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A G N I H OT R I E N G G . & G AT E C L A S S E S
Scripting Success Stories
M-II
Solution :
p
x
Hence py + qx = 0
q y
z z
Exp. 1 1
x y
Solution : p2 + q2 = 1, Its complete integral is given by;
2
z = ax + by + c (1)
pg. 1
Standard Form 2
If equation is of type [z = px + qy + f(pq)] then its complete integral is, [z = ax + by + f(a, b)].
z
z
z z
y 1
x
y
x z
2
Exp. 1 z x
Solution :
Exp. 2 z px qy sin 1 ( p q)
Ans.
ax by sin 1 (a b)
Standard Form 3
f(p, q, z) = 0 equation having terms of p, q and z i.e., do not have terms of x and y. i.e. f(p, q, z) = 0
dz X
z
dz X
p
.
.
Let X = x + ay, its solution is z = f(X) i.e. z = f(x + ay) , p
& q
x
dX x
dX y
dz
dz
And in the given equation we substitute the value of p
& qa
and we get the differential equation of first
dx
dx
degree and first order which can be solve by method of variable separable .
Exp. 1
z = pq
dz
dz
dz
dz
.a
Solution
Here equation have p, q & z Hence, X = x + ay And put p
& qa
, z
dX
dX
dX dX
2
dz
z
dz
1
1 1
dz
dX => z1/ 2
z a.
( x ay) c
[ X x ay]
=> dX a ,
2 a
z
a
dX
Exp. 2 p(1 + q) = qz
Ans. x ay a log(az 1) c
2
2 2
2
Exp. 3 q = z p (1 p )
Ans. z 2 ( x ay c)2 a 2
Standard Form 4 f(p, q, x, y) = 0 , This form does not contain terms of z. i.e. f(x, p) = (y , q) = a
First we assume f(x, p) = a & find the value of p & then we assume (y , q) = a & find the value of q.
then we use, dz = pdx + qdy , We integrate it & solve it .
Exp. 1 p q 2 x
Solution :
p 2 x q a Now
q a => q a now
2
p 2 x a =>
p 2 x a => p (2 x a) 2
and
(2 x a)3
a2 y c
dz = p dx + q dy , dz (2 x a) dx a dy Hence z
3
2
Exp. 2 p 2 q 2 x y
Solution :
p xa & q y a
2
y ady i.e. z ( x a )3/ 2 ( y a )3/ 2 c
3
dz = p dx + q dy Hence dz x adx
2
z
2
2
2
2
2
2
z
x z y z
z
Solution : x 2 y 2 z 2 => 2 2 1[Adjusting x, y & z] => z z 1
z x z y
x
y
x y
x y
y
z
x
dZ and
dX and
dY Putting all the values in above equation P2 + Q2 = 1 [standard form I]
Let,
z
x
y
Complete integral Z = aX + bY + C
Classes on ED, BEEE, M1, M2, M3, NA, CONTROL, DSP & other GATE oriented Engg. Subjects
By :- Agnihotri sir, B. E. (Hons), M.Tech. (7415712500) B.T.I. Road Sherpura, Vidisha
pg. 2
now integrating
z
Z ,
z
x
X ,
x
y
Y =>
y
(2)
P Q R
Step III. Now we find two independent integrals of auxiliary equations (2), say, u = a and v = b.
Step IV. Lastly the general solution of (1) is given by in any one of the following three equivalent forms:
(u , v) 0, u (v) or v (u )
y 2 zp
zxy y 2
Exp. 1
x
Solution. The given equation can be written as y2zp + x2q = xy2
dx
dy
dz
Thus subsidiary equations are 2 2 2
y z zx
xy
Taking the first two members, we have
x2 dx = y2 dy
x3 y3 = c1
Again taking the first and thirt members, we have
x dx = z dz
x2 z2 = c2
The general solution is f(x3 y3, x2 y2) = 0
Exp. 2 y 2 p xyq x( z 2 y ) .
Solution. The Lagranges subsidiary equations are
dx dy
dz
2
y
xy x( z 2 y )
Taking first two fractions of (1), we have
2x dx + 2y dy = 0
x2 y 2 c1
Now, taking last two fractions of (1), we have
dz
z 2y
dz 1
z2
dy
y
dy y
which is a linear differential equation in z, therefore its
1
(2)
(3)
dy e y
e y
I.F.
So the solution of equation (3) is zy y 2 c2
(4)
Hence the required general solution of the given equation is
( x 2 y 2 , zy y 2 ) 0
where is an arbitrary function.
2
2
2
Exp. 3 Solve ( x yz ) p ( y zx)q z xy
[RGPV Dec. 02, 03, Jan. 07]
Solution. The subsidiary equation are
dx
dy
dz
2
2
Taking the multipliers 1, -1, 0; 0, 1, -1 and -1, 0, 1, we get
2
x yz y zx z xy
log y
Classes on ED, BEEE, M1, M2, M3, NA, CONTROL, DSP & other GATE oriented Engg. Subjects
By :- Agnihotri sir, B. E. (Hons), M.Tech. (7415712500) B.T.I. Road Sherpura, Vidisha
pg. 3
dx dy
dy dz
dz dx
( x y )( x y z ) ( y z )( x y z ) ( z x)( x y z )
dx dy dy dz
(1)
x y zx
The required general solution of the given equation is
,
0
yz yz
Exp. 4 Solve ( y 2 z 2 x 2 ) p 2 xyq 2 zx 0 or ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) p 2 xyq 2 xz
2
2
2
x( y z x ) 2 zx
x2 y 2 z 2
z
2
2
2
2
2
2
Integrating,
(3)
log( x y z ) log z log c2 => x y z c2 z
(1)
(2)
y
Hence the general solution of the given equation is x 2 y 2 z 2 z
z
Charpits Method
(General Method for solving partial differential equation with Two independent variable)
dx
dy
dz
dp
dq
we get
Taking 1st and 2nd ratios, we get
.(2)
p
q p( x q) q( y p) q x p y
0
p
q
Integrating, log p = log q + log a => p = aq Substituting the above value of p in (1), we get
ax y
q
(3) from (2) and (3), p = ax + y(4) & solution is 2az (ax y ) 2 b
a
Exp. 2 Solve by Charpits method z px qy p 2 q 2
.
Exp. 3 Solve by Charpits method ( p 2 q 2 ) y qz
Ans. z ax by a 2 b 2
Ans. z 2 a 2 y 2 (ax b)2
Classes on ED, BEEE, M1, M2, M3, NA, CONTROL, DSP & other GATE oriented Engg. Subjects
By :- Agnihotri sir, B. E. (Hons), M.Tech. (7415712500) B.T.I. Road Sherpura, Vidisha
pg. 4
(c 2 x 1)e x dx
(c 2 x 1)e x
( y 1)e x on replacing c by y + 2x.
( D D ')
( D D ')
( D D ')
Hence the complete solution is z = 1(y + 2x) + 2(y x) + yex.
Example 2
Solution
D D '
( D D ')( D D ')
1
D D'
tan 2 x
1
1
1
1
.
tan(c x) tan 2 x sec 2 (c x) dx tan x tan 2 (c x) tan 2 (c x)sec 2 x dx
D D' 2
2
2
2
1
tan 2 x tan(c x) tan x tan 2 (c x) (sec 2 x sec 2 (c x) dx
2( D D ')
1
tan 2 x tan(c x) tan x tan 2 (c x) tan x tan(c x)
2( D D ')
1
tan 2 x.tan y tan x tan 2 y tan x tan y
( y = c x)
2( D D ')
1
1
tan y sec 2 x tan x sec 2 y tan( k x) sec 2 x tan x sec 2 ( k x) dx ,
2
2( D D ')
1
1 d
1
1
hence the complete solution is z = C.F. + P.I. = 1(y x) + 2(y + x) + tan x tan y.
2
where k + x = y
(
k + x = y).
Classes on ED, BEEE, M1, M2, M3, NA, CONTROL, DSP & other GATE oriented Engg. Subjects
By :- Agnihotri sir, B. E. (Hons), M.Tech. (7415712500) B.T.I. Road Sherpura, Vidisha
pg. 5
Example 1 A string is stretched between the fixed points (0, 0) and (l, 0) and released at rest from position
y A sin
Solution
x
l
n ct
n x
y( x, t ) An cos
sin
l
l
n 1
y
0 when t = 0
t
2
x
n x
An A sin
.sin
dx
l 0
l
l
l
where
2A
x
n x
sin
.sin
dx
0 sin mx.sin nx dx 0 if m n
l 0
l
l
The above integral vanishes for all values of n except when n = 1. Then
l
2A
x
A1
sin 2
dx
l 0
l
l
A
2 x
A
l
2 x
1 cos
sin
A
dx x
l 0
l
l
2
l 0
Hence the particular solution of the wave equation under given conditions is
ct
x
y ( x, t ) A cos
sin
. From equation (3)
l
l
l
Example 2
Solution
A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0, and x = l is initially in a position given by
x
y y0 sin 3
. If it is released from rest from this position, find the displacement.
l
The vibrations of the string are governed by one dimensional wave equation, given by
2
2 y
2 y
c
(1)
t 2
x 2
The boundary and initial conditions are
y(0, t) = 0,
y(l, t) = 0
y
x
y( x, 0) f ( x) y0 sin 3
g ( x) 0
t t 0
l
Therefore
n ct
n x
(2)
y( x, t ) An cos
sin
l
l
n 1
Classes on ED, BEEE, M1, M2, M3, NA, CONTROL, DSP & other GATE oriented Engg. Subjects
By :- Agnihotri sir, B. E. (Hons), M.Tech. (7415712500) B.T.I. Road Sherpura, Vidisha
pg. 6
2
n x
dx
where An f ( x) sin
l 0
l
l
2
n x
x
y0 sin 3
dx
sin
l 0
l
l
l
2y 1
x
3 x
n x
0 3sin
sin
dx
sin
l 0 4
l
l
l
l
sin 30 = 3 sin
l
l
y0
x
n x
3 x
n x
3sin
sin
dx
sin
sin
dx
0 l
2l 0
l
l
l
clearly An vanishes for all n expect when n = 1 for first integral and n = 3 for second integral.
l
l
3 y0
3 y0
3 y0
2 x
2 x
A1
sin
dx
now
1 cos
dx
2l 0
l
4l 0
l
4
y0
y
y0
3 x
6 x
sin 2
dx 0 1 cos
dx
2l 0
l
4l 0
l
4
Thus the solution (2) becomes
ct
x
3 ct
3 x
y ( x, t ) A1 cos
sin
A3 cos
sin
l
l
l
l
y
x
ct
3 x
3 ct
0 3sin
cos
sin
cos
4
l
l
l
l
l
A3
Example 3
Solution
c
(1)
t 2
x 2
the solution of (1) is given by
y(x, t) = (A cos kx + B sin kx)(C cos kct + D sin kct)
(2)
Putting y = 0 when x = 0 in (2), we get A = 0 on putting in equation (2), we get
y(x, t) = B sin kx (C cos kct + D sin kct)
or
y(x, t) = BC sin kx cos kct + BD sin kx sin kct
(3)
Again putting y = p0 cos pt when x = l in (3), we get
P0 cos pt = (BC sin kl) cos kct + (BD sin kl) sin kct
(4)
Equating terms of cos and sin on both side of (4), we obtain
po = BC sin kl or
BC = po cosec kl
0 = BD sin kl, it gives D = 0 since B and sin kl both can not be zero,
and
p = kc k = p/c (equating angles).
Substituting values in (3), the requires solution is given by
p
pl
[ k = p/c]
y( x, t ) po cos ec sin x cos pt
c
c
Classes on ED, BEEE, M1, M2, M3, NA, CONTROL, DSP & other GATE oriented Engg. Subjects
By :- Agnihotri sir, B. E. (Hons), M.Tech. (7415712500) B.T.I. Road Sherpura, Vidisha
pg. 7
Heat Equation
Let the temperature of the bar at any time t at a point x distance from the origin be u (x, t)
u
2u
c2 2 .
Then the equation of one dimensional heat flow is
[RGPV Sept. 2009 , 12 ]
t
x
Example 1
A rod of length l with insulated sides in initially at a temperature uo(x). Its ends are suddenly
coded at 0oC and are kept at that temperature prove that temperature function u(x, t) is given by
n x c 2 2 n 2
u ( x, t ) b n sin
e
t where bn is determine from the equation.
l
l2
n 1
2
n x
uo ( x)sin
dx .
l 0
l
l
bn =
Solution
2 2
u
2u
c 2 2 is given by u ( A cos kx B sin kx)e K C t
t
x
Since the ends x = 0, x = l, are collected to 0oC and kept at 0oC so. u(0, t) = 0 , u(l, t) = 0 for All t
2 2
initially u(x, 0) = uo(x) is initial condition on putting their condition. 0 Ae K C t , A = 0
2 2
2 2
n
Now u B sin kx e K C t , 0 B sin l e K C t , sin kl = 0 = sin n n = 1, 2, 3,. , kl = n , K
l
2 2 2
n x n c
e
t
Most general solution given by sum of all u bn sin
l
l2
n 1
2
n x
n x
bn uo ( x) sin
dx
But initial be at t = 0, Temperature is uo(x) uo ( x) bn sin
l 0
l
l
n 1
x
2u
u
h2
for which u(0, t) = u (l, t) = 0, u(x, 0) = sin
by method of
2
l
x
t
variables separable.
Solution :
2u
u
h2
2
x
t
2
u 1 u
x 2 c 2 t
(1)
(2)
1
c2
p 2t 2
h2
0 c1 0, c2 0
p 2t
h2
u c3 sin pxc1e
(3) is reduced to
on putting
x = l and u = 0 in (4) we get
0 c3 sin plc1e
(3)
p 2t
h2
(4)
cs 0, c1 0
Classes on ED, BEEE, M1, M2, M3, NA, CONTROL, DSP & other GATE oriented Engg. Subjects
By :- Agnihotri sir, B. E. (Hons), M.Tech. (7415712500) B.T.I. Road Sherpura, Vidisha
pg. 8