- x 2 sin nx dx x 2
(2 x)
(2) 3
2
x
n

FOURIER SERIES
Any function f(x) which is defined in interval (k, k+ 2l) can be expanded in terms of infinite series having sine and
cosine terms if f(x) satisfies Dirichelets conditions.
DIRICHELETS CONDITIONS
1. f(x) should be a periodic function
2. f(x) should be single valued in the interval (k, k + 2l)
3. Function should have finite number of maxima and minima in the interval (k, k + 2l)
4. f(x) should have finite number of discontinuity in the interval (k, k+ 2l)
Then, at any point of continuity f(x) can be expanded as
a
x
2 x
3x
f x 0 a1 cos
a2 cos
a3 cos
2
l
l
l
x
b1 sin
l

2 x
b2 sin

3x
b3 sin

nx
..... an cos

nx
.... bn sin

.....

....

OR

a0
n x
n x

an cos
bn sin

2 n1
l
l
Here a0, an, bn are constant called Fourier constants / Coefficients and can be determined by Eulers formula as follow

f ( x)

+2

0 =

+2

() , =

()

+2

, =

()

HALF RANGE FOURIER SERIES

A function f(x) defined over the interval 0 x l can be expanded in two distinct half- range series.
(1) The half-range cosine series is

a
n x
f ( x) 0 an cos
2 n 1
l

2
2
n x
dx ,
f ( x)dx , an f ( x) cos

l 0
l
l 0
(2) The half-range sine series is

n x
f ( x) bn sin
l
n 1
l

Where a0

2
n x
f ( x)sin
dx ,

l 0
l

n = 1, 2, 3, .

Where bn

n = 1, 2, 3, .

Classes on ED, BEEE, M1, M2, M3, NA, CONTROL, DSP & other GATE oriented Engg. Subjects
By :- Agnihotri sir, B. E. (Hons), M.Tech. (7415712500) B.T.I. Road Sherpura, Vidisha

pg. 2