The Sabbatian Movement and Its Aftermath Messianism, Sabbatianism and Frankism

ENGLISH ABSTRACTS OF THE HEBREW ARTICLES
SABBATIANISM AND THE BOUNDS OF RELIGION

Yehuda Liebes
This article explores the compatibility of the figure of the Sabbatian
Messiah with the tradition of established religion. The point of departure is a thirteenth-century kabbalistic text by R. Joseph Ashkenazi, recently researched by Haviva
Pedaya, who analyzed the messianic fig.
ure described in it, and by Moshe Idel, who proved that it played a
cr ucial role in fashioning the figure of Sabbatai Sevi.
Their findings on
.
the cr ucial role of this text and its implications for the messianic claims
of Sabbatai Sevi
are discussed herein. The Messiah of R. Joseph is the
.
introverted, passive and destr uctive figure responsible for the low status of Jews in this world. By comparing R. Josephs Messiah figure with
the Messiah of Maimonides, it is possible to delineate two types of Jewish Messiah: the one, mythical, mystical and destr uctive, the other,
functional and constr uctive. It is my contention, however, that a messianic candidate needs elements of both types in order to be acceptable.
The Messiah of R. Joseph was intended as a symbolic myth, not a description of an actual, living person. The Messiahs embodiment or incarnation in the figure of Sabbatai Sevi
posed a serious problem for his
.
followers, for the messianic figure that emerged was nihilistic and unbalanced. For Shabbetai Sevi
himself and for his closest followers this
.
meant the destr uction and abandonment of Judaism. It was Nathan of
Gaza, the prophet and most profound thinker of Sabbatianism, who
developed a cabbalistic theory about two opposing cosmic elements
that together bring salvation, the one destr uctive (Thought-less Light),
the other constr uctive (Thought-full Light). By identifying Sabbatai
Sevi
with the former, and himself with the latter, Nathan was able to
.
believe in Sabbatai Sevi
and at the same time avoid following his de.
str uctive path. He could thus use Sabbatai Sevi
to revive Judaism with.
out destroying it.
[Jerusalem Studies in Jewish Thought, 16-17, 2001]
English Abstracts of the Hebrew Articles

THE WINTER KING AND THE MESSIAH
Joseph Dan
The endeavor to integrate the major Jewish messianic movement
launched by Sabbatai Sevi
and Nathan of Gaza in 1666 with a wider
.
range of religious phenomena was initiated by Gershom Scholem, who
dedicated only a few pages of a detailed monograph to the subject. This
article presents an analogy to Sabbatianism in the series of events that
surrounded the attempt to crown Frederick V, Elector of the Palatinate,
as King of Bohemia, in order to establish a Protestant Emperor of the
Holy Roman Empire. The group of spiritualists and politicians who
took part in this attempt were involved with the emergence of the Rosicr ucian movement, and their world view was saturated with ideas
derived from the Christian Kabbalah which had spread through Europe in the sixteenth century. The marriage of Frederick and Elizabeth,
daughter of James I, King of England, in 1613, gave additional impetus
to apocalyptic expectations, but the attempt was cr ushed in the defeat
of Frederick and his Bohemian allies in the White Mountains battle in
1620, at the start of the Thirty Years War. The shameful failure of the
W inter King, as Frederick was called, led to underground activity
among various European sects in many ways reminiscent of the
Sabbatians after the conversion of the Jewish Messiah to Islam in 1666.
The two movements are analogous in their reaction to a catastrophic
failure: both split into numerous sects, adopted esoteric doctrines,
failed in establishing a central leadership, and shrouded their activities
in a cloak of secrecy. It is possible to identify some similarities in their
attitudes to language and texts as well.
An additional note of some interest is that Johannes Vermeer, who
lived in Delft, near Elizabeth of Bohemias palace in the Hague, painted
his Girl with a Pearl Earring probably in 1666, the same year that Sabbatai
Sevi
appeared wearing the Turkish hat that signified his conversion to
.
Islam.
[cxii]

SABBATIANISM AND THE RECEPTION OF THE ZOHAR
Boaz Huss
The Zohar gained an authoritative and sacred status amongst
Kabbalists soon after its appearance in the late thirteenth century and
has been highly venerated amongst the intellectual elite

of most Jewish
congregations since the late 15th century. Yet the dissemination of the
Zohar amongst wider strata of the Jewish community occurred only
during the eighteenth century when many editions of the Zohar began
to appear, together with texts containing Zoharic passages, meant for
ritualistic recitations, as well as a translation of the Zohar into Yiddish.
The wider dissemination of the Zohar and the growth of its ritualistic
application occurred soon after the emergence of Sabbatianism. The
Zohar played a central role amongst the various Sabbatian movements
and was regarded by them as the most authoritative text, at least in
eschatological matters. The central place of the Zohar in the Sabbatian
movements raises the possibility of a linkage between Sabbatianism
and the dissemination of the Zohar. Indeed, as this article shows, there
are many indications that Sabbatian scholars were involved in the
printing of Zoharic literature and in the dissemination of its ritualistic
use. The involvement of Sabbatians in the dissemination of the Zohar
did not escape the notice of their opponents. As a result several scholars
called for the restriction of the study of the Zohar. The reliance of
Sabbatians on the Zohar provoked some scholars to criticize the Zohars
authority and sanctity. Thus, dialectically, Sabbatianism contributed to
the wider dissemination of the Zohar as well as to the attempts to restrict its study and undermine its authority.
SEFER GEHALEI
ESH
.
Michal Oron
This article deals with a manuscript (autograph) from the eighteenth
century. The manuscript, Sefer Gehalei
Esh, at the Bodleian Library, Ox.
ford, is a compilation of documents, letters and testimonies on the
Sabbatian movement, and centers on the controversy between R.
Yonathan Eibshitz and R. Yaacov Emden.
The importance of the present manuscript to the study of the
[cxiii]

Sabbatian movement is immense. The compilator, R. Yoseph Prager,
added his own interpretations to the various documents he had collected and copied. His words are the living testimony of one who had
played an active role in those events and devoted two years of his life
to the copying and compiling of this work.
This article reviews the contents of the manuscript and draws the
biography of the compilator, who, according to various testimonies was
the driving spirit in the sharp controversy between the two giants of
those days, R. Yonathan Eibshitz and R. Yaacov Emden.
A NEW SOURCE ON THE SABBATIAN MOVEMENT AND ITS

AFTERMATH IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Joseph Sadan
In December 1666, a Jewish Sabbatian movement er upted in the Yemen
and was firmly suppressed by the Muslim authorities. Considered rebels by the Muslims, the Yemenite Jews, especially those residing in Sanaa, were harshly punished. These episodes and their aftermath are
described in a rather incomplete and equivocal manner in Jewish
sources (such as Megillat Teman, minutely studied by Yoseph Tobi),
whereas Muslim sources offer more details and shed light on aspects
al-Zayds
account of
neglected by Jewish sources. Ahmad
ibn Nasir
.
events (edited and translated by Van Koningsveld, Sadan and
Al-Sammarai in a special book [Leiden 1990] and in Hebrew by Sadan
[in Pe5amim, 43]) is undoubtedly the most thorough, and may even represent the authors own eye-witness testimony, since he lived at this
time and had access to the state chancellery documents.
The source examined in the present contribution is Yahya
. ibn
al-Husayn
ibn al-Qasims
Bahjat al-zaman (the author being a contem.
recently published under the title Yawmiyyat
porary of al-Zayd),
San5a.
This book describes the events in a more partial and less objective manner since the author lived far from Sanaa, the main scene of
most of these episodes. The paragraphs on Yemenite Jewry provide the
opportunity to re-examine and compare accounts of various historiographers, and the assumptions of the above-mentioned studies, that the
revolt broke out in three stages, that the symbolism of the movement
is related to the messianic events and the expulsion of the Sanaa Jews
to Mawza= which took place a few years later, and to the series of pun[cxiv]

ishments and limiting decrees imposed upon them. An anecdotal narrative that bears re-examining concerns an error apparently committed by the Jews, a few years after the messianic events, in adjusting their
calendar to the solar year (by means of the 5ibbur):
did the Muslim historiographers understand what they saw and did they report it correctly? This is rather unlikely, but not altogether inconceivable.
Several years ago another Arabic chronicle of a relatively later period
became known to scholarly researchers (Serjeant, followed by Tobi; a
complete text of the paragraphs concerning the Yemenite Jewry is in
cluded in Koningsvelt, Sadan, Al-Sanarrai), Ibn al-Wazrs
Tabaq
al-halwa.
This later source contains a rather biased and fragmentary de.
scription of the events of Yemenite Jewish history. It can easily be
proved that this biased historiographer copied most extensively from
Yahya
ibn al-Qasims
chronicle studied in the present
.
. ibn al-Husayn
contribution. Within the scope of Muslim chronicles, it is always interesting to analyze the root of the seemingly biased atmosphere characterizing the attitude of certain sources and to compare it with the relatively more objective historiographical style adopted by others.
THE EVENTS OF 1667 IN THE YEMEN: SABBATIAN MOVEMENT

OR LOCAL MESSIANIC ACTIVITY
Yosef Tobi
The Episode began with the emissaries and letters of the followers of
Sabbatai Sevi,
which arrived at various localities in the Yemen from
.
Egypt and the Land of Israel. This probably happened in 1665, the year
before Sabbatai Sevi
was supposed to reveal himself as Messiah. Yet,
.
already during the years preceding the Sabbatian activity in Yemen, a
strong messianic tension had developed among the Jews there. These
Sabbatian stirrings occurred as a result of the enhancing of nationalistic
emotions among the local Muslims and the expulsion of the Ottoman
Turks who had controlled the country for a hundred years. The messianic activity reached its climax on Passover 1667, when R. Shelomo
Jamal, one of the Jewish scholars of Sanaa, addressed the governor of
that city ordering him to relinquish his throne as it was the time of the
deliverance of the Jewish nation.
The present article aims to prove that the events of 1667 which had
spread through most of the Jewish centers, though undoubtedly af[cxv]

fected by the great Sabbatian movement, were not actually a part of it.
They were rather a local variant, the result of mounting messianic tensions that culminated at certain times with the appearance of would-be
Messiahs. Moreover, even after the failure of the expected redemption
of Passover 1667 and its grave aftermath, the Jews of the Yemen retained their messianic beliefs.
SOME SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE POLEMICS BETWEEN

SABBATIANS AND THEIR OPPONENTS
Jaacov Barnai
Further research into the social history of Sabbatianism is sorely needed
for a number of reasons: to deepen our understanding of the largest and
most important messianic movement in the history of the Jewish people, and to broaden our grasp of the formative processes in Jewish history from the end of the Middle Ages to the modern period. We must
try to place Sabbatianism in its historical context, beginning with the
Jewish perspective, since the movement affected almost all of the Jewish communities of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. But we
must also try to place Sabbatianism within the larger framework of the
surrounding non-Jewish societies and their religions. The larger framework increases our perspective both on Sabbatianism and the European
and Islamic movements and social trends prevailing at the same period.
A few guiding principles emerge: Sabbatianism is a highly complex
phenomenon, and thus a mono-causal view of Sabbatianism as a Jewish
religious movement steeped in messianism and mysticism outside the
context of history cannot provide an adequate explanation. It is necessary to look at the multiple facets of Sabbatianism, especially from the
social-historical point of view. In this article I have attempted to outline
the significant differences between the polemics of the Sabbatians and
their opponents during the messianic period of Sabbatai Sevi
and its
.
immediate aftermath on the one hand, and eighteenth-century polemics on the other. In the process of this analysis, significant differences
are brought to light about the direction of Jewish history in the course
of these two centuries. During the seventeenth century there is a certain
uniformity in evidence between the European and the Islamic communities, while in the eighteenth century a rift begins to appear. The controversies themselves, as I see them, do not merely reflect the religious
[cxvi]

str uggle between Sabbatians and their opponents, but show deeper
roots in Jewish society as a whole, coping as it had to with changes in
the surrounding world during the period under discussion.
ON THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN SABBATIANISM

Ada Rapoport-Albert
Women played an unusually prominent role in all the stages and diverse manifestations of the Sabbatian movement. Many women some
of them young girls, maidens, virgins or spinsters were among the
earliest prophets of the movement who, by the very extraordinary nature of their prophetic revelations, served as highly effective propagandists of the Sabbatian message. Other women, including some married
prophetesses, played leading roles in the rituals of transgression instituted by the movement as redemptive cosmic restorations. It would
appear that virginity and celibacy co-existed with sexual licentiousness
within marriage, both functioning as modes of female empowerment
among the Sabbatians. This empowerment may have been facilitated
by the substitution fundamental to Sabbatianism from the outset of
the traditional doctrine of salvation by merit, which depended on compliance with the halakhic framework of Judaism, with a new doctrine
of faith in the person of the Messiah, which alone secured salvation for
the believers. Gender differentiation a built-in feature of the halakhic
framework had traditionally resulted in the relegation of women to a
marginal position in cultic life. By contrast, the Sabbatian women were
able to occupy center stage, since their messianic faith, which transcended the domain of Halakhah, and which now came to define their
religious experience, was free from regulation by any halakhic mechanism of gender differentiation. Moreover, the Sabbatian principle of
redemption through sin particularly by means of sexual transgression allowed much scope for women, traditionally perceived to be
marked by their sexuality and physical nature.
The paper assembles the admittedly fragmentary but incontrovertible evidence for the activities of the Sabbatian prophetesses. It places
them in the context of such precedents as exist for this phenomenon in
the Jewish sources, while at the same time drawing attention to parallel
phenomena in both the Christian and Islamic spheres of Sabbatianism,
both of which may have contributed to the surprising readiness of the
[cxvii]

Sabbatians to grant women parity with men. The origins of their egalitarian eschatology are traced back to Sabbatai Sevis
own vision of
.
redemption for women, which may have been inspired by classical
kabbalistic sources. This vision found expression in such extraordinary
practices as the inclusion of women, in either exclusively female or
mixed company, in the ceremonial and ritual obligations of men, in the
instr uction of women in Zohar and Kabbalah, as well as in the initiation
of women in their own right as equal members of the sectarian
Sabbatian fraternities. These tendencies culminated in the perfect symmetry between brothers and sisters in Jacob Franks court, maintained alternately by the strict segregation of the sexes or by the eradication of all traditional boundaries between them.
Finally, Jacob Franks revolutionary doctrine of the redeeming
Maiden is shown to have been inspired by the Catholic cult of the
Black Madonna at Chestochova, where Frank had been imprisoned by
the Polish authorities for some thirteen years. The Mother of Christ was
constr ued in his mind as the outer shell concealing the fr uit the
female Messiah who was the physical manifestation of the kabbalistic
sefirah, Malkhut. This sefirah, as he came to realize, was embodied in his
own daughter, Eva, who became, alongside him, and ultimately on her
own, the center of the messianic cult at his court until her death in 1816.
It is suggested that this radical development of Sabbatian feminism,
which envisaged the inauguration of redemption by a messianic couple J acob Frank and his daughter Eva was anchored in some authentic kabbalistic traditions. Yet its most immediate and powerful inspiration derived from Franks well-attested contacts with the Russian schismatic sectarians, some peculiar elements of whose eschatology and social organization closely resemble his own.
A NEW COLLECTION OF SABBATIAN HYMNS

Paul B. Fenton
Though mystical hymns were an important part of Sabbatian prayer,
because of the esoteric nature of their worship few collections of such
hymns have survived. The author describes in the present article four
manuscript hymn-books preserved in the Ben-Zvi Institute in Jer usalem, only one of which has been fully published. Attention is also
drawn to an important, hitherto unnoticed, Sabbatian hymnal, pre[cxviii]

served in the Harvard College Library, Ms. Heb. 80. Containing nearly
700 items, this is by far the largest known dwan
of Sabbatian songs.
Their profoundly mystical mood provides a further source for knowledge of the forms of Sabbatian worship and their doctrinal content, especially the section containing songs for festive occasions. While most
of the hymns are in Judaeo-Spanish, a small number are in Hebrew or
Turkish, one particular song combining all three. The small number of
Turkish songs must not minimize the influence of Ottoman culture. Indeed, the dwan
is laid out according to the Turkish maqamat
and many
of the hymns bear Turkish titles indicating the tunes to which they are
to be sung. These constitute a wealth of information for the musicologist, pointing, as they do, to the musical sources upon which the sectarians drew. Some of these obviously derive from Derwish and Bektashi
religious melodies. Furthermore, many of the items are memorial
hymns bearing the invariably Muslim names of the deceased. These too
are a precious source for knowledge of Sabbatian nomenclature.
THE DEFINITIONS OF SABBATIAN HAGIOGRAPHIC
LITERATURE
Zeev Gries
The Sabbatian hagiographic literature is scattered within different literary genres: memoirs, letters, visions, poetry and homiletical discourses. Yet there has been no attempt made to collect it and review its
place and function in the rise and fall of this fascinating messianic
movement.
Followers of the movement, as well as opponents or enthusiastic contemporaries at its peak, contributed their versions of the life, fortunes
and misfortunes of the Messiah Sabbatai Sevi
and his prophet Nathan.
.
Collections of stories and reports of Christian diplomats and others
should be compared to their Jewish counterparts. Heading the abovementioned list of sources is the novel phenomenon bearing the title
Me6ora5ot Shabbetai Zevi Sipurei Halomot
(Sabbatai Sevi
Dream Sto.
.
ries), an anonymous popular book, sixteen Hebrew editions of which
were published in the course of the nineteenth century.
The foundation of Sabbatian hagiographic literature within Jewish
hagiography in general and kabbalistic hagiography in particular is
discussed here alongside the books picaresque plot.
[cxix]

THE SABBATIAN CHARACTER OF HEMDAT
YAMIM:
.
A RE-EXAMINATION
Moshe Fogel
Hemdat
Yamim is an anonymous work r unning to hundreds of pages,
.
and essentially constituting a discussion of the purpose of the commandments from the perspective of the Lurianic Kabbalah. The book
was widely disseminated, with six editions published over the period
17311763 in Turkey, Galicia and Italy. Several years after the first
printed edition appeared, Hemdat
Yamim came under suspicion of
.
Sabbatianism and its circulation in Eastern Europe was restricted, although customs and liturgies originating in the work became widespread even in these communities. In the Eastern countries, the book
has been widely accepted since its first publication and up to modern
times.
Several reasons lay behind the claim by halakhic authorities that
Hemdat
Yamim is a Sabbatian book: The initial letters of the verses of the
.
piyyutim included in Hemdat
Yamim form an acrostic of the name Na.
than of Gaza; the Gematria relates to the name and character of Sabbatai
Sevi;
and the fact that the book ignores the customs of mourning for the
.
destr uction of the Temple, as did the Sabbatians. However, other halakhic authorities did not share this position, particularly since the name
Sabbatai Sevi
does not appear in the book. Modern research has re.
vealed additional indications of the Sabbatian character of Hemdat
.
Yamim.
The article suggests several angles from which one may examine the
question of the Sabbatian character of Hemdat
Yamim according to the
.
criteria established by scholars: (a) belief that Sabbatai Sevi
was the
.
Messiah; (b) use of Sabbatian liturgies and customs as an indication of
the belief that Sabbatai Sevi
was the Messiah; (c) belief in a double.
edged world in which the messianic age has already begun a hidden
world already in the process of redemption, as opposed to the overt
world still in exile. The attitude of the book toward individuals known
to have been either Sabbatian or anti-Sabbatian is also examined, as is
the question of whether or not the book does indeed ignore the customs
of mourning for the destr uction of the Temple. The question is posed
whether the authors view of redemption may be characterized by the
expectation of a personal Messiah who will redeem Klal Israel in the
immediate term.
[cxx]

The article reaches the conclusion that the connection between
Hemdat
Yamim and the world of Sabbatianism is tenuous. The inclusion
.
of liturgical sections, forms of repentance and customs of Sabbatian origin does not necessarily imply that the author believed Sabbatai Sevi
.
to be the Messiah, nor does it imply his perception of the world in the
midst of the messianic process. Liturgies and customs common among
the Sabbatians were adopted by broad circles in the mainstream of Judaism. Accordingly, it is suggested that like most Jewish thinkers of the
time, the author of Hemdat
Yamim may have been influenced by
.
Sabbatianism, but he did not accept all the principles of Sabbatian belief.
ANOTHER GLANCE AT SABBATIANISM, CONVERSION, AND

HEBRAISM IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE:
SCRUTINIZING THE CHARACTER OF JOHAN KEMPPER OF
UPPSALA, OR MOSHE SON OF AHARON OF KRAKOW
Shifra Asulin
This paper examines the biography and writings of Johan Kempper, a
convert Hebraist at Uppsala University. Kempper, a former Sabbatian,
converted in 1696 after his disappointment with R. Zaddok, an east European Sabbatian prophet. His writings include some translations of
the New Testament, and more specifically, Christological commentary
of the Zohar. An analysis of Johan Kemppers writings reveals an interesting application of the Sabbatian code language and commentary on
the Zohar and on the Torah. Considering the resemblance between radical Sabbatian ideas and Christian beliefs, we try to examine Johan
Kemppers tr ue identity. What was his religious faith? Who did he
write his books for? What was the cause of his conversion? The present
study attempts to answer these questions, reading between the lines of
Mate Moshe, Johan Kemppers Christological commentary on the
Zohar.
[cxxi]

JACOB FRANK AND HIS BOOK THE SAYINGS OF THE LORD:
RELIGIOUS ANARCHISM AS A RESTORATION OF MYTH AND
METAPHOR
Rachel Elior
The subject of the present study is Jacob Frank and his book, The Sayings
of the Lord. This book, written in the second half of the eighteenth century beyond the confines of the Jewish community, reflects the liminal
position of the founder of the Frankist movement and his followers.
The text, published recently in Polish and translated into Hebrew by
Fania Scholem some forty years ago (and due to be published in the
near future), is the exceptional autobiography of a person who felt neither shame nor fear nor any cultural or religious restriction. Franks
sayings reveal the acute transformation of the mystical-mythical tradition of the Zohar and the extreme opposition to traditional Judaism that
was evident in Sabbatian circles. Messianic and mystical ideas inspired
by the circles of the Donmeh

were amalgamated with his own idiosyncratic world-view.
The discussion focuses on the passage from the written kabbalistic
myth of the heavenly world and its abstract symbols to the concrete
ritual-mystical experience of the anarchic Frankist community that expressed the new messianic era. Frank demanded that his followers participate in a mythological reality that operated within a carnivalesque
framework transcending all norms and boundaries. Under Franks
messianic leadership and charismatic inspiration, the new mythological reality was associated with omnipotence and eternal life, liberty and
redemption, new messianic figures and other expressions of the new
world as revealed to Jacob Frank.
[cxxii]
zcd zeleabe ze`zayd

qail dcedi
lecbd xwegd icia dlr o`k .mely myxb ly elret zbqt ipira
md ze`zayd ixwgn
jezn xewxfd z` dil` dptn èdyk ,cgeina oiiprne xida oteà zicedid zcd z` xi`dl
,dly dze`ln
jezn dnvr z` dvvet hrnk zcd day dcewpd on ,dly leabd zcewp
,o`k aliy s` mely .dpen` aexn sè ,dnvr z` dzviny ,day zihqind zxeqnd jezn
oia ,mtebl mixacd znyp oia ,zicedid oixezqnd zxez ly xg` wxt lka xy`n xzei
dzelbzd z` llb eay ,wzxn ixehqid xeìzl zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ipeyakl dxicg
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sreqnd ze`zayd xwgn z` sewfl mb xyt` ezekfl .exbq `le xwgnd z` gzt mely
did ,miiga mely did ely geha ip` .dpn`p zecr eilr ciri igkepd jxkdy ,epinia
zepexg`d mipya ik ; ecqiin ,enr migekie llek èdyk mb ,ycgd xwgna jxazn
miycgny ,zicedid dwihqina drwx lre ze`zayd lr mixwgn dnk enqxtzd
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mdnr cearl zekfd il yiy ,ixag
ly mipievn mixwgn lr mb `l` ,mely ixwgn lr
.dlert seziya
m"anxd ly giynde ifpky` sqei 'x ly izay

yexit'n rhw ,dxyr yelyd d`nd seqn ilaw hqwh didz xn`nd ly `vend zcewp
xtq' iqetc aexa qtcpy yexitd èd ,jex`d ifpky` mely oa sqei 'xl 'dxivi xtq
enqxtzd df rhw zece` lr 1.zerha el qgeiy xg`n ,c"a`xd ly eny zgz 'dxivi
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.302-286 'nr ,(g"txz-f"txz)
[`"qyz ,(fi-fh ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn) a-` ,dizegelye zi`zayd drepzd : exaye melgd]
2]
qail dcedi
lci` dyn - mely ixg`y xeca ,megza milern mixweg ipy ly mdixwgn dpexg`l
,'ze`zayl dycg dyib : iav izaye akekd izay' exn`na ea wqer lci` .dict daiage
ly zinvrd ezrcez aevir lr dfd rhwd ly ezrtyd dziid zrxkn dnk cr d`xne
df rhw lr jnzqdl eaxd mi`zaydy ,okl mcew xak reci didy dnl sqep ,iav izay
mi`zayd ipiray ,'dìltd xtq'a ezwzrdn f` exewnn `l m` ,eze` xikd iav izaye
ibelexhq`d ceqid itlk xwira mipeekn lci` ly eixac 3.c"a`xl xewnd ìd dziid
mzrcez aevira aeyg ciwtz `lin ,zEipipxEhqd
,df ceqiy d`xn ède 4,rhway
zwqer dict .dl uegne zecdia iav izay ly eizexeca miifkxn gex iyp` ly zinvrd
ze` : yecwd xeaigd - gxid herine izay zay' dxn`na ,envrl èdyk ,df rhwa
zè izcd eite` z` zgzpne ,zi`zayd dtewza ea eyry yeniyl dwif ila 5,'dpenze
.epnn dlerd igiynd qezind
z` l`y` ezxbqnay sqep crv cervl ywaè ,dl` ipy lr qqaz` igkepd xn`na
qezinl dxew dn xxal ipevxa .ihqinl ixehqidd oiay xeaigd xaca mely ly ezl`y
ixehqid giyn ly ezrceza ceqi lreta ynyn èd xy`k df rhwa raend igiynd
zcd zeleab jeza dfk qezin miiwzdl oiicr leki f` mb dcin efiàe ,iav izayk
: sqei 'x azek jke .ziaihnxepd
2
oire dpya oey`x meie mlera izay ea xve xzk el xywe miiga z"ia ze` jilnd
z"iad z` dlrdy [xnel dvex] l"x 6.[yxtznd hqwhd oeyl o`k cr] ytpa oini
'nr ,(f"pyz) 37 ,zecdid ircn ,'ze`zayl dycg dyib : iav izaye akekd izay' ,lci` 'n
.184-161
.69 ,68 zexrd oldl d`xe .177-176 'nr ,my ,lci`
ezxbià izfrd ozp ixacl eyexita jk .df ceqi zybcda dcind lr zvw fixtn s` lci`y xyt`
(178 'nr ,my) xaeq lci` .drepzd ziy`x inin ,mixvn icedi y`x ,sqei l`tx 'xl znqxetnd
izayl `l mipeekn - 'jlnd i`zay èdy zay ziriayd dpyae' - 'jlnd i`zay' lr ozp ixacy
iav izay fnxp àd htynay jk lr jnzqn lci` .z`f lawn ippi` j` .i`zay akekl `l` iav
ef oeyl .'jlnd i`zay' oeyla mb eil` dpeekd oi`y di`x o`kn oi` izrcl j` ,'xkfpd axd' oeyla
i`zay' mzq i`zay akekl èxwl xytì` ,izrcl .zay oeyln eny z` miyxec xy`k zywazn
,epiptly zxbià .miklnk mizrl mixèzn zkld iakek wdaen inepexhq` xywday s` ,'jlnd
ink iav izay xèzn efl zncewd dwqtae ,miinepexhq` mipiipra zrbep dpi` xg` mewn meyay
izay mr 'jlnd i`zay' z` ddfi `l `xewdy aeygl azekd did leki `l ,miklnd lk lr hleyy
mr 'jlnd i`zay' z` ddfn mpn` ,zepierd eizexrd mr ef zxbi` mqxty ,yhxetyy awri 'x .iav
xg` gqepa ,eznerl .zpierd ezxhnl mi`zn df iedify mb dn ,enr wcvd oi` izrcl j` ,akekd
awri : d`x .iav izay xnelk ,'izay lèbd ly eny' lr xaecn 'jlnd i`zay' mewna ,zxbi`d ly
.11 'nr ,c"iyz milyexi ,iayz 'i zxecdn ,iav laep zviv xtq ,yhxetyy
qezind ,(zkxer) l"pd : jeza ,'dpenze ze` : yecwd xeaigd - gxid herine izay zay' ,dict 'g
.156-150 'nra xwirae ,191-143 'nr ,e"pyz rayxà ,(c ,ray xà ly`) zecdia
.mc`d seb ìd 'ytp'e ,onfd ìd 'dpy' ,agxnd èd 'mler' .d dpyn ,c wxt ,dxivi xtq
[2]
2
3
4
5
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zcd zeleabe ze`zayd
[3
xy` izay akek ea xve dnkgd gk ea mye ,[oeilr xzk] r"k gka y`x zeidl
akek èd izayy t"r` .izayl dnkg xqn xy` èd ède 7,u"ziba` myl zgzn
mrhe .dnkgd gk ea yi ,zehnyd ceqa oaxg lr [dpennd : siqedl ile` jixv]
epiè oaixgn jkitl sebd ipiiprn oipra utg epi`y itl oaxg lr dpenn ezeidl
zbyd lre 'zi myd zbyd lre miheytd milkyd lr `l` oheyiwa `le oda gibyn
ilrae mitkpd enk ,mc`d ixa` milhand micyl 9ribnd gk epnne 8,zerayd
dnkgd lr dpenn 12èd m` : [xn`z mè] z"è .zrcd ixqge 11lecbde ohwd 10beltd
mpn` ,dfd mlerd ipipra zrcd ixqg : xeìa ? zrcd ixqg epnn e`vi ji` ok m`
axgy mein' : [dkxal mpexkif epizeax exn`y] l"fx`y enk ,iièap gk mda sqep
13
.`xza àa zkqna oiire ,'zwepizle wepizle miheyl dèap dpzip ycwnd zia
dfn dtxgde oelwde zelcde xdeqd ziae zende mi`lgd lr dpenn ezeid ceq edfe
mipiipad lre mipicd lr 14dpenn èd dnkgd ea zeidle .aekir lk lre ,mlerd
xac lk lr dxen xzqp ezeidle .zehnyd yecig lr dxend d"ied my mr etxhvda
lr dxen miakekd lk zixg` iriaya ezeidle .zepenhnde zerwxwd enk xzqp
micedid lr dpenn zercde zenkgd lr dpenn ezeidle .mipwfd lre xac lk zixg`
ezeidle .miyekd zevxà 15micard lr dpenne ,mlerd dfa dxva md jkitle
,miheit dnk ecqiizp df my ceqi lr) zeize` a"n oa ycewd my ly mitexivd zray oian oey`xd df
mitexivdn cg` lk .(zeaizd iy`xa ea zefenx myd zeize` a"ny ,'gka `p`' èd mda mqxetndy
.zkld iakekn cg` lr dpenn dl`d
elek wqer 'dxivi xtq' ly df wxt mpn` .'zeiriayd' : qtcpae .(33 dxrd oldl) cid azk itl jk
xyw mcewny 'zehnyd ceq'l mb mi`zn df gqepe ,('zeiriay' dlnd zxkfd ila ik m`) 'zeiriay'a
.xzei mi`zn 'zerayd' ,micyd lre myd zbyd lr xacnd ,icind xywda la` .izay z` ea
.'ripnd' : qtcpae .cid azka jk
migqt ,ilaa cenlza d`xpk dxewne ,weziy èd dlnd yexit .'dbiltd' : qtcpae .cid azka jk
dwizrd ziztxvd dlnl d`xpk oeeik i"yx .'f"rla oicylt' : i"yx yxite ,'`blt gex' : a"r ìw
dpiev i"yx ly ezpeek iabl ef dxryd .paralysis : zipeeia dxewne ,weziy drnyny ,palaisin
zipeeid dlna (cenlza e`/e) hqwhay dlnd xewn ileè .ulfpiihy zxecdna `xnbd sc ileya
eyexit ' 'bl`t' day ,ziaxrd on dxfbp hqwhay dlnd ileè .plegia - (zipihll mb dl`ypy)
yxeya ileè ,plegia zipeeid dlna ile` ziaxrd dlnd xewn .hemiplegia) sebd ivg ly weziy
mitkpd zlgn ìd 'rbil`'t' ,ab` ,yiciia .dàd dxrda d`x j` ,('dvg' ernyny 'blt' inyd
.epiptly hqwha mcew dzpnpy ,(dlitpd zlgn ,diqtlit`)
.zncewd dxrda d`x .elek seba weziy èd 'lecbd'e ,sebd ivga weziy èd 'ohwd' ile`
.'èd m` z"è' mewna ,'jiè' : cid azka
.(miiepiya) a"r ai `xza àa ,ilaa
.'dpenn èd' mewna ,'dpennd' : cid azka
z` mizxyn mipec`dy inexa ebdp ,i`zay eakeky qepxehq l`d ly ebg ,dilpxehqd
inia
.mdicar
[3]
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4]
qail dcedi
lr dxen mlerd df on wleqn ezeidle 16.zek`lne miwqrd lk lhan dhnya

xegy xac lr cibie ,mxeacae mdicbaae mdiyrna mc` ipa itepih lre db`cd
miptq lr dxeie .miciwtde miqkend md 17ele ,dlecbde ceakd zlrnn dcixie
zerx zevr lr dxeie .mnec ipa` lre dxerye dhg lr dxeie .dciaè mid ziinde
zexawe zegey lre jyg lre 18zeliv` lre zeaygnd wner lr dxeie ,cyg lre
lre zepitqd lre migelyd lre miaie` zepgn lre zelecb zepgn lr dxeie .mizn
lre 19miapbd lre mixiq`d lre dnglna mitecxd lre ,zetyè migixe mixepz
,dxegqa 20lefde zeltyd lre ,zecizrd zrcle ,mitykd znkg lre miza ixzeq
,oaxge ,ze`nxde spg lre ,eala oin`n epiè eita oin`n èdy lre dhxgd lre
milegd zzin lre ,mgl zt iywane ,iepire arxe dcixte ,mixde mixri ,xacn
lre ,mixteke 21mixeeir lre migqit lre ,yeìde zerxd zerenyde micarde
.oekynd lre mi`pz lre dkyenn zlgez
zepzyd èd mi`lgd ik recie .zehinyd ceqa èd zend lr dpenn ezeid mpn`
lk 22selg ipa oica silgne dpyn èd ik ,mi`lgd ceq eceqa jkitl ,mibfnd
zeidle .ezeyxa ceakd oexqge oennd oexqgy itl ,oxqgne mi`vnpd mipiiprd
.mipicd lr dxen miakek 'fl oeilr ezeidle .aekir lk lr dxen xegià ezrepz
24
ezrepz xegi`le .mipiipade zeiedd zeycgzd 23lr dxen d"iedd mya etxhvdae
oenhn lk lre xzqpy xac lke zerwxwd enk rrepzn izla cak xac lk lr dxen
lk lr dxen miakek 'fd zixg` ezeidle .zexawe zexrne oigiye zexeae zexitge
on zlawne dlrnle dhnn 'f ìd dpiad ik recie .dpwfe xac lk seqe zixg` xac
adi ,dpiade l`xyi lre dnkgd lr dpenn èd jkitle [oeilr xzke] r"ke dnkgd
`keyga dn rci `zxzqne `zwinr `lb ède dpia ircil `rcpne oinikgl `znkg
26
zricia lkzqn ezeidle 25.oikln mwdne oikln dcrdn ède ,`xy dinr `xedpe
lr dxen ezeidle .xeaicae miyrna mitepihae zepbae zepeifaa yibxi `l oeilrd
lre dxegy dxn lre xegy xac lk lre [licad : l"v ile`] lcad lr dxen caek
.'zeklne' : cid azka
.'eay' : cid azka
.xzei daeh dqxb efi` rixkdl dywe .'zelvr' : qtcpae .cid azka jk
.'miapb lre mixeq` lre' : cid azka
.'lefe' : qtcpae .cid azka jk
.'mixer lre migqt' : cid azkae qtcpa
.mi`xapd lk lr milgd miiepiyle mileblbl sqei 'x zlawa libx (8 `l ilyna exewn) df iepik
.cid azka dievne qtcpa dxqg ef dln
.i`zay akekd ly eaeaiq zeihi` llba ,xnelk
.xcq iepiya .22-21 a 'pc
.'zericia' : qtcpae .cid azk itl jk
[4]
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zcd zeleabe ze`zayd
[5
lre ,dhxge zeltye miapb lre miza ixzeg lre ,dhlre dltè jyege mnec ipa`
dcixte mixde mixrie dnnye xacne oaxge 27,miiwn epiè exacn xeg`l xqy in
,epnn dlrnly milkyl wx ezgbyd miyn epi`y itl df lke .zerx zerenye
aeyzy dk`ln lk : llkd df .zenkgde zeaygnd iwnr lr dxen èd jkitle
oke ,xeg`l aeyz mrte cenrz mrte jlz mrt ,zepitqd enk xeg`l minrtl
.mdilr dpenn èd ,dlà `veike 28,xwie xeg`l aeyi mrte mgi mrt mixepzd
xn`py ,zinler cxi `l eziilr ribiyk jkitl ,dcnzdd lr dpenn èdy itle
dpiad zeidle .'d giyn ceq ède ,'dpiae dnkg gex 'd gex eilr dgpe' [1 ì 'yi]
zra : zelert ipin ipy ea yi jkitl zeevw 29yye zelivè lky lkn ztzeyn
aeh lk ycgzn zeevw yya waczny zrae ,dhnl oaxeg dpd mipeilra waczny
zeevna [`l` ,xnelk] wx epi` 31l`xyily mziilr lk jkitl 30.mipiipray
,dngln ilk ilae zipg ilae axg ila mpegvp jkitle .dpiad gk mdil` jiynda
wlzqn zevnd on miwlzqny onfae 32.(dpia) 'd riyei zipga `le axga `l ik
ceqe ,'eklz izewega m`' [3 ek 'ie] ceq dfe .dcixid zilkz cr ecxie dpiad mdn
33
.zegkezd lk
: dl` milna z`f znkqn dict daiag
xeyiw - icedid rahd mr xeyiwa lkl ziy`x dxeyw oeilrd zricia zelkzqdd
ezpekza - i`pbl m` gayl yxcp èdy m` wizrd mlerd onl cer epl xkend
,xegià ìd dfk mc` ly ezrepz z`f mr cgi .ìapd lye giynd ly zizednd
zexeyw dl` zerepz .zenae oaxega dxeyw ezrepz ,mlrpe xzqp èd ,caeka
.igiynd raha izedn oteà znà
.ezedna ixaer rah èd igiynd rahd ,dndnzn rah èd igiynd rahd
dbiqp ly mieqn avn jezn j` ,mlerd jeza èd ,xarzn ite` lra èd giynd
.'miiwzn epiè xacn' : cid azka
.'xxwie' : qtcpae .cid azka jk
.' 'e' : cid azka
'sebd ipiipr' md 'mipiipr'd .'mipipray aeh lk ycgzn' mewna 'ycgzp mipiipra dpd' : cid azka
.'mipezgza' : zeidl jixv ile` j` .rhwd zligza exkfpy
.'l`xyi ly' : qtcpae .cid azka jk
.df xeaiga libxk ,xewna ievn miixbeqa dxitqd my .47 fi `"ny itl
zenewna gqepd z` izpwiz .`"r ap-a"r `p ,d"kyz milyexi ,oiihyt` oiel z`ved ,dxivi xtq
,dqxb iiepiy lr izxrd mixg` zenewnae (mixirf aizk iiepiy hrnl ,zexrda epiev dl`) minieqn
oekna epniq) 521 bxeavpib dawqen i"k : dxyr rax`d d`na dilhià azkpy mecw ci azk itl
enk .42-41 mitc ,(18338 'q : milyexia i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd ziaa ci iazk inelvzl
.weqit ipniq dnk iztqed ok
[5]
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6]
qail dcedi
xyw èd ,xeahd lag xyw znbec ,wfg xyw .dlrn il` xzeie xzei zxaeb dipte
ynn dwipi ly xyw edf .oeilrd exewn l` ycewd gex ici lr giynde ìapd
zxaernd zedn .ea axern zeidl aexiqd zè dfd mlera diitvd ite` z` aizknd
s` idefe ,ièapd igiynd rahd zlrn idef - ixnegd on dbeqpd zedn ,idlà
34
.'izay'd ite`d zedn
ly dxzi dagxd dgihan dict .mixg` zexewna mb xèzn giynd ly dndnznd erah
: l"fg lv` xak ep`vn znà jk .fnxa wtzq` miizpiae 35,dpkday xn`na jka oeicd
( [3 a wewag] 'xgì `l ài à ik el dkg dndnzi m`') ìapd ixacay 'dndnzi m`'
zedndnzd elitè ,dndnzdl cizr ok` giynd .driawk `l` i`pzk `l mizrl yxet
36
.'xgì `l ài à' weqtd seql dxenb dxizqa ,leabe seq `ll
`vniz df xeìz ly eziy`x .zlaeq zenck exeìzl mb xeyw giynd ly df erah
zexewna i`ceeae 37,' 'd car' lr ìapd ixac z` giynd lr yxtp m` ,`xwna xak ile`
zixaa eyi ly elaq ixeìza recik jk .gzetne ievn dfk yexit myy ,mii`xwn xza
.ze`zayae 40,miipiad ini zextqa 39,dle`bd iyxcna 38,cenlza sè ,dycgd
.zicedid zextqd lka giynl qgein epi` dfk rah : zebiizqd siqedl ywa` ,z`f mr
xtq znizga m"anxd rawy giynd zeklda ,xzeia izeknqd mewna s` `vnp èd oi`
: 'dxez dpyn'
,dpey`xd 41dlynnd dpyeil cec zia zekln xifgdle cenrl cizr giynd jlnd
oial sqei 'x ly 'izay' oia zxywn dict .'zay' oeyln 'izay' .154-153 'nr ,(5 dxrd lirl) dict
mei oia dibelexhq`d zxyew llk jxca ,ok` .'dpenzd xtq'a xwira xèzn èdy itk zayd mei
zepeyla zayd mei ly eny xewn mbe ,akekd ly eny xewn mb èd df xywe ,i`zay akekl zayd
j` ,(i`zay akek mr ddefy l`d èdy ,Saturnusn xfbpy Saturday : zilbpà oebk) dtexi`
xtq' ly dqxbd lya z`fe .oey`x meil `weec izay z` qgiin ,hhevnd rhwd ziy`xa ,sqei 'x
,dict : d`x .zayl izay oia xywn 'dxivi xtq' mb zexg` ze`qxba mpn` .eiptl dziidy 'dxivi
.150 'nr ,my
.'mixare cbpn' èd xn`nd my .24 dxrd ,my ,dict
icedid qezind lr - De Natura Dei' ,qail 'i : d`x ,dagxda jk lr .a"r fv oixcdpq ,ilaa
zaygnae dlawd zextqa mixwgn : zeèyn ,(mikxer) jiixcleb 're oexe` 'n : jeza .'eleblbe
oiipr lr .278 'nr ,c"pyz aia`lze milyexi ,l"f ailheb mixt` 'text ly exkfl miycwen l`xyi
.297-295 'nr ,gtqpa my izcnr m"anxd zaygna df
.12 bp-13 ap 'yi
.a"r gv oixcdpq ,ilaa
.73-72 'nr ,c"iyz milyexi ,lènyoa` 'i zkixra ,dle`b iyxcn : jeza ,'laaexf xtq'a oebk
c"g zkixra ,` ,ongp oa dyn epiax iazk : jeza ,'icar likyi dpd' zyxtl o"anxd yexita oebk
.eky-`ky 'nr ,b"kyz milyexi ,lreery
.'dlynnl' : miqetcd aex gqep
[6]
34
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36
37
38
39
40
41
zcd zeleabe ze`zayd
[7
.mcewn eidyk einia mihtynd lk oixfege .l`xyi igcp uawne ,ycwn dpeae
mè [... ] .dxeza dxen`d dzevn lkk zelaeie oihny oiyere ,zepaxw oiaixwn
azkay dxez itk eia` ceck zeevna wqere dxeza dbed cec zian jln cenri
df ixd ,'d zengln mglie ,dwca wfgle da jlil l`xyi lk sekie ,dt lraye
ycwn dpae ,eiaiaqy zene`d lk gvpe gilvde dyr m` .giyn èdy zwfga
,bxdp e` ,dk cr gilvd `l mè .i`cea giyn df ixd ,l`xyi igcp uawe ,enewna
minlyd cec zia ikln lkk èd ixde ,eilr dxez dgihady df epi`y recia
42
.ezny mixykde
wegx o`k giynd .xqiiznd e` dndnznd ,ixaerd rahd on dne`n mi`ven eppi` o`k
giynd : oekpd èd jtdd .dfd mlera axern zeidl aexiqne oaxegn ,dhxgn ,caekn
,mlera dglvd ly migpena zgken zigiynd ezxneie ,milrte miweqir ax èd in"anxd
.zizce zipicn dglvd
,`qib cgn : mibeq ipyl zigiynd zicedid daygnd z` wlgl ip` rivn jkitl
mpiipry zexewn yi .dnvrl zilkzk zeigiyn ,`qib jci`ne ,zilpeivwpet zeigiyn
giynd ly ezenca xwira mipiiprzn mixgè ,giynd zìa ly zeivx`d ze`veza
jildze giynd irevia zrici `l ,'dibelehqixk' dyexit 'zeigiyn' mlv` .envrl èdyk
ok` df) ezìa zra envr el dxwiy dne giynd ly ezence ezedn zpad `l` dle`bd
myxb ly znqxetnd ezwelg lr sqep ef dwelg rivn ip` 43.(miifkxn mihqwh ly mpiipr
ixacae ,zipzlkye zirah zeigiynl zihtilwetè ziqp zeigiyn oia wligy ,mely
llegl cizr epi` giynd mditly ,o`k ehhev `ly mirhwd sexiva) lirlc m"anxd
44
.dpexg`d efl wdaen bivp `vn (miqp
dpenny giyn okzii ji` ,dl`yd on rpnidl dyw z`f lka ,sqei 'x ixacl xyà j`
ep` jkl m`d ? 'mlerd dfa dxva' `weec miievn micedid ellbae ,oaxeg lr `weec
rhwd ly zepexg`d zexeya mpn` ! ? giynd zìal jk lk dkex`d epziitiva mipeekzn
byeiy oegvip ,df giyn zervnà 'oegvip'e 'diilr' mb xyt`ne ,eixac z` jkxn sqei 'x
dpiaa zewaca wx `l` ,('dngln ilk ila') miiàve miihilet mirvnà `l mpn`
it lr gt`w 'i zxecdn ,ì wxt ,zenglne mikln zekld ,mihtey xtq ,dxez dpyn ,oenin oa dyn 42
.bpy-py 'nr ,e"pyz epe` zixw ,bk jxk ,oniz ci iazk
ow xn`n' dpeknd ,'xdefd xtq'ay xzeia wdaend igiynd xn`nd ly epiipr xwir df ,x`yd oia 43
ditxbeia oirnl df xdef xn`n dktdy i"x`d zlawa i`ceeae ,(`"r i-`"r f ,a"g ,xdef) 'xetiv
ly ziceqd ezyxc : "`zlii`c oilifxe` oixz" ' ,qail 'i : d`x jk lr .ìxel wgvi 'x ly zipgex
zaygna milyexi ixwgn) i"x`d zlaw ,(mikxer) qail 'ie xeìl` 'x : jeza ,'ezzin iptl i"x`d
.124-123 'nr ,a"pyz milyexi ,(i ,l`xyi
.190-155 'nr ,e"lyz aia`lz ,eba mixac ,'l`xyia igiynd oeirxd zpadl' ,mely 'b 44
[7]
8]
qail dcedi
diptda wtzqne milna èd jqeg dglvdd ini xeìza la` .zeevnd meiw zervnà
ezrtyd z` `weec sqei 'x x`zn xzei daxd dax zeipeiga .'izewega' zyxt ly miweqtl
dribne zrtey ìd eli`k zi`xpy zeipeig ,mlera l`xyi avn lr giynd ly zililyd
geexd xeyiw ,i`zay akekd mr l`xyi z` ebeeify miipey`xd zexewnd on eizeln l`
45
.inyihp` hdla xèzn èd myy ,dwizrd zrd idly ly zipbtd zextqa recik
jkxl zpiiprn jxc `vn ,uawl` dnly 'x ,dxyr yyd d`nd oa mqxetn laewn ,ab`
miyp mb eaxrzp giynd ly oiqgeid oliày jkl xaqdd ezrcl df .dywd oeirxd z`
reah giynd ly e`ven lk did dl` `lnl` : diaènd zexe dcedi zy` xnzk ,zeixkp
46
.epia` mdxa` rxf ly elfn ,i`zay lfn ly llne`d elxeba
m` iwlg oteà diyewd xztiz ile` elv` .z`fky dgpd wiprn epi` envr sqei 'x j`
alya dl zetvl yiy ,znieqn zg` zenc exwira epi` x`zn èdy giyndy jka xikp
i`zay akeka izin oteà miiwd ,icedid mrd zedn ly lnq `l` ,dixehqidd ly xcben
,dict ly dpeyla ,oky ,zepey zexeva aeye aey mra mybzne ,dpiae dnkg zexitqae
xzei sqei 'x ly giynd 47.'zeedzdle aeyl ywand xetiq xy`n xg` `l èd qezind'
xagnl xzei zxkend dtewzd ly giyn èd ,zivx`d dglvdd onf ly giyn èdyn
zeigiynl qgiil laewny dnn èd jetd lnqn df giyny l`ci`d .zelbd ztewz ,rhwd
onfa `nzqn .zivx` zeltya `weec z`haznd zipgex zepeilra xaecn o`k .zicedid
.z`fky zeigiyna `weec dee`be dngp èvnl xyt` zelbd
sqei 'x ly i`zayk iav izay

zicedid drceza wenr dverp zixehqidde ziyi`d zeigiynd .zn`d lk ef oi` ,z`f lkae
,zxg` dqitz mb mpn` zniiwzn dcva .zigiynd dqitzd hyt ìde ,dpnn dlcg dpiè
lv` mb mrtl mrtn dxeripe day hytd ly ezeipeig j` ,eheytn df ceqi dìveny
xaqy ,mely myxb ly cgd egeqip z` mpn` un`n ippi`) xzei zeipgexd zetwydd ilra
edyn lawl yi z`f lka la` ,ihiletixehqidd ceqid `la zeigiyn zecdia oi`y
oeice el` mixac ly ilbp` mebxz .Tacitus, Historiae V : qehiwh ly minqxetnd eixaca lynl jk 45
M. Stern, Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism, II, Jer usalem 1980, : d`x ,hxetn
milyexi ,miybtp zenler ,iel 'i : d`x ,df hqwh ly ixwird wlga oeice ixar mebxz .pp. 17-63
.165 'nr ,(2 dxrd lirl) lci` ; 23 dxrd 153 'nr ,(5 dxrd lirl) dict : d`xe .196-115 'nr ,j"yz
zexecdna eqtcp `l dl` mixac .dqx 'nr ,a"pyz milyexi ,hi ,c ,iyi yxy ,uawl` dnly 'x 46
milyexi z`ved ly xicdnd iedif itl) xagnd ci azka miaezk e`vnp j` ,xtqd ly zencew
ziixtqa `vnpd ,(`"ky dpihphqpew) xtqd ly oey`xd qetcd ly miwzerd cg` ileya (a"pyz
.df rhwl ial zneyz z` daqdy ìd wf dkxa 'text .wxei eipa xhky
.161 'nr ,(5 dxrd lirl) dict 47
[8]
zcd zeleabe ze`zayd
[9
oeekzd `l envr sqei 'x m` mb .sqei 'x ly izind giynl mb dxw mpn` jk .(48ef drcn
qezind xzei xge`n dpy miyinge ze`n yelyke ,elyn miig eid xtiqy qezinl ,jkl
lr (14 ` opgei) oeilbpee`d ixac lr dfxtxt hewpl m` ,iav izay zenca 'xya yal'
.ixvepd eyi ,giyne yi` zeidl jtde ,xya yaly qebeld
ywan ip`) sqei 'x ly giynd zenc ly miptd ltk lr ìltdl dper ok` iav izay
zeiyi`d oia zeywd zepgadd on rpnidle ,dllka iav izay ly ezencl qgiizdl
lbiqy dn oial zeihpbd zeinvrd eizepekz oia oke ,eiciqg el eqgiiy dn oial zixehqidd
dnw eli`k izay ly ezenc .(sqei 'x ly rhwd zrtyda ,rcena `ly e` rcena ,envrl
,dxegy dxnae miilega iexyd ,izay enyy giyn df .sqei 'x ly exeìz jezn miigl
oeekn zpeeka mxeb sè ,eizeaiaq lre envr lr laqe oaxeg `weec èd rxef dle`b mewnae
dipiirny s` ,dixehqidd jldn lr zewenr drityny zenc ef .l`xyi mra wenr xayn
l`d itlk - dlrn itlk zelkzqdle dnipt zeqpkzdl ,dfd mlerd zlilyl `weec mipezp
,ihlgd izla mc` ly ezenc ef 49.xg` mc` lkl yibp izla eceqia èdy ,iyi`de oeilrd
.sqei 'x ly egeqip itl ,'miiwn epiè exacn xeg`l xq' sè ,dndnzdl dhep
epi` ueg itlk ,zxzqpde dwenrd dnkgd z` eiciqg ipira bviin iav izay cera ,jke
myl .miilpeivxiè midenz eiyrny 50(envr z` dpik envr èdy itk) hlgen dhey `l`
lr mb mi`zayd eknzqd ,jynda dil` xefgp cery ,ef dpexg` dxizq ly dceqi zpad
zxitq dpekn myy ,sqei 'xl 'dxivi xtq yexit' ,wizr ilaw xewn ezeà xg` mewn
,iav izayl lnqk 'mleb' iepikd o`kn 51,('dnkg dixhniba mlb' ik) 'mleb' iepika dnkg
mi`zayd e`vn eply rhwa mpn` 53.dnpecd zk ipa ixiyae 52izfrd ozp lv` ievnd
zilawd dxitqd ìd ,recik ,dnkg .dnkgd on xzei s` ddeab iav izay zlrny
zeigiynd' ,qail 'i : d`x .izwlg dl` eixac lr .(155 'nr ,44 dxrd lirl) mely raw jk
.19-9 'nr ,(zi`zayd dpen`d ceq : oldl) d"pyz milyexi ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,'zi`zayd
.34-20 'nr ,my ,'ezc zxndl iav izay ly eqgi' ixn`na izazk z`f lk lr
lz ,eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay ,mely 'b : mely icia epecpe eàedy zexewnd d`x
wp`xt awri zrcezl z`f izieeyde jka izpc ikep` mb .110 'nr ,(iav izay : oldl) f"iyz aia`
dpen`d ceq ,'ze`zayl eqgie alqxan ongp 'x ly illkd oewizd' ixn`na ,alqxan ongp 'xe
ixn`na uiyaii` slee 'x ly znqxetnd ezeliqkl z`f izieeyde jka izpc ok .252 'nr ,zi`zayd
.94-91 'nr ,my ,'dle`bd ceq lre ezxeag lr uiyaii` ozpedi 'x oa slee 'xl xdefd oeyla xeaig'
.`"r bi ,(33 dxrd lirl) 'dxivi xtq' ly dpey`xd dpynl yexitd ziy`xa
.33 'nr ,(49 dxrd lirl) ixn`na ci azkn iznqxty rhwa ,'`giyn `klnc `fx' extqa lynl jk
'nr ,c"yz milyexi ,mely myxb zkixra ,giyn zeawra : jeza ,ely 'mipipzd yexc'a cer d`xe
lr .52 dxrd 1319 'nr ,(`"pyz-p"yz) cq ,xtq zixw ,'dnkg dixhniba mlb' ,qail 'i : d`xe .fi
.85 dxrd ixg` ,oldl cenrp iav izay mr dnkgd iedifa ozp dyry xg` yeniy
,g"yz aia`lz ,iavoa 'ie mely 'b ,yìh` 'n zxecdn ,mi`zayd ly zegayze zexiy xtq
.105 ,93 ,88 ,72 'nr
[9]
48
49
50
51
52
53
10 ]
qail dcedi
iehiad oky ,'oeilr xzk' z`xwpd ,dpey`xd dxitqd ly dgek èd iav izay j` ,diipyd
izay myd oiipnk dixhniba dler ,lirl hhevnd rhwd ziy`xa ievnd ,'oeilr xzk gk'
54
.iav
mb dbxcnd ltya ievn ,sqei 'x z`n hhevnd rhwa xèznd giynd ,i`zay akek
'mizn ixawe zegey'l i`zay zwif .ze`zaya enybzd dl` mbe ,zexg` zepigaa
,mityk iyrnle zexaw izal jynpy iav izayl ahid dni`zn 'mitykd znkg'le
mini`zn 'ceakd zlrnn dcixie sepih' lr sqei 'x ixac mb 55.eicbpzn zeiecr itl zegtl
ipepib cva 56,mrtl mrtn eze` dcwty 'dkygd' zra davnle ,iav izay ly egexl
ribde ,dxndd ixg` ze`zaya wfgzd cer df ew .'dx`dd' zezra bdpy zeklnde ceakd
onz `lekn `yia `zkeca `wec ik' ,'xdefd xtq'a eqxby ,mihqiwp`xtd lv` eìyl
d`xp df gqep .(dle`bd z` e`vnz my xzeia rxd mewna `weec : mebxz) '`pwxet e`vnz
57
.'xdef'a ievnd xn`n ly oeekn yeaiyk
zeltydy ,sqei 'x ly izay ixeìz z` wx `l iav izay lr eyxc mi`zayd inkg
mb `l` ,giynd zenca md mirbep xewna xake ,mxewna xak ìd zihwlìc mday
dl`k mixeìz dnk .zilkza ilily rah qgein i`zay akekl mday ,mixg` mixeìz
lr denzl oi` .zixdefd zextql mikiiyd 'xdef ipewiz'e '`pnidn ìrx' iwlga miievn
.my hhevnd ,(52 dxrd lirl) '`giyn `klnc `fx' xtqn rhwa lynl jk
zenya wqrzn did mye ,ycewd xirl [iav izay] jld df eze`xae' : yhxetyy awri 'x oeyl df
'oili mixevpae zexawd ziaae [a"r ak dheq ,ilaa itl] itwp ciqg dyrpe ,d`nehd zenye ycewd
.(4 'nr ,[4 dxrd lirl] iav laep zviv xtq)
.zernyn ltka da zeynyn 'ip` jc' milndy ,ezxnd mr azky dwzta `vniz jkl zwdaen dnbec
.579 'nr ,iav izay ,mely : d`x
eglyy 'zenec`d zexbi`'a od wp`xt awri ly 'oec`d ixac' xtqa od xdefd mya àen df htyn
zexewne mixwgn ,'dxiara dàd devn' ,mely 'b : d`x .q"wz zpya l`xyi zelidwl mihqiwp`xtd
dfk xn`n oi`' : my azek mely .129 dxrde 64 'nr ,c"lyz milyexi ,dileblbe ze`zayd zeclezl
dle`bd ìdy ,mixvn zìvi lr xdefd ixacn oeirxd z` ìved la` ,rcei ip`y dnk cr ,xdefa
: oerny 'x dil xn`' : ` xeh q ,èaz ik zyxt ,'ycg xdef'a htynd xewn izrcl j` .'dpey`xd
`yia `zkec wiice gby` : [ìapd edil`] xn` ? zellw ipda l`xyic `pwxet ìilbz` xz` oà
zyxt lr `l` ixehqid onf lre itxbe`b mewn lr `l daqp dxewna dl`yd .'ied onz ,edlkn
ìd ,ab` ,daeyzd .dle`bd z` my èvnl xyt` weqt dfià - gk wxt mixac xtqay zellwd
dyw my xacd xyt .'jiiga oin`z `le mneie dlil zcgte cbpn jl mi`lz
jiig eide' :eq weqt
z` dgihan dle`bl creind onfd zricii` `weecy dprhd dler mixacd llkny dnec j` ,dpadl
eppi` ,df 'xdef' xn`n llkp eay ,èaz ik zyxt ,'ycg xdef'a qtcpd rhwd lk .dnvr dle`bd
zpal' xtq seqa mb `vnp èd .ixdefd begd ly dixtixtd on e`veny dnece ,'xdef'd aex oepbqa
sc ,b"rxz milyexi ,hilbp` sqei 'x èd izn`d exagne ,ciqgd dcedi oa cec 'xl qgeind ,'xitqd
.'ycg xdef'l wzred myne exewn myy ipxeaqe ,(` xeh ,b ,my : deeyde) `w-w
[ 10 ]
54
55
56
57
zcd zeleabe ze`zayd
[ 11
,xdef) '`pnidn ìrx'n mirhwd cg` lr ax lly i`venk evtw ze`zayd icbpzny jk
dty`' ,'dèv' ,'dxeaw' ,'zilil' ,'drx dgty' mr izay z` xywnd ,(`"r atx ,b"g
z` wicvdl ick df rhw hhiv izfrd ozp mb `ltd daxnl j` 58.jka `veike 'ztpehn
jke 60.'iav' = 'dèv' oebk zeìxhnib yexcle siqedl gxh sè 59,iav izay ly ezxnd
didy 'xdef'd wzera ,ewa yibcdy df did envr èd ile` .envr iav izay mb d`xpk
. 'xdef ipewiz'l mikiiyd elld mirhwd on miipya dritend 'izay' dlnd z` ,ezeyxa
,arx ,zelb ,xdeq zia ,y`x lty mr ,xegyd ravd mr i`zay xyewn dl` mirhwa
61
.drx dyiè rxd xvi ,qeq ,ygp ,legh ,zeipr
md xewnae ,cngene eyi itlk mb mxewna mipeekn '`pnidn ìrx' itexig .ab` jxc
rci izfrd ozp 62.dxefpvd zngn qtcpd 'xdef'a ehnyed dlè ,mdizenya my mixkfp s`
zenc mb ileè .cngen zcl iav izay xaryk ,eikxvl mi`zd xacd oky ,my z`f oiive
xikfn sqei 'x ixdy .eyi ly ezenc zrtyda dnzcina daver sqei 'x ly ltyd giynd
izxagd avnd itl xazqn epi` df oiipr .'miciwtde miqkend' z` zeltyl dnbeck o`k
zixaa xèznd avnd itl wx `l` ,(ze`zayd ztewza dliawn el oi` mbe) miipiad inia
lr dixebpq cnlle rrexzdl oken didy jk ick cr dribd eyi ly ezepzeepr .dycgd
dyr oicnr awri 'x mb .181 'nr ,(4 dxrd lirl) yhxetyy awri 'x ici lr dagxda hhevn rhwd
awri 'x ly ezeigiyn' ixn`na d`x .ea milelkd miiepikae df rhwa daexn i`zayihp` yeniy
'dty`'y lynl xn`p my .cere ,203-200 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,'ze`zayl eqgie oicnr
.iav izay ly ezcled zpy ìd ,e"ty dixhniba dler
,(57 dxrd lirl) zexewne mixwgn ,mely : jeza ,'ezxnde iav izay lr izfrd ozp zxbi`' : d`x
.242 'nr
.60 dxrd 401 'nr ,(58 dxrd lirl) ixn`na d`x
izay' : wxtd my) 365-361 'nr ,(g"pyz) 3 ,dlaw ,'iav izay ly yecwd xdefd' ,miiwl` '` : d`x
itly ,epicil eribdy 'xdef'd ly xzeia miwizrd cid iazkn cgà xaecnd .('izay akeke iav
mcewy cirdy ,efecxw l`kin mdxa` icin elaiw èd ,gp dcedi oa xka ozp ,eilran cg` ly ezecr
oc eppi` j` ,efecxw ly ezecra wtwtl oi`y dpwqnl my ribn miiwl` .iav izayl jiiy did okl
z` licbdl dvxe ,i`zay didy ,gp ozp eze` ici lr d`vned ile` efecxw ly ezecr lky zexytà
myd zgz oeniqdy jkl di`x oi` ,iav izay ly ezeyxa df xtq did m` mbe .ezeyxay xtqd jxr
izay èd ,izay eny cid azk azek mb ,ab`) jka wtwtn miiwl` okè ,eci zgzn `vi 'izay'
,hq oewiza df wzera mi`vnp mipecpd mirhwd ,miiwl` azeky itk .(dicpwn mqxetnd eala
,a"r-`"r ckw ,milyexi ,wew axd cqen zxecdn) r oewiza ,xg` gqepa ,'xdef ipewiz' qetcae
.(`"r clw
ef ddbd mpn` .'xdef'd ileya mizrl eqtcpy 'zn` jxc' zeipìxeld zedbda `vnp ixewnd gqepd
zxrd itl jk .f"rz mcxhqn` qetca dievn ìd j` ,dxefpvd zngn miqetcd aexa ìd mb dhnyp
cngene eyi ,(my) mely zrcl .(a"pyz milyexi) diliniqwta mqxtzdy ,ely 'xdef'd qteha mely
,a"g ,xdef : '`pnidn ìrx'a xg` mewna mb ,mzenya aewpl ilan j` ,minec miiepika mifenx
.a"r fhw
[ 11 ]
58
59
60
61
62
12 ]
qail dcedi
ornl sè ,eprnl miqn eabe inexd oehlyd mr dlert etziyy micedi mze` 63,miqkend
64
.mnr axwa miltyene mièpy eide ,mnvr
`l` ,giynd zencl rbepa wx `l ze`zayl mi`zn sqei 'x ly exeìz .eppiiprl aeyp
xwira ìd zigiynd dle`bd ,sqei 'x lv` enk ,ze`zaya mb : zeigiynd beql xyà mb
sqei 'x ixac s` 65.dl lth ipicnd otde ,dpen`de zcd zle`b ,zihqine zipgex dle`b
ly mgex z` mixzeq mpi` ,zeevnd meiwa dielz l`xyi ziilr mditly ,rhwd seqa
mb .miipey`x zexewnn `ly ze`zayd z` xikny in i`ceea aeygiy itk ,mi`zayd
gqepa mizrl ,ozxiny lr ce`n ecitwd mde ,zeevna dielz dle`bd mi`zayd ipira
66
.mdlyn gqepa mizrle laewnd
,mdinkgn cg`y cr ,mpiiprl jk lk mirlew ok` sqei 'x ixac e`xp mi`zayd ipira
giken df rhw `ny db`c rian ,azky xeaiga rhwd z` hhivy ixg` ,uxt mdxa` 'x
z` mb rpkyi rhwd `ny yyeg ède ,iav izay ly ezeigiyn z` aeh icn xzei
wtzqd `l ,uxt mdxa` 'x ,mkg eze` 67.mdl ie`xd yperd on elvpii ezekfae ,miryxd
68
.eixiyn cgà mb sqei 'x ixac z` gaiye llide dfextay mixaca
diyewd zxfeg ,zi`zayd drepza sqei 'x ly giynd xeìz ly dglvdd xe`l ,jk m`
.mixg` ipirae dnvr ipira giynk lawzz ok` z`fk zigiyn zency okzii ji` .dnewnl
wqer rhwdy jka dze` epxht ,eteb sqei 'x ly rhwd itlk ef dl`y epbvdyk ,mcew
mebxz llba mqxetnd ,xge`nd yeniyd itl e` ,portitores : zipihla ,telonai : zipeeia 63
W. Bauer, A : d`x .mi`nex migxf` wx eid publicani eyi ztewza .publicani : dhbleed
Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Chicago
1979, s.v. telones
.cere ; 10-1 hi qwel ; 31 `k ,17 gi ,19 ì ,11-10 h izn : d`x

.(48 dxrd lirl) ixn`n d`x
'nr ,iav izay ,mely : d`x) dle`bd z` axwl ick daeyze dxneg ibdpn recik bidpd izfrd ozp
zcng' xtq bega lynl ,zxge`nd ze`zaya mb dx`yp ziptbqde dxingnd diihpd .(374-373
seqa zàen dl`k zeevn dxyr dpeny ly dniyx ,ze`zayl zecgeind zeevnl xyà .'mini
,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely 'b : jeza d`x .'cec oa oxw zginv' dnpecd ixnen begny i`zayd qxhpewd
`l` mi`zayd ebdp `l zeixrd ibdpna s` .303-301 'nr ,a"pyz aia`lz ,qail dcedi xicdd
mi`zayd y`x dikexa' exn`na mb d`xe .mely ly ezxrde ,my ,g devn d`x .minieqn miqwha
.346 'nr ,my ,'iwipel`ya
.176 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn : jeza ,mely 'b zkixra ,'axrnd ux`n mdxa` obn zxbi`' : d`x
rhwl i`ceea dpeekd .'minx lr mx jln ,cafp iz"aya ,cakp c`n c`n ,c"a`xdl yext' : epeyl df
,edipa 'n : jeza mqxet xiyd .c"a`xl xen`k qgeind ,sqei 'xl 'dxivi xtq' yexitn ephhivy
.ry 'nr ,(g"lyz-`"lyz ,[c ,oeei xtq] ci ,zepetq=) b"lyz milyexi ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd
,'mdxa` obn zxbi`' xagn èd uxt mdxa`y jkl dgked ,ab` ,ìd xiyde zxbi`d oia ef dlawd mb
"`zepnidnc `fx" xtq ly exagn - efecxw l`kin' ixn`na jk lr izàdy zegkedd lr sqep
,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,'efecxwl "mdxa` obn zxbi`" ly dqegiia zerhde ,iav izayl qgeind
.48-46 'nr
[ 12 ]
64
65
66
67
68
zcd zeleabe ze`zayd
[ 13
dglvd `weec dziid df yi`le ,yi` did ok` i`zayd giynd la` ,yi` `le lnq giyna
ztxeb dk dpen`le dxkdl dkfy giyn ,iav izayk mlern l`xyia mw `l ixd .dnevr
`le aeh ìadl cizry ,ilpeivwpete iyrn giyn xec eze` ipa eticrd `l recn .dwenre
zeaexw mizrl hhev in"anxd giynd xeìz mb ixde ? m"anxd x`zny df znbeck ,rx
dyw) dpeilr zeknq m"anxa e`x md mb oky 69,izfrd ozp my`xae ,mi`zayd inkg ita
.(mdly efl ely giynd zenc oiay dxizql mircen md eid dcin efià ,z`f mr ,xnel
zenca .mrd zrceza giynd ly enewna ,ipnecnk ,ytgl yi jkl daeyzd z`
lka jk .ihpcpvqpxhe izc ite` yi jkle ,dti`yde meiwd zbqt ,l`ci`d mlbzn giynd
ixac zexnle ,jkitl .izc gzna dlek dieexd ,dxyr rayd d`na i`ceeae ,xece xec
ota wtzqie giynd zencay zizind dpigad lr xzeei xeaivdy zetvl dyw ,m"anxd
ìavn ly mdizepekzy dnec .(igxkd ot oaenk èd mby) dly ilpeivwpetde ihiletd
lawzdl yi` xiykdl ick oda ic oi` ,rci lrae mkg wqete ax sè ,mexr i`picne xyken
èvnl xyt` oda `veiky ,dl`k zepekzy aeygl dyw .jkn xzei èd giyn .giynk
jixv giyn .giynl ddinkd z` wtql zeieyr ,(mdly mzrc itl zegtl) miax lv`
hlgen ipgex ceqi mb ea `vniiy jixv .mixg` mixeyina ievny jxev lr mb zeprl
.ziyep` dpia lk lr dlrpe idel` èdy ,ihqinde izind ceqid df .llk ivx` eppi`y
eznkge ,(36 gi opgei ,eyi oeyl z` hewpl m`) dfd mlerd on dpi` dfk giyn ly ezekln
.dfd mlerd znkg dppi`
efe sqei 'x ly ef ,zecbepnd zeyixcd izy lr zeprl zn` giyn lr ,xac ly ellk
; zipqxd sè zihqilidip ,zipgex ,zizin zeiyi` zeidl eilr ,cg` cvn .m"anxd ly
dne`d avnl zeixg` dnvr lr zlhepd ,zpwzne zlèb zeiyi` zeidl eilr ,xg` cvne
,mneiwl `le zcde mrd qxdl ìai ipyd `la oey`xd ceqid .zizxeqnd zcd avnle
lawzi `le ,giynd on zeyxcpd zeipgexd zeitivd lr dpri `l oey`xd `la ipyd ceqid
.dnyp ila sebl zcd z` jetdl èd cizr ,lawzi mè ; igiyn l`ci`k
daygn ea yiy xeè dpen` aexn xayn

lr zeprl ywan ip` ? miktdd ipy cegi` ly df mevr xbzà ze`zayd dcnr mpne`d
ozp ,izrcl .zi`zayd drepzd jeza mipey zeceqi dpigand ,zakxen daeyza ef dl`y
ezeiyiàe ezxivia dwinrn daeyz dl ozpe ,ef dxizq mr dax zepivxa ccenzd izfrd
ozpedi 'x e` efecxw oebk ,mixg` mi`zay milaewn mb efn dzegt dcinae ,zipebaxd
iav izay ixg` ddpy ,mrd aex .ze`zayd ly mixg` miwlga ok `l j` .uiyaii`
.628 ,173 'nr ,iav izay ,mely : d`x 69
[ 13 ]
14 ]
qail dcedi
zeigiynd cvl miipf`nd zetk z` dhid ,(e"kz-d"kz) drepzd ly ìyd zpya

iav izay eliè ,dxndd lr zerenyd ribda Dgiyne ze`zayd z` afre ,zilpeivwpetd
mrd qxdl eìade ihqinizind ceqia ze`pwa ewifgd iyi` oteà eixg` midepde envr
xekfky ,sqei 'x ly exeìzl xarn bxg s` dl` ly mzqitzay ipqxdd ceqid .zcde
xyt` ,z`f mr .zihqinepihp` ziptz laiwe ,zeevnd meiwa giynd zìa z` dpzd
ly liawn gezit mr ,sqei 'x ly ezlaw oeeik ly ipeviw gezitk ef ziptz mb ze`xl
zlaw : zihwlìc zeilqwecxta md mb mipiihvnd ,ilawd qezind ly mixg` mipeeik
70
.i"x`d zlawe ,'dìltde dpwd xtq' ,'xdef ipewiz'
zcd on mbe eikxve mrd on mb mlrzde ,ely ekxca zkl wigxd ok` envr iav izay
'izpen` idl`' eita `xwpd l`d ,eidlè envr èd ,miipy `l` mlera oi` ecicl .zicedid
izay zrcl .eprnl `l` epi` ,èd ezecr itl ,izay ly elret lky ,'iav izay idl`' e`
dieeb wx ìd zcd ea dpen`d ila .zcd envr èd `l` zcd myl à epi` giynd ,iav
mrl 71.zegeld z` dyn xaiyy enk dxayl yiy ,dxf dcearl zaygpe miig gex zxqg
dpen`de giyna dpen`d .zxeeir dpen` ea oin`dle jli xyà eixg` zkll `l` oi`
le`yl oi` mdipy lre 72,l`d z` xiknd icigid èd giynd oky ,cgi zekexk eidlà
eizrci eli`' llkd lg mdipy lre ,mc` ly egekl xarn ìd mda dricid ik ,zeywdle
el ziivl yiy cr zilqwecxte zxeeire dwenr dk zeidl giyna dpen`d lr 73.'eiziid
epivny itk ,ala dpen`d z` xeawl zegtl e` ,ea oin`dl wiqtdl deevn èdyk elit`
ixgè ,eixg` zkll daeg oky lk `le 74; dpexg`l dnqxtzpy d`ltend ezxbià
oday zexengd lr elitè ,dxezd zeevn lr xearl deevn èdyk ,eixg` eikiynn
mze` ,jke 75.'dneiw èd dxez ly dlehia' dxn`d yexit ezrcl df ik ,zxk zeaiignd
dzr mpn`) l`xyil ecaè m`lq`l xearle zcd z` aefrl evl`p giynl mipn`p eidy
extq ly oey`xd wxta ,mely myxb zekixà cnr i`zayd mfinepihp`l rwxk dl` zyely lr
.'iav izay'
.(49 dxrd lirl) ixn`na zekixà dyxtzde dàedy ,eig`l ezxbi` itl jk
.18 ` opgei : dycgd zixaa mb ep`vn jk
ini ly diteqelita geqipd xewn .160 'nr ,(67 dxrd lirl) 'mdxa` obn zxbi`'a xacd gqepn jk
.cala l`d itlk oeekn èd my j` ,l wxt ,a xn`n ,eal` sqei 'xl 'mixwird xtq'a oebk ,miipiad
.'mdxa` obn zxbi`'a izrcl exewne ,cg`k wicvde l`d itlk df oeirxa ynzyd alqxan ongp 'x mb
.102 dxrd 442 'nr ,(50 dxrd lirl) 'illkd oewizd' ixn`n d`x
'nr ,(b"pyz) 55 ,minrt ,'ezelb mewnn iav izay z`n zxbi` - "izpen` exaw" ' ,miiwl` '`
.37-4
zezxkd zkitd m` xaca rixkdl dyw .351-344 'nr ,(66 dxrd lirl) 'dikexa' ,mely : d`x
lelyl dhp mely .(dxndd ixg`) zepexg`d eizepya iav izay ly e` dikexa ly yecig èd zeevnl
ozpedi 'x ly ebegn zi`zay dlawa miycg miazk' ixn`n d`x j` ,iav izayn dl`k miyecig
.119-118 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,'uiyaii`
[ 14 ]
70
71
72
73
74
75
zcd zeleabe ze`zayd
[ 15
zelrl sè zecdil xefgl miywan ,dnpecd i`v`v ,mdn micg`y epzgnyl mirney ep`
z` `l` aiygd `l wp`xt awri mb .mihqiwp`xtd axwa mb dayp z`fk gex .(dvx`
,zilezwd zcl exar ezeevnae ,el wx mipn`p eid eiciqge ,eaiaq xviy qezind zè envr
.l`xyi llk lr mc zlilrn s` erzxp `le
ihwlìcd ite`d z` zxaey ìd oky ,xg` oteà mb zcd z` zqxed z`fk dpen`
agx `yep df .hytenl ihxwpewd oia ,rvnà irahd enewny ,izcd qezina reahd
z` zlqgn dxenbd dhytddy itk : mekiqa wtzq` o`ke 76,xg` mewna ea izpcy
riavdl èd izc izla dyrn .zhlgend divfihxwpewd mb z`f dyer jk ,qezind
zextqa ,okl ? midl` mc` rawid ,'l`xyi jidl` dl`' xnele zizind zeyid lr ravà
l`' zebiizqdd z` siqen àiwr 'x ,mc`k ynn èd l`dy driawd ixg` ,zelkidd
ly onvr gtiz' l"fg exn` epnf lry ,giynl rbepa mb èd jk 77.'mkixaca ewacz
,(a"r fv oixcdpq ,ilaa) zrcd gqida `weec miàd mixacd on cg` ède ,'oiviw iaygn
,jkitl 78.zercend megz l` zelrl leki epiè d"awd ly eala èd df cren ik erawe
xya yaely dryn qebeldy itk ,opgei ly oeilbpee`d on weqt eze`l aey wwfidl m`
didi m` mbe 79.izin ynn eppi` aey ig mcà mybzn èdyk qezind jk ,ibel eppi` aey
,zihwlìc dppi` xak ely dwihwlìcd ,iav izayk ilqwecxte ihwlìc mc` eze`
dwihwlìcd z` xnyl ick .dl`ye qeqid `la dizeaeyn lk ixg` zedpl yiy rbxn
.dzxbqna qezind z` megzzy ,zc zaygn miiwzdl dkixv
xwy giyn ,lreta ày rbxn giyn lky ,zixbleed dpwqnd z` o`kn wiqdl oi` j`
.izfrd ozp ,ze`zayd ly ipyd lecbd yi`d on cenll xyt` z`fe ,zxg` mb xyt` .èd
zlawa aeyg gpen èd 'oencw lrtn') oencwd lrtnd z` ,z`fk zxbqn deezd ok` ozp
èd df lrtn ripnd gekd .mely ikxevl zipirxbd dibxp`d z` azpnd 80,(izfrd ozp
zcd qxdl dìan ìd oi` ezxbqna la` ,iav izay ly zipqxdd zihhqw`d dibxp`d
zenevrd zeiencd on didy ,ozpk mc` wx xevil leki dfk lrtn .dzìigdl `weec `l`
81
.dwihqinde zebdd ,dxivid ,dpen`d megza l`xyia enwy
.15-6 'nr ,(f"pyz sxeg) ci ,ienic ,'qezine zecdi' ,qail 'i : d`x
xg` gqep .352 # ,149-148 'nr ,1981 obpiaih ,xty 't zxecdn ,zelkidd zextql qiqtepiq : d`x
.'ewacz' mewna 'ewcaz'
.278-271 'nr ,(36 dxrd lirl) ixn`na d`xe .zeliawne ,a ,h ,(aeh xgey) mildz yxcn
j` ,'ig qezinl qezin'n xarna dxf dceara wqerd mxtqa mipc zilbxn iyiaè lhxald dyn
mcà mybznd qezin' zernynd z` zellek opi` 'ig qezin' iehial my zepzipd zeiernynd rax`
M. Halbertal and A. Margalit, Idolatry, Cambridge, MA 1992, pp. 78-83 : d`x .'ig
.207-205 'nr ,(dàd dxrda) miiwl` mdxa` ly xehwecd zceara d`x df gpen lr
ozp iazka dpen`d ceq' ,miiwl` '` : d`x .dnicw lecb crv dpexg`l dyr ezebda xwgnd avn
.c"pyz milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,xehwec zcear ,'izfrd
[ 15 ]
76
77
78
79
80
81
16 ]
qail dcedi
izayy dnn xzei s` ea oin`d èd .iav izayl mwy xzeia lecbd oin`nd did ozp
xyand ìapd ezeida ,zinvrd ezpen` z` iav izaya wfig èd mizrle ,envra oin`d
mzpen` znbeck dziid `l ozp ly ezpen` ,z`f mr 82.envra giynl mb giynd èa z`
ly eizeevn lk z` qeqid `la mdilr elaiwy ,mcew mdilr epxaicy miciqg mze` ly
ezpen` .ea `l` iav izayl oin`d `l ozp .zexar
`l` opi` dl` zeevn xy`k mb ,izay
dpen` ,faith mbxeznd beqdn `l` belief dlna zilbp`l mbxeziy beqd on dziid `l
`l ezèap ,yxetna dced ozpy itk ,jke .zizind dwihwlìcd z` zniiwn `weecy
,miihxt mikix`ze mikildz mb dfg mè ,iav izay ly ezeigiyn zcaer z` `l` dllk
mb zelelry ,xzei zekenp zeihqin zebxc zervnà `l` dèapa z`f dyr `l ixd
83
.zerhdl
o`k dziid .dèapd d`xna wx dziid `l iav izay ly ezeigiyna ozp ly ezpen`
ezeigiyn zedn z` oiad dzxfray ,zgketne zxceg zilawzibelekiqt zelkzqd mb
z` exicbda ,egiyn ly ezeiyi` ceql xcg èd .day mipekiqde miiekiqd lr ,izay ly
xaqd ozp jkae ,mipeilrd zenlera dxewn zè qenqewa eznyp ly dciwtze dcnrn
znyp ly dpiipr z` weica gqip èd .dizexizqle dite`l ,ifithn ik m` ,ilpeivx
zxbqna z`f lke .zipebenqewzibelenqewe zibelenhqit` ,zibelekiqt dpigan giynd
dxez .dzxivia cgia miynyn zeizhiyde dfhqw`dy ,dnidcne zgzetn zilaw dxez
izfrd ozp lvè ,minecw zeceqi lr mb ,zilaw dixe`z lk enk ,oaenk zpryp ef zixewn
,sqei 'xl 'dxivi xtq yexit' èd ,i"x`le xdefl sqep ,ixwird ilawd xewndy dnec
.eprcein
èdy dnkgmleb ly cnrnd z` izay znypl ozpy èd izfrd ozp ,epi`x xaky itk
ixg` ,zg` mrt .df iedifa ozp dyry miyeniyd cg`l al miyl i`ck .sqei 'x lv` `vn
zexnl eizeawra jled eppi` ozpy d`xy ixgè ,m`lq`d zcl ezc z` iav izay xindy
izay gly ,cgeina sref gex avna didy meiae ,ezpen` idl`ne epnn zyxetn deevn
,mixwya ìapd z` miy`n èd eay ,mitecibe zetxg `ln ,izfrd ozpl xvw azkn iav
84
.zcd zxnd myl d`xpd lkk ,eiptl cin aviizdl eilr deevne ,miypera eilr mii`n
,xenfn xiy ezaeyzl micwd èd .ixnbl xg` oepbqa izfrd ozp dpr ef dqerk dwzt lr
oi`y gay ,iav izay ,giynd ly ezlrn gayl elekk eaex ycwend fxegne jex` oepnd
ly elwyn zegita dcind lr fixtd melyy d`xp ,z`f mr .176-167 'nr ,iav izay ,mely : d`x 82
iaizp ,'ze`zayd xwga mely myxb ly ezpyn lr' ,iayz 'i : d`x .izfrd ozp znerl iav izay
.258-245 'nr ,1964 obznx ,zepine dpen`
,my d`x ,'micibnd' mik`lnd ly zeirhdd lr .237 'nr ,(59 dxrd lirl) 'ozp zxbi`' : d`x 83
.262 'nr
xtq=) (`"kyz) d ,zepetq ,'eiilix`n` le`y 'x ifpbn zei`zay zecerz' ,eiilix`n` '` ici lr qtcp 84
.gqx 'nr ,(dpf
[ 16 ]
zcd zeleabe ze`zayd
[ 17
zeìlt zeaizp oiipnk ,miza miipye miyely llek df xiy 85.zixard dxiya epnn dlrp
mdy itk `l` ,ixewnd 'dxivi xtq'a mzernynk `l la` .'dxivi xtq' ly dnkgd
bega exewny xeaig o`k carn sqei 'x ,xac ly ezn`l) 86sqei 'x ly eyexita miriten
mya `xwp dnkgd zeaizpn cg` lk 87.('oeird beg' xwgnd zextqa dpeknd milaewnd
zqgein aizp lkle ,'ycewn lky' ,'xidfn lky' ,'`lten lky' oebk ,'lky' dlna ligznd
ly eyeniya j` 88.` wxt ziy`xaa 'midl`' my ly zexkfdd miizye miyelyn zg`
miabyp gay iiepikl mikted mlek ,zexkf`de milkyd ,zeaizpd on cg` lk izfrd ozp
.dnkgd z` mlbn èd ixdy ,etcibe etxigy df ,giynl
èal xnelk ,izay zeevnl zepridl s` ayg ozpy jkn wiqdl ef didz zerh la`
ezlrn z` xikn èdy iptn `weec jkl axqn ozp .oekpd èd jtdd .zcd z` xindle
i`ce .izaya dyalzpy zinlebd dnkgd ly dpiipr dn weica rceie deevnd
ly dnnexd
.dnecwd dnkgd on deab oi` ixdy ,ely eznkg lr ozp ipira zilrp izay znkgy èd
el xexae ,llekd lelkna zalzyn ef dnkg ji` rceie uegan siwyny df èd ozp la`
dxqg z`fk zinvr zercen .dyrnl dkld mikldn aizkdl dl xyt`l oi`y z`fk ìdy
lawl eilry ahid rcei ozp okle .envr z` èd xy`n aeh xzei eze` oian ozpy ,izayl
weqtd zvilna o`k ynzyn èd) mkgd mlebd ,giynd ly eizetxg z` dadà envr lr
.zcd z` xindle ezeevn z` miiwl el xeq` z`f mre ,('lgi` el iplhwi od' [15 bi aei`]
: elld gayd iza miipye miyelyn cg` o`k ìa` z`f yigndl ick
dn`d oae 91,yxet `l ik 90,yxt jqnl opr 89,yxbp mik miryxde ,yxyp lky
.jyegd oiae xe`d oia midl` lcaie ,jyp ozp mlkl ,yxii `l
miipye miyelyn cg` 'oeird beg' zeawra sqei 'x ea dpkny iepik èd 'yxyp lky'
'xa) 'jygd oiae xe`d oia midl` lcaie' weqtd ici lr mb bveind aizpd ,dnkgd zeaizp
.'midl`' my ziy`xa dyrna xkfp mday miweqtd miipye miyelyn cg` èdy ,(4 `
xèznd ,iav izayl iepik o`k ynyn ,dnkgd zeaizp x`y enk ,df mlrp aizp
zecbpzd mb zraen df aizp ly exeìza j` .oixezqnae dlrp jyega iexyk ezervnà
ixacl fnex 'yxii `l dn`d oa' : giynd zeevn meiwl zecbpzd `linne ,dxndle m`lq`l
.hty-cty 'nr ,(68 dxrd lirl) edipa ici lr qtcp
.ai-ì ,(33 dxrd lirl) dxivi xtq
.i sca my qtcp 'oeird beg'ny ixewnd xeaigd
xry ,dxe` ixry ,dilihwib sqei : deeyde .`"r a ,my d`x ,zeaizpl dèeyda ziy`xa iweqt oeiv
.`"r `r ,b"nxz dyxèe ,e
.20 fp 'yi
.39 dw 'dz itl
.34 eh 'na
[ 17 ]
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
18 ]
qail dcedi
jkl fnex 'jyp ozp mlkl' .m`lq`d zne` ly Dn` ,xbd yexib iptl (10 `k 'xa) dxy
mdn zeabidl cer dcizr ,iav izay ly ezenlq`zd mr ,dzr m`lq`l dpzipy daehdy
df lcad .'jiyz `l jig`le
jiyz ixkpl' :21 bk mixacl fnxa s` ileè ,ziaixae jypa

: oexg`d weqta zecga raen ezpenè l`xyi mr èdy 'jig`' oial ixkpd m`lq`d oia
.'jyegd oiae xe`d oia midl` lcaie'
ozpl dxgznd bele`zd ,efecxw l`kin mdxa` mby ,ab` jxca ,o`k xekfl i`ck
aeh xzei iav izay z` oian èdy xaq èd mb ,zi`zayd drepza dlrna ipyd dbedde
zlrn z` envrl qgii èd .jkl aiaqn dixe`z xvi èd mbe ,envr z` izay xy`n
dyxd jkitl .envr ly dibele`zd z` cecoagiynl xiaqdl eciwtzy sqeioagiyn
zehxta izi`xdy itk ,'`zepnidnc `fx' qxhpewd z` iav izay my lr siifl envrl
92
.xg` mewna
lr xzeel oi` ,ezrcl : ihwlìc did iav izay ly ipqxdd gekd l` eqgi .ozpl aeyp
llezydl el zzl oiè eheytk eze` lawl oi` mb j` ,dax zizc zeaiyg el yiy ,df gek
elek qenqewd ,ozp zrcl .xzeia dwenr zilaw dxeza zpbern ef dcnr .eytp zee`k
ipyde 'daygn ea oi`y xe`' `xwp mday deabd ,micbepn zeceqi ipy ly dxivi èd
ea oi`y xe`' .(94xdefd xtqa mqxetn xn`n jezn ef dxez gztn èd) 93'daygndxe`'
oaenk ywan eppi` ,'zenlerd ziipal daygn ea oi`y xe`' `lnd enya e` ,'daygn
la` .`vniy dn lk aixgdl ywane ,'`paxeg xza xcdn' èd ,àxc` .mlerd z` èxal
,df xe` .'daygndxe`' dyer znà jk .eilr mixrdl mb xyt` ,daygn ea oi`y xg`n
,'daygn ea oi`y xe`' ly zililyd dibxpà `weec ynzyn ,ezxhn md oewize oiipay
jled cer èd jke ,mlerd `xap jk .zenlere mipiipa xevil el mxeb dlw dhqdae
.dle`bd zenia epewizl ribiy cr llkzyne
ze`xdl xyt` la` ,mihyten hrnk miinqew zegek lr eli`k xacn izfrd ozp
iteè zexe`d rahe ,miig mc` ipaa minybzn elld zexe`d ipy eipiray gikedle
'daygndxe`'e ,iav izay oaenk èd 'daygn ea oi`y xe`' .df lr df micnln miyp`d
dfk ciwtz wiprd lhie miig 'x xak ,my izi`xdy itk .44-35 'nr ,(68 dxrd lirl) ixn`na 92
.sqeioagiynl
milyexi ,lci` 'n zkixra ,oihiyd oia ,'izfrd ozp ly zi`zayd dibeleìzd' ,iwqaeyxie 'g : d`x 93
epi` iwqaeyxie .(246-210 'nr ,[c"yz-b"yz] g ,zqpka dpey`xl qtcp) 188-152 'nr ,o"yz
d`xe .minieqn miyi` ly mdizenypa miccv mitwynk izfrd ozp lv` dlawd igpen z` yxtn
.60-57 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,'i`zay qezin - mler ceqi wicv' ,qail 'i : cer
èd .a"r gqx ,`"r ekx ,a"g ; `"r dq ,`"g : zepey zexevae minrt dnk xdefa riten df xn`n 94
,my ,ixn`na d`x .`xci`d zextql qgein minrtle ,'oizerxd xn`n' mya dlawd zextqa dpekn
.74 dxrd 309 'nr
[ 18 ]
zcd zeleabe ze`zayd
[ 19
lèbl ipqxdde ihqilidipd ,ihxaexhpi`d ,ihqind giynd z` jtedy ,envr ozp èd
95
.zcde mrd ly izn`
mi`zayd ly mdizegayze mdizexiya yxetn ,ozp iazkn rnzyn wxy ,iedifd
dl` zexiy ly qtcpd jxkd lr eizexrda xird mely myxb .dnpecd zk ipa ,mixnend
ìven mely zrcly) dfk yxetn iedife ,mixiyd cgà mezq oeyl jk yxtl yi ile`y
yxetn iedif 96.qtcp `l oiicry ,zexiyd ly xg` jxka `vnp (mheytn ozp ixac z`
ezeà milelkd mixiyd cgà `vnp ok` 'daygn ea oi`y xe`' mr iav izay ly `lne
ea oii`y xe`') 'daygn ea oi`y xe`' milna gzet s` df xiy 97.lfn yia jxk
qgein df iepike ,(epicla
eazkpy ,dl` mixiy ly ihpetd aizkl m`zda 'd'a`y`g`n
cgeinae ,('x`wexic qi` iw g`'aih iy iav izay') qexdl èd erahy ,iav izayl my
ezecr itl ,xiyd azek rnyy itk ,dpikyd z` zelrdl ick zeevnd z` qxed èdy iptn
xrp lr ctqd èd ellka xiyd ,oexg`d ziad on xazqny itk .ipikid mdxa` 'xn ,my
myl qxdd aihena ynzyn xxeynde ,xrp epcer ède enlerl jldy ,l`dyr dyn mya
.xrpd zen z` wicvdle xiaqdl ick ,'daygn ea oi`y xe`' byena jexkd oewiz
jka oi` j` ,izfrd ozp zlawl ewwfp dnpecd zk ipa s`y cenll mpn` xyt` o`kn
sè ,efecxw zlawl xzei cer ewwfp zkd ipa ,ab`) zizn` zipgex daxw lr cirdl ick
ozpn xzei daxd s` dhea did efecxwy it lr s` ,iav izay ly szey ea e`xe edevixrd
ik ,medz dxert mixnenl ozp oia 98.(envr izay ly efn ueg ,dxnd lkl ezecbpzda
gekl qxedd gekd oia ihwlìcd gznd dnpecd axwa lcg ,l`xyi zc z` eafry mein
dxwn df oi` .cala qxdd ceqi `l` mzxeza xzep `le ,ozp zaygn ly dal èdy ,dpead
xryl yi .xkfp `l 'daygndxe`'e ,izc lnqk mdixiya ievn 'daygn ea oi`y xe`' wxy
lirl) ixn`na uxnp xeviwae dhiqxaipeà ixeriya
izcnr ìapde giynd mr zexe`d ly iedifd lr

,iy '` : d`x .izkxcda eazkpy micinlz zeceara qeqiale gezitl dkf df oiipr .16 'nr ,(48 dxrd
dxrd lirl) miiwl` ; 76-41 'nr ,d"nyz milyexi ,.`.n zcear ,'ze`zayd inecnca miige dad`'
.miax zenewna ,(81
,'dxi't` ep iw fel qi`' : aezk epicla xewna .elw xiy ,138 'nr ,(53 dxrd lirl) zegayze zexiy
ddcfnd daygn ea oi`y xe`l ezpeek ile`' : xird melye .'dfig` el oi` ,xe` èd' my mbxz yìh`
oi`y xe`k giynd lr riztnd oeirxd z` [...] .giynd mr [.l.i .fv : ewzl jixve] bv 'iq 'a uaewa
'qa ezrc oebk ,ozp ly ezxeza zenieqn zegpd jezn wiqdl elki (exidhd mleb : e`) daygn ea
.'235 'nr my oiire ,xenbd rxd èd giynd yxeyy mipipzd yexc
daizk zpekn zwzrda ievn ède ,yìh` dyn ici lr enlyed df jxk ly enebxze ezwzrd
micenra my ievn 'daygn ea oi`y xe`' mr iav izay iedif .ilv` melivae iav oa oekn ziixtqa
zneyz .(zncewd dxrda eàedy eixaca zerha mely azky itk bv xiya `le) fv xiya 108e 100
.miaezka oiicr `vnpy ely ycg xeaiga iy il` ici lr dpexg`l aey dzpted df mewnl ald
efecxwe iav izay iqgi lr .56 'nr ,(53 dxrd lirl) 'zegayze zexiy'a mely myxb zxrd d`x
.357-355 'nr ,(61 dxrd lirl) miiwl` : dzr d`x
[ 19 ]
95
96
97
98
20 ]
qail dcedi
okziz `l ixdy ,mixg` miihwlìc migzn mlv` exvep dcrk mzeyabzd mry mpn`
zecdil uegn xwira xak rehp df gzn la` ,qxdd ceqi lr wx diepad zizc dcr
epiptl egztii ,dcrd ipan micg` ly zycegnd mzeaxwzd mr ,meid ile` .dzaygnle
.m`lq`d jeza mneiw ceq ly dpadle xwgnl zeiexyt`
zipaxd zecdid ala gxty i`zayd begd ievn ,xenb cebipa `l la` ,dl`l cebipa
'x dziid eay zifkxnd zencdy ,df beg ly miiceqd eiazk mb .dxyr dpenyd d`na
zian zeceq mdae mixg` zexewn cva) izfrd ozp zlawn drtyed ,uiyaii` ozpedi
rpn `l df erahy s` ,ilaw lnq xwira dide ef dlawa xfg giynd .(dnpecd ly myxcn
dlawa .wp`xt awri e` slee 'x epa e` ozpedi 'x oebk ,mce xya zeienca mybzdl epnn
oagiyne mixtòagiyn ,cecoagiyn) migiyn dyely ly zkxrn ep`vn ef
daky ,zilawd (dibele`zd mb ìd) dibelenqewd ly dycg daky mieednd ,(dypn
dlawd dxicbdy xzei zewenrd zeipgexd zeieyid yeliy lr dpibne ztherd
,zcd z` mivrnd iniptd gznl dxfg o`k oi` lnql giynd zkitda j` 99.zi`zayd
zephytde `qib cgn zilawd zeiniptd o`k .ozp lvè sqei 'x lv` ep`vn eze`y
zkted ceqd zxez `l` ,zg` zecg` ly miihwlìc miktd opi` `qib jci`n zeizkldde
mb `hazn xacd .dizeceqi z` xzqa zxzege ,zizkldd zefgd z` zpierd zxzgnl o`k
hlgda xyt`y ,df beg ly miiceqd eiazkay ilawd qezind ly dhead ipind iteà
dlawd z` oiit`nd ilèqwqd xeìzl e` ihex`d gznl cebipa ,itxbepxet ezepkl
100
.ziqlwd
miaexw eid ,ipìviyaii`d begl liawna dtexià egnvy ,h"yrad iciqg ,ipnecnk
,zi`zayd zilqwecxtd daygnd on daxd ehlw md .izfrd ozp ly zizn`d egexl xzei
didy dne ,dnipt md eptd ehlwy dn .zipevigd zebdpzdd cva `le ielba `l ik m`
sgcd ly divwitiqphpi`l ynyne divnilaeq èd xaer zeciqga ,qxdle dxarl
ceqi
myxb ly eixwgna daxd eàed zei`zay zexeza iciqg yeniy ly ze`nbec) izcd
èlna ciqg did izfrd ozp 101.(ily iazka
llek ,mixg` lv` mb eizeawrae ,mely

.uegle dtyd on eid `l ode ,dxzqde zeriav eid `l ezeptbqae ezeciqga .dlnd oaen
zcd wefigl ceqi ,zeciqga minec zepeirx enk ,ozp lv` dziid ipqxdd giyna dpen`d
.dielirle
.182-168 'nr ,(75 dxrd lirl) ixn`na d`x 99
.134-107 'nr ,my d`x 100
milyexi ,zeciqgd zginv inia ,'f`wiit 'n : mb d`xe .4 dxrd 359 'nr ,my d`x mewnd i`xn 101
uegn izc mfil`wic`x' mya extq ly df aeyg wlg dpkn 'f`wiit .302-175 'nr ,g"lyz
zrtyda ef jxca egqpzp 'f`wiit o`k ìany miilwicxd migeqipd on wlg mb izrcl j` ,'ze`zayl
milyexi ,c"ag zeciqg ly ipyd xeca zedel`d zxez ,xeìl` 'x : cer d`xe .zi`zayd drepzd
.288-244 'nr ,a"nyz
[ 20 ]
zcd zeleabe ze`zayd
[ 21
eixtq m` mb ,zecdid z` zextdle zeigdl izfrd ozp zaygn dtiqed zeciqgd jxc
oky ,wiecn eppi` df elit`) ze`zayd ipin`n begl uegn oevxa elawzd `l ezeiyiè
zeaiygd lya ile` dgcp èd 102.(dvxrda eil` qgiizdl ekiynd micxtqd inkgn miax
xwir j` 103.zecdil xy`n zexvpl xzei dni`znd ,dpen`d ceqil qgiiy znfbend
zvaex ,l`xyi zaygna milecbd ilecbn xen`k didy ,df dbed ly eziigc lr dny`d
zeiyi` dkixvnd ,zilqwecxtd ekxc z` eniptd `ly ,ze`zayd inxf x`y lr i`ceea
.dpey`xd dlrnd on zizc
mb xyt` .mipey miteba wlgzdl miaiig mpi` 'daygn ea oi`y xe`'e 'daygndxe`'
,z`fk dbifny dnec ,ok lr xzi .zg` zeiyià zevvexzn zepigad izy z` èvnl
,xnynde iaihwexhqpewd ceqil ihiqilidipde ipqxdd ceqid oia cgein oepina dakxd
myxb ly ezeiyi` z` mb ipnecnk oiit` dfk befin .zizn` zizc zeiyi` lka `vniz
df .daygndxe` ly ezelirt z` mbe 104,izc qxd ly xvi mb da zelbl xyt`y ,mely
zè mrd ixerp z` ycgl zepeivd ly dgeka mely myxb ly dpenà mb iehia icil à
jxc z` zeeydl xyt` ik .ipey`xde oencwd ,mevrd ixwgnd elrtna xwirae ,ezeaxz
,lecb belelit ly ezlertl 'exidh'de 'edez'd ,'mleb'd axwa 'daygndxe`' zlert
.zexewnd ly qe`kd jezl oiipae xcq qipknd
lecbd dax ,i'b`l`t miig axd ly ezcnrn jk lr cenll xyt` .794 'nr ,iav izay ,mely : d`x 102
,oicnr awri 'x ly (zirhend) ezrc z` xerxr `la mpn` laiw èd .dxyr ryzd d`na xinfi` ly
,xtql ezvxrd z` epnn rpn `l df qegii la` ,'mini zcng' xtq ly exagn èd izfrd ozp ditly
xinf`) 'miigd lk' extqa eixac d`x .'mini zcng axd' iepika izfrd ozp z` dpkn èd ellbae
z` d`xe .149-142 'nr ,c"iyz milyexi ,xtq znelrz ,ixri '` lv` eàedy ,(gi-fi sc ,c"lxz
.146 dxrd ,my ,ixri ly ezxrd
.(81 dxrd lirl) miiwl` ; 231-220 'nr ,my ,mely : d`x 103
,zecdid ikxr lr wa`na ,liieevxew 'a : d`x .liieevxew jexa ce`n yibcd mely ly ezelirta df ew 104
.l"yz aia`lze milyexi
[ 21 ]
giynd jlne sxegd jln

oc sqei
`
cin avip xy` ,icedid mrd ly eziaxn z` dtgqy dxrqa ze`zayd ly dzevxtzd
dtewz ly dfkxna dievn ,e"kz zpya giynd zxnd ly awepd xaynd ipta okn xg`l
miax zexec dkynpe drepzd zrtedl dpy miiz`nk dncwy zigiyn dqiqz ly dkex`
z` cg` cvn d`han 1666 zpy ly ze`zayd ,zifkxn cwen zcewpk 1.okn xg`l
drityn xg` cvne ,dl encwy zexeca zigiynd zelirtae daygna zeiegztzdd
mekiq deedn ìd .dixg`ly dtewza zeigiynd zertezd lr zeklydzax drtyd
zavrne ,dixehqidd dcya mzlrtde mincewd zexeca zepeirxde minxfd ly mvern
dgixa ly zilily zpekznae iewig ly ziaeig zpekzna - miàd zexecl zegpn zeipaz
zicedid zeigiynd oia dlawde dèeyd jexrl oeiqip lky èd oic jk meyn .zerpnide
ly df cva od - zeiley zertezl qgiizp `l m` xzi zernyn lawi zixvepd zeigiynl
xzeia daeygde zixwird drteza eppiipr z` cwnp `l` - xg`d dcva od dèeynd
dixehqida xzeia aeygd rxe`nd dppi` m` s`y ,zixvep dliawnae ,zecdia df megza
miaeyg minxfe zeixwir zenbn zbviine zifkxn i`ceea ìd ,zixvepd zeigiynd ly
ziy`xa eneiq ik rivdl ozip .l`xyi zecleza df igiyn ocir jynp izn cr ìd lwyn zcak dl`y
zgt s` zeciqga igiynd hdld xwire ,dizegelye ze`zayd ekrcy drya ,dxyr ryzd d`nd
zertez mb mle` .zeigiyn `ld zertezd ,dnxetxde dlkydd zenvrzd dlgd z`f znerle ,jlde
oxhypbxen ly dl` oebk) miycg mixwgne - c"ag ly zeigiynd oy`xae - dpexg`d dtewzd ly
ycegn oeir d`xpk miaiign (dxyr ryzd d`na l`xyi ux`l zeilra miigiynd zeceqid iabl
dcizre ,epinia mb zklede zkynp ef 'zigiyn dtewz' ik gipdl epilr ik rpnpd on `le ,df `yepa
miptd ltk' ,l"pd ; h"pyz aia`lz ,zipxcend dtewza zicedid zeigiynd ,oc 'i : e`x .epxeyi in
exkfl mixwgn uaew : miciqg ilbrna ,(mikxer) mixgè qwh` 'r : jeza ,'zeciqga zeigiynd ly
.316-299 'nr ,q"yz milyexi ,iwqplie ikcxn 'text ly
2]
oc sqei
jln' mr ,iav izay ,giynd jln z` zznrnd ,ef dxiwq .ef zakxen zertez zkxrna
ihphqhextd cnrende dindea jln ,hpihltd ly xehwl`d ,iyingd jixcixt ,'sxegd
zerepz izy zibelp` dwica wecal èt` zywan ,dyecwd zinexd dixtni`d qkl
xwir .zigiynd drtezd ly dpeit` iabl zecg` zepwqn jkn wiqdl zeqple zeigiyn
ly dcegii z` oiit`le oiadl siwn oeiqip zxbqna ,ipeyld cvd on èd df `yepa ipiipr
.zexvpae zecdia zigiynd oeyld
`l` zihqikxp`d dzpyna wx `l l`xyi zecleza otec z`vei drepz ìd ze`zayd
miyinge d`n jyna .zxxetnde zxfetnd ,(zifeticd) zhytznd zixehqidd dzenca mb
,zeveaw ,mibeg ly zeax zexyr dxev eyale dxev ehyt ,eltp ,enw ,eniiwzd dpy
zexvple m`lq`l exindy dl` oia od zecdid jeza od ,mi`zay ly minxfe zexeag
ze`zayd zecleza xwgnd .dl` zezc ly ozxbqna zbletnd mze`zay z` eniiwe
.odibeql zei`zayd zertezd ly dnlyd drixid ly dxeivn ce`n cr oiicr wegx
divxitqpew ,xzqd ly efn ef zepeye zeakxen mikxc ehwp zei`zayd zezikd
zxzqpd ze`zayd dnec oi` .zelcape zeax xzqd ikxca mixeaig eazke ,zeixhefè
zexiy'ay ze`zayd dnec oi`y myk ,l"gnxl '`piipz xdef'ay efl 'mini zcng' xtqa
dìad ze`zayd .wp`xt awri ly eizenelg ixetiqay efl dnpecd zk ipa ly 'zegayze
agxp dcin dpwa `l i`ceeae ,okl mcew hrnk dreci dziid `ly drtez l`xyi zeclezl
.divxitqpew ly xzeia zepeebn zehiy ehwpy zexzqp zexzgn ly ozeìvn : jk lk
,ycgd onfa l`xyi zecleza zeipeirxde zeipgexd zertezd ziaxnl cebipa
oeebne ,mexcae oetva ,axrnae gxfna ,l`xyi zevetz lk ipt lr dqxtzd ze`zayd
`l ,mcxhqnàe wynca ,xinfiàe iwipelqa ,oiletae dilhià zei`zayd zertezd
,zwdaen zifpky` drtez dxzepe dziidy ,zeciqgl cebipa ,z`f .dcrl dcr oia oigad
zevxà zecdid lr mb ritydl dlgdy cr zexec dnke dnk exary ,dlkydl oke
.gxfnd
epilr ,zeigiyne - bidpn ly zenc zcner dnler fkxnay drepzy xacd ìltn
mey dpy miyinge d`n jyna dniwd `l - zebidpn dpey`xae y`xa dyexit ,xekfl
mvnevnd megzl uegn xkip etweze ,miipy e` xecn xzei ogana cnry izebidpn dpan
lye iav izay ly mzeknq dziid drepzd ly dziy`xa mpn` .dligzkln gnv epnny
sivx jynd epivn `l iav izay ly ezen xg`l j` ,zxrxern izlae dnly izfrd ozp
ozpedi ,j`ln miig ,dikexa ,ecixiw awri .zagxp zeknq lra izebidpn fkxnl
`l mda `veik zeax zexyre ,wp`xt awri ,ebieex mdxa` ,ehvel miig dyn ,uiyaii`
cebipa ,z`f .cala dxvw dtewz `l` zeriqe mibeg maiaq ecwin `le zetivx exvi
miiwznd sivx izebidpn dpan dniwd zecr zexyra xxetnd dneiw zexnly ,zeciqgl
mixiyi mi`v`v md meik miciqgd zecr ly miwicvd on miax .xzeie zexec dray df
[ 24 ]
[3
zrepze dlkydd zrepz mb .miaexwd eicinlz lye yhixfnn xra ac ly mitivxe

dtewz zetivxa eniiwzdy micwene mifkxn ,mibelite milcad zexnl ,exvi dnxetxd
ly idel`d meiwa sè igiynd cnrna zhdeld dpen`d zexnl : ze`zayd ok `l .dkex`
mini zekix` zlebq dnvrl dzpwy zcqenn zxbqn mey dxvep `l ,iav izay iyxei
mday zexecd dyiydyinga ze`zayd zeclez .ixehqide itxbe`b drixi agexe
stex xyw efa ef zexeywd zertez ly ce`n cr oeebn qtiqt od dxndd xg`l dniiwzd
zipgexd dzenc lr eritydy zeinpice dqiqz daiaq zcwnn z`fk drtez lk j` ,irxè
.dze` eavire dtewzd ly
drya dzeicigi llkn z`vei mi`zayd ly zexzqpd zexeagd ly ef driztn zeifetic
d`na cgeinae dxyr yyd d`na ixvepd mlera zeigiyn zertez dl miliawn ep`y
- mipey mirvnà zigiynd dqiqzl enxz mibege miyi` zexyr xy`k ,dxyr rayd
miig gxe` eniiw mdn miaxe ,zitehe`zipeifg zebd cre ziàv zepktdna lgd
miielbd micwend cg` ìd 'sxegd jln' zyxt .xzq zexeaga mnvr e`hiae iaihxitqpew
.ef dtewza dtexi` zevx` lk z` hrnk dtiwdy ,daexa zxzqp ,zifetic dqiqzl
zakxene micnnzagx drtez lk .ixehqid xaqd deedn dibelp` ik aeygl èd dbyn
,z`f lka .dze` oiit`nd izeaxzd rwxd one zecgeind zeaiqpd on dzernyn z` zwpei
llkn drtezd z` driwtnd dii`x zieef zeaexw mizrl dpwn dibelp` ly dgezip
ly zexyt` zxvep jke ,xzei miagxp mipeixhixw it lr oeicl gzt zgzete dzeicigi
.miipeirxe miixehqid mipiit`na xzei dwinrn dpgad
zkxrn ly dgezip ici lr ze`zayd zeclezl dibelp` bivdl ìd ef dxiwq ly dzxhn
xy`l oiiprzeaxe zeriztn zeliawn zelikn j` ,ze`zayl encwy zeixehqid zertez
drtyd mb okzizy dfk èd elld zekxrnd izy oia ibelepexkd qgid .dnvr da ygxzd
xywd m` s` mle` .jkl zwdaen dgked oi` ik m` ,zicedid lr zixvepd ef ly zixehqid
mzeicigi llkn ze`zayd ly mipiit`nd on zvwn ìvedl ick jka yi ,cala ibelp` èd
.sl`n izèeyd oeic xyt`le ,zixehqidd
dzkixrl 'sxegd jln'a xeywd zeklyddax rxe`nd ly ezxigal miixwird miwenipd
: md o`k zbvend dèeydd ly
1620 zpya dcwnzdy ,zitexi`d zigiynd dqiqzde l`xyia ze`zayd .`
elrty zepeirxe minxf ,zenbnl iehia od ,hpihltdn iyingd jixcixta
xg`le ,inrtcg rxe`na mvern iehial eribde okl mcew miax zexec jyna
micg` mihaide ,dkex` dtewz jyna ,xzqa xwirae ielba ,lertl etiqed okn
.dl` epini cr mzeipeig z` ecai` `l
`l` ,zifkxn zebidpn zelra zewdaen zerepza xaecn oi` mixwnd ipya .a
[ 25 ]
4]
oc sqei
i`nvr oteà zeaexw mizrl zelretd zeveawe zezikl ipllek szeyn dpkna
.odipia wdaen xyw `lle
,xaqen `l ,iyi` ,ihne`xh ,inrtcg rxe`n ievn zertezd izy ly ofkxna
: zertezd izy ly ipeirxd onler lre ixehqidd olxeb lr enzeg z` riahdy
ly zine`ztd ezgixae ezepcgte ,cg` cvn m`lq`l iav izay ly ezxnd
mixwnd mixicp .xg` cvn b`xt cil oald xda dkxrnd on iyingd jixcixt
olxeb lr jk lk zrxkn drtyd drityd giyn ly ziyi`d ezyleg mday
.ax oiipr jka yi ,onf aexiwa ygxzn xacd xy`ke ,zeigiyn zerepz ly
ly ezenc aiaq ièxd qezin xevil did ozip `l mixwnd ipya ,jkn d`vezk
miilqwecxt mivexiz ly mzxivil epted mivn`nd - jtdl `l` ,giynd
.dylegde oelyikd zxaqdl
,dixehqidd ly dala xay ,zipgexe zixehqid dtexhqhw ly dzeìvn
oeihpfia ly dpaxege ,cg` cvn cxtq yexib : zertezd izy ly ozcil yxeya
.xg` cvn mikxezd icia zixvepd
dwecde dxeywk zigiynd zevxtzdd z` ze`xl ozip mixwnd ipya
epnny daygnd mlera zcnznd ezegkepe eznver ,rxd zqitz zenvrzda
dpen`d ici lr xzei mizrl zpiite`n zihphqhextd zeigiynd .egnv
mr zeaexw mizrl ddefnd) hqixkihp`d èd ,mlera ohyd ly ezegkepa
ze`zayd .giynd ly zycegnd ezegkepa dpen`d ici lr xy`n ,(xeitit`d
rxd ly epehlya zklede dwinrnd dpen`d gekn dznvern hrn `l dwpi
2
.i"x`d zxeza zyaebn zizin zxbqn dlaiwy dqitz ,mlera
dlawd zextqa zerepzd izy ly miipey`x zexewn zveawl xyw ly eneiw
mibyen ly xkip xtqn dwpi dpecpd zixvepd drtezd .cxtqa zixard
dlawd zextq ly minebxz lr dqqazdy ,zixvepd dlawd on mixeive
`l elld mixvepd ,oldl d`xpy itk .dxyr yngd d`nd idlyn lgd zixard
lka jka yi mle` ,`weec miigiynd mihaidd z` zixard ceqd zxezn elaiw
mdny ,l`xyi mr ly ceqde gexd mlerl rbne daxw ly dcin onql ick z`f
.dikxr zè dpeyl z` ze`zayd dwpi
.b
.c
.d
.e
ly dlawd zxeza igiynd qezind ly eziy`x' ,oc 'i : e`x ,ohyd zqitzl zeigiyn oia qgid lr
'nr ,c"nyz milyexi ,dibelehkqè zeigiyn ,(jxer) qxa 'v : jeza ,'dxyryelyd d`nd
J. Dan, Jewish : zicedid dwihqina rxd zxez zecleza mixwgnd uaew e`xe .252-239
Mysticism, III, Northvale, NJ 1999, pp. 253-434
[ 26 ]
[5
a
izy bivdl yi dligz j` ,oldl znieqn dcina exxeai dl`d zeibeqd yya mixacd ihxt
ecnrnl diipyde ,ely ze`zayd ixwgnle mely myxbl zrbep zg`d : zenicwn zexrd
.zexvpae zecdia zeigiyn byend ly
xweg oiae ze`zayd xwgl ybipd zixard oeyld lr oen`d xweg oia xkip lcad miiw
`yepa ifkxnd ixard xtqd oia lcadd on raep xacde ,zixwird epeyl zixard oi`y
oiae - f"hyz zpya mely myxb mqxty ,'eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay' - df
xexiaa drian xtqd lr zqqepznd zixard zxzekd .zexg` zepeyll xtqd ly einebxz
minrt .eneiq `le lrtn ly eziy`x ,iwlg xwgn èd elld mikxkd ipya bvend ik
oeicd mdipia - xwgnd jynda epecii miaeyg mi`yep ik xtqa mely xikfn zecg`
ipya d`x `l mely ik xacd xexa .dllka ze`zayd zxezae izfrd ozp zxeza hxetnd
ebved eay ,ixehqidd xeyina `l ,ze`zayd iabl eixac mekiq zpiga mqxty mikxkd
mly izla èd dl` mikxka ea weqirdy ,i`ci`d xeyina `le ,cala mipy xyr
xtqd ly ezxzek zilbpà .zifrell xtqd ly minebxzd ly miite` èd dpey .wdaena
zxzeka oi` 3.zexg` zepeyla jkl dnecae ,Sabbatai Sevi:
The Mystical Messiah ìd
.
mixweg xwal dywe ,df xwgn èd iwlg dnk cr cirdl ick - ellka xtqd iteàe - ef
`xewd iptl .dllka ze`zayd iabl mely ly ezqitz ly `ln iehiak eilr miknzqnd
uaiwy - zixara maex - df `yepa mely ly mixg`d mixwgnd lly mb ievn ixard
miagxd minegzd lr xexiaa cirn mda oeirde 4,zllkeyn dxecdna qail dcedi xicdde
xwgnd z` milydy dl`k mdn ,ixwird extqa mireawd zeleabl uegn mely mda wqry
.mitqep mipeicl gzt gzt wxy mdne mda
lr mixwgn ly jxk qetcl mely xqn xtqd ly ilbp`d mebxzd meqxtl onf zekinqa
zpya milyexia xe` d`x xtqd .okl mcew zepey zenaa enqxety dizegelye ze`zayd
eyeìil iehia did df jxk ly eneqxt ik - xzei cer ,dzre - f` ze`xl did ozip 5.e"lyz
.mipey`xd mikxkd ipy ly zpekzna ze`zaya xwgnd ly xicq jyndn mely ly
ecia wtiq didi `l ik mely rci ,mipenyd ezcled meil jenq ,xe`l df xtq `viyk
.`yepa miixwird eixn`n ly xfeg meqxtl mikqde ,df megza ezti`y lk z` milydl
G. Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi:
The Mystical Messiah 1626-1676 (Bollingen Series XCIII), tr.
.
zipnxble ziztxvl xtqd inebxz .8 dxrd ,oldl e`x ; R. J. Z. Werblowsky, Princeton 1973
.dnec zxzek mi`yep

ircn : e`x ,df xtq lr izxewia .a"pyz aia`lz ,qail dcedi xicdd ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely 'b
.95-85 'nr ,(b"pyz) 33 ,zecdid
x`yd oia llek xtqd .e"lyz milyexi ,dileblbe ze`zayd zeclezl zexewne mixwgn ,mely 'b
.mfiwp`xtd lre dnpecd lr mixwgn
[ 27 ]
4
5
6]
oc sqei
eixwgna ik dcaerd z` dpekpd divxetexta bivdl ick dl` zecaer yibcdl izywia
drepz .ze`zaya zexeywd zeibelp`de zeibeletihd zel`ya mely wqr `l enqxety
dziy`xy zixehqid zkqn lr zqqaznd ,zihppni` zegztzd ixtk eiazka zbven ef
dizexewnn dzwipie ,ztva dlawd ly dzegztzda dkynd ,cxtq yexib xayna
iav izay ly mdizeienca mely d`x miixwir minxeb .zicedid zeigiynd ly miakxend
mdxa` oebk ,mixg` mi`zay zerc ibed ly mdizeienca dzegt dcinae ,izfrd ozp lye
ly qwecxtd oiay ef ìd dax dnvera mely bivdy zixwird dibelp`d .efecxw l`kin
ze`zayd dyniy zllek zibeletih dpigan .alvp giyn ly qwecxtl giynd zxnd
z`f `hia èd : zizcd dieeda qwecxtd ly ezeifkxn ly zirnyncg dpbtd mely icia
6
.xtqd y`xa ehenk rawy iizlic ly mqxetnd hhiva
oexg`d sirqd z` ixvepd mlera zi`zayd drepzl rwxd zl`yl yicwd mely
miihtilwet`d zeceqid z` df sirqa xweq èd 7.'iav izay' extq ly oey`xd wxta
dnler lr 'opgei oefg' ly ezrtyd z` ,dziy`xn zexvpa miverp eidy miigiynde
oial zcqennd zilezwd diiqpkd oia cebipd ly ezegztzd zè ,zexvpd ly ipgexd
ziniipia inid zeigiynd iabl .eyi ly diipyd ezìal diitivd z` zeyibcnd zenbnd
ly ezpyne ezenc z` zhxetn dwqta
x`zne ,'mfìlik' byena ynzyn mely ,zexvpa
qenqewd ly dixehqidd zqitzl xzeia mixtnd zeceqid z` gipdy ,ixeitn mikèi
zeiegztzdl 8.igvpd oeilbpee`d ly ezrted mr ,mipyd sl` zklnn l` dkilend
xekf` millekd 9,cala micenr dyely eycwed dpnfae ze`zayd zrted iptl zexvpa
divnxetxd ly mipey`xd zexeca zehlead zeihqìlikd zertezdn dnk ly xvw
dziid zeigiynd ik ezxkdl iehia mely ly ef dxiwqa yi .dilbpà ziphixetd drepzae
ze`zayd oia ixyt` xyw iabl .ze`zayd dritedy dtewza zexvpa lirte qqez gek
: mely xne` dl` zertezl
miihqìlik zepeirx ly mzrtyda ,l`xyi ixwegn dnk ebdpy jxck ,mifbdl oi`
ly rwyn zpigaa `l` zn`d seba dpi` mlerl "zillk dnkqd" ; zn`d ipniqn èd qkec`x`td'
exiizypy wxad l` zixtbd ic` qgik zn`d l` eqgiy rwyn ,zellkdl zytzpd ,dvgnldpad
.'epnn
.82-74 'nr ,(iav izay : oldl) f"hyz aia`lz ,eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay ,mely 'b
d`na milaewnd oial eikiynne mikèi ly mzxez oia jxry izèeydd gezipl o`k eixac eeyde
: dlawd ziy`x lr exwgna ,('dpenzd xtq' - okn xg`le) zehinyd zxez ilra ,dxyr yelyd
7
8
G. Scholem, The Origins of the Kabbalah, ed. and tr. R. I. Z. Werblowski, Princeton 1987,
u"y 'x zkixra ,ditrlea` mdxa` lye dpenzd xtq ly dlawd ,mely 'b ; pp. 463-465
milyexi ,dlawd ziy`x ,mely 'b : e`x ,df `yepa ely oey`x oeic .a"kyz milyexi ,xniidpte`
.192-176 'nr ,g"yz aia`lze
.82-80 'nr ,iav izay ,mely
[ 28 ]
[7
,epi`xy itk ,dpefip ef drepz .dnvr zi`zayd drepzd ly dzevxtzd lr dl`

ozeà ayi l`xyi mr ly c`n hren wlg wxy gekyl oi` llkae ,mipt inxebn
ixeaiv gekl oda ektd zeihqìlikd zerepzdy ,zeihphqhext zevxà mipyd
mixyt`nd mi`pz miniiw cpledae zipetvd dipnxba wx .xzei e` zegt ,xkip
epi` oecpela miqep` ipa ly xirfd unewd ixdy ,z`fk zixeaiv drtyd llka
zepeirxl did zeaald zpkday oniq lk oi` .èdd xeca ipivx mxebk aygidl leki
uxb ly mzxrydy dgked lk mb oiè .ynn ly mewn miixvepd miihqìlikd
zrtyda igiynd epefgl xirvd iav izay xxerzp ditly ,zqqean mixgè
10
.el` zetwydl ehpy micpled e` milbp` mixgeq
ly dzrtyd zexyt` ,epiidc ,dketdd dl`ya ,mixacd rahn ,o`k wqer eppi` mely
drepzd zrtedl rwxd èd df wxt ly epiipr ixdy ,zixvepd zeigiynd lr ze`zayd
drepzd lr eipeica dreci dcina mely wqr ze`vezd zl`ya .dize`vez `le ,zi`zayd
dziid zixwird eziihp ik xacd xexa .dax zexidfae mevnva o`k mb j` ,zihqiwp`xtd
mialeyn mixacd oky ,ze`zayd ly dzegztzda miihppni`d zeceqid zybcd
eygy dyeade drizxd zngn xy` ,'l`xyi znkg' iyp` cbpk ely cinznd qenleta
.miicedi `ld dizexewn z` xzi zybcd yibcdl eywia ef drtez gkep
zertezd lelkna ze`zayd ly dcnrna dagx drixia weqrl mely ywia m` oia
dnec ,z`f zeyrl oeekzd `l m` oia ,ecia wtiq did `le zexg` zezca zeigiynd
mr caa ca ,ze`zayd ly zipexwrd dzpad jxevl meik ipeig èd df megza xwgny
miàd mixacd .mixg`d miiyi`de miipeirxd ,miixehqidd dicaxa weqird zwnrd
.df oeeika xwgnd zegztzdl dnexz mixdl miywan
,'zeigiyn' byend .zibelepinxh dxdad dpiipr zncwen dxrd zyxecd diipyd dibeqd
el oi`y byen èd ,zicedid daygnd zecleze l`xyi zeclez xwga ynyn èdy itk
dibelepinxh ly dkxc .dtexi` ly miipgexd miiga zeizcd zertezd xwga dliawn
excrde ,zertez ly dpgadd ikxc lre oiiprd inegz lr zxkip drtyd drityn ìdy
opi` ea zekexkd zertezd mby jkl ìad itexi`d miizcd mibyend oelinn df byen ly
on milhep ep` : jetd èd avnd llk jxca .odl die`xd dhladd zcinl cinz zekef
zertezl itexi` oeiav oirn jk jezn mipwne ,eze` miynynd mibyen itexi`d xwgnd
ezernyna byena yeniyd `weec df dxwna .d`ln dwcvd jkl oi`y drya s` zeicedi
dpadd cewinle mixacd ly mzxdadl ,izrc itl ,riiqn l`xyi zeclez xwga zbdepd
.zecdid ly dnlera zeliawn odl yiy zeitexi` zeieygxzda
.82 'nr ,my 10
[ 29 ]
8]
oc sqei
mdy drya mitexi`d epizinr z` ynyn eppi` 'zeigiyn' byendy xaca `lt oi`
zecdid oia lcada uerp xacd yxey .ycgd onfae miipiad inia zeizc zertez mixweg
exewne ,zezcd izyl ixnbl szeyn byen ,oaenk ,edf .'giyn' byena yeniya zexvpl
giynd byenl mirayd mebxz èd 'qehqixk' - wtqa lhen eppi` i`xwnd icedid
eliè ,xara dritedy zinrtcge zcgein zencl ef dlin dxeny zexvpa mle` .i`xwnd
minbxzn m` .weica xcben eppi` dtevxty zicizr drtezl iepik ìd ef dlin zecdia
e` 'dibelehqixk' ìd d`vezd ,zitexi` oeyll 'zeigiyn' ixard byend z`
zepeylay xg`n : xg` geqipa .ixnbl zxg` zernyn el yiy byen ,Christianity
df yxeyn byen dl` zepeyla oi` ,ixnbl midf 'zeigiyn'e 'zexvp' mibyend dtexi`
.'zFigiyn' mya zixara zepeknd zertezl qgiiznd
: mibyen ly ztreqne zakxen zkxrna ynzyn dtexià zezcd xwg ,df byen mewna
,mda `veike ditehe` ,difExR
,dwihtilwet` ,dibelehkq` ,mfixìplin e` mfìlik
,xg` cvne ,'zeigiyn' ixard byendn miwiecne minvnevn ,cg` cvn ,mleky mibyen
ytpdzle`bl mb zynynd ,dibelehkq` oebk ,df byen ly eizeleabn zbxeg mzlegz
(redemption) 'dle`b' ixvepd byend mb jkl dneca .zixehqid zxbqna `ly hxtd ly
zigiynd dle`bdn ixnbl dpey dxeva zilèciaicpi`d zixvepd ytpdzle`bl qgiizn
mr 'ditehe`' byend z` ixvep xweg xywi `l llk jxca ,z`f znerl .zicedi zxbqna
zkxrna xeyw df byen - wcva ,il d`xpe - zecdiay cera ,mixg`d dle`bd ibyen
.(ef dxiwqa oldl bdpp jke) zigiynd mibyend
zllekd ,xzei dagxd ezernyna 'zEigiyn' byena o`k ynzyn ip` : dxdad myle
zelirt ze`han od j` ,(i"x`d zlaw ,oebk) giyn ly ziyi` zenc ofkxna oi`y zertez
df byeny it lr s` .dle`bd zàdle zeìvnd ly dipt iepiyl zpeEknd zizczipgex
- oldl d`xpy itk - dwcvd yi ,zicedid zizcd dieega zihpze` dxeva ahid uerp
.odipia mixywd ztiygle ozpadl riiqn ède ,zeixvep zertez iabl ea ynzydl
b
jynd deedn ,1620 zpy ly sxega mvern iehial dribdy ,zixvepd zigiynd drtezd
dxyr yngd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna dlgdy zihilete zizc ,zipeirx dqiqzl sivx
cg` ìd zixvepd dlawd ly dzrted .dvpxita xwira ,miwlhi`d mihqipnedd ibega
laben xyw - minieqn miixar zexewnl drtezd oia xywde 11,ef dqiqzl miiehiad
gtqpk dpexg`l dnqxtzp zixvepd dlawd xwg lr xzeia zpkcernde dtiwnd ditxbeilaiad 11
J. Reuchlin, LArte : e`x .'dlawd znkg lr' ,oilkiex qpdei ly extq ly ziwlhi`d dxecdnl
Cabbalistica, G. Busi and M.S. Campanini (eds.), Florence 1995
[ 30 ]
[9
iepiyd èd ef dqiqz ly ixwird oiit`nd .dizeclez lk jyna epira xzep - bieqne
lye miipiad ini ly zelibxd zenkqend znerl zcd ly dnlera dcnrne oeyld zqitza
iazk ly rcepd mbxznde seqelitd ,epi'vit eiliqxn ly eyxcn ziaa 12.qpqpxd ztewz
dycg dyibl ceqid gped ,zipihll zipeein qFhqibnqixh
qnxde qepihelt ,oehlt`

elbzpy miihnxdd mihqwhd on dax dcina dwpi dycgd dqitzd .oeyll zipktdne
13
,('xètnd') i'vicn dc evpxel jiqpd ly ezeqga dvpxita df yxcn ziaa enbxeze
z` gqpl ozip .ef zipktdn dqitzl iehia dl` mihqwha axd oiiprd did dcin dzeàe
rawy ,epi'vit ly wdaend ecinlz ,dlecpxin dlc ewit ipae'b ofexd ly ezxnà mixacd
dhlada zàen ef dxn` .oaend ici lr xy`n xzei ,oaen `ld ici lr zraen zn`d ik
oihxn mqxty dpya ,1517a xe`l `viy ,'dlawd znkg lr' oilkiex qpdei ly extqa mb
zpyn xeitit`d ly dleaa cgi enxged mdipye) ely zefzd ynge miryz z` xzel
14
.(1520
zeipeyl zeqitz ly akxen lelkna diehia z` d`vn oaend lr oaen `ld ztcrd
dzeày) miixvnd mitilbexiidd ly blten yeciwl ,lyn jxc ,eìady ,zei`ciè
,(epevxk m`xewl zerc dbed lk did leki jk meyne ,m`xewl yi` oaenk rci `l dtewz
,dilnqe dilil` ,dnecwd mixvn zvxrda ealzyd mixacd .miabyp zeceq miliknk
zextqd dl dqgeiy ,ef zenc .qFhqibnqixh
qnxd ly zicb`d ezencl xyw jezn mizrl

diiqpkd zea` zextqa micg` zenewna zxkfp ,zipihll dzr dnbxzipy zihnxdd
mlerd ly diteqelitle rcnl oeilr iehiake epax dyn ly exec zak dqtzpe ,mipey`xd
zextqay minecw miipglete miib`n ,miibelexhq` zeceqi ly zaexrzd z` .wizrd
z` d`han ef zextq - mixvna dwizrd zrd idlya d`xpd lkk dxagzdy ,zihnxdd
miihqepb zeceqi mb zlleke ,dnecwd zixvnd zeaxzd ly oca`de dcixid zyegz
zexvpd ,zecdid ly dipirxb z` dkeza zcg`nk eikiynne epi'vit eyxit - minieqn
`vn `l iwlhi`d qpqpxd zecleza xzeia ycgd xwgnd s`y zegkeeida dafk` ly zxkip dcin yi 12
zenbnd ly mlerd zeqitzl zizyz deednd ipeyld ceqid z` die`xd dxeva hiladl oekpl oiicr
eile'b ly mixn`nd e`x .znieqn dfefz zxkip zixvepd dlawd iabl `weec .qpqpxa mipeyd minxfde
J. Dan, The Kabbalah of Johannes Reuchlin and its Historical Significance, : ilye iqea
in: idem (ed.), The Christian Kabbalah: Jewish Mystical Books and Their Christian
Interpreters, Cambridge, MA 1997, pp. 55-95; G. Busi, Francesco Zorzi: A Methodical
Dreamer, ibid., pp. 97-125
,oeihpfian mihilt mixifp dilhi`l eìad ile`y) miihnxdd mihqwhd elbzd xy`k ,xteqnd itl 13
iazk mebxz lr ezcear z` wiqtdl epi'vitn i'vicn dc yxc ,(xakn `l df mikxezd icia dyakpy
.dyr oke ,elld mihqwhd ly myexitle mnebxzl zeptle oehlt`
inexn ,(jxer) iwviax '` : jeza ,'zixehqidd dzernyne oilkiex qpdei ly dlawd zxez' ,oc 'i : e`x 14
milyexi ,(ci ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn) dhipenxq jexa sqeil oexkif xtq : milyexil
.9 dxrde 458 'nr ,my e`x ,mxgd oiiprl .486-457 'nr ,g"pyz
[ 31 ]
10 ]
oc sqei
xarndxepivk qxebzit `weec qtzp oeei inkg oian 15.zg` dywnl zipeeid diteqelitde
ixvnd rcnd mr dze` cg`ne zigvpd zixvepdzihqi`zepend zizcd zn`d z` `hand
ilrae ,ihpze` aeliy zixvepd dlawd dalzyd o`k .zipeeid diteqelitd mre ipeeide
zelbzda d`vene dzencw xaca zixard dlawd ly dzprh z` evni` zixvepd dlawd
zextqay dl` od mii`xwnd dl` od ,miicedid miyecwd zenyd .ipiq xd lr dynl
z` dilrn dcinrne dwihpnqd z` zlleyd zkqna ze`pd mnewn z` e`vn ,dlawd
,ef dlekq` ipa ly mzrcl ,zefnexd ,ziaihwipenewd zernynd ixqg mipniqd zekxrn
ybtnd z` ep` mi`ven o`k .zixvepd zn`d mb ìdy dpeilrd zn`l ,onfl xarny zn`l
ihqihxwpiqd oe`zpta zepey zeienc mr ddefy ,rx l`d ,ynyd ly ixvnd xeivd oia
dpeilr dyecw liknk qtzpy ,d"ied my ly ixard xeivd oial ,zihqipldd dtewzd ly
dax dagxda egzity oeirx 16,qpqpxl daxd encwy miifkxn miixvep zexewna
ly xzeia wdaend oniql dxyr rayd d`na did df sexiv 17.mixvepd milaewnd
iyingd jixcixt ly yecwd beeifd lr gxf ef d"iedyny ly dxeè ,zEipìqExwifFxd
ik aeygle zerhl oiè ,zwdaen zixvep dziid ef zertez zkqn 18.hxèihq zafil` mr
sexiva miipeeide miixvnd ,miipbtd - dkeza miixvep `ld zeceqid ly zeihppinecd
.ixvepd daygnd mlera `lnd daeliy llkn dze` miriwtn - miicedid zeceqid
lk jk meyne ,zeigvpd zeidel`d zezn`d
lelknk dl` mibed ici lr dqtzp zexvpd

zexg`de zeilawd ,zeib`nd zefzd z` oiadl ozip jk wx .zixvep gxkda ìd ìdy zn`
.zexvpd ly dzezn`l dgkedk ,ewit ly extq z` ze`lnnd
zexxerzdd iabl od zipihpxeltd dlekq`d iabl od ,oeyld zqitza mipeicd
sè ,ibelehkq`d ceqid z` xwir lk eyibcd `l ,zeakxend dizegelye zipìqExwifFxd
dziid dxyr rayd d`na dzrtydy ,zycegnd dqitza melbd ,wdaend igiynd
lye dlawd ly oxewn ìd 'xey`' elv`y `l` ,dletxt ly exn`n eeyd : bdep ebdpnk mler 15
S. Parpola, The Assyrian Tree : xg` aeyg xac lk lye mfi`zepend ly ,zipeeid diteqelitd
of Life: Tracing the History of Jewish Monotheism and Greek Philosophy, JNES, 32
zexewnd oia zedfl mipreh dletxt 'text ly xzei mixge`n mineqxt .(1993), pp. 161-208
zecdia dwihqine xqen ,zc : dyecwd lr ,oc 'i : e`x .zixvepd dxeyad oial miilawde miixey`d
.50 dxrd 257 'nr ,g"pyz milyexi ,2zexg` zezcae
463 'nra my zpievnd zextqde ,(14 dxrd lirl) oc : e`x ,zixvepd daygna d"ied my zeclez lr 16
eiazk ,iqpetl` qexhtl ewlga ycwend ,ditrlea`xitq dp` ly dxwgn cgeina aeyg .21 dxrd
A. Sapir-.d"ied mya ixvepd yeliyd xewn iabl FcF` lr zeknzqdd oke ,eizexewne
Abulafia, Christians and Jews in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance, London and New York
1995, pp. 96-97
lfaa dpey`xl xe`l `viy ,De verbo mirifico ,df myl ycwed df megza oilkiex ly oey`xd extq
17
.my 39 dxrde 471 'nr ,my ,oc : e`x .1494 zpya
.(34 dxrd oldl) qhii ly dxtqa (56 'nr cil) 13 dtelb e`x 18
[ 32 ]
[ 11
gqep ,mipzenn miiehiaa eynzyd md ,jkl mixwegd ewwfpy dcina .ce`n zkl zwigxn
zertezl wx `l mirbep mixacd oky ,riztn xacd .dl`d zeqitza dfepbd zeixìplind
,dtexi` zecleza mirixkn miixehqid mirexi` zpadl miipeig md `l` ,zeifkxn zeipgex
iax mipiit`nd cg` .dilbpà ziphixetd dktdnde dpyd miyely zngln xwirae
miihtilwet`d zepeirxd ly mziigz did ef zertez zkxrn ly zernynd
19
.dxyr yelyd d`na ,ixeitn mikèi ly eyxcn zian miihqilèhixitq
oeyld zqitz megza zencewd zenkqend zexrxrzdl dnxby ìd zeihphqhextd
zezikd .zipeyld dieedd jeza oenhd igiyn haid ly ezeyabzdl xryd z` dgzte
.diiqpkd ici lr (zipeeid ,oitiwrae) zipihld yeciw z` odilr elaiw `l zeihphqhextd
yeniyde ,xzel icia zipnxbl dpey`xae y`xae ,xeaicd zepeyll `xwnd mebxz
oeyld ly dzedn zl`ya zycegn zeppeazd eyxc ,ineineid izcd ogleta dl` zepeyla
zebiizqdd z` dpifd dwihqlekql dai`d .zidel`d zn`dee zivx`d zn`d l` dqgie
zeqitza ahid dxkip xaky zebiizqd ,zilhehqix`d oeyld zqitzn zklede zxaebd
ziy`xae dxyr yyd d`nd seqa ep` mi`ven jk .dilhià mihqipnedd egzity oeyld
iiehia ,zEipìqExwifFxd dgnv mday miipeirx mingzn mzeà ,dxyr rayd d`nd
`hal dleki znkqen oeyl ik dpen`d .ziaihwipenewd oeyld zqitza miwdaen leflf
zipihld oeyld ly dyeciwy dryn dneiw zekf z` dcai` zxzqpe dabyp zidel` zn`
dyxcp `linn .mtwez z` ecai` izxeqnd ogletd mbe zilezwd ziziiqpkd dieedd icia
ipya dpey`xae y`xa - oeyld zqitz ly miizcd dizeceqia zycegn zeppeazd
lr zqqeand oeyl zxezl zrpnp izla zizyz mieednd ziy`xa xtqay mixetiq
.laa lcbn dyrne ,oey`xd mc` icia zenyd zìxw : zi`xwnd zxeqnd
ibed ly mzrc itl ,wtq oi` ? mixevid ly miizn`d
mdizeny z` oey`xd mc` rci cvik
miphixetde ,dìxcp` oihple qpdei ,ic oe'b ly mdibeg - mda miwqer ep`y zercd
ogipy in ,rnyn 20.mixevid ly ziniptd mzedna miverp eid dl` zenyy - dilbpà
z` seygl mnvr mixaca zeppeazdd ici lr leki ,jkl dyexcd dpeazae dpgadd xyeka
B. McGinn, The ; 174-133 'nr ,q"yz aia`lz ,eiykre f` dqtilwet` ,oc 'i : e`x jk lr
,Calabrian Abbot: Joachim of Fiore in the History of Western Thought, New York 1985
idem, Visions of the End: : eeyd .203-161 'nr ,The Trinity in History wxtd cegiiae
Appocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages2, New York 1998, pp. 259-283; idem,
Antichrist: Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination with Evil, New York 1994,
pp. 173-230
H. Ormsby-Lennon, Rosicr ucian Linguistics: Twilight of a : e`x ,hexita jk lr
Renaissance Tradition, in: I. Merkel and A.G. Debus (eds.), Hermeticism and the
Renaissance: Intellectual History and the Occult in Early Modern Europe, London 1988,
pp. 311-341
[ 33 ]
19
20
12 ]
oc sqei
itl ,raw l`d .mzedn zraep epnne e`xap egekny ixewnd iehiad z` ,ipeyld myxey
z` zrcle 'rahd xtqa èxwl' mixyt`nd ,mixzqp ,micgein mipniq dìxad jeza ,df
ly mzqitz itl ,xy` mc`d ipa ly zinkqdd oeyld dppi` ef oeyl .dìxad ly dpeyl
,dze` zevn`n diiqpkde dwihqlekqde dze` zbviin ehqix` zxez ,dl` zerc ibed
irceil dlbzn dzvwny ,zidel` mixzq oeyl ef `l` ,(zipeeide) zipihld oeyld ,epiid
mdl epwdy ,miizek`lnd ,miipevigd mdiiepik `le mixacd ly mzedn oeyl ìde ,o"g
.mc`d ipa
oeirxd .micg` minegz ipt lr zerxzyn ode ,zebiltn eid ef dqitz ly dize`vez
zraewd 21,zinqewd dipenxdd zxez èd dpnn zeraepd zeifkxn zertez xtqn gixand
zexewnn od dwpiy ,ef dqitz .zidel`de zinqewd dieedl zivx`d dieedd oia xzqp xyw
dkfy ixard hqwhd èdy ,'dxivi xtq'n xwirae - miixar zexewnn od miipehltè`p
dxviy ìd - 22'zixvepd dlawd' iexwy dn zxbqna xzeia dlecbd drtydle dvetzl
zeny oebk ,zeìvna zwdaend zernynd ixqg mipniqd zekxrny jkl dwnpdd z`
dinikl`d ly dibelepinxhde mipniqd zekxrn ,miitilbexiidd mipniqd ,ycewd
dipenxda zepezpd ,zexzqpd zepeilrd zezn`d
z` mitwynd md md ,dibelexhq`de
zecg`d xaca 'dxivi xtq' ly eizeriaw .zeivx`d zekxrnd mr ziheinqzipeyl
z`haznd ,(23'ytp ,dpy ,mler') mc`de ,(dixehqidd=) onfd ,qenqewd ly ziniptd
ziaihwipenew ziheinq oeyl ly miaikxnk zeqtzp od oi`y dryn ,ziasl`d zeizeà
eyxtzp ,zeìvnd ly mipeyd minegzd oia xywd z` mi`hand miiheinq mipniqk `l`
wlg .dxyr rayde dxyr yyd ze`na zercd ibed ici lr xzeia miagxp miyexit
De harmonia xtqd èd ef gexa zinqewd dipenxdl ycwend ixvep laewn ly oey`xd xeaigd
ède ,1525 zpya divpeea qtcpy ,Francesco Zorzi (Giorgio) ly ,mundi totius cantica tria
zpya olwa qtcpy ,Aggrippa von Nettesheim ly De occulta philosophia xtqa ifkxn `yep
21
: c`lt hxaex ly lecbd extqa ozip ef dqitz ly zipìqExwifFxd ziptzl wdaend iehiad .1533
R. Fludd, De praeternaturali utriusque mundi historia, Frankfurt 1621
,` ,mely myxb ziixtq belhw ,(mikxer) qail 'è oc 'i : e`x ,'dxivi xtq' ly ezqtcd zeclez lr 22
hqwhd .1552 zpya qixta qtcp lhqet meib ly ipihld enebxz .91-87 'nr ,h"pyz milyexi
.1562 zpya daehpna qtcp (c"a`xl qgeind 'dxivi xtq' yexit oke) ipihl mebxz mr ixard
- 'mler' : einegz zyely oia zizecg`d dipenxdd lr qqean 'dxivi xtq' ly qenqewd dpan 23
,meèciaicpi`k mc`d - 'ytp' ; dpy zper ,mei ,reay ,yceg ,dpy - 'onf' ; minyd inxb ,qenqew
- y` ,min ,xiee` - zeceqid zyely miliawn dl` zyelyl .zibeleifit dpigan xwira qtzpd
mzpigan miqtzpd ,dxenze rxe aeh ,dawpe xkf - mitqep micnn mdl yie ,y"n` zeizeà e`xapy
qenqewexwind zqitz z` llek 'dxivi xtq' ,rnyn .oeyld ipan ly mipiit`nk ziwecwcd
,xzei daxd ztreqne zakxen zkxrn jeza hxt zpiga ,zeìvnl mc`d oia dipenxdd ,qenqewexwn
,ziwecwc zeiweg ly zpekzna zekexrd ziasl`d zeize` zervnà mlerd zìxa lr zqqaznd
ditxbeilaia mye ,268-234 'nr ,(15 dxrd lirl) dyecwd lr ,oc : e`x .zirahd zeiwegd mb ìdy
.zhxetn
[ 34 ]
[ 13
eyniy mixg` eliè ,zeib`n zexhnl eyniy mixg` ,ihqin ite` e`yp dl`d miyexitdn
ly mdiazka cgi elld mipeeikd zyely eyniy zeaexw mizrl ; zeircn zeriawl qiqa
zcl zipeyl zizyz eraw harmonia mundid zexez .zerc ibedmipwihqinmiprcn
.dib`nle dwihqinl ,rcnle
od ,zecdia zlaewn ìd .ibelehkq` ceqi gxkda melb `l dnvrl ìdyk ef dqitza
dyrn megzl zrbep ìd .zigiyn dqitz dpnn aiigzzy ilan ,xzqpa od dlbpa
dpen`d on icedid hqwhpewa raep xacd mle` .minid zixg` megzl xy`n xzei ziy`xa
dxezd ,zidel`d dnkgd ,l`d oeyl ,zixard oeyld ly dzeixewnae dzetivxa dwenrd
: dl`yd dcnr mdiptl .mixvepd zercd ibed lv` mixacd ipt eid jk `l 24.dìxade
lr ,mihphqhextd ? ìd okid - mi`xapa zeppeazdd jezn oey`xd mc` sygy ef oeyl
miax mda eid .dèpyd ziziiqpkd zipihld mr dzedfl elki `l ,mdinxfe mdizezik lk
.ycgn dzelbl yiy dcea` oeyl ef ,mewn lkn j` ,zixard mr dze` edify
mc`d ipal dca` zixewnd zidel`d oeyld .laa lcbn xetiqa dievn jkl `zknq`d
mr cgi ,ocr obn yexibd zrya ,jkl sxhvnd xg` gqepae) laa lcbna m`hg zeawra
mc` rciy zipeyld zidel`d zn`l mc`d oia dcixtnd 'dxiay'd ef .(oencwd `hgd
dnecwd zn`d l` dxfg zpigaa èt` èd ef zxzqp oeyl ly ycegnd dielib .oey`xd
l` ,`hg mxha oey`xd mc` lye ocr ob ly dieedd l` ,yperd iptle `hgd iptly
diteqelitd mr cgi ,dpeyl zè diiqpkd z` zedfl dxyt` ef dqitz .dzxdha dìxad
diigzd eliè ,zepeyld zlila ly xaynd mr ,dwihqlekqde zilhehqix`d
mc` ly e`hg od - `hgd iptly dieedd l` dxfgd ly dziy`x ìd zihphqhextd
,dìxad ly ziceqd oeyld ly dielib .laa lcbna zeyep`d ly d`hg od ,oey`xd
dxiayd oewiz oirn èt` dyrp ,mixacd ly mzedn z` znlbnd zizn`d oeyld
oeyld ztiyg dktd ef jxca .mbtn diiwpd ,dnlyd dieedd ly dziigze ,dnecwd
dnebtd dieedd ly dzcnyd ,oewizde dle`bd jildz ,igiynd jildzd on wlgl zizn`d
.mixacd ly mzedna dreahd oeyld ,zn`d oeyl ly diigze ,dpeyle diiqpkd ly
oeyld zxez oia wenre ihpze` befin mzeidn dax dcina drap mixacd ly mznver
zeqitzd .oey`xd mc` ici lr zenyd zìxw ly i`xwnd xeivd oial zipehlt`d
oiay ib`nibelp`de xzqpd ,iniptd izednd xywd xaca zeipehltè`pde zeipehlt`d
,oinipa xhle èd mixyrd d`na xzeia hlead e`hany xyw) mdizenyl mixacd
J. Dan, The Name of God, the Name of the Rose and the Concept of Language in
Jewish Mysticism, Jewish Mysticism (above note 2), pp. 131160 ; G. Scholem, The
Name of God and the Linguistic Theory of the Kabbalah, Diogenes, 79 (Fall 1972), pp.
mipeir : zexigd ly zepeyd dipt' ,xeìl` 'x ; 59-80; ibid., 80 (Winter 1972), pp. 164-194
.119-9 'nr ,(g"pyz) 15 ,miitl` ,'zicedi dwihqina
[ 35 ]
24
14 ]
oc sqei
oey`xd mc` ly elreta ahid enbced ,(mely myxb ly ezqitza ahid mixkip mixacde
ly mdibibd oia dwecd zetivx exvi dl` zeqitz .mixevid ly mzenya `xwy drya
seqa zipihpxeltd dlekq`d inkg ly dl` oial oecpelae bxalciida mihphqhextd
qpdeie dlecpxin dlc ewit xwirae ,dxyr yyd d`nd ziy`xae dxyr yngd d`nd
mfihnxdd zexbqn jeza zeipehlt`d zeipeyld zeqitzd z` evni` xy` ,oilkiex
igiynd ceqid .dwihqlekqd zè zeilhehqix`d z` zetixga egce zixvepd dlawde
ly dzegwlzd iptl dyaeb mzxezy ,dl` mihqipned ly mdiazka wdaen eppi`
oe'b ly mbeg ipa .dzyxene diiqpkd itlk dtixgd dai`d on epefip `l mde ,divnxetxd
mr diiqpkd z` edif xy` ,z`f znerl ,c`lt hxaexe dìxcp` oihple qpdei ,ic
ite` zipeyld mzxezl mb epwd ,zigiyn dnxc ly dfkxna maivdy iedif ,hqixkihp`d
ly dnxcd mr aleyn zixewnd zidel`d oeyld ly dielib .ilwicx mizrl ,igiyn
mixzqd zexeagl dyecw dpwnd ède ,ditehe`d ly dzenybzd mr ,minid zixg`
.zxzqpd zn`d dxev` okezay
ziy`xa ixetiq lye ,zipehlt`d oeyld zxez ly illkd hqwhpewa mixacd zbix`
`xwnd ixetiq .zecdia ielz izla ite` dqitzl dwiprd ,laa lcbn lre oey`xd mc` lr
dxigad zeyabzd iptle mdxa` iptl ,ziy`xa xtql ziyep` llkd dgizta miievn elld
zecdil zcgein zeqgiizd dl` zeqitz ilran dyxcp `l jk meyn .l`xyi mra
.dlawd zxeze zixard oeyld : mixg` zexewn ipyn rap zecdid l` xywd .dlxeble
,zixarl xyà .zixvepd dlawd zxeqn lr mipen` eid elld zercd ibed ,dlawl xyà
dze` ly diedifl zepey zeiexyt` oia zeklydzax zipeirx dxiga mdiptl davip o`k
.laa lcbn dyrne ocr obn yexibd mr dxzzqpe oey`xd mc`l drcepy zi`nw oeyl
zeqitz izy dtexià zeievn dxyr yyd d`nay jkl enxb mixgè dl` mikildz
ly mcegi` ievn cg` cvn .zcd iiga dcnrn lye ziaihwipenewd oeyld ly zecbepn
egeka oin`ne ziqlwd dwixehxd z` qp lr dlrnd ,iqpqpxd mfipnedd ly df : minxf ipy
xzel ly ipnxbd mebxzd ici lr bveind dfe ; dira lk xeztl dlernd ipeyld geqipd ly
zervnà dpeilrd zidel`d zn`d ly divwipenewd zexytà oin`nd ,ycewd iazkl
,dl` minxf ipy ly mtexivn .dzegpl daygp f` cry xeaicd oeyl elitè ,oeyld
lk dfd meid cr miwpei ,ziyepè zizc zn` riadl oeyld ly dgek z` exic`dy
zeixnegd dizeira z` xeztl ozne `ynde oeibidd ,dpeazd ly mgeka mipin`nd
did df sexiv 25.ipxcend aihxp`hnd ly zizyzd ,epiidc ,zeyep`d ly zeipgexde
oeyld ly dzvxrd cgeinae ,ipxcend aihxpd ly ezxivia oeyla dpen`d ly dgeka mifbdl dyw 25
.dpxcend ly digqpn ly mdizeala dnrity ,zihpcpvqpxh zn` ly oeilrd ielibk zipnxbd
zkted znlyen dxeva zezn`
riadl oeyld ly `ltend dxyek : ibelehkq` cnn mb rcep ef dpen`l
dx`dd ocir z`xwl zklede znvrznd zelbzd ,dpeazd ly dzelbzdl i`lird xiyknl dze`
[ 36 ]
[ 15
zeiegztzdd lr ihppinecd enzeg z` riahdy ède ,gexd iiga hilyd dax dcina
.diteqelitd lr cegiiae ,miàd zexeca zeizeaxzd
zixhef` znieqn dcinae dxeft zkxrn deedn zilawzihnxdd oeyld zqitz ,xg` cvn
ik dqitzd dcnzda mda znrety ,miiley zerteze zerepz iqiqx ,zenbn ,zezik ly
ziaihwipenewd oeyll xarn dievn ,zircnde ziyep`d ,zidel`d ,dpeilrd zn`d
: cg`k mipwihqine rcn iyp` ici lr zgtehn ef dyib .dici lr dradl zpzip dppiè
zc i`pw ,dfn mi`peyle
mitxbe`b ,mi`nikl` ,mibelexhqè minepexhq` ,mipwib`n

ilra mihlazn mizrl .dfn zeixwird zeizcd zertezd ileya zeipeviw zezik ixveie
slecex xqiwd ly b`xta jk - zizeaxzd diiyrd ly dfkxna miritene dl` zeqitz
jixcixt ly bxalciida cgeina jke ,zipzafil`d oecpela jk ,bxeaqad zial ipyd
z` dbiynd b`da jke ,dilbp` jln oey`xd qnii'b ly eza ,zafil` eziirxe iyingd
.ihphqhextd mlerd ly aeyg ipgex fkxnl zktede micxtqd icin dze`nvr
dtexi` z` zeqiqznd zeigiynd zertezd iabl ef zipeyl dinehekic ly dzernyn dn
? dxyr rayde dxyr yyd ze`na
oeyldn xzei ihpnqd megzl dhep zigiynd oeyld llk jxca oky ,zakxen dirad
zywan efy drya ,zizcd dieegd ly ixehqidihiletd haidd ìd zeigiynd .zihqind
z` qiibl zywan zeigiynd .ef ly ietvd dvw zè dixehqidd ly zeinpicd z` bivdl
yeniy zyxecd ,divwipenew `ll ixyt` eppi` df xace ,zixehqid zelirtl mipin`nd
cigid oin`nd iptl jxc deezn ,z`f znerl ,dwihqind .oeyld ly ihpnqd caexa
ipgex mleqa ecal zelrzdle ,zixehqidd zegztzdle zivx`d zeìvnl sxer zeptdl
oeyl .dixehqidd ly dizexenze dize`lz lkn abypde oeilrd zedel`d mler l` liaend
z` dyigknd oeyl ,zih`tet` zeidl èt` dleki zihqind dieegde zihqind jxcd
,zebidpnd oexwr aiaq zaaeq zeigiynd 26.dbivn dnvr ìdy xqnd z` zlleye dnvr
ly dzrted xexia dperh jk meyn 27.zipeyl divwipenew miyxec mibdpene bidpn iqgie
,oeyld ly zeidelà dienq dpenà ef dqitz dxywp mixwn dnka .dgekn zeyep`l ietvd dnlyd
.zipnxbd oeyll dpey`xae y`xa dqgeiy
ditxbeilaia mye ,130-108 ,86-31 'nr ,(15 dxrd lirl) dyecwd lr ,oc : e`x ,hexita jk lr 26
.df `yepa mipexg` mixwgna oeice
da dkexk okle ,dcrd l` ìapd ly zixehqid zegily dgipnd ,dèapd mb zkiiy df zertez beql 27
dxardl ozip idel`d xqnd ike ,egilyl l`d oia zihpleeian` izla divwipenew dniew ik dgpdd
zixewnd dqitzd iabl z`f .dwihqinl dèap oia dlicand ìd ef dpekz .oeyld zervnà xeaivl
,dzryl zn`k `le zigvp zn`k dèapd ixac eyxtzpy dryn .zi`xwnd dqitzd ,dèapd ly
ziaihwipenewd zernynd z` elhia hrnky ,miyexit ly iteqpi` xtqnl mixryd egztp
`xwnde) dèapd ixacl dycg ziaihwipenew zeiaihnxep dxvep ,z`f znerl ,zexvpa .zipey`xd
iielib ly divxebitdxte dèap ,ezxeze elxeb ,eyi ly ezrted ofkxnay zeèap dl` : (llka
eqtzpy miweqtd .`xwnd zpad iabl zexvpl zecdid oia dwenrd dpadi`d o`kn .dycgd zixad
[ 37 ]
16 ]
oc sqei
dgek z` ellyy mibega `weec dxyr rayde dxyr yyd ze`na dtixgd zeihqìlikd
.zxaecnd oeyld ly iaihwipenewd
c
ly ezxnd zeawra ,i`zayd xaynl zibelp` jxca dèeydxa il d`xpy rxe`nd
sexiv did df .1620 xanaepa 8a ,b`xt cil ,oald xdd lr 'did `ly axwd' èd ,giynd
`l rxe`n ici lr rxkedy ,zeizczeipgexe zeine`l ,zeihilet zeaiqp ly ce`n xicp
zebidpnd ciwtzl xgapy yi`d ly xrxrne riztn ,xfen dyrn ,xaqen `le ietv
ici lr hexita exwgp mixacd .hpihltdn iyingd jixcixt èd ,dpeilrd zigiynd
alya ,dtexi` ly dizecleza zeaiygax rxe`na xaecn oky ,mitexi`d mipeixehqidd
ly ef zcgein ze`x zcewpn mixacd zbvd oldl 28.dpyd miyely zngln ly oey`xd
xzei miwenr mitzeyn zeceqi eid m` wecap okn xg`le ,zi`zayd drtezl dibelp`d
.df rxe`na ecwnzdy zeixvepde zeicedid zeipqxdd zertezd oia
d`nd ly miigiynd miaikxnde miaizpd etxhvp eay ,ixehqidde i`ci`d znevd
zeigiynd ly dzegztzd lr dritydy zifkxnd drtezd z` cgi exvie dxyr yyd
z` jetdl ixehqidd oeiqipd did ,dxyr rayd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna zitexi`d
cqenl ,okl mcew dpy ze`n dpeny lecbd lxw ly eceqiin ,dyecwd zinexd zexqiwd
zexqiwd .okl mcew dpy d`n lgdy ycgd ocird ly epegvip z` `hal jkae ,ihphqhext
dti`y dziid `l .yeaikl ozipk did d`xpy cigid ine`lpiad ilezwd cqend dziid
`le dzxkdle
dcnydl crepy ,hqixkihp`d ly efern ,owizeed z` yeakl zihphqhext

ly mlyd dpegvip z` `han xacd did zihphqhext zexqiwd dzyrp eli` .dtlgdl
d`na zexvpd ici lr zinexd zexqiwd yeaikl liawnd rxe`n ,dtexià dycgd drepzd
dit lry dqitzd ìdy ,zcd z` raewd èd uxà hilyd ditl xy` dqitzd .ziriaxd
drepzd ly dziy`x f`n mipyd d`na zeihphqhextl zeilezwd oia dtexi` dwleg
dìad ,(ef dqitzl iehia md ecvl xqiwd z` jeynl xzel ly mipype mixfegd eizepeiqip)
cakpde wizeed ipehlyd cqend y`xa ihphqhext xqiw ly ezcnrd miax ipiray jkl
zelra ,zeycgd zerepzde xikad dcnrnn dcxi zeilezwdy dzernyn dtexià xzeia
icind caexd : miixwir micax ipy mi`hank zexvpa eqtzp ,zeiernyn seqoi` miliknk zecdia
.miiaihwipenew mdipy ,iaihxebitdxtd caexde
N. M. Sutherland, The Origins of the Thirty : lynl e`x .ce`n cr dagx df `yepa zextqd 28
Years War and the Str ucture of European Politics, The English Historical Review, 107
J. V. : ik'vd xwegd ly extqa ahid bven drwxe dnglnd ly ixehqid mekiq .(1992), pp. 587-630
Polisensky, The Thirty Years War, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1971
[ 38 ]
[ 17
dziid ef dqitz .dllka dtexià zipgexd zeìvnd z` zeraewd od od ,igiynd ite`d

zexyt `ll dnglnd o`kne ,milezwd lr mb `l` mihphqhextd lr wx `l zlaewn
dcaerd .dfd oeiqipd cbpk ,ztxve cxtq oy`xae ,zeilezwd zenvrnd efixkdy
dnbt `l ,mincew zexecay efn dzegt dzrtyde ,ax onf df dcixia d`vnp zexqiwdy
megzl wx jiiy eppi` oecpd rxe`nd jk meyn .df oirn byid ly izpbtdde ilnqd jxra
zeybpzdd .ef dtewza xzeia aeygd ihtilwet`d cnnd lra rexi`d èd `l` ,ihiletd
ihp`d minxebl miigiynd minxebd oia lecbd axwd èt` ìd 'sxegd jln' aiaq
yyd d`na eyabzdy miigiynd zeceqid lk iehia icil eà df axwa .dtexià miigiyn
rayd d`na zeihqìlikd zerepzd ly ozegztzd jyndl miqetcd erawpe ,dxyr
.dxyr
d`nd ziy`x ly ihiletd lrtnd ,zexqiwd itlk xzel ly dielbd zeipicnl cebipa
zezike miihilet zegek ly xyw zpigaa ,i`yga lecbd ewlga ldpzd dxyr rayd
zigiyn oirnd zencd .oexg`d rbxd cr mznifn z` xizqdl eqip ea mitzzyndy zeizc
ly dhily ,hpihltd on iyingd jixcixt jiqpd xen`k did xywd mwxp daiaqy
29
.xqiwk ezfxkd z`xwl crvk b`xta dindea zekln qkl cnrenk avedy ,bxalciid
dlrna oey`x izeaxz fkxn xeza ,dtewz dzeà ipgexd megza bxalciid ly dzeifkxn
ezecnrenl rixknd mxebd dziid ,zexzqpe zeielb zeigiyn zezik ly zelirtd cwene
dklnd - ezy` did jixcixt ly ixwird ihiletd qkpd mle` .df ciwtzl jixcixt ly
zicb`d dklnd ly dny z` d`ypy ,oey`xd qnii'b ,dilbp` jln ly eza 30,zafil`
dxaby ef ,zixwird zihphqhextd dnvrnd dziid dilbp` .dpey`xd zafil` ,hrnk
zafil` ly zeklnd xvg .zeilezwd fern ,cxtq lr jk lk zihnxc dxeva zncewd d`na
ly ef dziid da zhlead zencdy 31,zigiyn zipgex zelirt ly cwen dziid dpey`xd
zextq dxyr rayd d`nd f`n ciled dindeaa jelnl ely ltpd oeiqipe hpihltd xver ly ezenc 29
E. A. Beller, Caricatures of the : lynl e`x .cere xeiv ,zxetiq ,dnxc ,dxiy zeaxl ,dxiyr
Winter King of Bohemia, London 1928; G. P. R. James, Heidelberg: A Romance, New York
G. Lorenz : e`x ,dkeza iyingd jixcixt ly ecnrne ef dyxt ly miixehqidd minekiqd oia .1946
(ed.), Quellen zur Vorgeschichte und zu den Anfangen
des Dreissigjahrigen
Krieges
(Ausgewahlte
Quellen zur deutchen Geschichte der Neuzeit, 19), Darmstadt 1991
C. Oman, Elizabeth of Bohemia, : e`x ,ef dniyxn zenc ly diig lr zeixwird zeitxbepend oia
London 1938; J. Gorst-Williams, Elizabeth: The Winter Queen, London 1978; M.
Lemberg, Eine Konigin
ohne Reich: Das Leben der Winterkanigin
Elizabeth Stuart,
Marburg 1996; J. Rose, The Winter Queen: The Story of Elizabeth Stuart, New York 1979;
.Mary A. E. Green, Elizabeth, Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia, London 1909
E. Benger, : e`x ,zncewd d`na mikxk ipya xe`l e`vi dindean zafil` ly dizepexkife dipnei
Memoirs of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, London 1825
30
zxeqnd ly diyxey oial dpey`xd zafil` ly dxvg oia xeyiwd èd ef dqiqzl miiehiad cg` 31
[ 39 ]
18 ]
oc sqei
d`nd ly diipyd zivgna xzeia lebcd i`wihnznde i`nikl`d ,belexhq`d ,ic oe'b
on enler zqitz z` a`y ic oe'b .zeigiynd eizepen` lr xq`pe scxp s`y ,dxyr yyd
yngd d`nd seqa dvpxit zlekq` ly miilawde miihnxdd ,miipehlt`d zexewnd
izan mihqipnedd ly mzpyn zxarda miixwird minxebd cg` ea ze`xl ozipe ,dxyr
day ,dipnxbae dilbpà ihphqhextd megzl dlecpxin dlc ewite epi'vit ly yxcnd
itly) dlezad dklnd ly dxvga zigiynd dqiqzd jeza alzyd èd .miax zerqn jxr
edfgna cegiiae ,xitqwiiy mìlie ly eizexivia mb mixkip dizeawr ,mixweg zrc
yniy ic oe'b .(o`k mipecpd mirexi`d ly mzevxtzdl jenq azkpy ,'dxrqd' ,oexg`d
ibed l` dlawde mfihnxdd mr miigiyn zeceqi zealynd mlerd zeqitz zxardl xepiv
ly dixvei ly oey`xd xeca .dtexi` ly dfkxna - mi`wihiletde - zercd
z` ezxeza bfiny ,c`lt hxaex ilbp`d ly ezenc cgeina zhlea zEipìqExwifFxd
32
.dtexià drepzd dqqazd odilry zeipnxbd dl` mr zeilbp`d zexeqnd
zizc zeplaeq ly fkxn dxyr yyd d`nd seqa dyniy ipyd slecex ly b`xt
zeaxl ,zixhef`d daygnde rcnd inegza zeycg zenbn ly ozgixt z` dxyt`y
,dinepexhq`d xwga jxc zevixt da eid ,mipkeze rcn iyp` da efkxzd .igiynd oeeikd
xvga ax ceakl ekfy milèhwlhpi`de ,diniklè dib`n ,mixtq itqeè zeixtq
.dipnxba oaenk cgeinae ,dtexi` iwlg xzia mdixag mr miwenr mixyw exyw zeklnd
zeplaeqd zxieeà mialzyn mixacde ,daxd azkp slecex mr l"xdn ly eiqgi lr
dxivil ixwird qiqad did b`xt-bxalciid-oecpel xivd ik xnel ozip .b`xta dxxyy
ezernyn lry) oexh`zd ,mfihnxdd ,dlawd ,rcnd ,dib`nd ly mialeynd minegza
dibelexhq`d ,dinepexhq`d ,(33qhii qqpxt dagxda dcnr df xywda zcgeind
xitqwiiy mìlie ly eizefgna mb ,mixweg dnk zrcl ,`hazdy xeyiw ,zipìqExwifFxd
W. F. C. Wingston, Bacon, : lynl e`x .dtewzd ipa ly zeizextqde zeipeird mdizexiviae
Secret Shakespearean- : qxhpewd eeyd .Shakespeare and the Rosicrucians, London 1888
Seals: Revelations of Rosicrucian Arcana, Discoveries in the Shakespearean Plays... by
Fratres Roseae Cr ucis, Nottinghan 1916; M. Bennel, Shakespeares Flowering of the
elld mixacd aex .Spirit, edited and completed by I. Wyatt, East Grinstead, Sussex 1971
ly eizefgna dzlib (33 dxrda ,oldl oievnd dxtqa) qhii qqpxt mb mle` ,dcb` ixac md
.miigiyne miipìqExwifFx zeceqi xitqwiiy
: e`xe ; Philosophia Moysaica èd ,zeixar zexeqn lr zeqqazd mb liknd ,c`lt ly ixwird extq 32
Mosaical Philosophy: Grounded upon the Essential Truth of Eternal Sapience, written first in
: epiir jk lr .Latin and afterwards thus rendered into English by Robert Fludd, London 1659
J. Godwin, Robert Fludd: Hermetic Philosopher and Surveyor of Two Worlds, Boulder and
New York 1979; J. B. Craven, Doctor Robert Fludd: The English Rosicrucian: Life and
Writings, Kirkwall 1902
F. A. Yates, The Art of Memory, New York 1970
[ 40 ]
33
[ 19
dpwn epi'vit gqep zeipehlt`de ,olek y`xa znieqn dcina dwihnznde ,dinikl`de
dktde ,micwz zxqg dgixtl ditehe`d dzkf dl` zeaiaqa .mixacl ziteqelit zxbqn
.zeigiynd zeitivd ly ixwir iehia ilkl
cg` ifkxn ipeirx mxeba dverp ,zigiynd dzernyn gezipe ,ef drtez ly dzpad
l` ilèhwlhpi`de ipgexd megzd on oixwne cgi zepeyd zepiltivqicd z` cklnd
.qenqewexwnde qenqewexwind zecg` ,zinqewd dipenxdd zqitz : ihiletd megzd
,dkenp dnvera ik m` ,dvted ìde ,dvpxit zlekqà ewvep dizeceqiy ,ef dxez
dxyr yyd d`nd jyna xzeia zvxnp zegztzdl dzkf ,oilkiex ly eiazka dipnxba
,mfihnxd ly aeliy dxyt`y
ìd ef dxez .dxyr rayd d`na dìyl dribd dzrtyde
ocegi`l dnxbe ,mircnd xzie dinik ,dibelexhq` ,dinepexhq` mr cgi ,dib`ne dlaw
ly dzedne dpicnd ly dzedn ,egexe mc`d ly ezedn zpad mr dl` zepiltivqic ly
icaex lke zeìvnd icaex lk z` ze`xl xyt`y
mxebd ìd ìd zinqewd dipenxdd .zcd
dribnd ,zg` dywn zpiga ,dycgde dpyid zrcd lke mc`d gex ly mihaidd lk ,rcid
mixeegn mpi` dihxt lky ,dxfen dxeva .dzpad ievin llkl - igiynd ocira - dzr
j` ,d`xap `le dziid `ly okziiy mixzq zk mr ef zinqew zecg` dzdef ,meik epl
34
,zEipìqExwifFxd - ce`n dax dziid cg`k miihiletde miipgexd mirexi`d lr dzrtyd
,ic oe'b ly ezpyn ,(mixvn oca` lr dpiwd) mfihnxd ly wecde izn` aeliy deednd
zalynd zpeekne zrcen zeixhef` mr cgi ,rcnde zeipehlt`d ,'dxivi xtq'e dlawd
dcb`d .zihilet dnifne ,zib`n zleki ,zilèhwlhpi` zilir ly dzexzzqd dkeza
dycg dwixhef` dax dnvera ztwyn mi`xpizlamièx mipìqExwifFxd zeid xaca
z` lvipe ,1620a micxtqde miztxvd ici lr b`xt yeaika liigk szzydy ,hxwc) .ef
jilndl oeiqipl zEipìqExwifFxd ly dziy`x oia wecdd xywd zii`xe ,df `yepl dycgd dyibd 34
qhii qqpxt ici lr dagxdae zexidaa d`hea ,zexqiwd lre dindea lr iyingd jixcixt z`
F. A. Yates, The Rosicrucian Enlightenment, London and : mday ixwirdy ,miax mixeaiga
zitexi`d daygnd zeclez lr dzrtyde zEipìqExwifFxd lr mixg` mixwgn .New York 1972
Ch. McIntosh, The Rosicrucians: The History, Mythology : lynl e`x ,dxyr rayd d`nd f`n
and Rituals of an Esoteric Order, York Beach, Maine 1997; idem, The Rose Cross and the
Age of Reason: Eighteenth-Century Rosicrucianism in Central Europe and Its Relationship
to the Enlightenment, Leiden 1992; W. E. Peuckert, Die Rosenkreuzer: Zur Geschichte einer
; (1973 oilxa ,onxniv oìhqixk z`n èan sexiva dycg dxecdn) Reformation, Jena 1928
R. Edighoffer, Rose-Croix et societe
ideal
selon Johann Valentin Andreae, preface by A.
Faivre, Neuilly s/Seine 1982-1987; M. Roberts, The Fiction of the Brotherhood of the Rosy
Cross, London and New York 1990; P. Villard, Histoires et portraits de rose-croix, note
bibliographique F. Secret, Milano 1987; G. Wehr, Christian Rosenkreuz: Urbild und
Inspiration neuzeitlicher Esoteric, Freiburg im Breisgau 1980; J. P. Bayard, La symbolique
de la Rose Croix, Paris 1975
[ 41 ]
20 ]
oc sqei
zkl zekiizyda qixtl eaey mr cygp ,mipey minegza micenill dtexi` fkxna ezedy
(35.ef dreny yigkdle d`xp ezeid z` oibtdl ,qixt ipilwxh oia aeql ul`p jk meyn .ef
èai dilbp` jln ik dpen`d lre ,dilbp` ly dgek lr xwira jnzqd ihiletd xywd
did d`xp .b`xta dkelnd `qik lr dlra dlryk dindea lr dklnedy ,eza zxfrl
mr zixaa ,dnvr dindea ly ,hpihltd aiaq miax mipnxb mikiqp ly szeyn geky
dnwed `l mlern .zeilezwd zenvrnd lye zexqiwd ly ogek cbpk cenrl lkei ,dilbp`
eelpy zeigiynd zeyegzdy `lt oiè ,dniyxn dk zihphqhext zihilet divilèw
`hazdy ,xywd ly mlyde xidnd oaxegd ,z`f znerl .zkl zewigxn eid dil`
dafk` zpiga did ,jixcixt ly ezekln ly micg` miyceg xg`l b`xt ly dyeaika
ezxndl zipgex dpigan dliawdl mewn yie ,zixyt` izlak dqtzpy ,dwenr zigiyn
epnn xcrpy meyn - ze`zaya enk - cegiia ,ce`n cr wenr did refrfd .iav izay ly
'myd yeciw' did `l .zecdil od zexvpl od jk lk xwid ,ixihxnd ceqid leke lekn
jixcixt .iav izay ly ezxnda dfk ceqi did `ly myk ,iyingd jixcixt ly ezltna
dqeazd xg`l zehrn mipy xhtpy hilt ,zexehwixwl `yep ,diefa zencl did
,dizeixtqe dizepnx` oca` ,bxalciid lr micxtqd eìady oaxegde qxdd .dxitgnd
dxfr dhiyed `ly ,dilbp` ly dzciba .ipgexd xeyinae ihiletd xeyina axev oeq` did
oi` .dqeazd on zeièxd ly cnn lk drpne ,ce`n cr daxv ,Dkln ly eza ,zafil`l
drtezd dziid ,mixyewd on miax da miiexy eid `linny ,zxzgnl dcixidy `lt
,ze`zaya enk ,mle` .dxndd xg`ly ze`zayl liawna dax dcina ,zywaznd
mincd ugxn mbe ,dfebp `l df igiynihilet xywa diehia z` d`vny zipgexd dnverd
,miigiynd minxfd z` wipgd `l ef dltn zeawra ày ,dpyd miyely zngln ly `xepd
.xzqa lertl etiqed mde
dklnd dpkzyd eay ,b`da oenx`d ,wtq ila ,did ef zelirt ly micwend cg`
dziid dklnd .zeàd mipyd zexyra ipgex fkxn yniy xy` ,dindean zafil` dhiltd
,dpenx`n micg` oilin wgxna .mipnè mipwixhef` ,miteqelite rcn iyp`l zipexht
xvgd dcnr xwira j` ,my xwia hqilpeivxd hxwc .eizexivi z` xinxe xvi ,htlca
.dtewzd ly zeihqìlikd ly di`yep x`ye mipìqExwifFxd ,mipwihnxdd ly mpniqa
,dtexi` ly dfkxna mikxc znev lr avip b`da dindean zafil` dklnd ly dpenx`
lr dxaby ,zièxdd ,zihphqhextd cpledl dxia dnztewz dyniyy ,htlc mr cgi
zeiekiqple cg` cvn oecpell dzaxw .zihphqhextd dtexi` ly daild dzyrpe cxtq
T. J. Reiss, Descartes, the Palatinate and the : e`x ,dllka ef dyxtl hxwc ly eqgi lr
Thirty Years War: Political Theory and Political Practice, Yale French Studies, 80 (1990),
dide ,diceeye cpled ,dipnxba miyiè zerc ibed mr mixyw lr xenyl siqed hxwc .pp. 108-140
.b`da dzelba dindean zafil` dklnd ly dzia iàn
[ 42 ]
35
[ 21
zgixt .dlrna oey`x ipgex cwenl mewnd z` dktd xg` cvn zeaeygd zeipnxbd
mfipnedd ly zyxeide dkiynnd ly cnrna dze` daivd cpleda rcnde zepn`d
lr xac epl reci `l .(zexec iptln qenqx` ly ezxwei zekfa cegiia) xe`pd iwlhi`d
znevd jezn dgnvy xzeia daeygd mixzqd zkl b`d oia ,ef dnecw dtewza ,xyw
.miiytegd mipead ,dxyr rayd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgnd ly ircnde izcde ipeirxd
dktdnd rwx lr ,1640 zpy aiaq oecpeln zeà ef zk ly dneiw lr zepey`xd epizerici
zericid xak mle` ,jinq ltxra dhel ef zk ly dziy`x .leenexw ly zipwilaetxd
mre ,zeilawde zeihnxdd zexeqnd mr ,zEipìqExwifFxd mr dze` zexyew zepey`xd
dneca .zibelexhqè zinikl` ,zilawe zib`n dwileaniq ly zaexrza yeniy
dpen`d zehytzd ,cg`k mii`ne dztn jxrn mixzqd zeceb` exvi o`k mb ,ze`zayl
z` dcgi` zinqewd dipenxdd ly dxezde ,xzqpd ly oegxwd dvw `l` eppi` dlbpdy
dxywpy ,zixltnhd mixzqd zk lr dcb`d on zeceqi mb o`k ealzyd .micaxd lk
.jlede hytznd ienica eaxrzd miipxzge miipqxd zeceqi mb j` ,miihqìlik zepeifga
zngln xg`l ,dtexià miagxp minegz èt` eid miievn dxyr rayd d`nd rvnà
ly dtixg dxieeà eigy ,(epizecleza g"z zexfbl onfa liawn dneiqy) dpyd miyely
ytege ycg ocir - enre ,zeìvnd icaex lka xkip mxh èd m` s` ,ribdy igiyn ocir
.ziyep`d gexl ycg
d
zeiernynd izy oia dpgada wiicl yie irnynec èd 'dlaw' byend ,o`k oecpd xywda
zixard dlawd ly ,ibyende ipeirxd ,ipgexd dnler .drtezd z` migzpny drya
zigiynd dqiqza wlg milhepd lk hrnk .ef zkqna xiyi ciwtz mey `lnn eppi`
mdinebxzn - ipyn ilkn elaiwy miilaw zepeirxe mibyena eynzyd z`fd dtixgd
ieez z` laiw zixvepd dlawd ly dnler .df `yepa mincewd zexecd ipa ly mdipeicne
mixeyrd ipyae dxyr yngd d`nd ly mipexg`d mixeyrd ipya ely miixwird xkidd
xii`n odei ,c`lt hxaex ,ic oe'b ly mdiazka dlawd .dxyr yyd d`nd ly mipey`xd
mr dxiyi dyibt ixt dppi` dìxcp` oihple qpdei ly miipìqExwifFxd mihqwhae
diipyd zivgna mixvepd mibedl drcepy itk ,zixvepd dlawd eliè .zixard dlawd
dlawd on ixnbl dpey drtez ìd ,dxyr rayd d`nd ziy`xe dxyr yyd d`nd ly
`le ,zexvpd ikxev lr miperd mibyen lr dqqazde zepekzna dyabzp ìde ,zixard
.zecdid
dlekq`d ly zeib`nde zeihnxdd zexeqnd mr wecd aeliy dalzyd zixvepd dlawd
yyd ze`nd zvexna dktde ,dxyr yngd d`nd ly diipyd zivgnd ly zipihpxeltd
[ 43 ]
22 ]
oc sqei
bedpy zeveawe minxf ,zepeirx ly ztreqnd zkqnd on wlgl dxyr rayde dxyr
zveaw ici lr cegiia meik mixwgp ef drtez ly dipeit` 36.dwixhef` mya meik dzepkl
zixvepd dlawd dcai` ef zealzyda 37.xaiit oèhp` dy`xae qixta dfkxny mixweg
zeìvnd zqitza mixeywd zeceqid da eybced z`f zgze ,miihqind dipiit`nn miax
,zeidel`d zertezd lk z` zcg`nd zxzqpd zn`d zii`xae ,zipenxd zkxrnk
diteqelitle dlawl ,dib`nle dwihnxdl ztzeyn zn`k zeinqewde zeiyep`d
zexeqne ,miixvnd mitilbexiidde dinikl`d ,dibelexhq`de dwihnznd ,zi`xebzitd
mipead ly milèhixde 38,uiexwpfex oìhqixkl miqgeind miazkd oebk ,zeycg
zertezd lk ly oceqia zcnerde dl` lk z` zcg`nd zinqewd dipenxdd 39.miiytegd
zexeqnn miipteg èln ea`y dixveie ,zitexi`d dwixhef`d ly gixand oeirxl dktd
,dl` zeqitz ly miiwlhi`d miyxeya cer ewvep odn zeaxy ,zeilaw eli`k e` zeilaw
De harmonia mundi ,ixwird extqe i'bxe'b ewq'vpxt ly cgeind ipgexd enlera oebk
40
.1525 zpya xe`l `viy ,totius
J. Dan , Christian Kabbalah: From Mysticism to Esotericism, in: : epiir ,ef zealzyd lr
A. Faivre and W. J. Hanegraaff (eds.), Western Esotericism and the Science of Religion,
Leuven 1998, pp. 117-130
36
xwg ly dibelepinxhd lr oeice s`xbip`d ly zipexwr dncwd zncewd dxrda xkfpd uaewa e`x 37
A. Faivre and K. C. Voss, Western Esotericism : e`x oke .(10-1 'nr) xaiit z`n dwixhef`d
and the Science of Religions: Survey Article, Numen, 42 (1995), pp. 48-77; A. Faivre,
Access to Western Esotericism, Albany, NY 1993; W. J. Hanegraaff, Empirical Method
in the Study of Esotericism, in: Method and Theory in the Study of Religion, New York
and Berlin 1995, pp. 99-129
eazkpy ,zEipìqExwifFxd ly mipey`xd mihqtipnd zyely ly ilbp` mebxz dqitcd qhii qqpxt 38
exwgp oexg`d xeca .(34 dxrd y`x lirl) drepzd lr dxtql migtqpk ,dìxcp` qpdei ici lr
R. van Dulman, Fama : lynl e`x .xe` e`x mdly zeircn zexecdn dnke hexita dl` mihqwh
fraternitatis (1614), Confessio fraternitatis (1615), Chymische Hochzeit: Christiani
Rosencreutz, Anno 1459, Stuttgart 1973; idem, Rosenkreuzerischer Manifeste,
Schafhausen (Switzerland) 1980; S. W. Beeler, The Invisible College: A Study of the Three
Original Rosicrucian Texts, New York 1991
miiytegd mipead xcqn ly eziy`x oial zFipìqExwifFxd zexeqnd oia zernyndaxe xiyid xywd 39
,ixehqidd xwgnde ,elld zezikd izy ly zexeqna ahid ybced df xyw .wtqa cer lhen eppi`
M. P. Hall, An Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic, : e`x .mixacd z` xy`n ,df dxwna
Cabbalistic and Rosicrucian Symbolical Philosophy5, San Francisco 1928; H. Reinalter,
Aufklarung
und Geheimgesellschaften: Freimaurer, Illuminaten und Rosen- kreuzer,

Bayreuth 1992; F. de Paula Castells, Our Ancient Brethren: The Originators of
zebvdd zg` .Freemasonry: An Introduction to the History of Rosicrucianism, St. Lewis 1932
A. Knigge, Uber
Jesuiten, Freymaurer und : lv` èvnl ozip ef dibeq ly zepey`xd zehxetnd
deutsche Rosenerkreutzer, Leipzig 1781
D. P. Walker, Spiritual and Demonic Magic from : lynl e`x ,ezpyn ly miixard miyxeyd lr 40
[ 44 ]
[ 23
hrnk zxcrp zixvepd dlawl qiqa dyniyy zixard dlawd ik yibcdl aeyg eppiiprl
o`k dpecpd dtewza miixvep milkl dwvep mxh i"x`d zlaw .miigiyn zeceqi ixnbl
ly diipyd zivgna xwira mixgè hpenldoe ly eiazka - dxcg xy`ke ,(1666 iptl)
miircnde miipebenqewd zeceqid zipihld daygnd mlerl exar - dxyr rayd d`nd
dlawd dwpiy ifkxnd byend èd mevnvd byen .miigiynd zeceqid `le ,ef dxez ly
zrbep ef dyxt ,xen`k ,mle` .oewizd byen `le ,i"x`d zlawn zxge`nd zixvepd
zipgexd zeìvnd ly aikxn deedn ìd oiè ,iav izay ly ezxnd xg`ly dtewzl
.o`k zexèznd zeigiynd zerteza
e
z` dpexg`d zra yibcn dizegely lye ze`zayd ly dizexezae dizecleza xwgnd
zexigd ik wtq oi` .giynd ziieeg ly iybxd mwxna zernyndax ihex`d ceqid
ly milerp mixry gzt ,ze`zayd eze` dxiivy itk ,igiynd ocird xyiay dycgd
zezeara mze` dztk zexecdzax zizcd zxeqndy mixac ghyd ipt l` dlrde mixvi
zi`zayd zebidpnde izfrd ozp ,envr iav izay lr od milg mixacd .ytpd zeinipta
ceqid lr 42.dnpecd zk ly zizcd dxiya oebk ,zei`zayd zezikd lr od 41,dizexecl
ihppinec mxeb deeid èdy wtq oiè ,daxd azkp zihqiwp`xtd zexigdziieega ihex`d
awri ly - ezeiyiàe - ezpyna mb d`xpke ,mipaxd ibega mihqiwp`xtd itlk daià
.envr wp`xt
ziieeg ik oeayga zgwl epilr dzrtedl encwy zexeca ze`zayl rwxd zwicaa
ze`na dtexià ipgexd mlera ifkxn mxeb eid ihex`d megza dizeklyde ef oirn zexig
,wdaen ihex` cnn llk zeihphqhextd dgzty ycgd ocird .dxyr rayde dxyr yyd
dwvende dielbd dcaerd .jxevd ic eyibcdl dhp `l zexec dnk jyna xwgndy
megza dywepe dtiwz zrnyn miyxecd mipeeika dgztzd dllka zEihphqhextdy
zipctwk dqtzp llk jxcae ,dxyr ryzde dxyr dpenyd ze`na cegiia ,ihex`d
dielbd dcaerd z` dax dcina dyhyh - zEilezwd on xzei s` df megza zipxnye
od milg mixacd .divnxetxd ly dziy`xa mixacd ipt eid jk `ly ,ìd s` dwvende
Ficino to Campanella, London 1958, pp. 112-119; G. Busi, Francesco Zorzi: A Methodical
Dreamer, in: J. Dan (ed.), The Christian Kabbalah, Cambridge, MA 1997, pp. 97-125; Ch.
Wirszubski, Francesco Giorgios Commentary on Giovanni Picos Kabbalistic Theses,
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 37 (1974), pp. 145-156
.a"pyz zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,xehwec zcear ,'izfrd ozp iazka dpen`d ceq' ,miiwl` '` : e`x 41
lr ,x`yd oia ,qqazne ,dnpecd zk ly dnlera ihex`d ceqid lr hxetn xwgn dzr oikn iy il` 42
.ef zk ly zegayzde zexiyd uaew ly mqxtzp `ly wlgd
[ 45 ]
24 ]
oc sqei
fkxn aiaq exvepy zezikd lr od ,ihphqhextd mlera ,mipeznd ,miifkxnd minxfd lr

.mihqihtap`d ibega cegiia ,df
,xzel ly ezpyn dbivdy miixwird miyecigd on miipy ly mzeaiyga mifbdl dyw
mixnk ièyip zxzd : zeihphqhextd ly dinxf lk ici lr oixxer `ll elawzp xyè
cqen z` zeihphqhextd dlhia dl` mr cgi .oièyipd on hpnxwq ly cnrnd zrwtde
ihex`d ceqid ly ecnrn ly oihelgl dycg dqitz eaiig dl` zeriaw izy .zexifpd
`ll oehly oda ehly zeilezwd zeqitzdy mipy sl`n dlrnl xg`l ,mc`d iiga
miyp mi`yepd xaryl mixifp maiaq e`x dxyr yyd d`na dtexià miigd .mixvn
cqen zeidl wqt oièyipd cqen .miyxbzne mi`yipd xaryl mixnk ,micli micilene
dinbilet'k mizrl xcbedy xac - dgeexl gztp oiyexibd gzte miigd lkl reaw
zyegz z` dxiabd mbe d`hia mb ìde ,dlrna dpey`x zipin dktdn dziid ef .'zizxcq
ìd 'mixeqi` xizn jexa' .ef dtewza dtexi` z` dthyy ,dycgd zexigd ,ycgd ocird
zeqga wnepn yteg eipin`nl dpwd èd .xzel oihxn l` dpeekl did ozip i`ceeay dkxa
ceqil eaygp xyè dtexi` lr dztk zeilezwdy xzeia mixengd mixeqi`d on zidel`
.xerxr mdilr oi`y zizxagde zizcd dieedd ly cqen
did ozip `l - miaxd dipeebn cg` lka - zipxzeld mlerd zqitz ea dhlyy mlera
eitl xy` ,ytpe seb ly ipeviwd mfilècd on raepd oeilrd l`ci`d z` cer miiwl
.ihex`d xvid ly dpey`xae y`xa ,sebd ly eiekica gxkda dkexk ytpd zelrzd
jkae ,dxenb zipin zeyixt mr zizcd dlrnd z` zexvpd dzdif mipy sl`n dlrnl
,dxyt oirnk eqtzp oièyipd .zizcd zenlyl cbepnd ahewa zeipind z` dcinrd
mipzip mpi`y miigvp mièyip mdy i`pza wxe ,hpnxwqd ly ezeqga wx zxzend
z` cinrd xzel ici lr elek df lelkn ly elehia .(hpnxwq ly ezednn raepk) wexitl
zxqde iaeig jxrk diiaxe diixtd cecire ,zizcd zeìvna aeliy ly cnrna dwihex`d
,ilezwd mlera avnl cebipa .envr lyn ziaeig zernyn el epwd oiyexib lr xeqi`d
zxqdl sqep reiq driiq jkae ,zeyexbe zepnl` ièyip ccerl dbdp zeihphqhextd
md ,mtebl dl`d mixacd ly mzeaiyg lk mr .oièyipd iabl zeinrtcgd oexwr
wecal ytegle ,dycg zizc dqitzl ,dycg zeìvnl iehia zpiga zegt `l miaeyg
eribd .xzeia miietke miienq eidy minegza s` ,mipyi zepexwr zilwicx dwica ycgn
oièyip miiwl dqd zpicn ly jiqpd icia eriiq eiknezn dnke xzely jk icil mixacd
uegny miipin miqgi lr oièyipd cqen ztcrd ,znieqn dcina ,dziid ef) miinbia
.(oièyipl
on od dpefipy ,`xwnd ly ,zilxhild ,dycgd dqitzl rcep ef zxbqna cakp ciwtz
.xzel ly ycgd ipnxbd mebxzd z` dtt`y dlidd on od zilezwd zepyxtl dai`d
zeixyt` zeieqgiizd ly ycg oeebn ebivd ,mheytk epaedy dryn ,`xwnd ixetiq
[ 46 ]
[ 25
eywiay drya mda riizqdl did ozipy miycg miienice zeienc oke ,ihex`d megzl
avnd did dpey eay cnn oeayga zgwl yi ,z`f znerl .ihex`d megza ilwicx yecig
megza xqende wegd ly dtik`dzkxrn : zecdia avnd on ihphqhextd ixvepd mlera
ixvepd mlera .l`xyi zelidwa dinyiin iciae dkldd icia dlek dpezp zecdia ihex`d
ici lr mitkpe miwwgpd ,miipelig ,miigxf` miweg mb ihex`d megza miwegd ziaxn eid
miiepiyde ,zililt dxar
mb mixwnd ziaxna dziid zixqen dxar
.dizeieyxe dpicnd
icia driiq ef dcaer .ililtde izxagd megzl ihnehe` oteà exared `l izcd megza
ipxny ite` dl zepwdl j` ,df megza dycg zkxrn xevil ifkxnd ihphqhextd cqnnd
.divnxetxd iptl didyn xingne dywepl mipyd zeaxa jtdy ,oqexne
zeihphqhexta miipeviw minxf ,jk lk zkl zwigxn dktdn ly dnevira ik `lt oi`
egeex ,cg` cvn .zeipxzeld ly ifkxnd cqnnd envrl xizdyn zkl md mb ewigxd
ly 'zivx`'d dqitzd on ,dxnegd cvl ,ehqy zeizEyixte zeihwq` zenbn mdipia
cvn .zyxcpde zlaewnd cinz dxzep zizgtynd zxbqnd ik m` ,xzel rawy zeipind
.zibele`z dwnpd zwnepnd zeipihxail ick cr eribdy zeipxizn zenbn mb egeex ,xg`
,zitehe`d zxbqnd ìd ,df oeic ly epiiprl zrbepd ,jkl zixwird zi`ci`d zxbqnd
zeizcd zeqitzd it lr zil`ci` dxag xiivl oeincl yteg ozip xy`k .dyrnle dkldl
,dpicna e` xira dyrnl dkld ditehe`d z` miwdl zepeiqip eyrp xy`ke ,zeycgd
.ipeirxe izxag utp xneg zxizr zixehqid drtez eyrpe dl` miiee`n evxtzd
ehlyy drya xhqpin xira dinbiletd zxzd ìd ef drtezl zencwend ze`nbecd zg`
did (zipin zepxizn `le) dgtynd ly df ycgn aevir .mihqihtap`d micxend da
dznwdn wlg eid mixacde ,micxend oia dgeexy yekx iabl zilpenewd dqitza aleyn
zixg` zxez ik xnel ozip ,'miihqiwp`xt' mibyena .zenc` ilr zitehe` dxag ly
ixcb .zeipihxail ly `l j` ,zagxen dgtyn ly dqitz dllk dl` micxen ly minid
miypd ly oavn z` owzl ef dxez dà dreci dcina ik mipiivn mixweg .evxtp `l zeixr
.zizgtyn zxbqna oze` lelkl jxevde ,xira zeievn eidy zeaxd zepnl`de zeccead
diexwd ef ,zxg` zihqihtap` dveaw ly dzxeza mixacd ipt md dreci dcina mipey
miiexw md .mixki` xwira dil` ekiizyde miphw mixtk unewa did dqiqay ,'minlegd'
zinipt zexxerzda eiehia z` `vene miny icia xfbp beeif ik epin`dy meyn df mya
xg`n .melg ly dxev mizrl zyaeld zexxerzd ,znieqn dyi` itlk epeeknd mcày
mixacde ,dgtyn iaexwa xaecn did mixwnd aexa ,zexebqe zephw zexaga xaecndy
ef zk ipay eil`n oaen 43.znvnevn zizgtyn dxaga miyp itelig ly ite` e`yp
.iyep`d xvid zexxerzdl idel` ieeiv oia oigadl ozip cvik xiaqdl eywzd
L. Roper, Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Sexuality : e`x ,zexg` zenec zertez lre jk lr
[ 47 ]
43
26 ]
oc sqei
ly dizelgzdl jenqe divnxetxd ly oey`xd xeca enqxtzdy ,dl` ze`nbec izy

megza miaixi ebdp ,miax zexec jyna ,jliè f`ny jkl enxz ,zihqihtap`d drepzd
mr izcd aixid iedify dcaerd mb dtxhvd jkl .zipin zevixta df z` df miy`dl izcd
,cinz dzdef dl` ly mzence ,dtewz dzeà dxby ly dyrn did ohyde hqixkihp`d
dnkqd dziid ik xnel ozip .mixevrn xqg ipin xvi mr ,zepecpd zetewza cgeina j`
ely ezqitz z` ddif mxf lky `l` ,ycg ipin xqen enre ycg ocir ly ezvixt xaca
.hqixkihp`de ohyd ly dl` mr eiaixi ly mdizeqitz zè ,itehe`digiynd ieeivd mr
dyegz exicgd mdipin`ne ,dycg zeipin exyia cg`k ohyde giynd ,jk oiae jk oia
dxnega e` miycg mixzida eiehia z` `vny ,zeìvnd ikkeza wenr iepiy ly dwenr
.ipind megza dycg
zilezwd dtexià llezydy zetyknd civ rwx lr mb df `yep ze`xl èd oice
ly zcnznd ezegkep .dfa df englp dl` zepgn ipyy dtewza cg`k zihphqhextde
llk dzdwd `l ,epin`dy itk ,dpeky lkae xtk lka ,szeynd aie`d dxe`kl ,ohyd
ly dtixgd zihex`d zizyzd xeìza jix`dl jxev oi` .mdipia dai`d ly dvwer z`
,xetq oi` mixwna ceqi eyniy ipin rwx lr zeny`d : ohyde zetyknd zlerta dpen`d
dxic` dibxe` ly xeiv `l` did `l 'zetyknd zay' xaca itexi`d mireeird rezrze
ixteq .eyi ly ezenc aiaq ixvepd qwhd ly dicext zpiga ,ohyd ly ezenc aiaq
mityknd ly dvextd mzebdpzd z` xzeia zixeiv dxeva x`zl eaxd dtewzd
zewihwxta oin icar zpiga ohyd iptl myeniy zè ,'zay'd qwha zetyknde
,mibele`z ly mpeinc ixt did ef 'zay' oiipr lky jka wtq meik oi`y dnec .zexrekn
zxeya 45xtexxeexhe 44odk e`xdy itk ,zeìvna ceqi lk `ll ,mixehifieewpiè mixteq
epeiqip .d`nd ziy`xn (M. A. Murray) iix`n hxbxn ly dzqitza ecxny mixwgn
eay miycg mixwege ,xac dlrd `l dpyid dqitzd z` zeigdl bxeavpib elxw ly
yi ,oeincd ixt ef 'zay' ly dzeid llba `weec j` .mixaca zn` uny oi` ik egikede
`l yi`y jkl eìade ,elld zexeca egeexy miiee`ne miienic ly mvern iehia meyn da
and Religion in Early Modern Europe, London and New York 1994, pp. 82-86 et passim
N. R. C. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millenium, London 1957
H. R. Trevor Roper, The European Witch-Craze of the 16th and 17th Centuries, London
dziidy dqitzd cbpk qenlet èd exwir .miax micdl dkfe zeax minrt f`n qtcp xtqd .1969
cixy seyikd zeid xaca ,iix`n hxbxn ly dixtq zeawra ,d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna dxixy
zecerza xèznd seyikd ly eipiit`n ik giked xtexxeexh .miwizr mipglet ly iniipia ini
zinnr zc dziid `l 'ohyd zc' ike ,jetida miwdaen miixvep md dxyr yyde dxyr yngd ze`ndn
enwy it lr s` .mdly mzc jetidk dzenc z` eaviry mixvep mibele`z ly mz`vnd ixt `l`
rawy ceqid zegpd z` dax dcina miwfgn oexg`d xeyrd on miycg mixwgn ,ef dqitz lr mixxer
.xtexxeexh
[ 48 ]
44
45
[ 27
mihxt zecal mipern zetykne mitykn lr etk mihteye ,mixacd ly mzeznà

wtwt
.xqeind mpeinca dl` mixeìza mitqep
f
jezn erapy miibelehkq`d miiee`nd enxf eay ,zeklyde zernyn ax ,cgein wit`
dl`d minxfd oia hlea lcad ievn jkae ,itehe`d wit`d èd ef daygnzkxrn
miiehiad cg` ditehe`d megza dxivid dzyrp dxyr yngd d`nd f`n .ze`zayl
ly micgein mipiit`n .zexvpd ly dnlera miibelehkq`d zepeifgd ly miwdaend
dnegzn dxwrp ditehe`dy jkl enxb zepexg`d mipyd miyinge d`na itexi`d xwgnd
zecleza cegiiae ,dxagd ircna spr dyrp dxwgne ,ibelehkqìzcd ,ixewnd
zegztzd' exeaiga xy` ,qwxn ly exag ,qlbp` jixcixt cgeina jkl mxz .mfilìveqd
ly odizeclez megza erawe izcd exywdn df `yep riwtd 'rcnl ditehe`n mfilìveqd
dwfig ef dtewza dxagd ircn ly zvxnpd zegztzdd .dxage dlklk ,lynn zehiy
zwigc jez miitehe`d zepeifgay izxagde ihiletd cvd z` ze`xl dnbnd z`
dzgixt mle` 46.mfilìveqd ixyann cg` qexen qnez dyrp jk .miileyl dibelehkq`d
yyd ze`nd ly zeibelehkq`d zeiexxerzdl ax xexiaa ztpeqn zitehe`d dxivid ly
dlc ewit ly eivixrnn did ,ziqlwd 'ditehe`' xagn ,qexen qnez .dxyr rayde dxyr
dqtcpy ,ef ditxbeia .zilbpà ,ipihpxeltd zercd dbed ly ditxbeia azke ,dlecpxin
d`nd ziy`xa ynn epiidc ,okl mcew mipy yng d`xpk dazkp ,1510 zpya dpey`xl
dnqxtzd qexen ly 'ditehe`' 47.ewit ly ezen xg`l mipy xeyr wxe ,dxyr yyd
ly zefzd meqxtle - oilkiexl 'dlawd znkg lr' xeaigd ly ezrtedl jenq ,1516a
qpqpxa ilèhixitqd oewizd zxeqn oia ,iyiè ipiipr ,inipt xyw did ievn .xzel
,zwgexnd dilbpà qexen ly 'ditehe`' azkp eay ipgexd hqwhpewd oial dvpxita
ly mzpenà ze`xl drivd qhii qqpxt .okn xg`l zeihphqhextd z` un`l dcizrd
eyxcn ziaa dxèz ìdy itk ,zihqihnxd dpen` ,mzexvpzd iptl ,ditehe` i`d ipa
ixtq zxbqna milret zixtqa xe`l `vie zixarl ,'ditehe`' ,qexen ly exeaig mbxez lynl jk 46
,ilèny mixt` : zexrde zeèan ,mebxz ,ditehe` ,qexen qnez : e`x .mfilìveqd zecleza ceqi
mfilìveqd zea` ia` ,qexen qnez ly ditehe`d' : milina zgzet dncwdd .1946 diagxn
xtqd z` yicwd xaea .f"yz aia`lz ,diteheà zeaizp ,xaea 'n : e`x ,dèeyd myl .'ipxcend
dwenr ziztn` zeqgiizd eixaca yie ,rcepd ihqilìveqd zercd dbed ,xè`cpl ahqeb ly exkfl
.mincew miitehe` zepeiqipa enbty zeìbyn zrpnp xy` ziveaiwd drepzl
The English Works of Sir Thomas More, vol. I: The Life of John Picus, Earl of Mirandula,. 47
e`xe .W. E. Campbell, A. W. Reed, R. W. Chambers et al. (eds.), London 1931, p. 331
R. W. Chambers, Thomas More, London 1935, pp. 93-94 : hexita
[ 49 ]
28 ]
oc sqei
dziid dkezl ewvep mipey`xd miipìqExwifFxd mihqtipndy zxbqnd .epi'vit ly

i`d ly ziqlwd zpekzna ,wgexn ià dlbzp uiexwpfex ly exawe ,ditehe`d zxbqn
milnq miwewg eaiaqe eilre ,dwenr dxrna `vnp xawd .qexen qnez rawy ditehe`
.mipey mibeqn miixezqn mipniqe miihnzn
dìxcp` oihple qpdei ly mihqtipnl sxhvn oewiia qiqpxt ly 'dycgd qihplh`'
qtcpy ,xeaigd 48.qhii qqpxt dpigady itk ,zipìqExwifFx ditehe`l wdaen iehiak
mcew zeax mipy d`xpk xagzd ,1627a ,oewiia ly ezen xg`l dpy dxenb `l dxivik
ezxbqnay xetiqd .miipìqExwifFxd mihqtipnd ly mneqxt zrtydae jenqa ,okl
dtexh dpitq ly milevipa dyrn èd dycgd qihplh` ly zitehe`d dxagd zxèzn
gxe` zniiwnd zixvep dxag my elibe ,eneiw lr rci `l yi`y zyaidi`d l` eribdy
dzrtyd `ll ,epiidc) mipey`xd mixvepd migilyd ly mz`xydn oixyina ae`yd miig
rci ,rcid zagxdl dnvr z` dyicwnd dxag miniiwn md .(zilezwd diiqpkd ly
aeyiid ly efkxna qqepznd ycwnd .zi`lir zipgex dx`d zpiga mdici lr qtzpd
d"ied my .jlnd dnly ly micea`d eiazk ,x`yd oia ,mi`vnp eae ,'dnly zia' `xwp
qihplh` .ef dxag micgiind mipnnqd on md mda miqegd lr mippebnd miaexkd xeive
jlnl eycwedy ,miipeird eiazka okl mcew raedy oewiia ly epefg z` dniybn dycgd
zpkda szzyd s` oewiia .dindea zkln zafil` ly diaè dilbp` jln oey`xd qnii'b
zeceqie ,miax miihnxd zeceqi .hpihltd on iyingd jixcixtl zafil` oia dpezgd
,zixvepd dlawd icqiine dvpxit ly mihqipnedd ly myxcn zian miilawmiib`n
ipeiqip rcnl dthd xwira da ze`xl did bedpy) oewiia ly zipeird ezxeza miievn
qiqpxt ly ezthdy jka wtwtl dyw 49.mipexg` mixwgna gkedy itk ,(ipxcend oaena
dxag xevil ezyixc oke ,dpeilr dx`d zkiynl jxck iyep`d rcid zagxdl oewiia
z`xwl zizxag dpigane zipgex dpigan zeyep`d z` encwiy rcn iyp` ly dxeag
drepzd cg` cvn dfkxnay zihqìlik zexxerzd dze`n wlg od ,diiee`n znybd
z` yxeid ,ipìqExwifFxd oixezqnd xg` cvne ,iyingd jixcixta dknzy zihiletd
.qpqpxd ztewz ly ilawihnxdd oixezqnd
i`d on miienq migily ly mxeìz èd zexivid izy ly oiiprdiax mipiit`nd cg`
zxzqp zebivp mdl yi - rnyn ,zeycge zerici mitqeè dtexià miaaeqd wegxd
z` miyael ,oewiia ly exeìz itl ,zr lka dyely ,dl` mibivp 50.dtexi` ikkeza
.150-118 'nr ,(34 dxrd lirl) qhii 48
ly èand e`xe .P. Rossi, Francis Bacon: From Magic to Science, London 1968 : xwira e`x 49
.11-8 'nr ,e"nyz aia`lz ,odk l`xyi mbxz ,dycgd qihplh` ,oewiia 'tl yit mgpn
mihayd zxyr ixeìz ìd df dxivi beql xzeia daexwd zixard dliawndy ze`xl ozip o`kn 50
cec ly ezegily cre ipcd ccl` ini f`n exiev mdy itk ,mdly zcde htynd ,dxagd ixcqe
[ 50 ]
[ 29
mpièmièx mze` dyerd dxeva mibdpzne mixacne mzegily mewna mibedpd micbad
oia .zEipìqExwifFxd inkgl dneca ,cizrd oefg z` z`yepd mixzq zxeag ,mi`xp
,xky `ll mileg `txl mieevn mipyeyd alv inkg mbe dycgd qihplh` ipa mb ,x`yd
mixèznd minkgd ,mii`zay migpena .df megza ze`ltp iyer ly mixzk mdl exywpe
dxez' znrtn malay cera ,'dìxac dxez' iciqgk mi`xp oewiia ici lre dìxcp` ici lr
.mzepn`p dpezp dle 'zeliv`c
zpy ly otecd z`vei dieegd mr oixyina dxeywd ,df beqn ditehe` mr ztqep dyibt
zexivid zg`l zaygpd ,'mlerd ly zpixiald' ,qeipnew
odei ly ezxivia dievn ,1620
51
.dxyr rayd d`nd ly dtexià xzeia zelernd zeizextqd
g
on`d oia xyw lk oi`y ce`n okzii ? ef dyxtl xinxe htlcoe (qpdei) oì ly epiipr dne
eini aex z` ig xinxe .icedid giynd jlnle ihphqhextd 'sxegd jln'l melrde repvd
xcednd diixird zia l` swyp epelgyk ,htlc dphwd dxiira (1675-1632) mixvwd
zepiite`nd ,drixid lcebae xtqna zephwd eizepenz .xird xkik ly dfkxna avipy
miiz`n jyna ixnbl hrnk egkyp ,dradd jxcae xeivd i`yepa zblten zeripv ici lr
oiipr micg` mixweg exxer dxyr ryzd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna wxe ,zeàd mipyd
dievn f`ny dnec .itexi`d xeivd zecleza ifkxn mewn dqtze dkld ezxivie ,ea ycegn
gxf` zeidl jixv jpi` epinia .meik mb zkynpd ,zcnzn diilr oniqa xinxel dkxrdd
mleè ,mipnfd lka mixiivd lecb èd xinxe ik gehae jenq zeidl ick `weec icpled
aygp ,'dpipt libr mr dxrp' ,o`k oecpd xeivd .df oeghia `la icplxcp zeidl xytì`
oia wgxndy xeivl zxg` dnbec xikn ippi` .xzeia znlyend ezxivil miax ipira
,b`da repvd oenxà dpenza opeaznd .jk lk lecb xzeia zeaehd zeivwecextxl xewnd
.dpenzd ly diwzrd lr èd oen` m` s` mrtpe d`zyn avip ,meik dievn ìd eay
ezia l` b`da dindean zafil` dklnd ly dpenx` yniyy ziadn ribdl ozip meik
ef oiicr j` ,onf xzei jkl yxcp dxyr rayd d`na .dry rax ly driqpa xinxe ly
,on`d ly ipgexd enler lre eiig lr zehxetn zerici epicia oi` hrnk .daexw zepky
,` ,oiihytr '` iazk : e`x .oiihytr mdxa` icia evaew ccl` ly miitehe`d mixeìzd .ipae`xd
diteheà hren ,zixard mixeìzd zkqna ybcend ,iàvd ceqid .htw-` 'nr ,`"iyz milyexi
zicb`d dklnnd xeìza - zixvepd ditehe`d ly xg` wità xzei ybcen iàvd ceqid .zixvepd
.qpdei xhiaqxtd ly
J. Comenius, The Labyrinth of the World and the Paradise of the Heart, translation and : e`x 51
cegiia ,my e`x mipìqExwifFxd lr .introducion: H. Louthan and A. Sterk, New York 1997
.118-114 'nr
[ 51 ]
30 ]
oc sqei
dide 52,dlebd dklnd ly dzia iàn didy okziiy micirnd micg` mifnx miievn mle`
,ycg mler ly ezelbzdl diitivde zipgexd dqiqzd ly zcgeind dxieeà dxern
.dlrzl xarn aexwd okyd ,dilbp` jln ly eza aiaq dcwnzdy
,miigiynd gexd ikld it lr xinxe ly ezxivia zeax zedinz yxtl zeqpl iyew lk oi`
ixweg axwa .dpecpd dtewza mdifkxnn cg` dziid b`dy miilawde miipìqExwifFxd
miiywde ,mixacd ly zi`ci`d zepyxta zexzeqe zepey zeyib zeniiw xinxe ly eixeiv
ipeica zifkxn zg` dcewp bivdl ie`x mle` .èdy beq lkn zepexzt rivdl mixyt`n
.df oeic ly eneiqa xinxe ly eizepenz lr mixwegd
,mqxetnd xeiva dxrpd zyaely xfend qiayd ly eaih zxaqdl erved zepey zervd
dnk cr ,mdipian yi` .'ikxezd y`xd ieqik' mya eze` epiky in mixwegd oia yie
exiiv weica izn - df xeiva dxeywd diipyd dcigd mr z`f xyiw `l ,zrbn izriciy
ieqik lleg day dpyd ,1666 zpya d`xpd lkk dxiev ef dpenz ,wtqd zexnl 53.on`d
.dtexi` zyai ly ,igxfnd ,cbepnd dvwa dlecb dxenz xg` ikxez y`x
K. Hauck, Elisabeth, Konigin
von Bohmen,
: e`x ,dindean zafil` ly zepexg`d dizepy lr

Kurfurstin
von der Pfaltz in ihren letzten Lebensjahren, Heidelberg 1905
52
ly ezxivia oiiprd ly zycegnd zexxerzdd mr ,dpexg`d dtewza xe` e`xy miaxd mixwgnd oia 53
E. A. Snow, A Study of Vermeer, Berkeley, Los Angeles : miàd mixtqd z` oiivl yi ,xinxe
and London 1979; A. K. Wheelock Jr. (ed.), Johannes Vermeer, New Haven and London
1995; J. M. Montias, Vermeer and His Milieu, Princeton 1991; Ch. Hertel, Johannes
Vermeer, Cambridge 1996
[ 52 ]
xdefd xtq zelawzd zecleze ze`zayd

qed frea
seqa ezrtedl jenq ,cxtqa xwira ,milaewn ibega izeknq cnrnl dkf xdefd xtq
xtq lawzd dxyr yngd d`nd seqn 1.dxyr rax`d d`nd ziy`xe dxyr yelyd d`nd
milaewnd ibeg ziaxna zi`lir dyecw lra xtqke xzeia izeknqd ilawd xewnk xdefd
iehia icil dà `l` zercde zepen`d megzl dlabed `l ezeknq .icedid mlerd iagxa
yyd ze`na zicedid zeaxzd lr dnevrd ezrtyd zexnl 2.dkldde bdpnd megza mb
cre ,milaewne minkg icinlz ly zehil`l xwira ezvetz dlabed ,dxyr rayde dxyr
3
.zixdefd zextqd ly cala zexetq zexecdn eqtcp dxyr dpenyd d`nl
lgd ea ilèhixd yeniyd zehytzde xdefd ly zeqtcdd xtqna dniyxnd diilrd
,ze`zayd oial dl` zertez oia dwif ly zexyt`d z` zelrn dxyr rayd d`nd seqn
d`lin ze`zaydy orh` df xn`na 4.i"x`d zlaw zvtd lr ze`zayd zrtydl dneca
M. Idel, On Symbolic Self Interpretations in Thirteenth-Century Jewish : e`x
Writings, Hebrew University Studies in Literature and the Arts, 16 (1988), p. 95; B. Huss,
Sefer Ha-Zohar as a Canonical, Sacred and Holy Text: Changing Perspectives of the
Book of Splendor between the Thirteenth and Eighteenth Centuries, The Journal of
Jewish Thought and Philosophy, 7 (1998), pp. 270-274
zpyn ,iayz 'i ; G. Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, New York 1974, p. 157
zl`yl .283-274 'nr ,my ,qed ; 44-38 'nr ,(xdefd zpyn : oldl) h"iyz milyexi ,` ,xdefd
.7 dxrda oldl miàend zexewnd e`x ,xdefd xtq ly zizkldd ezeknq
: mb e`x .210-209 'nr ,(c"pyz) 6 ,miipgn ,'dcenill xewnk dlaw ixtq zqtcde zwzrd' ,qixb 'f
ezelawzde xdfd ly epiipra qenletd lre xdfd cenill iayz diryi znexz lr edyn' ,l"pd
.21 'nr ,d"pyz elqka a"k ,`yn sqen ,xac ,'xeaiva
dptna zixard zebdpdd zextq aevir' ,qixb 'f : e`x ,i"x`d zlaw zvtd lr ze`zayd zrtyd lr
; 572 ,563 'nr ,(f"nyz) ep ,uiaxz ,'zixehqidd ezernyne dxyr rayd d`nae dxyr yyd d`nd
zextq : oldl) o"yz milyexi ,h"yrad ly eiciqg iiga dnewne dizeclez zebdpdd zextq ,l"pd
,lci` 'n ; 206 'nr ,my ,'dlaw ixtq zqtcde zwzrd' ,l"pd ; 92 ,83-82 ,hi-fi 'nr ,(zebdpdd
,minrt ,'ze`zayde i"x`d zlaw ly dzvetz ziiraa ycegn oeir - "dgtynn miipye xirn cg`" '
2]
qed frea
miagxp mibegl dzxcgdae da ilèhixd yeniyde zixdefd zextqd zvtda aeyg ciwtz
zvtda mi`zayd ly daxd mzeaxern .zilèhwlhpi`d dhil`l xarn ,zicedid dxaga
minkg ly mzebiizqdl xac ly eteqa dìad ,mdicbpzn ipirn dnlrp `ly ,xdefd
.ezeknqe ezencw lr zxewiad ly dziilrl dnxze ea weqirdn
cnr xake ,mipeyd dileblb lr zi`zayd drepza xdefd zeaiyg zcina fixtdl dyw
: 'iav izay ly yecwd xdefd' exn`na ,miiwl` mdxa` jk lr
dibeleìciàe zebdpda ,dwibxehila ,qezina ifkxn mewn qtz xdefd xtq
exiipit dyn 'x xrepn ecici cird eilry ,iav izayn ; dileblibl zi`zayd
awril cre 'dpwd 'qae xdefa m` ik mlern cnl `l zn`d znkg'a ik (Pinheiro)
xdefd xtql zepyxt eazk mi`zayd .'orhqixdef' mya epek ezrepz ixagy wpxt
,mi`zayd ly mnler oeyl elit` .xdefd oeyla mdixeaig z` eazky mdn eide
oeyln ìd zwpei ,'dpen`d ceq' mya mzxez zè 'mipin`n' mnvr z` epiky
drepzd ly dkxc aevira aeyg mewn xdefd xtql ik biltc o`n zil .xdefd
5
.dizeclezl zi`zayd
dqitz 6.`xnbde j"pzd cvl ,ycewnd oepwd on wlgk mi`zayd ipira qtzp xdefd xtq
minkge ex`w sqei 'x egqipy mqxetnd llkd it lr mle` ,ze`zayd iptl drited ef
dtetk ,miwqetd ly mzeknq lr dlerd ,xdefd ly ezeknq ,epnf ipa mixg` micxtq
xdefd ly ezeknqn ebiizqde df llk egc mifpky` miwqet .ilaad cenlzd ly ezeknql
,cenlzd ly ef lr dlerk dqtzp ìd mi`zayd ibega ,z`f znerl 7.zeizkld zel`ya
ik qxby ,mely myxb zrcl cebipa mzcnr z` mibivn elld mixwegd ipy .19 'nr ,(o"yz) 44
mely : e`x .dzehytzdle dzrtedl ifkxn mxeb dziide ze`zayl dncw zipìxeld dlawd zvetz
,(iav izay : oldl) eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay ,l"pd ; 288-287 'nr ,(2 dxrd lirl)
.74-52 'nr ,d"lyz aia`lz ,`
ezpgad z` e`x mle` .347-345 'nr ,(g"pyz) 3 ,dlaw ,'iav izay ly yecwd xdefd' ,miiwl` '`
.(179 dxrd ,383 'nr ,my) oey`xd xecd ipa mipin`nd lk z` dtiwd `l xdefa cwnzdl diihpd ik
,izfrd ozp icinlz lv` ,ipyd xeca dlg i`zayd ceqid xtq z` xdefa ze`xl dnbnd ,ezrcl
exwqiiy ezqtcde xdefd zvtda mi`zay ly mzeaxern lr mi`vnnd .mfiwp`xta dìyl dribde
.miiwl` ly ezprh z` miyy`n df xn`na
oia dpyn oia `xwn oia dxezd lky rc cere' : (eicinlzn cg` e`) izfrd ozp xne` ,lynl ,jk
xehwec xèzd zlaw myl xeaig ,'izfrd ozp iazka dpen`d ceq' ,miiwl` '` : e`x .'xdef oia cenlz
cvl xdefd z` dpen efecxw mb .237 'nr ,c"pyz milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,diteqelitl
ixwgn : oldl) a"pyz aia`lz ,qail 'i xicdd ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely 'b : e`x .`xnbde dxezd
.421 'nr ,my : mb e`xe .419 'nr ,(ze`zay
'n ; 70-52 'nr ,e"nyz milyexi ,dlawe dkld ,u"k 'i : e`x ,xdefd ly zizkldd ezeknq zl`yl
'x ly dwiqta dlawd' ,yinlg 'n ; 115-61 'nr ,(m"yz) 5 ,zrc ,'dkldd mr dlawd gekie' ,edipa
ìby '` : jeza ,'xdefd ly zizkldd ezeknq' ,l"pd ; 102-85 'nr ,(g"nyz) 21 ,zrc ,'ex`w sqei
[ 54 ]
[3
lr o"xdenl z`f' dpeknd hqwha izfrd ozp gqip ef drc 8.zeibelehkq` zel`ya zegtl
: '`giyn `kln
[giynd jln] d"n ipiipr ik ,oniz zxbà l"f m"anxd y"n xn`pe aeypy gxkene
dvxiy in lk f"kre .mze` mipian ep` oi` l"fg ixac ik 9.àiy cr epl ercep `l
ixaca hxtae l"fg ixaca eixac zellk lr reiqe lecb xfr `vni ahid xewgl
'q xg` jlil epl yi eilr welgiy [yexita] 'ita cenlza `vnp `ly oeike .xdefd
hxtae 'ipiipr dnka mipexg`d 'iwqetd yexita exn` oke .eixack weqtl xdefd
`le .xdefd ixac iptn mze` 'igipn ep` oi`y [crend lega] d"ga oilitz oipra
itly mixaeqy iptn èd oigipny 'ifpky`d itl 'itè 10.'ita cenlza `vnp
11
,oipra eizecn lr fixtd l"f l"yxy mre .gipdl `cenlza `zlin `rxkn mzrc
z"eya yxetn df llk oke 12.'eaeyza l"f ep`tn r"nxd ecwcw lr dkd xak
dpde .bilt `l ocic `cenlzc xaca inlyexik 'iwqet ep` mixac dnkae 13.f"acxd
eèai `ly ick 'ita 'enlza elbzp `l [eced mexi giynd jln] d"xi d"n ipiipr
`ly extqa aezke fpbp xy` xdefd 'qa mlrda exn`pe .zerh icil mc` ipa e"g
'ilbnd `zcb` ixtq dnk e`vniy my aezk oke .giynd zenil aexw m` ik dlbzi
xdefd 'qa 'n`p minrt dnke ,[`giyn `kln] n"n ilbzic `xca el` mipiipr
xdefd ixacn di`x ìadl epl yi okle 14di`xza `xca jlic `xeaiga oeqpxtzi
15
.d"ra eze` xxap epipiiprl xzeq d`xpy cenlza `vnpy dn lke el` mipiipra
sqei iax' ,rny`z 'i ; 350-321 'nr ,1997 aia`lz ,dinepehe`l zeknq oia ,(mikxer) i`xtq 'fe
qed ; 170-159 'nr ,(o"yz) hp ,uiaxz ,'xdefd xtq zehytzd xwgl - fpky`l cxtq oia ex`w
.280-277 'nr ,(1 dxrd lirl)
.287-284 'nr ,my ,dxvwa xak izpc df `yepa
y"` zkixra ,oenin oa dyn epaxl oniz zxb` : e`x la` ,ezpeek mixac eli`l weica rcei ippi`
mixacd el` lke' : a ,ai mikln zekld ,dxez dpyn : mb e`xe .85 ,61 'nr ,a"iyz wxei eip ,oiwld
,m"anxd ly ef dprha izfrd ozp ly yeniyd lr .'eidiy cr eidi ji` mc`d rci `l oda `veike
mdy iyewde ze`zayd lr m"anxd ly dl` mixac zrtyd lr .19 dxrd zeaiaqa ,oldl mb e`x
,xbxa 'c : e`x ,iav izay ly ezeigiyn z` yigkdl à xy`k ,yhxetyy awri 'x ipta eaivd
,Maimonidean Studies, 1 (1990) : jeza ,'zigiynd dtewzl m"anxd ly zihqilpeivxd ezyib'
.df xn`nl ial zneyz z` dptdy miiwl` mdxa`l izcez .8-1 'nr
`l ocic `cenlzay xg`n' : `l ,oilitz zekld g"e` ,sqei ziaa ex`w sqei 'x ixac lr dfxtxt idef
.'i"ayx ixac lr dyr mewa xearl zybl eal axri in yexita df oic xàzp
.gv oniq ,l"yxdn z"ey
.gw oniq ,ep`tn r"nxd z"ey
,dlawl dkld oia qgid oiiprl f"acxd lr ezeknzqd lr .(el oniq mb e`x) t oniq ,c ,f"acxd z"ey
.16 dxrd ,57 'nr ,(7 dxrd lirl) u"k : e`x
.(e oewiz) `"r ck-a"r bk ,2g"lyz milyexi ,zeilbxn 'x zxecdn ,xdfd ipewz
,dileblbe ze`zayd zeclezl zexewne mixwgn ,'ezxnde iav izay lr izfrd ozp zxbi`' ,mely 'b
[ 55 ]
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
4]
qed frea
i`zayd dfegd ly cibnd ixaca iehia icil dà l"fg ixac lr xdefd ly dticrd ezeknq
ip` izxac `l ik oercpi l"fx ixacl xzeqy xac dfi` didiy mà' : ifpky` ikcxn 'x
16
.'dpwd 'qn oky lke mipewzde xdfd on zexexa zei`xa mixn`pd mixacd m` ik `l`
lr xdefd cenil ztcrdl dìad cenlzd zeknq lr dticr xdefd ly ezeknqy dqitzd
cnel mc`yky' : izfrd ozp itn exqnpy mixac it lr .oepwd ly mixg`d eiwlg cenil
eltlti `ly xn`y' xqnp ok enk 17.'lkde `xnb dpyn `xwn `xw el`k eilr milrn xdf
18
.'miyxcne 'ipewize xdef cenll aeh xzeie zeklda cer
ìd `xnbd lr xdefd zeticry rnzyn lirl hhevy qxhpewa izfrd ozp ixacn
ly ezrteda mixeywd miilèhw`d mirexi`d xe`l xdaznd ,ea fepbd igiynd rcina
ik sè' : dxndd lr zxbià izfrd ozp ixaca mb iehia icil dà ef dqitz .iav izay
midenz dnk dl` mipipra l"fg ixac epi`x xak ,df xac dxezd ihyta fenx ep`vn `l
lr ok mb cirdy enk [! dle`bd lr] mdixacn xac meya mzrc seq biydl epleki `le
zxfra dyrn zrya m` ik mdixac epaei `le 19l"f m"anxd lecbd xe`nd df xac
zkixra ,oihiyd oia ,iwqaeyxie 'g ; 690 'nr ,iav izay ,l"pd : mb e`xe .241 'nr ,c"lyz milyexi
'igxkene' : mixacd jynda mb e`xe .852 'nr ,(1 dxrd lirl) qed ; 136 'nr ,o"yz milyexi ,lci` 'n
lr `ltzdl oiè ycwd iazk lk x`yk d"q zyecw zlecb epicia laewn ixdy mdixac oin`dl ep`
zrtyd .(254 'nr ,my ,mely) 'dfl witqn mrh lirl epazk xak ik cenlza dfl fnx `vnp `ly
: (a"r gp ,f"wz iwipel`y) dpicn ic cec 'x i`zayd mkgd ly cec znyp 'qa zxkip ozp ixac
eqipa xikn qpd lra oi`y mbe dzra ly uwe oiviwd lk uw seqa zeidl epikfy z"ilz meid k"`yn'
wqr jixve l"fx ly mifnxa wx cenlza mi`vnp l`xyil [dl` : l"v] `l` miixwir 'ixac oi`y
.'zewenrd mdizecig oiadl zn`d znkga
ifpky` ikcxn 'x ly zenelgd qwpt xac lr : ifpky` ikcxn 'x i`zayd ly eizenelg ,mely 'b : e`x
cibnd ixac z` mb e`xe .hk 'nr ,(eizenelg : oldl) u"xgz milyexi ,ebieex mdxa` 'x ly ecinlz
wtq oi` dfl ,xdfd on zexexa zei`x mi`xny enk ,zn` ixac mixkpd mixacdy xn`' : ikcxn 'xl
on df lr dxexa di`x oi`y epiidc lkyd gkn miyrp mdy mixacd iwet`l ,zerhl mc`d lkeiy
mixaca oinì `l mè .`l e` oin`dl m` elkya likydl mc`d jixv dzr zrl dfl ,'ipewzd one xdfd
dvex oi`y dfk mcà [! ] yip`dl oi` 'ipewzd on e` xdfd xtq on di`x mey ila exn`py eli`k
,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa 'n ìady `lnd gqepd it lr izhhiv .(bp 'nr ,my) 'mleka oin`dl
.gkz 'nr ,(oeeia zi`zayd drepzd : oldl) ( [g"lyz-`"lyz] ci ,zepetq=) b"lyz milyexi
xne`y enky' : izfrd ozp myn odkd oinipa 'x xqny mixacd z` mb e`xe .cvx 'nr ,my ,edipa
cnely in ok [`"r ck oixcdpql zetqez] 'nbe dpyn 'xwnn ezaeg ici `vei mc` zilaa 'xnbay z"x
edil` 'x itn izfrd ozp zebdpd it lr .(dtx 'nr ,my) 'lkd lleky itl lkd on ezaeg `vei xdefa
.(ctx 'nr ,my) 'mixg` micenil e` yxcn' ceniln xzei dlern xdefd zìxw ,oe'b`'ben
,ield sqei 'x ixac z` mb e`xe .96 'nr ,b"rxz oilxa ,iav izay ipipr ,(xicdn) op`niixt '`
xdef' cenll uilnd izfrd ozpy micnln dl` mixacy xaq mely .24 dxrda oldl miàend
izfr ozpy ipnec mle` .(584 'nr ,a ,iav izay) letlte dkld mewna 'dlawe dcb` epiidc miyxcne
.mlrpd yxcn znbec ,miixdef miyxcnl `l` ,l"fg iyxcnl oeekzd `l
.9 dxrd lirl e`x
[ 56 ]
16
17
18
19
[5
rnzyn ,xdefd ixn`n lr xwira miqqaznd ,zxbi`d jynda mixacd it lr 20.'myd

.xdefl xwira ìd 'l"fg ixac'a dpeekdy
ezeiyià ,iav izaya mixeywd mirexi`d xe`l mixdazn xdefd ixacy dqitzd
cnr miiwl` mdxa` .xdefl zi`zayd zepyxtd ly dite` z` davir ely dpen`d ceqae
: xdefl qgia mi`zayd mibele`ci`d iy`x ly ziqpqpxd drcezd lr
ceq gkzyp f"id d`nd cre (mzrcl xdefd xagzp day) diipyd d`ndn lgd
.xdefd ly ezpen` idl` ceq `ll 'l`xyil miax mini'e xdefd lra ly ezpen`
xacl dn èti` oi` .mnr xdefd xtq zn ezxeage i"ayx ly mzen mr ,xnel dvex
21
.xdefd xtq zeceqa weqird zetivx lr
zepyxtd zexev itlk (dienq e` dielb) zxewiaa gxkda dkexk ef zihiepnxd dcnr
dynl] el [iav izay] dlib' ,dit lry zxeqna iehia icil dà ìde ,xdefd ly zencewd
oiad `l mc` meyy t"r` heyt èdy xdefa el d`xde epl rcepd zewl`d ceq [exiipit
ebieex mdxa` 'x ixaca driten xdefl zipìxeld zepyxtd cbpk zxewia 22.'mixacd z`
[xdefa] ea xearl lekiy cg` mey did `l hrnk dzr cr' : ifpky` ikcxn 'x ,ezeqg oa lr
hrnk oiadl elkei `l eiazk lkn f"kr azky dn azky i"x`d ày elit` d`xpy enk
dnk oiadl mileki l"z [ifpky` ikcxnl] el ozipy millk i"r dzre xdfd on xn`n mey
`l xwirae ,xdefd zeceq z` dic dxidad `l i"x`d zepyxty dprhd 23.'mixn`n dnke
dppi`y dlawk 24i"x`d zlawn zeiebiizqdl ztxhvn ,eay ibelehkq`d rcind z`
izay ,mely ; 260 'nr ,c"iyz milyexi ,iayz 'i zxecdn ,iav laep zviv xtq ,yhxetyy awri
.628 'nr ,a ,iav
.65 'nr mb e`xe .63 'nr ,(6 dxrd lirl) miiwl`
.372 'nr ,(5 dxrd lirl) miiwl` : e`xe .gtz-ftz 'nr ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa
in' : lynl e`x .ikcxn 'xl cibnd ixaca dritene day i"x`d lr zxewia .ck 'nr ,eizenelg ,mely
onf did `ly mrhn mihxt ihxtl mze` yxity elit` minezq md eixacy wx l"f i"x`dn lecb epl
z`fk dyiby jk lr riavd mely .(al-l 'nr mb e`xe .l 'nr ,my) 'epiaiy ick yxtl elekiy f`
ig mc` oiè minezq mdy iptn' : i"x`d iazka cer èxwl oi`y azky ,izfrd ozp lv` xak dievn
zrnzyn xdefl zencew zeiepyxt cbpk zxewia .(l 'nr ,my) 'l"wevf e"gxd `l` eixac oiady
millkac wtq izla' : (a"r e ,`"qz `cxeit) mdxa` ly` 'ql ezncwda ifpky` ikcxn 'x ixacn
zegta 'ipewizae xdefa oiadle likydl yp xa leki xtqd df zlgza oxitqa dt mifnxpd oil`
zxewia yi dl` mixacay wtq oi` .'mipy dnke dnka epiad mixg`y dnn xzei miycg dylyn
lr zxeqnd z` lynl e`x .xdefd zpada iyewd z` dyibcdy ,zipìxeld zipyxtd dcnrd cbpk
ea oiirne èdd xtqa dpey dide mipy 'b exvga cg` ziaa cceazie jlie èdd xtqd' gwly ,i"x`d
.154 'nr ,f"kyz milyexi ,i"x`d zeclez xtq ,(xicdn) edipa 'n : jeza ,'dlecb `gxha
znkga weqrl `ly xidfd mrhd dfne' : i"x`d zlawa weqirl cbpzd izfrd ozpy xqn ield sqei 'x
zepeekl mi`zayd zecbpzd lr .(190 'nr ,iav laep zviv) 'letlta dkldd zexwl `lye l"f i"x`d
.gn-en 'nr ,eizenelg ,mely : e`x ,i"x`d
[ 57 ]
20
21
22
23
24
6]
qed frea
zlaw xayn' : mely myxb ixacl .mi`zayd iazka zeievnd igiynd ocirl zihpeelx
ipexg` cr dneiw ini lk jynpe drepzd ziy`x mr cin ligzd el` mibega i"x`d
ztewzay aeygl eligzdyn xrxrzp i"x`d zhiy mvr mby `lt oi` [...] mihqiwpxtd
`l i"x`d elit`y mzezn` itl xdfd zeceq elbzi z`fd dtewzd axrae zizn`d uwd
25
.'mdilr cnr
,dxyr rayd d`na milaewnd ziaxn axwa ihppinec cnrnl dzkfy ,i"x`d zlaw
xtql ihiepnxdd gztnk mipeilr zenlere zeieyi ly zkaeqne zakxen zkxrn dbivd
md eixwiry xdefl ihiepnxd gztn mi`zayd ebivd ,zipìxeld dcnrl cebipa 26.xdefd
xàzn xdefdy dqitzd 27.ezpen` ceqe iav izay ly ezeiyi` ,miigiynd mirexi`d
lr xerxrde zi`zayd ziqpqpxd drcezd ,miilèhw`d miibelehkq`d mirexi`d gkepl
xdefd ly zizxivi zepyxt ly dgixtl eìad i"x`d zepyxt ly zicalad dzeknq
28
.mi`zayd axwa
lr mixen eizeceqy mzpenè ,mi`zayd ly mzrceza xdefd ly aeygd mewnd
z` uitdl mdivn`n z` mixiaqn ,ezpen` ceq lre iav izay ly zigiynd ezegily
dze` xeqnl `ly zn`d rcei aiig didy dne' : fixkd efecxw l`kin mdxa` ,jk .xtqd
ixn`ne xdef ipipr oiand mc` lk aiige daegl jtdp dzr dlebq iyp`l `l` mc` lkl
xzei xeacd aigxdle xenb ielba eze` yxtl d"awd ly ezedel` oipra mixacnd l"fx
29
.'`nv lkl min zzl ip` gxken okl [...] zekfl m` ik oerl dfd dyrnd aygi `le i`cn
30
.izfrd ozp zebdpda zxkip lèhixae cenild xcqa xdefd xtq z` lelkl dnbnd
rawi lk ixeka ziy`xa' : xn`p ei`n ic dirny 'x ly ci azkn zebdpdd y`xa ,lynl
mei lk cenll bdp izfrd ozp ,oe'b`'ben edil` 'x itny zebdpdd it lr 31.'xdefd 'qa mizr
.hk 'nr ,my ,mely
'nr ,g"nyz milyexi ,d ,l"vf i"x`d epax iazk zxcq ,zencwdd xrya lhie miig 'x ixac z` e`x
.bn-an 'nr ,` ,my ,miig ur ,l"pd : mb e`xe .c-b
'nr ,5 dxrd lirl) 'zixhpvegiynd dwihiepnxdd' mya zi`zayd zepyxtd z` dpkn miiwl`
.(362
xwira eazkp day dkex` dtewz xg`l dà ef dgixt .65 'nr ,(6 dxrd lirl) miiwl` : e`x
B. Huss, The : e`x ,dxyr rayd d`na dl`d zeibelezp`d lr .xdefl miyexit ly zeibelezp`
25
26
27
28
Anthological Interpretation: The Emergence of Anthologies of Zohar Commentaries

in the Seventeenth Century, Prooftexts, 19 (1999), pp. 1-19
.atw 'nr ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa : e`x 29

ezeidl mipeixhixwk lèhixa ezllkde daeg cenil xeaigk hqwh ly ezriaw zeaiyg lr cnr qixb 30
xdefd ly ecnrnl zecr izfrd ozp zebdpda ze`xl ozip ,df it lr .icedid oepwd on wlg xtqd ly
igaya oeire oeicl zencwd : dixehqidl zextq oia' ,qixb 'f : e`x .mi`zayd ly ipepw hqwhk
.209 'nr ,(4 dxrd lirl) 'dlaw ixtq zqtcde zwzrd' ,l"pd ; 156 'nr ,(1994) b ,`xeh ,'h"yrad
.frx 'nr ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa : e`x 31
[ 58 ]
[7
weqt cnel did dlgza meia : df èd cenll axd bdep didy cenild ly xcq' : xdefa
cnel did xwad xe` mcew cenll mw didyke .xdf k"gè cenlz k"gè yxcn k"gè
,zeliv`] r"ia` cbpk dpeekde weqt k"gè yxcn k"gè cenlz k"gè xdf dlgza jtdl
mlerl liawnd ,xdefd xtq zeticr zrnzyn dl` mixacn 32.'[diiyr ,dxivi ,dìxa
dxivi ,dìxa zenlerl miliawnd ,mixg`d miipepwd mihqwhd znerl ,zeliv`d
cenil lr sicr xdefd cenily yxetna xn`p izfrd ozp zebdpda ,xen`k .diiyre
lkd lre [yxcn ,`xnb ,dpyn] n"bn j"pz meid cenil xcq' : mixg` miipepw mihqwh
lr dxen izfrd ozp 33.'d"q cnel did ,zedy el did `l mè .yecwd [xdefd xtq] d"q
oewiz ,jk .zexciàe `zeripvc `xtqa xwira ,xdefd zextqn miwlga zilèhix dìxw
'qn '` 'xte dxivi xtqn '` wxt mb [...] zexacd zxyr epif`d zxiy' : llek xgyd
'ae dxivi 'qe `zeripvc 'qc 'iwxt 'd t"ra xnel aeh' : eizebdpda xn`p oke 34,'`zeripvc
dl` zeìxw 'inzdl aeh 35ecia ecenlze o`kl ày in ixy` xn`p f"r ik xnè zexci`d
36
.'mei lka [zg` mrt] `"t epiidc zecinza
zvtdae xdefd zextq zqtcda dniyxn diilr dlg dxyr rayd d`nd seqn ,xen`k
daehpna dxezl xdefd ly dpey`xd dqtcdd xg`l 37.ea zilèhixd dìxwd ibdpn
zrtedl cr dqtcp ,(h"iy-g"iy) dxyr yyd d`nd ly miyingd zepy seqa dpenixwae
mipyd d`na ,z`f znerl 38.(c"ty-b"ty oilael) cala zg` dxecdn cer ze`zayd
ray mb eqtcp dtewz dzeà 39.zexecdn ray eqtcp iav izay ly ezelbzd xg`ly
edil` ,(5-015 bxacixt sqe`) ehpexeh i"k y`xay dxrd it lry oiivl yi .dtx 'nr ,my ,edipa
miiwl` zrcl .(347 'nr ,[5 dxrd lirl] miiwl`) dlile mnei xdefa èxwl iav izayl uilnd ìapd
.dkldd cenil lr xdefa cenild zeticr lr izfrd ozp ixacl rwxd edf (370 'nr ,my)
`xw el`k eilr milrn xdf cnel mc`yky axdn rnyy' : cvx 'nr ,my oke .atx 'nr ,my ,edipa
.'lkde `xnb dpyn `xwn
.tx 'nr ,my
.`"r p migqt
`xtq ly 'iwxt 'd dt lra gwil daxd aehy xn` axd' .atx 'nr ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa
.ecia ecenlze o`kl ày in ixy` xn`p df lry xne` dide ze`xc`d 'ae dxivi 'q oke `zeripvc
'nr ,my mb e`x .(ctx 'nr) '`veike wxt mei lka epiid zecinza dl` zeìxwa cinzdl aeh mbye
`vn qail .27 dxrd ,372 'nr ,d"pyz milyexi ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail 'i : e`xe .`rx-rx
,(`"r hiw ,d"nwz uixew) riwxd xdef 'qa qtcpd `zeripvc `xtq yexit y`xa mb dnec d`xed
.i`zay did df yexit lray cnln xacdy okzii ,ezrcl .'cinlzd it' zxzekd zgz qtcpd
G. Scholem, Bibliographia Kabbalistica, : miàd mixeaiga izriizqd xdefd zeqtcd zxiwqa
.d"pyz milyexi ,ixard xtqd xve` ,cxbepie 'i ;Leipzig 1927
; 167 'nr ,my ,mely : e`x ,oilael qetc iptl cer ,divpeea dqtcp ztqep dxecdny zexyt`d lr
.556-555 'nr ,(4 dxrd lirl) 'zixard zebdpdd zextq aevir' ,qixb
èewlef ; w"z xce`c hxetwpxt ; e"vz `hyew ; g"tz mcxhyn` ; d"rz mcxhyn` ; c"nz javlef
.f"hwz èewlef ; i"wz
[ 59 ]
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33
34
35
36
37
38
39
8]
qed frea
qtcp `le (1558) g"iy zpya daehpna dpey`xl qtcpy xtq 40,xdef ipewiz ly zexecdn
dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna eqtcp jk lr sqep 41.dxyr rayd d`na llk
on mihewil 42,`zeripvc `xtq z` mb zellek owlgy ,zexci`d ly zeax zexecdn
zvetza diilr dziid mb ef dtewza 45.yiciil xdefd ly mebxze 44,xdef iyexit 43,xdefd
xdef ixn`na dìxwd ibdpnl sqep .mipey micrena xdefa zilèhixd dìxwd ibdpn
j` ze`zayd zrted iptl mipey zexewna exkfpy 46,dax `pryed lilae zereay lila
.e"hwz èewlef ; w"z èewlef ; w"z `hyew ; h"rz ièw dhxe` ; h"rz mcxhyn` ; e"qz mcxhyn`
.672 'nr ,a ,(37 dxrd lirl) cxbepie : e`x .e"nwzl c"iwz oia iwipelqa dqtcp ztqep dxecdn
zepyl cr miinrt cer qtcp ,f"pya iwipelqa dpey`xl qtcpy ,ycg xdefy oiivl yi ,z`f znerl
miyiyd zepyl cr miinrt cere (g"iz dìvipie ; b"qy `w`xw) dxyr rayd d`nd ly miyiyd
hwl mb qtcp ze`zayd zrted iptl .(w"z `hyew ; `"qz mcxhyn`) dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly
d`na zeax zeqtcdl dkfy ,if`bl` dnly 'x z`n (j"z `hyew) mixitq ztlrn 'q ,xdef ixn`n
iwipel`y) zn` zxez 'q èd sqep hwl .76-75 'nr ,zebdpdd zextq ,qixb : e`x .dxyr dpenyd
d`nd iptl eqtcpy xdefl mipeline zegztn ,zebdpd ixtq lr .dixny mdxa` oa cec z`n (d"qy
.80-71 'nr ,my ,qixb : e`x ,dxyr dpenyd
`hyew) zeyecwd zexc`d ; (g"qz mcxhyn`) zeyecwd zexc`d ; (`"qz dìvipie) dax `xc`d z`f
`hefe dax `xc` ; (b"tz mcxhyn`) ycewa xc`p ; (h"rz mcxhyn`) `hefe dax `xc`d ; (g"rz
ycewa xc`p ; (`"wz dìvipie) zeyecwd zexc`d xtq ; (g"vz xinf`) ycewa xc`p ; (e"vz `hyew)
.(f"hwz xinf`) ycewa xc`p ; (b"wz dìvipie) zeyecwd zexc`d ; (e"wz xinf`)
.a"rz zpya mcxhynà qtcp ,ipc` xd ,zereayl xdef ixn`n hwl
; (e"qz mcxhyn`) iav zcng ; (`"qz `cxeit) mdxa` ly` ; (a"qz xce`c hxetwpxt) l`xyi xe`
jeza eqtcp welixt ail 'x ly xdef iyexit .(f"wz iwipel`y) cec gex ; (h"tz mcxhyn`) cec oa
j` ,h"lz `hyewa qtcidl lgd ,zeci izy ,ipewfg mdxa` 'x ly eyexit .(c"tz oilxa) d`xi 'q
icia eazkp dl` miyexit ly mziaxn ,mixacd jynda d`xpy itk .dnlyp `l dqtcdd zk`ln
.mi`zay milaewn
zivgna e`vi df xtq ly zeax zetqep zexecdn .(w"z èewlef ; `"rz oiinc hxetwpxt) iav zlgp
dyrn 'q ,zexecdndn wlga ,e`) 'd iyrn 'q .dxyr ryzd d`nae dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly diipyd
zeax zexecdna qtcp ,yiciile zixarl mebxza xdefdn zeiyrn llekd ,sqei oa xa àiwr 'xl ('d
oiinc hxetwpxt : od ( [37 dxrd lirl] cxbepie it lr) zepey`xd zexecdnd .dxyr dpenyd d`na
hxetwpxt ; g"qz mcxhyn` ; f"qz xce`c hxetwpxt ; d"pz oiinc hxetwpxt ; c"pz `cxeit ; `"pz
zxetiqd ,onztv 'y : e`x ,df xeaig ly g"qz mcxhyn` zxecdn lr .b"tz mcxhyn` ; a"tz oiinc
zexxerzd ,qixb 'f ; 94-91 'nr ,d"nyz milyexi ,h"yrad igay cr dziy`xn : yiciia
hxta dtexi` gxfna mi`xewd ldwle llka g"id d`na mixtq zqtcd ,dnecxd divpbilhpi`d
.43 'nr ,e"pyz milyexi ,icedid jepiga iepiye dxenz ikildzl iehiak
,[mixn`n uaew] o"ir ilr ,'mipewiz ixcq' ,mldlie 'i : e`x ,zereay lil oewiz ly eizeclez lr
milyexi ,dilnqe dlawd zpada ceqiiwxt ,mely 'b ; 130-125 'nr ,a"iyz-g"yz milyexi
: xdefd ly giynd' ,qail 'i ; alwz-`lwz 'nr ,a ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz ; 132-131 'nr ,e"lyz
oeir mei : l`xyia igiynd oeirxd ,(jxer) m`x 'y : jeza ,'i`gei xa oerny 'x ly zigiynd ezencl
; 215-208 'nr ,a"nyz milyexi ,g"lyz elqka d"k-c"k ,mely myxbl dpy mipeny z`ln lbxl
E. Wolfson, Forms of .63-62 'nr ,(c"pyz) d ,bg ixwgn ,'zereay lil oewiz' ,yinlg 'n
and J. Dan (eds.), Gershom Scholems Major Trends
Visionary Experience, in: P. Schafer
[ 60 ]
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41
42
43
44
45
46
[9
dìxw millekd mipewiz dxyr dpenyd d`na evetp 47,dixg` cgeina dax dvetzl ekf
49
.dlind zixa iptly dlilde 48gqt ly iriay lil mdipia ,mipey micrenl xdefa
dvetzl ekf ,a"vz-`"vz mipya xinfià dpey`xl qtcpy ,mini zcng xtq zrtyda
dpenyd d`na xdefd zvtdl mxzy sqep hqwh 50.xdefa dìxw ellky mipewiz dax
inei cenil xtq ,w"z zpya mixvna dpey`xl qtcpy ,l`xyil wg xtq èd dxyr
51
.inei xdef rhw mb ,`xnbe dpyn ,`xwn irhw cvl ,llekd
riavdl ozipe ,cala zibelepexk dppi` zixdefd zextqd zvtdl ze`zayd oia dwifd
dvtdd ifkxnn cg` .ef dtewza dzvtda mipey mii`zay mibeg ly dxiyi zeaxern lr
,`hyewa lrty ,ifpky` awri oa dpei 'x ly qetcd zia did dxyr dpenyd d`na
z` eqitcdy ,ofg cec 'x etzeye dpei 'x ,iayz diryi zrcl 52.xinfiàe ièw dhxeà
in Jewish Mysticism, 50 Years After: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on
: ft ipc` lr ,qed 'a ;the History of Jewish Mysticism, Tubingen

1993, pp. 213-214, n. 21
,dax `pryed lil oewiz zeclez lr .16-15 'nr ,q"yz milyexi ,ìal oa` oerny 'x ly dlawd
dìxw zllkd .24 dxrd ,212 'nr ,my ,xdefd ly giynd ,qail ; 143-130 'nr ,my ,mldlie : e`x
lr uilnn w"nxd .dxyr yyd d`na lgd dbdp zereay lila bdpy cenild xcqa xdef ixn`na
oteà oiivn èd .(hpw 'nr ,bi jxk ,a"kyz milyexi ,xwi xe` yexit mr xdefd xtq) xdefa dìxw
mdxa` 'x ixaca zxkfp zereay lil oewiz jldna xdefa dìxwd .exzi zyxtl xdef itivtq
,h ,l"vf i"x`d epax iazk zxcq ,zepeekd xry) i"x`d iazkae (125 'nr ,my ,mldlie) ihp`l`b
dìxw millekd ,dax `pryed lile zereay lill cenild ixcq .(bx-ax 'nr ,g"nyz milyexi
.c"ry zpya e` b"ry zpya d`xpd lkk ,`w`xwa zay ipewiz 'ql ztqezk dpey`xl eqtcp ,xdefa
d`nd idlya fpky` zevxàe oileta zizextq zipgexd dxivid : zexbzqde zegizt ,mieal` 'i : e`x
dax `pryede zereay bg ilill oewize dìxw xcq .71 dxrd ,200 'nr ,o"yz milyexi ,dxyr yyd
`pryed lila `hef `xcàe zereay lila dax `xcà èxwl bdpnd .g"z dìvipiea dpey`xl qtcp
,l"vf i"x`d epax iazk zxcq ,miig ur ixt : e`x) ixìvp`t mixt` 'xl mixg` zexewna qgeiy ,dax
dyn 'x ly dax `pryede zereay lill oewizd ixcqa xkfp (`nxz ,nwz 'nr ,g"nyz milyexi ,ci
.(e"hz dìvipie) `xity ozp 'xl ux`d aeh 'qa eqtcpy ,zekf
.1123 'nr ,f"hyz aia`lz ,mixtq cwr zia ,bxacixt c"g : e`x
; 101-98 'nr ,(b"kyz) gl ,xtq zixw ,'mini zcng xtq itl zelitze mipewiz ixtq' ,ixri 'i : e`x
.833-818 'nr ,(f"lyz) ap ,xtq zixw ,'gqt ly iriayl oewizd xcq' ,edipa 'n
lre zixad lil zexnyn zeclez lr .(h"tz mcxhyn`) wgvi zixa ,(h"rz mcxhyn`) zixa xney
oia : zicedid zxeqna dlil zexnyn' ,uiaexed '` : e`x ,zixad lill mipewiz ixtq ly mzvetz
,e"pyz milyexi ,xcw f"a zkixra mixwgn uaew : zinnrd zeaxzd ,'zinyx zcl zinnr zeaxz
oerny 'xl miigd 'qa dleg ly ezhin aiaq cenill xdef irhw ly mzllkd lr .221-209 'nr
,'hxetwpxt oerny 'xl miigd 'qa zend zqitz' ,aal xa '` : e`x ,(b"qz mcxhyn`) hxetwpxt
.348 'nr ,f"pyz zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,diteqelitl xehwec xèz zlaw myl xeaig
.399-380 ,262-247 ,112-97 'nr ,(48 dxrd lirl) ixri : e`x
.210 'nr ,(4 dxrd lirl) 'dlaw ixtq zqtcde zwzrd' ,qixb
dpei : `hyewa miqitcn ly zexec dyely' ,ixri '` : e`x ,ifpky` awri oa dpei ly qetcd zia lr
ixard qetcd ,l"pd ; 254-238 'nr ,(f"vxz) ci ,xtq zixw ,'eipa ipae eipa ifpky` awri oa
[ 61 ]
47
48
49
50
51
52
10 ]
qed frea
ixeg`n cnry i`zayd bega mixag eid 53,mini zcng drtyddaxe mqxetnd xtqd
mixvnn ìady èd 55,begd ixagn didy ,ix`cp`tl` miig 'x i`zayd mkgd 54.ef dxivi
azk z` 56.h"rz zpya ièw dhxeà ifpky` dpei qitcdy ,xdef ipewiz ly cid azk z`
,ilztp 'x 57.xtql dnkqd mb ozpy ,hxetwpxtn u"k odkd ilztp 'x dibde xciq cid
ipewiz zxecdnl mb eznkqd z` ozp 58,qail dcedi dpexg`l oc ze`zayl ezwif lry
xdefd mebxzl 59,(e"qz mcxhyn`) yh`g iav 'x i`zayd ly iav zcng yexit mr xdef
xe` ,xdefd yexitl 60,(`"rz oiinc hxetwpxt) xe`l yh`g ìvedy ,iav zlgp ,yiciil
xdef ipewiz zxecdnle 61(b"qz xce`c hxetwpxt) dti l`xyi 'x i`zayd ly ,l`xyi
qetcd ziaa dqtcpy ,xdef ipewiz ly diipyd dxecdnd z` .h"rz mcxhynà dqtcpy
miyexite zedbd xtqa llky ,`plie mgexi 'x xe`l ìved ,w"z `hyewa ifpky` dpei ly
dcedi 'x ly dyecwd dxeagd ixagn didy ,`plie awri 'x i`zayd mkgd ,eia` lye ely
62
.ebieex mdxa` 'x ly eyxcn ziaa xage ciqgd
did dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna xdefd zextq zqtcd ly xg` fkxn
df qetc ziaa xdefd zeqtcdn wlga 63.mcxhynà qtext dnly 'x ly lecbd qetcd zia
mleyn 'x ,d"rz mcxhyn` zxecdn xdef ly xe`l ìvend .mi`zay minkg miaxern eid
.48-38 'nr ,f"kyz milyexi ,`hyewa
.f"vz-d"vz `hyew ,diipy dxecdn ; a"vz-`"vz xinfi` ,dpey`x dxecdn
,i`pxa 'i ; 416 ,363 'nr mbe ,352 'nr ,b"pyz milyexi ,a ,dizegelye dlaw ixwg ,iayz 'i : e`x
,65-64 'nr ,(m"yz) 3 ,minrt ,'zip`n'zerd dixtnià micedid iiga dnewne ze`zayd zeclezl'
.84-77 'nr ,a"nyz milyexi ,`hyew iciwt zeqga g"id d`na l`xyi ux` icedi ,l"pd .67
.59 dxrd ,354 'nr ,my ,iayz
.353 'nr ,my ,iayz : e`xe .my ,ix`cp`tl` miig 'x ly ezncwd z` e`x
ux`l ekxca `hyewl ribd u"k odkd ilztp 'x .242 'nr ,(52 dxrd lirl) zexec dyely ,ixri : e`x
odkd ilztp iaxe dpicenn dikxa oxd` iax' ,aal xa '` : e`x ,eiazke eiig lr .xhtp my j` ,l`xyi
.`x-gvw 'nr ,(f"pyz) 9 ,zeteq` ,'mizne mileg ixtq mixagnd zea` ,u"k
oc 'ie xeìl` 'x : jeza ,'ze`zayl eqgie ,hxetwpxtn u"k ilztp 'x ly ezencl miew' ,qail 'i
,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn) ` ,xniidpte` u"y dwaxl oexkifd xtq ,miax zelew ,(mikxer)
.305-294 'nr ,e"pyz milyexi ,(ai
.13 dxrd ,295 'nr ,my
.oldl ehhevi ,ux`d inrle miypl xdefd zvtd zekfa ,ef dnkqda ilztp 'x ixac
,mitqep mii`zay mixeaigl u"k ilztp 'x ly eizenkqd lr .296-295 'nr ,(58 dxrd lirl) qail
.297-295 'nr ,my e`x
c ,l`xyiux` xwgl oerax - milyexi ,'ze`zayl mdiqgie epae `pliee awri 'x' ,edipa 'n : e`x
,zepetq ,'l`xyiux`l dziilre ciqgd dcedi 'x ly "dyecw dxag"d' ,l"pd ; dx-cx 'nr ,(a"iyz)
'x ly ezpbdl mi`veid oia didy ,`plie mgexi 'x ly eze`zay lr .frw 'nr ,(j"yz-h"iyz) c-b
.671 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x ,uiyaii` ozpedi
,l"yz milyexi ,w"zd zpyl dewzd ,xfy f"y : e`x ,ze`zayl mipen` exny df qetc ziaay jk lr
.12 'nr
[ 62 ]
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
[ 11
ax ,oeili`` dnly 'x i`zayd 64.ciqgd dcedi 'x ly ezxeag ipan did ,oixtliid yeaiit
xira dqtcpy xdef ipewiz zxecdn ly minikqnd oia did ,mcxhynà zicxtqd dlidwd
'q zqtcdl riiq oeili`` 65.g"tz zpya my dqtcpy xdefd zxecdn lye h"rz zpya ef
qtext dnly ly qetcd ziaa milyexin mdxa` oa mdxa` xe`l ìvedy ,ycewa xc`p
,dax `pryed lilae zereay lila oewizd xg`l dìxwl crepy ,df xtq 66.b"tz zpya
gzt' mya mb recid rhwd) edil` zlitz ,`zeripvc `xtq ,`hefe dax `xci`d z` llek
67
.dxivi xtq z` mb enk ,('edil`
68
qetc zxecdn .mixg` qetc izaa mb zixdef zextq zqtcda miaxern eid mi`zay
yh`g iav i`zayd qitcd ,dxyr yyd d`na ezqtcd f`n dpey`xd ,xdef ipewiz ly
d`vi df qetc ziaa) e"qz zpya ,eiphiew qicpin dyn ly qetcd ziaa ,mcxhynà
,ef dxecdn .(69oeili`` ly eznkqd mr ,`"qz zpya ,ycg xdef ly dxecdn mb xe`l
70
.mixexa mii`zay mifnx dlikn ,iav zcng ,yh`g iav ly eyexit z` zllekd
`cei x"xedn mqxetnd ciqgd ly ìixag onc `xirf i"r qetcl àed' : xtqd xrya xqen èd jk
,(62 dxrd lirl) ' "dyecwd dxagd" ' ,edipa : e`x .'yaiit mlyn xx"edn ipxezd sel`d d"d lbq
.532 'nr ,(52 dxrd lirl) zexec dyely ,ixri ; frw 'nr
dxecdn mipy ozeà ìvedl opkz ifpky` dpei 'xy micnl ep` ef dxecdnl oeili`` ly eznkqdn
dpei x"den qitcndl 'nkqda ici z` izknq mipy dfi` dfy zeid mre' : i"x`d yexit mr xdefd ly
letk i`pz my izipzd xak dpgi aiaqn l"f i"x`d 'it mr xdefd 'q qitcdl dvx xy` dpihphypewn
qetcae devna ligzn `diy mb dn [...] l"f ix"`dn èd df 'ity 'pihphypew ipax eciriy jixvy
ynn da oi` zlheane dliha dnkqdd ixd mipekp mi`pzd el` eniiwzp `le [...] mipy 'a onf jez
.e"vz zpya wx xdefd z` qitcdl ezipkz z` lretl ìved ifpky` dpei .'zlrez `le
,inlyexid `xity ozp 'x ly xdefd zxecdn z` oeili`` dnly 'x icin laiwy xtqn xe`l ìvend
,epzeg icin `xity ozp 'x ly xdefd zxecdn z` laiw oeili`` .xdefd gqep z` dibd dit lry
dlawa eqxhpewe oeili`` dnly 'x' ,acp 'i : e`x .inlyexi ozp 'x ly epiig` ,dèt l`pzp 'x qitcnd
.8 dxrd ,cy 'nr ,(j"yz-h"iyz) c-b ,zepetq ,'zi`zay
.(`"pz mcxhyn`) zereay oewiz xcqe zay ipewiz xcq zqtcda mb axern did oeili`` dnly 'x
.xtqa qtcpd dxivi xtq gqep z` ztvn ìady èd oeili`` ,ef dxecdnl xryd it lr
oexdè oeyxb mig`d ly qetcd zia did dxyr dpenyd d`na zixdef zextq zqtcdl mifkxnd cg`
mebxz z` mig`d eqitcd (e"hwze w"z) xdef ipewize (f"hwze i"wz) xdefd zexecdn lr sqep .lbq
,b"iwz ,e"wz ,c"wz ,a"wz) mini zcng 'q zè (w"z) iav zlgp ,yh`g iav ly yiciil xdefd
dziid èewlef mle` ,dl` zeqtcda mi`zay ly mzeaxernl zecr icia oi` ,mpn` .(f"hwz ,e"hwz
.(614 ,581 'nr ze`zay ixwgn ,mely) i`zay fkxnk dreci
dxecdnd z` dpy dzeà xe`l ìved ,hhyiepn mdxa` oa wgvi ,ef dxecdn ly xe`l ìvend
.lìfx 'q ly dpey`xd
E. R. Wolfson, The Engenderment of : e`xe .`"r p ,`"r g ,e"qz mcxhyn` ,iav zcng
Messianic Politics: Symbolic Significance of Sabbatai Sevis Coronation, in: P. Schafer

and M. R. Cohen (eds), Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to
1998, pp. 252-255
ly zi`zayd zernynd lr my e`xe .Waco, Leiden, Boston and Koln
.iav zcng 'q xryay mixei`d
[ 63 ]
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12 ]
qed frea
zivgnae dxyr rayd d`nd seqa eqtcp ,xdef ipewizl yh`g iav ly eyexit lr sqep
,dyrnl .mi`zay milaewn ly mitqep xdef iyexit dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly dpey`xd
'x lgd h"lz zpya .ef dtewza eqtcpy xdefl miyexitd lk z` hrnk eazk mi`zay
qxhpewn xzei qitcdl witqd `l j` ,zeci izy ,xdefl eyexit z` qitcdl ipewfg mdxa`
ly ebega i`zayd cibnd ,ifpky` ikcxn ly xdefd yexit ,mdxa` ly` 'q 71.cg`
,xhtdlxt xa 'x ly epeiqip mby oiivl yi 72.`"qz zpya `cxeita qtcp ,ebieex mdxa`
`xtql eyexit z` qetcl ìadl ,ebieex mdxa` ly ebega oey`xd i`zayd cibnd
mdxa` ly` 'q zqtcd xg`l dpy 73.dxefpvd zecbpzd lya lykp ,xà ilr ,`zeripvc
miax miyexit liknd ,dti oexd` oa l`xyi 'x ly l`xyi xe` 'q xce`c hxetwpxta qtcp
ly` 'ql cebipae) yh`g iav lye ipewfg mdxa` ly mdiyexitl dneca .xdefd xtql
yexit iwipelqa qtcp f"wz zpya 74.mixexa mii`zay mifnx likn df xtq ,(mdxa`
,mixiyd xiyl eyexit mr cgi qtcp) cec gex 'q ,dpicn ic cec 'x i`zayd ly dax `xc`l
75
.mii`zay mipkz zelwa zedfl ozip df xtqa mb .(cec znyp 'q
lbrn zagxd lr zecirn dxyr dpenyd d`na zixdefd zextqd ly zeaxd zeqtcdd
,icedid xeaivd ly xzei zeagxp zeakyl ezxicg lre xdefa miynzynde mi`xewd
.xzei zencwen zetewza xak ea cenild uetp oaxway zeilèhwlhpi`d zehil`l xarn
dyEcwdy dqitzd .mipey milèhixa xdef ixn`na dìxwd zllkd driiq df jildzl
zilèhixd dìxwl izc jxr yiy o`kne ,xdefd ly miihpnq `ld mihpnlà mb dxey
diipyd zivgna mipìxel milaewn ly mibega dyabzd ,epkez z` mipian oi` m` mb ,ea
d`na dagxzde dkld xdefa zilèhixd dìxwd ibdpn zvtd 76.dxyr rayd d`nd ly
`ll) df xtqn eqtcpy mixetqd mitcd ly meliv .cr-br 'nr ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa
epa .mely ziixtqa ievn ,wxei eipa mipaxl yxcnd zia ziixtqa ievnd qtehn dyrpy ,(xryd
extqn qxhpewdy ,(e"tz mcxhyn`) dxezd lr zeci izy 'ql ezncwda xqen ipewfg mdxa` 'x ly
ew i"r dyrp edfe' - ipewfg ixacy mely myx ,2a sc ,xtqd itc meliva .`hyewa qtcp eia` ly
.izfrd ozp 'x iazka dceqiy zi`zay drc md - 'ygp 'xhnib èdy `giyn oeyla eze` dpkne xyid
.my ,edipa : mb e`x
.154-153 'nr ,(36 dxrd lirl) zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail : e`x
zeclezl' ,dpf 'i : e`xe .(e"nz b`xt) ely zxehwe oyeg dyrn 'ql dncwda xa 'x xtqn jk
,my ,qail ; 100-99 ,96 'nr ,b"yz wxei eip ,qkx`n xcpqkl`l laeid 'q ,'dilhià ze`zayd
.153 'nr
lre df xtq lr .`"r `pw ,`"r `n ,`"r hl ,`"r bi ,a"qz xce`c hxetwpxt ,l`xyi xe` : e`x
E. Carlebach, The Pursuit of : e`x ,ecbpk obiealpvw l`wfgi 'x lye fib`g dyn 'x ly mwa`n
zx`tz' mya cgein qxhpew ìved xagnd ly eckp .Heresy, New York 1990, pp. 190-191
ixwgn ,mely : e`x .mitiifn icia etqep epwf ly extqa mii`zayd mixn`ndy orh eae ,'`hef l`xyi
.664 'nr ,ze`zay
.ax-dvw 'nr ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa : e`x
.300-297 'nr ,(1 dxrd lirl) qed : e`x
[ 64 ]
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76
[ 13
z` lirl epi`x xak .mii`zay mibegl ifkxn mewn did ef zelirta mbe ,dxyr dpenyd
zereay lila zilèhix dìxwl ecrepy zexci`d zqtcda oeili`` dnly ly ezeaxern
`zeripvc `xtqa ,zexcià cenll bdpnd ,edipa xi`n d`xdy itk .dax `pryed lilae
zqtcd z` mb mfi oeili`` dnly 77.izfrd ozp zebdpd lr cqein oewiz myl dxivi xtqae
,xdef ixn`na dìxw llekd ,dlind zixa iptly dlill oey`xd oewizd ,zixad xney 'q
did l`xyi ux`n mcxhyn`l df oewiz xcq ìady in .h"rz zpya mcxhynà qtcpy
xe`l ìvedy ,ciqgd dcedi 'x ly ezxeag oa ,oixtliid yeaiit mleyn 'x d`xpd lkk
z` mipian oi` m` mb ,dliren xdefa dìxwdy dqitzd 78.d"rz mcxhyn` xdef z`
: (`"qz mcxhyn`) ycg xdef zxecdn ly xrya driten ,epkez
s` dpia ixn` ia cnll .dpen` xney wicv ieb dpd exeqiy `xw` miyi` mkil`
cg` sc s` .dpcrle dbprl dnypl zlren ipeyl zìxw dpekp ia oian oi`y in
.dpeilr dnyp mka zi`y zezaya [oky lk] y"k dpcre ocir xenyl wx
y`x oia xtqd z` èxwl ezncwda uilnn ,hhyiepn mdxa` oa wgvi 'x ,xe`l ìvend
oey`xd extq z` qetcl ìady i`zay mkg ,uxt sqei oa dcedi 'x 79.dax `pryedl dpyd
'qa xtqn fib`g dyn 'x .36 ,34 zexrd lirl e`xe .`rx-rx 'nr ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa 77
,`zeripvc `xtqa ,zexcià cenll mi`zay ly mbdpn lr (`"r fp ,b"vz wraifpèe) minkg zpyn
envr fib`g dyn 'xy oiivl yi .(`rx 'nr ,my ,edipa) mixetikd mei lila dxivi xtqae `nei zkqna
enk ,(r"z mcxhyn`) cinz zkqne `zeripvc `xtq mb zllekd dxivi xtq ly dxecdn xe`l ìved
ze`zayl lecbd cbpznd mby jk lr riavn xacd .(g"qz mcxhyn`) dax `xc`d ly dxecdn mb
,edipa 'n : e`x .mixywa cnr enry ,ebieex mdxa` ly ekeeiza ile` ,izfrd ozp zebdpdn rtyed
.151-150 'nr ,(e"lyz) a ,xtq ilr ,'xe`l mìvedy mixtqe fib`g dyn iax mxaigy mixtq'
mkxr z` gaiy ,ze`zaya ewa`n zexnle ,izfrd ozp iazka ìwa did fib`gy jk lr cnr miiwl`
.(25 dxrd ,240 'nr ,6 dxrd lirl)
.hnw 'nr ,(g"iyz) ipy xtq ,zepetq ,'(f"wz-f"nz) milyexia mifpky` ldw' ,edipa 'n : e`x 78
(h"tz mcxhyn`) wgvi zixa 'q md ,xdef irhw millekd ,dlind zixa iptly lill mitqep mipewiz
irhw llek eppi` (f"qz dìvipie) zixad ixac 'q ,z`f znerl .(b"wz iwipel`y) zixad ixac 'qe
dlila minkg dxyr cenil lr zecrd z` oiivl oiiprn .(219 'nr ,[49 dxrd lirl] uiaexed) xdef
'` : e`x .1702 zpya milyexia ebieex mdxa` i`zayd laewnd ly eckp ly dlind zixa iptly
E. Horowitz, The Eve of ; my ,uiaexed ; 240 'nr ,b"yz aia`lz ,l`xyi ux` zexb` ,ixri
the Circumcision: A Chapter in the History of Jewish Nightlife, in: D.B. Ruderman
(ed.), Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy, New York and
.xdefa cenil llk èdy xiaq la` ,xkfp eppi` cenild xcq .London 1992, pp. 566, 583, n. 51
'nr ,my ,ixri : e`x ,xdef cenila ewqre ebieex mdxa` ici lr exgapy minkg dxyr ly dxeag lr
.l`xyi ux`n xen`k àedy ,zixad xney 'qay cenild xcql xewnd èd df oewizy okzii .241
lila oewizd xcq xg`l xdefa èxwl ,1711 zpyn ,dpcena xwea zxnyn zxag ly dzhlgd lr
.52 dxrd ,583 ,566 'nr ,'dlin zixa lil' ,uiaexed : e`x ,dlind zixa
'xy ,lìfx 'ql dncwda mb zxfeg ,epkez z` mipian oi` m` mb ,zlrez yi xdefa dìxway drcd 79
[ 65 ]
14 ]
qed frea
ixry 'q ,ely zelitzd xtqa qitcd (`"rz dìvipie) `cegic `fx 'q ,oeig dingp ly
xagnd 80.xdefa dìxw llekd ,gqt ly iriay lil oewiz xcq (r"z dìvipie) mingx
f"qz zpya .(a"r bn-a"r `l ,my) `zeripvc `xtq z` mb mingx ixry 'qa qitcd
llekd (milyexi ixry 'q mr cgi qtcp) cren i`xw 'q z` divpeea uxt dcedi 'x qitcd
izy xen`k qitcdy ,ifpky` dpei .mipey micrena zecerqa mxne`l yiy xdef ixn`n
yceg y`x oiay minia mxne`l yiy mixn`nl xtqd z` wlig ,xdef ipewiz ly zexecdn
mei cr lel` ycgl mei l` mein izpwz ip` miaxd zekfle' : mixetikd meil lel`l
bdpn 81.'og irceil rcepk ytpd oewizl lbeqn mipewizd xtqy eneia mei xac mixetikd
ibdpn zvtdl dax dnexz mxzy 82,(! lhie miig 'xl qgei èd my) mini zcng 'qa une` df
.xdefa zilèhixd dìxwd
eid jka mb .zexaecnd zetyl enebxz did ef dtewza xdefd zvtdl sqep irvn`
mb èd ,lirl xkfpy ,iav zlgp ,xdefl yexitd xagn ,yh`g iav .mi`zay miaxern
,(bilrf 'x ,epwf ia` icia xagzpy) iav zcng ,yiciia xdef ixn`n hwl ly xe`l ìvend
dpenyd d`na zeax zexecdnl dkfe `"rz zpya oiinc hxetwpxta dpey`xl xe`l `viy
lr minikqnd mb enk ,yh`g iav 83.(mitev ztep 'q mya owlg) dxyr ryzde dxyr
xdefay xqend ixac z` uitdl ìd yiciil mebxzd zqtcd ly dzxhny mipiivn ,extq
ixwgl dyrp `l dfd xtq' : ezncwda ,yh`g ixacl 84.miyp axwae mrd iheyt axwa
lk lr xxal ipir mevrl dt il miyp jxc ik mleqd zlrna milere mle`k maal xy` al
lkl ievn epi` xdefd ipianl ik mb xdefd xtq l` zbyn mci oi`y mr ipendl wx mlrp
eznkqda xne` ,lirl dxkfp ze`zayl ezwify ,hxetwpxtn u"k odkd ilztp 'x .'mc`
: xtql
ea zekfl fpky` oeyla xdefd xtqn xqen ixace mihyt qitcdl dvex dzr dpd
oian epi`y s` xdefd oeyldy oecibie oeciri mlek xdfd lr' : dpy dzeà qitcd mdxa` oa wgvi
.'eznyple etebl 'lecb zlreze dlebq èdy ea `xewe
zi`zayd drepzd ,l"pd : e`xe .820 'nr ,(48 dxrd lirl) 'gqt ly iriayl oewizd xcq' ,edipa
.33 dxrd ,ek 'nr ,oeeia
.(w"z `hyew zxecdna mb jke) qitcnd zncwd ,h"rz ièw dhxe` ,xdef ipewz
xdef ipewiz iqetc ziaxna driten ifpky` dpei ly dwelgd .354-353 'nr ,(54 dxrd lirl) iayz
.jk xg` eqtcpy
zextq ,qixb .; 431-417 'nr ,m"yz wxei eip ,l"gx ld` ,onxail 'g : e`x ,eizexecdne df xtq lr
J. Baumgarten, Textes mystiques en langue Yiddish, ; 76 ,102 dxrd ,69 'nr ,zebdpdd
zeiyrn llekd ,sqei oa xa àiwr 'xl 'd iyrn 'q ly eizexecdn lr .Kabbalah, 2 (1997), p. 67
.45 dxrd lirl e`x ,yiciile zixarl mebxza xdefdn
,'mipian mpi` ycewd oeyly miype miheyt miyp` xear' yiciia mipice xqen ixac zvtd lr
,zebdpdd zextq ,qixb : e`x ,(c"qz oiinc hxetwpxt) lkin lìgi 'x ly àd mlerl xyid jxc 'qa
.60 'nr
[ 66 ]
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81
82
83
84
[ 15
repnl izxn` m` xaige hwil xy` ux`d inre miyp my lecbk ohw miaxd z`
`wtp `xepc oiwewf xy` [...] xdefd ixac zyecw meyn fpky` oeyla qitcdl
dpd [...] lk ipir ea hheyl ie`x epiè eicinlze eixage i`gei oa oerny 'x itn
lk mixacn eidy mebxz oeyl èd frl oeyla exaig envr i"ayx `ld .èd jtdpe
86
.ux`d inre miyp ea e`xwi m` yg did `l [...] 85 oeyld dfa mrd
zk icia ewfgedy ,zexci`d ly zicedi zicxtql minebxz miievn ci iazkay oiivl yi
xdefd zvtda (yxetna mixkfp md oi`y it lr s`) mi`zay ly zelirt lr 87.dnpecd
: fib`g dyn ixacn mb micnel ep` zxaecnd oeyll enebxza
xirn cg` dyrn iypè mipwfd oia elit` `vnp did `l oencw onfay mewnae
lkn xqg fgete wix xrp lk eykre ,mcia xdefd xtq oiqtez eidy dgtynn mipye
rcei èdy xira gazyie [miaxd zeyxl] x"dxl ea `veie ecia xdefd xtq qtez
shde miypd ipta ea `xewe ayeie oeyll oeyln ewizrdle edibdle eyxecl ea
hxta ,mcia oigen oi`y xecd ilecb lr il yi zniiw dinz dne .f"rla zefrell
ly df yecw xtqa cenll migipn ji` [...] mixteqe minkg ly dlecb xir lr
88
.f"rl oeyla lkd lre ,ìqdxta miyp` zxaga zeaiyia xdefd
dpenyd d`na mixg` zexewna mb zeriten miypl xdef ecnil mi`zaydy jk lr zeiecr
wx `l ze`xl yi miypl xdefd z`xed z` ,hxal`hxettx dcr d`xny itk 89.dxyr
mcxhyn`) xe`nd zxepnl yiciil enebxzl hxetwpxt dyn 'x ly ezncwda mb driten dnec dprh
.305 'nr (49 dxrd lirl) aal xa : e`x .(a"tz
xtq qitcdl diwpd ezrc lr dlr xy` dzre' : ieqc zlidw c"a` ,slèe 'x ly eznkqd z` mb e`x
ornl miypk egky inle miypd mirney xy` oeyl lka mixn`p zeidl milbpd mixn`ndn xdefd
e`xe .'eke 'ìiax elit` `giyn `neiac yecwd xdefd 'qa y"nke drc ux`d `lnze 'd zrcl erci
ornl jixrya xy` jxbe shde miypde miyp`d mrd z` ldwd' : weqtd qtcp my ,xtqd xry z` mb
.(12 `l 'ac) ernyi
.46 dxrd `rx ,atw 'nr ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa
'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz ; atw 'nr ,my ,edipa : e`xe .a"r ep ,b"vz wraifpèe ,minkg zpyn
,(my) edipa zrcl .df jxka qtcpd ,'ze`zaya miypd cnrn lr' ,hxal`hxettx 'r : mb e`xe .52
zelidwl fnxn fib`g ,hxal`hxettx zrcl eliè .iwipelq ìd dil` qgiizn fib`gy dlecbd xird
.mcxhyn`l e` ,waqpèe bxeand ,dpehl`
lirl) iwqaeyxie : e`x .miypl xdef cnil uidcetn cec dyn 'x i`zaydy ecird ,ocnr awri ixacl
idlya b`xta dlrty mihqiwp`xtd zlidwa mipniq ozep qlwlt xfrl` 'x .204 'nr ,(15 dxrd
ozè [...] lrila mc` ytpl mi`nhd miyp`d dnd in rcp dna exn`z ike' : dxyr rayd d`nd
dl` mb [...] xdef xtqae zecbà miwqere 'iwqete q"ya miìwa mpi`y dl` miwdaen mipniq mkl
mixac .(`"r fk mb e`xe ; a"r e ,q"wz b`xt ,cec zad`) 'mdnr s` zewqere zeayei miypd xy`
'`"qwz zpyl q"wz zpy oia dgiy' zilikynd dxihqa mixqnp b`xta mihqiwp`xtd zk lr minec
ilra miyp` mpn` mè mdiyrn z` epikd mixzqna zeax mipy jk' : (12-11 'nr ,q"wz b`xt)
[ 67 ]
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87
88
89
16 ]
qed frea
zipeieeyd dnbnd ly dxywda mb `l` ,xdefd zvtd ly zi`zayd zeipicnd xywda

90
.ze`zayd z` zpiit`nd ,mixabl miyp oia zixcbnd
dpgadd z` zyhyhnd
dìxwd ibdpne xdefd zvtda zepey zelekq`n mi`zay ly daxd zeaxernd zexnl
eid .dxyr dpenyd d`na xdefd zvtdl cigi mxeb ze`zaya ze`xl oi` ,ea zilèhixd
zagxde dxyr dpenyd d`na ixard qetcd ly dlecbd dgixtd enk ,mitqep minxeb
xeaivd ly miagxp mibega zixdefd zextql dyixcd ziilrl eìady 91,mi`xewd lbrn
mipice mibdpn ,xqen zextq zvtd ly dnbna mialzyn yiciil xdefd inebxz .icedid
diilrd 92.zixara ehly `ly ,miyp ollka ,xeaivd ly xzei zeagx zeakyl yiciia
z` dpiit`y milèhix yecig ly zagxp drtezn wlg ìd xdefa ilèhixd yeniya
divfilèhix'd mya dpik aal xa lìxa`y drtez ,dxyr dpenyde dxyr rayd ze`nd
xdefd zqtcd ixeg`n ,jk .xdefd zqtcdl elrt mi`zay wx `l ,okè 93.'miigd ly
laewnde dlawa oiiprzdy dixeean hqebe` oìhqixk qkecd ecnr c"nz zpya javlefa
zipihld dncwdd z` xaigy (Knorr von Rosenroth) hexpfex oet xepw ixvepd
zextq zqtcdl èd s` lrt ,ze`zayd ly uxgpd daie` ,fib`g dyn 94.ef dxecdnl
zebdpd ly drtyd zxkip ef zelirta ,mpn` 95.da zilèhixd dìxwd zvtdle zixdef
rayd d`na mipìxel milaewn axwa dritedy dnbnl jynd mb da yi j` 96,izfrd ozp
mb ,dlaw ixtqa mwqr lke mdici eglyi i"xd iazkle xdefd xtq ecnli ik erci ,diyeze dnkg
zegiye zexzqp ipipra miizy e` zg` dry cenll meie mei lka mdl zg` dwg zeawpd mb mixkfd
dlawd zelne dlawde xdefd gex odilr dgp ik ,miyp x`y ly oileg zegiyk `l odd miyp ly oileg
: e`xe .'odinecke d`zze d`lr `zpky àwepe ixkec `xhq zexitq zeln enk odineta oilbxen
,g"nyz milyexi ,wa`n ly eizeclez : ze`zaye dlkyd ,qqxe 'y ; 53 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz
.zncewd dxrda xkfpd dxn`na hxal`hxettx dcr ly agxpd dpeic z` cer e`xe .77-76 'nr
iptl ,dxn`n ly wzer izeyxl dcinrdy hxal`hxettx 'textl dcen ip` .88 dxrd lirl e`x
.eneqxt
divpbilhpi`d zexxerzd ,l"pd ; 158 'nr ,(30 dxrd lirl) 'dixehqidl zextq oia' ,qixb 'f : e`x
.71-1 'nr ,(45 dxrd lirl) dnecxd
.40-39 'nr ,dnecxd divpbilhpi`d zexxerzd ,l"pd ; 62-59 ,zebdpdd zextq ,l"pd : e`x
,jnqen xèzl xnb zcear ,'u"k odkd ilztp 'x laewnd ly enlera zend' ,aal xa '` : e`x
'nr ,(49 dxrd lirl) miigd 'qa zend zqitz ,l"pd ; 92 'nr ,o"yz milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d
.fvw 'nr ,(57 dxrd lirl) u"k odkd ilztp 'xe dpicenn dikxa oexd` 'x ,l"pd ; 393
M. Schmelzer, Hebrew ; 168 'nr ,(37 dxrd lirl) Bibliographia Kabbalistica ,mely : e`x
90
91
92
93
94
Printing and Publishing in Germany, 1650-1750, LBI, 33 (1988), p. 373
z` zllekd dxivi xtq ly dxecdn ,(g"qz mcxhyn`) zeyecwd zexc`d ly dxecdn qitcd fib`g 95
ebieex mdxa` ici lr el xqnpy ,ihp`l`b dyn ly xdefd gztne (a"rz mcxhyn`) `zeripvc `xtq
,jailxw ; 151-147 ,140-138 'nr ,(77 dxrd lirl) fib`g dyn iax ,edipa : e`x .(r"z mcxhyn`)
,xdefe xdef ipewiz zexecdn qitcdl fib`g ly eizeipkz lr .73-68 'nr ,(74 dxrd lirl) dxitk
.72 'nr ,my ,jailxw ; 157-156 'nr ,my ,edipa : e`x
.77 dxrd lirl e`x 96
[ 68 ]
[ 17
dqitzd dgqep dl`d milaewnd ibega ,xen`k .ze`zayd zrted iptl cer ,dxyr
dax dnexz dnxzy dqitz ,xdefd ly miihpnq `ld mihpnlà mb dxey dyEcwdy
ewqr mi`zay minkgy okzii ,ok enk 97.mipey milèhixa eaeliyle xtqd zvtdl
`l` ,ezpen` ceqae iav izay ly ezeigiyna mixeywd minrhn wx `l xdefd zvtda
.dil` eqgiizd mdn wlgy ,zipìxeld dlekq`d z` dpiit`y dnbnl jyndk
,dxyr dpenyd d`na xdefd zvtd lr erityd mitqep miax minxeby it lr s`
engly dtewzd ipa .mi`zayd ly daxd mzeaxern lr miriavn lirl exwqpy mipezpd
dlawa weqird zehytzd cbpk englpy mipey minkge ,ef drtezl mircen eid ze`zaya
zxewiad ,lirl epi`xy itk .dl zi`xg` ze`zaydy exaq zipaxd dhil`d ibegl xarn
rwxd .mi`zay cbpk d`xpd lkk dzpted xdefa ixletetd weqird lr fib`g dyn ly
dlaw ixtqae) xdefd xtqa cenild z` liabdy ,1757 zpya icexaa mqxetnd mxgl
wa`nd did ,(ci azka `le qetca eidi mixtqdy i`pzae) miyely libl (mixg`
q"y eqxk `liny in'l dlawa cenild z` dliabnd ,ef dpwz it lr .mihqiwp`xta
.'mireavd cg`ke miryxde mipind' zck epic elld zelabdd lr xaery in ,'miwqete
: ze`zaya ceyg dlawa wqere minkgd icinlz begl jiiy epi`y mc` ,xnelk
mivn`zne 'd l` zelrl miqxdnd lr xcq xcqle xcb xecbl epipir e`x zipy
hewll e`vie ,miwqetde q"y cenil meib xg` jilydl daeg mièx ,dakxna qthl
hyt oiadl lky meye 'd dxez xtq lrn zexwl erci mxhe ,zexezd ixzqa ,zexe`
dzid mcine ,zeci xyr ,zeceqd zxwpa èale zexwl jxcd el oiki `xnbe
fal eniyie ,dcerzde dxezd ixcb eqxd mlky xvewl xy` ,z`fd dlyknd
mb ,l"f i"x`d iazkae xdefd xtqa mnvr iwexqe iwea oileze ,dcearde dyrnd
,dlrnl miaezkd zel`d gka epxfb oka ,lwlwle miazk silgdl miyecig
mdy i`cea mirecid miazkd oze` elit` mazk itn cenll mc` meyl dlilgy
,dpy mirax` cr mda cenliy mc` meyl xenb xeqi` ,zerh ila i"x`d iazkn
cg` oic l"f w"nxdn [mipenix qcxt 'q] x"tqe mipen` xney xtqe xdefd xtq wx
`le qetca 'idiy i`pzae mda cenll mixzen jliè dpy miylyd ony ,mdl
zck oecip èd s` didi ,dl` epixac lr xearl dnx cia dyrz xy` ytpde .azka
dvexd lk `l ,dpy mirax`d el ze`lna sè ,mireavd cg`ke miryxde mipind
98
.miwqete q"ya eqixk `liny in wx ,lehie èai myd z` lehil
.300-297 'nr ,(1 dxrd lirl) qed : e`x 97
drepzd zeclezl ,oala 'n : e`xe .453-452 'nr ,g"iyz milyexi ,xtq ixwgn ,ixri it lr hhevn 98
milyexi ,zeciqgd zginv inia ,'f`wiit 'n ; 127-125 'nr ,d"vxz-c"vxz aia`lz ,ziwp`xtd
AJS Review, 5 ,'mirax` lib iptl dlaw cenll xeqi`d zeclezl' ,lci` 'n ; 324 'nr ,g"lyz
.eh-ci 'nr ,(1980)
[ 69 ]
18 ]
qed frea
cenild zlabda exingdyn xzei i"x`d zlawa cenild zlabda exingd icexa inkg
mxgl dneca .xdefa cenild on xwira wgxzdl yiy orh aeqewn jexa 'x eliè ,xdefa
99
: mihqiwp`xtd cbpk xwira mipeekn eixac ,icexa inkg ly
mdl miyere zelecb zexitk mdy zencwd dnke dnk mdl yi elld mixtekd
ecenl zlgza wgxzdl ie`x xdefd xtqn od [...] mipewzde xdefd ixaca zekenq
bilti `l ecenil zlgzae [...] d"dlf i"x`d ly eycw iazka ecenil bilti ik cr
[...] ixaca zerhl c`n aexw f"ire mezge mezq xtq èd `ld ik xdefd 'qa epeir
100
.xdefd 'qa cenild hrnl ie`xe
dlawd ixtqae xdefa cenild z` liabdl `xw ,'dcedia rcep'd ,`cpl l`wfgi 'x mb
: ze`zayl xdefa weqird oiay dwifd zeawra
miwxet ,ìqdxta dlawd ixtqae xdefd xtqa miwqerd el` lr it` dxg c`n dne
mcia dlr `l dfe dfe xdefd xtqa mibdne mitvtvne mxèv lrn zilbp dxez ler
zkn mipind eaxzp epizexeca `l` cer `le ,l`xyin zgkzyn dxez df ici lre
101
.dlawd ixtqe xdefd cenila xcb xecbl ie`x dide ình wigy iav izay
ea cenild cbpk `vie xdefa weqirl ze`zayd oia dwifd lr èd s` cnr ocnr awri 'x
zxewiad 103.epkez z` oiadl ilan ea dìxwd cbpk mb enk 102,dkldd zextqa mewna
.165 dxrd ,288-287 'nr ,(36 dxrd lirl) qail
; 453-452 'nr ,(98 dxrd lirl) xtq ixwgn ,ixri '` : e`xe .` sc ,b"kxz uiaepxyh ,dceard cenr
,'aeqewn jexa iax ly ezebda dxivie dad`' ,qail '` ; my ,qail ; al 'nr ,(16 dxrd lirl) mely
.32 'nr ,f"pyz milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,diteqelitl xehwec xèz zlaw myl xeaig
ezecbpzd lr .54-53 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz : e`xe .cr 'iq ,drc dxei wlg ,dcedia rcep z"ey
'nr ,(98 dxrd lirl) zeciqgd zginv inia ,'f`wiit : e`x ,dlawd zvtdl `cpl l`wfgi 'x ly
(uipnxwn cibnd iel l`xyi awri 'xe uieexed ail dcedi 'x) ef dtewza mixg` minkg lr .337-335
oiiprn .334-331 'nr ,my : e`x ,ze`zaya mznglnl dxeyw dziid dlawd zvtdl mzecbpzdy
dxi`nd dixlwtq`l eznkqda dlaw ixtq zqtcdn uiyaii` ozpedi 'x ly ezebiizqd z` mb oiivl
M. Idel, Hasidism, Albany 1995, pp. 35-36 : e`xe .(e"lwz `cxeit)
zevnd zrici cenl meib xg` mikilyne d"qa mcenl xwr lk miraewd lr mihtyn izxac xake'
dipibae `zelbn oewti `xeag i`dac mipewizd 't n"qa azky t"rè [...] obedk mneiw oteè
iwqet ixtq lk oke cenlzd migipne dceard on i"a al z` eìpd dl`k mixn`ny xexc mz`xwe
miakrn md znà zlef `l d"q mznbn lk wx eyri dn zrcl ixnbl oiyyeg mpiè zeklde mipic
dxex`d zkd zwfgzn jk i"re l"x drx zeaxze xwtd iig mxbe d"ra dfn e`vi zelwz dnke uwd
'nr ,[l"yz milyexi v"c] l"xz bxranrl ,mixtq zgthn ,ocnr awri) 'i"xy u"y ly dycgd
.(104
dpeaz `le zrc `l dpgad lkn lleyne rpnpe aiegna 'it` drici l"`y lkq dhey lk dzr ik s`'
rci ilan d"qa cnele wqer dpiaa el wlg `l w"dla s` ,dpyn `le cenlz `l ,rci `l `xwn 'itè
[ 70 ]
99
100
101
102
103
[ 19
ifkxnd ecnrn llba ,eixacl ,dgnv ezencw lre xdefd xtq ly ezecg` lr ely dtiwnd
: mi`zayd axwa
elykpy xg`n j` [...] xdehl minyd mvrk èd yecw xdefd xtq mvr lk dpd
mlerd lk z` cixndy [awxi miryx my iav izay] i"xy u"y [...] miryet ea
d"qa elz mzlwlw lk i"xy izfrd mipt frd oxwyd eìap eixac `lne e`xea lr
d"q èd aeh `l izxn` dzr [...] xdef ipewze [`pnidn ìrx] n"xe [xdefd xtq]
jlnd ediwfg d`xy xgè midl`d l` eci lr hiadl d"rxn dyry zyegpd ygpn
oevx witdl ezzke cnr yzken ygen ygpl ehiady zexecl dlwz epnn d`viy
104
.'d z`n
z` lawl oi` okle zepey zetewza eazkpy mipey mihqwhn akxen xdefd ,ocnr zprhl
zeidl ihlgd aeig oi` ok lr xy` dpd ecgi exaeg in i"re izn rcep `le' : ezeknq
mihlgen miizin` mlek mzeid xefbl mzeixg` eilr lawl [...] il`xyid yi`d careyn
rcep'd ly ecinlz didy ,qlwlt xfrl` 'x 105.'mlera wetwte xedxd ila mipn`pe mipk
: ocnr ly ezxewia z` uni` ,b`xt ly daxk enewn z` yxie 'dcedia
etiqed xy` milewlwe miteif dnk e`vnp xdefd xtqay 'd zxeza rayp ipixd
oiè [...] xdefd xtq lkn xzei yecw àxe iia`c zeied ilaa cenlzn zg` dlre
did èd ik i`gei xa oerny 'x iwl` `pzd ceaka mbte itec lihn dlilg ip`
dpd [...] dilr mezg dizwfre i"ayxc `wptyeb e`l xne` ip` `l` oeilr iciqgn
minezq mixac dnk ik [eici lr] i"r elykp daxd xdefd xtq ycgzpy mein
e`xe e`v ,lkyd jyg iayei mc` ipa zerzdl 'ipexg`d eìvnd xy` minezge
ikxa edrxn zfegè xeay iav izay rx alkd ipin`n elwlw miax milewlw dnk
106
.xdefd xtqa mdixac elze awxi miryx my wp`xt awrie iwipelyn
yecwe izeknq hqwhk xdefd ly ecnrny miriavn qlwlt lye ocnr ly mdixac
,ihwlìc oteà ,jk .ezvtda mzeaxerne eilr mi`zayd ly mzeknzqd llba xrxrzd
mb `l` ea ilèhixd yeniyd zagxdle xdefd ly daxd ezvtdl wx `l ze`zayd dnxz
.ezyecwe ezeknq lr zxewiad ziilrle ea weqird z` liabdl zepeiqipl
`l ik dlbpa enk dlaw ixtq x`ye d"qa dxyi dìxw èxwl elit` rcei epi` i`ceae ,rxl aeh oia
.(78 'nr ,my) 'oihx dn rci `le oihx zinxà ik s` ,zixar zty elit` erci
.2-1 'nr ,my 104
`vnpy dn lka dpen` aeig oi` ik eidl`l on`pd il`xyid yi`d rci dzr' : mb e`xe .2 'nr ,my 105
.(105 'nr ,my) 'i"x`d myn zewzrde miazka ày dn lka `l mb ,qetcay xdefd xtqa
.a"r-`"r eh ,h"qwz b`xt ,dad`n daeyz ,qlwlt xfrl` 106
[ 71 ]
ze`zaya wa`nd zeclezl zecerz - 'y` ilgb' xtq

oexe` lkin
`
zeiecr 1.zewelgne zeyw zeaixn ly dtewzk l`xyi zecleza zpiite`n g"id d`nd
dpìlcead ziixtqa `vnp ely (sxbehe`) cid azky ,'y` ilgb' xtqa zeievn jkl
.zifpky` daiqxewa miaezkd mitc 424 cid azka 2.(Ms. Mic 108 2198) cxetqweà
oievny itk ,xibrxt sqei 'x icia bxeanda e"hwz-c"iwz mipya azkp 'y` ilgb' xtq
[... ] zxnynl mzeidl miazkd itebn elekk eaex ynn izwzrd' : cid azk ly oetelewa
x"dnk olczye bidpne qpxt oivwd oa ail x"dnk aicpd xiabd mqxetnd oivwd cia
sqei ixkf dfe iny dfe efd daizkd lk dyrp exear xy` e"vi uk 'hyxald wilyhrb
ilgb) 'c"iwz xc` 'h bxeand .ield xibrxt sqei `xwpd b`dn iav oerny x"dk `"`la
.(a214 ,y`
3
.zepeayg ldpnke xikfnk ezexiya car xibrxt xy` ,ield w`lyheb 'xl crep xtqd
,(4'miig zexve`' ,ely oeafird ixtq zniyxa `vnpe) lkin miig 'xl xared cid azk
eipa xe`l d`vi cid azk ly ziliniqwt dxecdn .cxetqweà dpìlcead ziixtql epnne
,qail 'i xicdd ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely 'b : e`x ,elld zewelgnd lr zeitxbeilaia zeiptde ax xneg
z` llk odae miipir zexi`n zeax zexrd siqed qail .(ze`zay ixwgn : oldl) a"pyz aia`lz
milyexi ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail 'i : mb e`x .mely ixn`n meqxt f`n xwgna ycgzd xy`
.(zi`zayd dpen`d ceq : oldl) d"pyz
A. D. Neubauer, Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts : e`x ,cid azk lr miitxbeilaia mihxt
in the Bodleian Library, Oxfrod 1886, no. 2/89
.39 'nr ,(e"d` inkg : oldl) g"qxz bxeand ,e"d` inkg ,qrwwec 'i : e`x
bxeand ,xciipypiihy dyn zkixra ,lkin sqei x"a miig 'x ly oeafrd ixtq zniyx : miig zexve`
zelleke ziasl`d itl zexceqn zeniyxd .ci iazke mixtq otq` did lkin sqei x"a miig 'x .1848
.xe`l ìvend ly zexrde mipewiz ,zetqez
3
4
2]
oexe` lkin
i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd ziaa mely sqeà ievn dly wzere ,b"pyz zpya wxei
5
.milyexia
: cg` mpiipre xibrxt wizrde hwily miax miknqne zecerz likn 'y` ilgb' xtq
mitc) oey`xd wlga .miwlg dyelyl xtqd z` wlig xagnd .mi`zayd mr zwelgnd
ziy`xl zexywpd zecerz yi (138-135 mitc ,mipiipr gztn eteqae ,a"r clw-`"r a
,oeig dingp ,izfrd ozp ,iav izayl mixywpd miknqn - dzehytzde zi`zayd drepzd
èan oirk zeynyn elld zecerzd lk .mixgè ,l"gnx ,uipqext ilail ,j`ln miig
'x ,ef dtewza zeifkxnd zeiencd izy oia miiwzdy wa`na wqerd ,xtqd ly exwirl
èd : xagnd zpeek zxazqn oey`xd wlgd seq z`xwl 6.uiyaii` ozpedi 'xe ocnr awri
miizqn df wlg .uiyaii` cbpk ewa`na eze` ynyiy ick df xneg wizrde hwil ,sq`
ozpedil qeqid lk `ll ekiiyn xibrxt xy` ,'oird l` meid èaè' xtqd jezn dwzrda
: mixacd zncwda azek èd jke .uiyaii`
ozpei 'x xag xy` oird l` meid èaè `xwpd ,qexiqe zepin 'qn qetc dfi` wzrd
dzr cr ux`d dcqed mein edenk oitecbe oitexig `vnp `l xy` ,y"ni uiyaii`
.(`"r lw ,`"g) elky oira d`xi al mkg lk xy`k
eprh ok`y mi`zayd axwa uetpe hytzd ,ea `vnp `l exagn myy ,df ilaw qxhpew
df xtqn enlrzd mixwegd axwn uiyaii` ly eixbpqn j` .uiyaii` icin edelaiwy
dèeydd jxca ,d`xde xtqd ly exagn zl`y z` xwg xhenlxt dix` dyn .lilk
èd eiperih zxbqnae ,uiyaii`l df xeaig ly ekeiy z` ,uiyaii` ly mixg` mixeaigl
7
.lirl hhevy 'y` ilgb' jezn rhwa ynzyn
'zicedid ceqd zxeza mely myxb ziixtq belhw'a .5.060.1 mely ziixtqa xtqd ly epeniq
mikxkd zyely ekxkp ef znlevn dxecdna .5796 extqn (h"pyzd milyexi ,qail 'è oc 'i zkixra)
.dfd xwgnd zaizk jldna daxd mzxfr lr mely ziixtq icaerl zecedl ipevxa .cg` jxka
i"` : e`x ,eilr miax mihxte ,zeitxbeilaia zeiptd ,uiyaii`l ocnr oia wa`na mirexi`d xcq lr
M. J. ; zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail ; d"lyz milyexi ,ezpyne yi`d : oicnr awri iax ,wia
ozpedi 'x axd ,clepixb 'i ; Cohen, Jacob Emden: A Man of Controversy, Philadelphia 1937
,upiv l"c ; c"iyz wxei eip ,oicnr awri 'x axd oiae epia lecbd aixd zexewe eizeclez uiyaii`
zycegn dtwzd' ,l`tx 'i ; [e"nyz aia`lz .v.c] [c"vxz]-u"xz aewxhrit ,ozpedi zlecb xtq
.(25.4.1941 ,`"yz oqip g"k) a dpy ,xeyina ,'uiyaii` ozpei 'x lr
siqep .73-59 'nr ,f"yz aia`lze milyexi ,ze`zayl eqgie uiyaii` ozpedi 'x ,xhenlxt `"n
miievnd zepeirxl 'oird l` meid èaè' xtqd ly zipeird ezaxw z` yibcn qail ik df oiipra oiivpe
xtqa qail `vn ef daxwl fnx .uiyaii` ly cenlzl dxend didy ,uipqext ilail 'x ly eixeaiga
dyng on wzrd k"r' : el` mixaca ezwzrd z` mzegd xibrxt ixaca ,(a"r clw ,`"g) 'y` ilgb'
ux` ivixte iryx dl`n xagzp xy` ,oird l` meid èaè d`nehd xtq on epicil eà xy` mitc
elld miryx mixex` ozpei rxe wihqiext ilail rx mixenb miqxewit`de mixtekd xecd iìhgne
[ 74 ]
[3
,cg`k mixtqnae zeizeà xtqenn ,xeaigd iwlg zyely oia jex`d ,ipyd wlgd
sca zeniizqne [41] `"r gl sca zeligzn xibrxt ly eizewzrd) mdipia meìz oi`y
xtqd ly ipyd wlgd gzta .(219-215 mitca ,mipiipr gztn eteqae ,[a 214] a"r gx
zpekzna aezk xiyd .mixvnn exfega rinrxw wgvi 'x ceakl qtcpy zecici xiy riten
eixg` cin 8.olek z` xbegd fexge zefexg zefexgnn iepad ,iniipia ini xef` xiy ly
zgzetd xibrxt ly ezncwd driten df sca .'ipy wlg y` ilgb xtq' zxzekd driten
: dl` milina
aiigl ,onl` `l mr iy`x ,onfd ipe`b zgiye ,xecd fexkk ,xecd ipwf ixac dpd
oxe` cbpk mngzn ied mxnà ,i`kf oa icinlz ixn`nk ,i`kfd ze`kfle aiiegnd
,ozlgba dekz `ly xdfdle ,mininzde miwicvd mzeala mixyid ,minkg ly
axwr zviwre ,ozkiyp lrey zkiypy .ozce mxia` iciwtz zepyl `lye
mdixac lke ,sxyp mdit lada gxetd sere ,sxy zyigl ozyigle ,ozviwr
dle`bd on miyere ,yìzdl dle`bd on dlilg miziqnd cbp ,y` ilgb k
xdeqd ziaa mxq`le ,mzxnkna mccevl ,dxae dti ipa z` zerhdl ,dxenzd
eyàe ezpgv lrze ,eytpe egex gtz iav izay xg` secxl ,mzxnynae
.dlwpa cakpe rxa aehd xindl ,[! ] `tdn
dpehl`) 'zixedf oeyle zn` zty' xtqd ly qtcp wzer riten el` dncwd ixac xg`l
lr exn`na qail .ocnr awril qgei ède xagnd my oeiv `ll rited df xtq .(a"iwz
s` èd ocnr ezrcle ,minecn micinlzl eixeaign dnk qgiil bdp èd ik oiivn ocnr
iabl ,eixeaign miax ixeg`n ilb yixa cnr `le ocnr xzzqd m` mb 9.df xtq ly exagn
: 'awria zecr' extqa miritend miàd mixacd z` azk e` xn` `l mdn cg` s`
,qail 'i : e`x .'mler ztxgle oe`xcl jli jeld ipyde jld xak oey`xd .l`xyi iwl` my z` scbl
ilail 'x i`zayd ìapd - "mler ceqi wicv" xtq xagn'e ,'i`zay qezin - "mler ceqi wicv" xtq'
ozpedi 'x oa slee 'xl xdefd oeyla xeaig' ,l"pd ; 76-53 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,'uipqext
xn`nl itxbeilaiad gtqpa ,l"pd ; 102-77 'nr ,my ,'dle`bd ceq lre ezxeag lr uiyaii`
,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : jeza ,(lirl 6 dxrda xkfpd) odk 'n ly extq lr mely myxb ly zxewiad
.680 ,679 'nr
zra ,1840 zpya .1870e 1848 mipya ztxva mihtynd xy ,dinxk slec` èd ,rinrxw wgvi
szzydl mixvnl wpen dnly 'x mre ixeitihpen dyn xyd mr dinxk rqp ,wynca mcd zelilr
,dceqi xwya dny`dd ik lyend z` rpkyl dgilvd zglynd .ef dlilra miny`pl xefrle htyna
etexive clet oxd` ici lr mirexi`d zeawra azkp xiyd .iytegl e`ved rytn mitgd miny`pde
.xtqd zkixk zra zerha d`xpk dyrp cid azkl
zexrdae ,206 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,'ze`zayl eqgie oicnr awri 'x ly ezeigiyn' ,qail 'i
milrdl bdpy myk ,lekiak eicinlzl eixtq z` qgiil bdp ocnr awri ik oiivn qail .412 'nra
[ 75 ]
4]
oexe` lkin
d`x okide dxi`nd ìxlwtqè zn` zty iqxhpew xagnd èd ip`y o`ka ricedy enk
ip` iziid `l mbe icra xacn ,xg` mc` èd èdd xtqd xagndy yega d`xp èld ? df
mxb lr ize` dlrdy èdd xagnd dyr xy`k dlrnd mc` xèz mya invr z` dpkn
`l mircepe miaxd ixeag lka ok `vni `le mda utg il oi`y ipxhri xcde ced zelrnd
ipebie ipeavrn ipngpl z`f dyr iiade`n cg` `l` .iz`py oe`be d`b ,il xcd `le xèz
df oi`y ,dlgpe wlg wlg ea il oi`y dxi`nd ìxlwtq` dpeknd scd xnel jxev oiè
oze` mqxte qetca eraw - xibrxt sqei 'x eply cvdn cg` wx x`tzdl ici dyrn
mixac èxwl il èd i`pbe `nlra sew dyrn èd mipaxd ly zexbi`d
10
.(`"n - .ily zeybcdd) iny lr el`k
zwicaa j` .eicbpzn zrc z` qitdl ile` dà mixeaigd ipyn ocnr ly ezebiizqd
bdp ocnr 11,qail d`xd xaky itk ,okè .zn`d z` minèz mlek `l ik d`xp eixac
xtqd z` ocnr xaig `l m` mb .lekiak mixg` ita gayd ixac z` mye envr z` gayl
xryl yi .ely i`ceea did zerinwd geprite ,ez`xyda xagzd df xeaig ,'zn` zty'
`xwpd xeaigd z` ,ocnr ixaca mixkfpd ,mixeaigd ipy z` mqxty èd xibrxt ok`y
sexivl daiqd mb z`fe ,'zixedf oeyle zn` zty' xtqd z` oke 'dxi`nd ìxlwtq`' mya
dèeydy okzii .xzei xge`n azkpy 'y` ilgb' exeaigl a"iwz zpya xak qtcpy xtqd
.ef dxryd yy`z 'y` ilgb' xtqa xibrxt ixacl 'zn` zty' gqep oia zipeyl
jiynn xibrxt ,'zixedf oeyle zn` zty xtq' xg`l ,ipyd wlgd ly ekynda
drtez lr .fe` cec ecinlzl qgii 'axwr zviwr' extq z` ,lynl .eqtcp my izn`d qetcd mewn z`
ocnr ly itxbeiaehe`d extq z` xicddy ,`pdk 'c xak ecnr minecn micinlzl mixtqd qegii ly ef
mdipy .72 ,65 'nr ,'ozpei zlecb' extqa ehhvnd ,upiv l"c eizeawrae ,(f"pxz `yxè) 'xtq zlbn'
(my) exn`na ef drtez gzpnd ,qail .e`xap `le eid `ly micinlzl eixtq z` qgii ocnry epiiv
ly eny zeawra ocnr ici lr ozip df my ,ezrcl .(fee`=) 'fe` cec' myd xyt z` xiaqn s`
'up`b' myd z` mbxz ocnr .'cec gnv' xtqd xagn ,up`b cec ,dxyr yyd d`nd oa oeixehqidd
,igiyn ciwtz fee`l l"fg ixaca .fe`
= dixhniba 'cec' myd ,qail zrcl : cere z`f .fE`
- zixarl
.df oirn ciwtz envrl crii ocnr sè
'zn` zty' .dwica zeaiign ocnr ly eizeprh .`"r ak ,f"hwz dpehl` ,awria zecr ,ocnr awri 10
zpya dpehlà xe`l `vi 'dxi`nd ìxlwtq`' qxhpewd eliè ,a"iwz zpya dpehlà xe`l `vi
geprita oey`xd did ,uiyaii` zian o`veny zeiecr it lry ,xibrxty xryl ozip .b"iwz
'zn` zty' .dl`d miqxhpewd ipy z` xe`l ìved okn xg`le ocnra xfrp ,uiyaii` ly zerinwd
ozpei cbp wa`nl mixeywd mipey miknqn likn 'dxi`nd ìxlwtq`'e ,zerinwd oeyl geprita wqer
zenewn dnka 'dxi`nd ìxlwtq`'l qgiizn uiyaii` .azky zerinwl miyexit mb enk ,uiyaii`
.143 ,31 ,28 'nr ,1908 `yxèe ,zecr zegel ,uiyaii` ozpedi : e`x .extqa
.(9 dxrd lirl) qail 11
[ 76 ]
[5
wlga mbe xeaigd ly df wlga ,jliè o`kn .(jliè [41] `"r gl scn) eizewzrda
èd ,(72-71 'nr : xtqenn gztna miizqn eincewk df wlg .a"r gn-`"r `) iyilyd
zewzrd cvl .eiknezl uiyaii` icbpzn oia wa`nd lr micirnd miknqne zecerz ìan
enyl mifnx miriten eae uiyaii` azky xiye zerinwl eyexit - uiyaii` ly eci azkn
iy`x ici lr eglypy uiyaii`l zecbpzd iazkn xibrxt ìan - 12iav izay ly
laiwy zeaeyze miazkn oke ,(`"r el) zenxg igqep ,(a"r ai-`"r b ,b"g) zelidwd
fhw liknd ,zecbpzd azk miiqn xtqd z` .(a"r l-a"r hi) hinycleb dyn 'x glye
mitc ,b"g) df xg` dfa uiyaii` ly 'eiryt' e` 'eiyrn' mda mipnpy mitirq (116)
.(cala zextqa mipneqn el` mitc .70-52
*
zeiptde epnn mihehiv .ze`zayd ixwegle mipeixehqidl xkene reci 'y` ilgb' xtq
myxb 13,oixtliid l`xyi ly mdixwgna miievn ,mneqxte eigqepa yeniy mb enk ,eil`
ea ievnd xnegd ax oiicr ,z`f mr 17.qail dcedie 16,ondl ciq 15xhenlxt `"n 14,mely
azekd ly ezeiyià cwnzdl ipevxa .ef dtewz ixwegl oiipr ea yie xwgp `l xy`
.ze`zayd cbpk wa`nd z` ztwyn ,extq enk ,ìd xy` ,xibrxt sqei 'x hwlnd
,miazkne zecerz hewille seqi`l eiign mipy xibrxt yicwd recn epl reci `l
.elyn mii`nvr mixeaig dl` oi` ixd ; miizpy jyna extqa jk xg` azke myx mze`y
ely mihewild xtq jezn ezeiyi` lr cenrl ozip m`de ,eiyrn xyt dn ,yi`d did in
.eizece` lr zexg` zeiecrne
awri 'x ly on`pd exteqe ecinlz xèza xibrxt z` mipiivn ze`zayd ixweg aex
65 ,awria zecr) 'eply cvd ly xteqd' e` 'on`pd xteqd'k epiivn ok` ocnr 18.ocnr
dpkn epi` s` oexg`de ,ocnr lv` xibrxt cnl izne okid zecr lk epl oi` j` ,(`"r
,'[rxd xvi] x"dvi dz`' milina gzetd ,uiyaii` azky dgkez xiy bbeya wizrd xibrxt ,dyrnl
e`x ,zexrde mixiyd ipy .dwzrdl dncwdd gzta eilr fixkn èdy 'miad` zli`' xiyd mewna
.gtqpa
.gztnd it lr ,d"yz milyexi ,zevx` rax` cre qwpt ,(jxer) oixtliid 'i
.gztnd it lr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely
.gztnd it lr ,(7 dxrd lirl) xhenlxt
12
13
14
15
S. Leiman, When a Rabbi is Accused of Heresy: From Ancient Israel to Modern Judaism, III, 16
Atlanta 1989, p. 182, n. 20; p. 194, n. 50
.gztnd it lr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail 17

dxrd ,332 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn) 'eznglna u"ari axd ly etzeye ecinlz' xibrxt z` dpkn mely 18
xibrxt z` dpkn qail .(713 ,712 'nr ,my) 'eaixa exfere u"ari ly aexwd exag' xg` mewnae ,(34
ly 'epn`pe exteq' wiae ,(2 dxrd ,330 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq) 'oicnr awri 'x ly ecinlz'
.(18 'nr ,6 dxrd lirl) ocnr awri
[ 77 ]
6]
oexe` lkin
xake 19.oiylne ,gicne ziqn ,olkx xibrxta e`x uiyaii` ixiwen .cinlz xèza eze`
cbpk ocnr zzqda eze` eniy`de dl`d miyi`d ipy oia aixd zaiq z` ea elzy in eid
zegel' extqa miritend ,miàd uiyaii` ixac ,qrwwec zrcl : cere z`f .uiyaii`
: xibrxt cbpk mipeekn ,'zecr
xiipd lr aezkl ux`d axwa 20sqì `l eztxg eny lape ,èd lap yi` lagzde
ia lihdl el ze`pd xacl oeyl selga exzetl lkei lwa xy` zeizeè zeaiz dfi`
xwy - ilew inixda ipè l"pd yi`l izxqny xiipd èd ik xnìe exkya àe itec
ryx zaygn ède ia dpr xwy ik e`vnie [mibidpne miqpxt] n"etd exwgie èd
oiicre xac lka dxiar xacl gily ède ezrxe ezleer xq `l df lk mr la` ryte
21
.ez`neha wifgn
zg `ll mglpd uin` mgele ocnr awri ly on`p cinlz - xibrxt sqei èt` did in
? ziqne olkx ,xzqp ricen e` ,ze`zayd rbp z` xral
a
dnka oievnd it lr .dpehlà (1714) c"rz zpya clep 22l"bq xibrxt oerny oa sqei
ly ze`kxra eklde miny my ellg xy` mipiylnd eid in ricedl iz` mewn dt dzre' : azek upiv
sqei 'x did zeprxetl okend oey`xd .epiax lr oiyldl [`"n -.bxeand wàfpè dpehl`] d"e`
zlecb) 'mipey`xd on did oiyldl mbe [] zg` rinw siife dxar xacl gilyd oey`xd didy xibrxt
ezpyld dyrn z` gikedl ick bxeanda oeikxà e`vnpy zecerzn hhvn upiv .(62 'nr ,ozpedi
rhbiiv cpe` [xirbxt ,epiid] ieerl o`nif sqei ql`nxra` oriyxr xranrvrc 15 m`' : xibrxt ly
orbipiihy bx`f orpiif xrpia`xxrhpe` xi`n w`fi` orc xrpia`xxra` xrc q`c o` xrpxrt
sqei 'x yi`d df' : oiylne aix xgxgn ,likx jled didy xibrxt lr xne` qrwwec mb .(my) 'orqq`l
,e"d` inkg) 'miccvd ipy oia oecne aix xgxgn dide zerinwd oipra drx dac ìvend did xibrxt
mb èd .(41 'nr) 'mdly ze`kxrl xibrxt sqei 'x ìad zexqene zepylde zelikx daxde' ; (39 'nr
j` ,daiyi icinlz ly deqna dpehl`l mixega dnxna ìady' uiyaii` z` miy`d xibrxty oiivn
.'rpìty oixewy mixeih ,"ux`d zexr z` ze`xl eà xy`" ,milbxn dl` eid xac ly ezin`l
exnzydy milewehextdn wizrde dpieea ax didy clèepexb x"c lr jnzqn èd qrwwec ixacl
xibrxt sqei xkfp elld milewehexta .zerinwd aixl zexywznd zeiecrd z` bxeanda oeikxà
.(my) uiyaii` cbpk minrt xtqn cirdy ink
.xibrxt sqei - sqei myl uiyaii` fnxn ef difelà - 'sqì `l eztxg'
,qrwwec lv` hhevn s` df rhw .(3) `"r b ,èan ,(10 dxrd lirl) zecr zegel ,uiyaii` ozpedi
.40 'nr ,e"d` inkg
mipeivd itle ,'e"d` inkg' qrwwec ly extq itl ecaere ehwlp xibrxt sqei ly eiig zeclez
'x' wia ly extqae ,'ozpedi zlecb' upiv ly extqa ,ocnr awri ly eixtqa eizece` lr zexrdde
.(6 dxrd lirl) 'oicnr awri
[ 78 ]
19
20
21
22
[7
ly ezy` jxc uiyaii` zgtynl xibrxt zgtyn oia dgtyn zaxw dziid zexewn
oeyla od lecb orcik rcep xibrxt sqei .`xity wgvi 'x za `lwlr ,uiyaii` ozpedi
z` wiqtdl ul`p èd zexexa opi`y zeaiqn .fpky` oeyla od dwecwcae zixard
hyet fxkede eyekx z` cai` èd ,miwqra dglv `l ekxc .xgqna weqrl dpte eicenil
,ield w`lyheb 'x ly eziaa zepeayg ldpnk dcearl lawzd dqpxt xg` eiyetiga .lbx
.ocnr awri ly aexw cicie dpehl` ixiyrn didy
yely ly iy`xd ifpky`d axd ,obiealpvw l`wfgi 'x ly ezen xg`l ,1750 zpya
iepin lr .dzptzdy dxynd lr wa`n miiwzd - wrafpè ,bxeand ,dpehl` - zelidwd
.uiyaii` ozpedi 'xe ocnr awri 'x exgzd ,zelidwd yelyl oic zia a` zxyn ,df
miknezd mr ,w`lyheb ecqg yiè eaihin mb enk ,xibrxt sqei dpnp df wa`na
milyd `l ,uiyaii` ozpedi ly ezxiga xg`l .ocnr ly eiepinl elrty miplczyde
.uiyaii` ly eiyrn xg` aewrl hilgdy d`xpe iepind mr xibrxt
z` eripd ,my uiyaii` ly eiyrn lr dpehl`l b`xtn eribdy mipepixde zerenyd
xacle mze` mifdl ldwd l` eiknez axwn micaekne xeaiv iyp` gelyl uiyaii`
cnln didy ,xibrxt ail 'x ,xibrxt sqei ly eig` did dl`d mixbpqnd oia .egaya
eiaxewnn xibrxt ail did ezexirva .u`xba oic zia a` y`x eini zixgàe dpehlà
.uiyaii` rhp 'x ,epa ly cinlze ,ezegily dyer ,ezia iàn ,uiyaii` ozpedi ly
ecia riiq sè oexg`d ly eixiwen mr dpnp èd uiyaii`l ocnr oia wa`nd ziy`xa
'x ,exeny zrcl gkep xy`k la` .zelidwd yelyl oic zia a`l ezxigal wa`nd zra
.uiyaii` icbpzn l` sxhvde eiaihin z` yhp ,xzqp i`zay èd ,rhp
.xyei uilnl el zeidle eceake eny lr mglidl xibrxt ail z` gly uiyaii` ,xen`k
eig` mb gkp ,xgapd eax ly egaya mixac da `yp sè ,xibrxt ail qpiky dtqà
ail ly gayd ixac cvl ,da xy` ,zxreq dtq` dziid efy dler zeiecrd on 23.sqei
ixetiq z` mdizeprha elrdy ,ldwa eidy miyp` itn bexhw ixac mb ernyp ,xibrxt
ixac zè eig` ixac z` rny xibrxt sqei .zepey miypl uiyaii` ozpy zerinwd
dxra `ny e` ,mixzeqd mixacd rnynl lalean did m` mircei eppi` .eaiaq miyp`d
.xgapy axd ici lr lley ekled ik xeaivd x`yle eig`l gikedl dweyzd eala
xtiqy ,ylin`n cec mya icedi mr zeygxzdd mewna xibrxt sqei ly zixwn dyibt
dnk .dnxera lertl eze` dxxer ,uiyaii` ozpedin xakn `l laiwy rinw lr enezl el
ribdyn .rinwd z` ze`xl dywaa ylin`n zial epa z` gly dyibtd xg`l mini
,miaxa xacd z` ricedl xdin èd .v"y ly eny z` ea `vne eze` gzt eicil rinwd
'dined xird ziyrpe xacd lr dlidwa yrx dyr sqei yi`d df ik' : ocnr azeky itke
.ze`qxb dnka riten dyrnd xetiq 23
[ 79 ]
8]
oexe` lkin
ocnr ly extqa mb riten dyrnd xetiq .(`"r e ,a"kwz dpehl` ,zewa`zdd xtq)
,zeize`d xei` z` silgde dpiy ,rinwd z` xibrxt sqei siif m`d .(a"r c) 'awria zecr'
df oiè ozpedi 'xa xwy dpry ldwd iptl dced ok` m`d ? uiyaii` ixiwen eprhy itk
? dlegl uiyaii` ozpy rinwd
ozpedi ly zerinwd zyxtl xywp ,xibrxt sqei ly eciarn ,w`lyheb ly eny mb
ick uiyaii` dl azky rinw dlaiw ,zcll drxk ,iapry zxn ,eza xy`k .uiyaii`
riten dfd rinwd lr xetiqd .zexdd miypd axwa xira dhyty dtbnd iptn dilr obdl
z` miy`d uiyaii` .'axwr zviwr' ocnr ly extqae 'zecr zegel' uiyaii` ly extqa
.ylin`n cec ly rinwa dyry itk ,eizeize` z` siife rinwd z` gzty xibrxt sqei
: jk xetiqd riten ezqxba
ày mewnd ik ryte ryx zaygn ède ia dpr xwy ik e`vnie n"etd exwgie
xtqa zqpkd ziaa] z"qa k"daa rayp èd el exqny èd yià epegxq dpze
`le èd el xqn `l mlerny èd xwyy ,zelidw 'bc miyny cnrna ecia [dxez
mppeki mibidpne miqpxtde] e"vi n"etde .el jlde ca`p ily azkde ,xac egely
xy` ytpde [`"n -.xibrxta ,xnelk] mihty dfld yià eyr ,[mlèbe mxev
lka dxiar xacl gily ède ezrxe ezle` xq `l f"k mr la` ,dnx cia dyrz
rinw o`k izazk mb .d`vi ipnn el`k l"pd rinwae ez`neha wifgn oiicre xac
za 'ide miypd lr c`nl cgt ltp ik zexvtd axl zxaern dzidy zg` dy`l
'ini dzcil xg` dzeidae melya zcleie dxd 'ide [`"n - .w`lyheb ly eza] cibp
lealaa miyexit ea cinrdl exzge ef rinw egzt md èaz `l ycwnd l` xy`
24
.mlewl ux`d rwaz xy` 'ixexry dfa dt eyr df lk mr la` [... ] zepeyl
z`yepl wifd s` `l` lired `ly wx `l rinwdy azek èd .dpey oaenk ocnr ly ezqxb
e`ypy miypd x`y lxebk zcleid ly dlxeb did ,dxèev lrn eze` lhp `leliè ,eze`
25
.zrcd sexiha ezne uiyaii` ly eizerinw z`
ocnr - gexd iwpr ipy oia wa`nd ly eziy`x z` mipiivn mdicde el` mirexi`
uiyaii` ozpedia dnxg znglnl xibrxt sqei envr mzx jliè o`kn .uiyaiiè
miazk ,zerici sqè hwil èd .ocnr awri ly ezexiyl envr cinrde ,eiypàe
mikldn el eid ìdd zray ce`n okzii .ei`pey ly mb enk uiyaii` icde` ly miazkne
,uiyaii` iaxewnn xen`k didy ,ail eigà d`xpk `vn jkl reiq .uiyaii` iyp` axwa
.dèpyd zkd mr dpnp ok` uiyaii`y rpkzydy xg`l ea dkinzn xzei xge`n ea xfge
ly ekeiy mle` ,e`l m` 'zn` zty' xtq ly exagn xibrxt did m` mircei eppi`
.`"r b ,(10 dxrd lirl) zecr zegel ,uiyaii` 24
.a"r ai ,b"iwz mcxhyn` ,axwr zviwr ,ocnr awri 25
[ 80 ]
[9
mifexg ly sqe` edf .i`ce xibrxtl ,my melira qtcedy 26,'dxi`n ìxlwtq`' qxhpewd
mipyd jyna .'y` ilgb' ,àd extql ceqi d`xpk yniy xy` ,uiyaii` cbpk zenxge
zexbi` el glye ,sq`y miknqnd lr eze` rcii ,ocnrl xibrxt axwzd elld
'on`pd xteqd' ,xen`k ,eze` dpiky ,ocnr ly ezxwedle ezxkdl dkf èd 27.mcxhqn`l
miknqnd lk ly dwzrde meyixa xibrxt ligzd c"iwz zpya .'eply cvd ly xteqd'e
: azek èd ,eznlyd xg`l azky ,xtql ezncwda .hwile sq`y zecerzde
ixneye ,mivewd z` xral ,minxd fx` ivrn ,minzx ilgbe y` ilgb xtq
ixga ,mrda mikyepd ,miyglde zerinwd iazek ,miygpde miaxwrd ,mivewyd
maex ik sè ,giynd 'id xeayd iavdy ,[! ] gitei mixwy xyà oin`dl ,mrfe s`
iav izayd ,dn leblb mey ici lry ,oinnef mzefgta mhern oicr ,enz mb ezxkp
yi`d mpn` ,ozce mzpen`l y`xd èdy ,ozpei 'xa mdipir enye ,dncp epcer
,mipe`bd xecd inkg ,mipwfd zngn ez`xin ,dfgna xacn èdy enic xy` ,dfld
dfe ieka xne` df ,dpxd dpgna eilr lka xearze ,dpr xwye dfld yi`d ygk
icrlbk gaeyn èd ik xne` dfe ,iav izayd caer xex` xne` df ,dk ià
wrev
,mzezigyn hlnl ezygkda d`x ,mzcevna cklp zeax minrtl ik sè ,iayzd
,iavke li`k mya xizn èd el`k ,iav izay icaerl mixgdle llwl dnxna dyre
,exikfdln mxidfn eli`k eirneyl zencdl ,exkfe eny gni dfd xnend lr xnè
s` .eny wfg mgpn oepi : g"nia mifnxne ,enrtl dryxd zk miyer df znàe
y`xn lk`ze ,minyd on y` `vz .myàe mzpgvl oin`ny ,my`d ea m` : xne`
zeaiz iy`xa ik ,dryte dpecf gk zeqkl ,dryxd zkd lqk jxc iè ,milbxd cr
,dlend lew z` rnyp dpde .xad z` oaza oenhl ,xkfen - izay eppec` - y"`
dinxd civ ik ,jxcd on mrd exq znàe ,dltz miaxd eizepeera miwl`l ozp ik
xy`ke .iavl icec dnece ,ia` dz` ,u"y caerl mixne` renyl ied ,jxg eciv
,glecad oaè adfd my exn` mizetnde .xrexra mrd epgi ok ,xrea `peyd
ezyw zecxnd zerp oa xy`ke ,gl`pe [! ] a`zpn mriyedl miwrev miwicvde
zenxg igqep ,uiyaii` ozpedi cbp aixa miwqerd mifexg miazkn llek 'dxi`nd ìxlwtq`' xtqd 26
oic zia a` ail dix` 'x ,uinn oic zia a` o`nlid lèny 'x ,`w`xwn ryei awri 'x zeaeyz oke
xacl `ly jlnd z`xede zerinwd aix xac lr ,xaepdn oic zia a` bilrf wgvi 'xe ,mcxhqn`n
.b"iwz zpya dpehlà xe`l `vi xtqd .diplet inkgn miwqt qxhpewd llek ok enk .df oiipra
: mcxhqnà ezeida azek èd my ,oexg`d sca ,'awria zecr' ocnr ly extqa dievn jkl di`x 27
n"ete uk b"x `wc n"etwd ieeva t"ix èd eply cvd ly xteqd on zetevx zexb` 'b cer biv` dk'
ieeiva xibrxt sqei 'x ly zexbi` yelya xaecn : xnelk .'iaeye izial izxfg ugpl y"bnx a"dc
zelidw izy ibidpne iqpxte u"k oeyxb 'x - dpehl` zlidw ly mibidpnde miqpxtd ,mipivwd
aeyi ocnry miywand zelidwd ibidpn lr ocnrl xibrxt azk el` zexbià .(wrafpèe bxeand)
.40 'nr ,e"d` inkg ,qrwwec : mb e`x .mcxhqnà ezelb mewnn ezial
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10 ]
oexe` lkin
dknd dzax ik ,dyw dceara mdiig z` exxnie .jxta l`xyi ipa ecari ok ,jxc
ci mixdl elkei `l ik ,dkeap xird ,dklda mipiievnd wcv ipiic lkle ,dyep`d
n"etl cer renyn ,dliqnd mipend exar mbe .lbrl egye dkqn eyr el`k ,lbxe
enlerl jld xy`k ,minefnfd ipa eyr z`fe .y`xe owf lkl ,yexe dprle .dlidwd
ceakd `qk zgz 28,miwl` oba eznyp ield wgvi 'x oiicd èd .minkgd on cg`
eilr ok lr ,dktdna ze`xl dvx `le ,dkiyga jld `l eiiga xy` .mideab mexa
mivpd lkl ozpei 'x deve ,dxeawd zrya etxgl ezrca dlre ,dxg et` zerpd oa
.xtey lewa mxgene iecpa zndk ,xtra dqeki mxh .mipaà znd mebxl ,mipendd
xawpe .ezvra renyl mrd ep`n ,ezcrl eiiga cakp did d"r oicd xy`k mpne`
zia iayei mitel`d lr ,yxt eci ik oke ,dxtkl didz epilr ezzine ,dxeyk j`
.gaf mdiptl dnebt zlk`nae ,gah geah xy` yià exrb mzwcva ik ,yxcnd
lecb lewa zqpkd 'iaa ,yceba mrd sq`zda ,ycew zay lila ozpei 'x wrvie
dkld exed ik ,mala èaz axg j` .mevr` `l cer ipir ze`xn xnìe ,mevre
zevlgn eyialde ,mkicba z` erxw ,dfn oae dfn ebxd ,dfd ziad eaxg .max ipta
eci gka ,zeldwna fixkdl deve ,yxbi yxb elek j` ,yxci `l mnc ,mkizgz
xy` calne .mitexig dnka mze` sxgle ,miteciba dl`d minkgd scbl ,zelià
.wtqa x`yp èd ik ,wtec micecd lew ,dvwn dypd cib xq m` ,dvrd znerl
mina dyr dae .daiwre awrl ma oyrl ozpy ,àiwr iaxc `zlcadd inyeaa oke
dxf dcearl xy` ,jqn `ln xng oiia oke ,mixnl dnypl dnd xy` ,mixx`nd
dl`k miax mixace ,lèbnd egiyna m`nhl ,l`xyi ipa z` ma wyie ,jqp ely
exara mzg xy` ,mileqtd zerinwda d`xp xy`k ,dldeane dweane dweak dyr
,mwp eyal 'd xaca f` .rcn inkg xecd ipwfl ,rcep dfd rxd xacde ,mileabd lr
epiylde d"e` ly ze`kxrl ekldy mipiylnd mr ,eixacl .upiv lv` riten df xetiq ly dpey gqep 28
lr dxq xaci xy` in lk ldwd enixgdy xgè' : bxeanda zeter hgey ,wgvi 'x epnp uiyaii` lr
mihty ea zeyrl evx n"etde ,epiax cbp mirx mixac xaice ,mdixac lr èd gibyd `l ,epiax
mè èd `kecn ipr ik drx el eyri `ly mda xivtd epiax la` .ezpne`n exiardl lk ziy`xe
epk lr x`yp okae ,ezaiqa mc` ypriy dvex epi` ède e"g arxa rebi f` ezpne`n edexiari
xy`ke .egafn lk` `l `linne ldwd ly mxgd lr xary ori dcepnk ewifgd epiax j` ,ezxnyne
,iecpa zn oick exaw lr zg` oa` gipdl c"a gily epiax gly a"iwz zpya l"pd hgeyd zn
dev w"bca`dy ze`kxra epiax lr oiylde dtl el did l"pd xibrxt i"xe ,hgeyd ly epa ux cin
epiax laew ezelvpzd azkae ,lvpzdl htynd zial jlil epiax jxved df lre [... ] znd z` lepl
znd lre ,eilr oiyldl ekli cine skiz wx ziyr dkk recn mcewn eze` milèy `ly eipiyln lr
iptl dxizra znd bved jk] oiic did dl mlern df yi` ik eilr epiyld xwy ik ,lvpzd l"pd
iecpa oicd on dide ldwd ly "mxg" lr xar ède ,eini lk did zeter hgey wx [`"n - .zepehlyd
gily gly ezzin xgè ,ezqpxt z` gtwl dvx `le did ipr ik ori dne`n el zeyrl dvx `l eiigae
.(62 'nr ,ozpedi zlecb) 'eiiga el exizd `le iecpa zn oick epex` lr zg` oa` wx gipdl
[ 82 ]
[ 11
laz dvwae ,mdileaba zerinwd azek z` enixgdy ,mwig l` aiyi mzxekyne

,dfege ìapn [! ] scerd mkg lk ixac ,dfd xtqn ipy wlgn d`xpk ,mdilin eny
mbe .eipipre v"yd ilelrzn ,eipir d`xnl [`"n -.xtqd ly] ef wlga hetyi s`
,mdileaba èai lè ,mdn wigxi eytp xneye ,ealk dnde ,ea mixaecd miryxdn
idiy lìx` oipaa ze`xle ,lèbd zenil dfk dkfie ,l`xyi inkga gvp weaci j`
.(a"r-[`"r]1 ,`"g ,y` ilgb xtq) on` epinia dxidna
xfeg èd o`k mbe ,extq ipiiprl epal zneyz z` xibrxt dptn ipyd wlgl dncwda mb
: siqene iav izay ipin`n lr xetiql xeg`l
dl`d mixyid icewta mrd axwn ezxkpe enz xak dfxde onyd dfd oe`d ilret ik
ozpei èd epig` l`xyi ipa z` gicnde ziqnd epkeza dzr cer `vnp ,mrep ixaca
y`x x`ypd ozpei df ik ,ller mb wpei cr owfn dpri xy`k ,llgd izena lr xy`
zerhdle yigkdl dcevna cklp ik eze`xae ,mixwynd ia`l dfd onfa ,mixwten
ipir zè zencdl mdipira xedhde yecwd èd el`k ,dcv l`xyi ipa zeal z`
zè mipe`bd df l` df eazk xy` mipey miazkna aihid d`xpk ,zenql mixard
minil oexkfl zeid ornl ok lr ,eileab lrn yi` lk wigxdl ,eilr exfb xy`
ze`l zeidl ,mixabd oia exar xy` mixacd dl` cgi epbvd oexg` xecle miàd
.( [a"r]3 ,a"g ,y` ilgb xtq) zx`tz zxhrl al mkg lkle ,zxnynle ixn ipal
.`xwnd on miax miveaiy da mialeyny dfexg ziviln oeyla zeaezk zencwdd izy
iav izay lr xetiqd xfeg odizyae ,xtqd iwlg ly mpkez z` zexqen zencwdd
,mixacd z` meyxl ìd ,el` mixacn zxiihvn ìdy itk ,xibrxt ly eznbn .eipin`ne
,zecerzde miknqnd zwzrda wtzqn èd oi` ,okè .miàd zexecl oexkifl ,oeixehqidk
zecerzd okez z` xqen èd .elyn xaqd ixaca jnqne jnqn lk xhrne micwn `l`
mipey miyrn lr elyn mixeìz mdilr siqene (dfixg ly jxca mizrl) miknqnde
.uiyaii` iyp`l ocnr iyp` oia wa`nd jldna erxi`y
ly eiypè eiaxewn ly mirytpd mdiyrn lr zextqn eixaca zexkfpd zertezd
,y` ilgb xtq) ocnr ly enya zexbi` seif lr xetiq `vnp miaxd eixetiq oia .uiyaii`
lekiak minezgde - ocnr cbpk dphy ixac mi`yepd miazkn iteif mb enk ,(a"r cw ,b"g
edyrn z` crzn èd .(`"r fiw ,`"r hw ,b"g) zepey zelidwn mibidpne miqpxt icia
,`"g) ezxeaw mxh eicbpznn cg` ly ezteb z` mipaà lewql deeivy ,uiyaii` ly
xy`k' : zepgnd ipy oia zekne zeneldn itelig lr xetiqd z` mb enk ,(`"r a ,dncwd
,(`"r biw ,a"g) 'ikcxn 'x oiicd ciqgd z` dicva ryxd xcpl`d dnly sexbà dkd
xnb cr xira x`yidl raype hteyde xyd iptl htynl ,xibrxt ixacl ,dknd àed
[ 83 ]
12 ]
oexe` lkin
ly xnd elxeb lr xtqn èd oitelgl .(my) oilxal gxae ezreay lr xar fld j` .epic
ci ik epi`x znàe' : siqene ,ldwd mya lekiak ,ocnr cbpk dphy azkn lr mzgy in
eide dqiqba mini 'd on xzei aky ik rahd jxck `ly dzid ezzin ik enedl ea dzid 'd
.(a"r cw ,a"g) ' 'gexq epeyle gezt eite zelegf eipir
xy` ,yi`d ly ezenc epiptl zxkip eitexige eifexg ,xibrxt ly eizexrd zìxwa
zk`lnn ez`pd s` dlbzn - exwia dvxe caik eze`y ,ocnr ornl wa`nl ezenzxid cvl
ezaizkl iewig dyrnk ile`) miaezkd z` zqxqn s` mizrl xy` ,dvinynd daizkd
ilklkd eavne eiyrn lr xkyn dpdp s` xibrxt ,ocnr ixacn xazqny itk .(ocnr ly
k"g` xiyrde ipr did xibrxt sqei 'x' : yxetna azek èdy itke - xkd ilal xtzyd
.(`"r dt ,awria zecr) 'ezena gnye d`xe oind ly e`pey lv`
zeiecr it lr .daizka wx dzvnzd `l eytp ièpy lr xibrxt xq`y deevnd zngln
eiyp` lre uiyaii` lr opelzdle oiyldl bdp èd ,bxeanda oeikxà e`vnpy zecerze
xibrxt cxi uiyaii` ly ezen xg`l .mixg` miyrnae lebixa mniy`de zepehlyd iptl
èd 29.eipira epg xqe ,mini d`xpk dkix`d `l ocnr mr ezecici sè ,eiqkpne ezlecbn
30
.dpehl` zlidw qwpta dievnd dzèeva ezy` dcirny itk ,lek xqega zn
miàd zexecl xniy elrtn ,aix xgxgne olkx ,oiyln xibrxt sqei 'x did m` mb
èd .uiyaii`l ocnr oia llegzdy wa`nd ly ezxkde ezpadl xzeia zeaeyg zecerz
: myxp ezavn lr .ezcled xir dpehlà xawpe ,53 oa ezeida ,g"kwz elqk g"ia xhtp
xab zxeaw l` mkaal eniy
xay xiayn xy` sqeia zecr
xawd jez epxrvl sqei cxed
xag xy` extqa exkf gipd
eipzna xteqd zqw xy` yi`d d"d
l"bq l"f xibrxt oerny d"ka sqei x"xd
ea i"g eilqk ycega sq`pe sqed
31
(g"kwz) epilr àd lk lr wicv hxtl
,(1997 xanvc ,milyexi) ze`zayd lr qpka iz`vxd xg`l .43 'nr ,e"d` inkg ,qrwwec : e`x 29
ocnr iazka jkl oeiv iz`vn `l .ocnr ipira xibrxt ly epg xq onf xg`l ik ondl ciq 'text xird
gipdl xiaq .lirl eàedy ,(`"r ak) 'awria zecr' extqa ocnr ixacl qgiizn ondly okziie ,envr
.zilklk dkinze zayw ofe` cer `vn `ly xg`l ,ilklkd eavn zexcxcidl daiqd dziid s` efy
zipiny ynne ,hq`lrb orvhif cp`hyiv olra`xrfin oi` jin xbrxt sqei 'x gepnd ilray recia' 30
ilray recia : mebxzae .(43 'nr ,e"d` inkg ,qrwwec) 'ik ornn`wra hkip izaezkn zipinyay
ip` .izlaiw `l izaezkn zipinyay zipiny elitè yèp avna ipxi`yd xibrxt sqei 'x gepnd
.df mebxza dzxfr lr iwqpìpxeh deg 'text izcicil dcen
.axd ceak oa - d"ka ; èd did - d"d 31
[ 84 ]
[ 13
gtqp
wizrndy ,uiyaii` ozpedi z`n mixiy ipy

mdipia silgd xibrxt sqei
z` el micwn èdy xiy xibrxt sqei ìan 'y` ilgb' xtq ly iyilyd wlga
lkl eze` ozpe uiyaii` ozpei 'x dyry miad` zli` xnf' : miàd mixacd
gi ,b"g) 'miaike mitecib `ln miabr xiy ède ea xnfl eirxe eiaed` eicinlz
zegel' extqa qtcp ède ,'miad` zli`' mya xiy azk mpn` uiyaii` .(a"r
.oldl d`xpy itk ,ixnbl xg` xiya xaecn la` ,'zecr
'ixvi dz`' xiyd .`

'qcxtd' ly ixehqidd xecna dpey`xl mqxet 'y` ilgb' xtqa xibrxt wizrdy xiyd
mr mc`d gekie mirpe cngp xiy' : oiivn oieeheb lèny jxerd .'ixvi dz`' myd zgz
axd icici z`n icil xqnp dfd xiyd .d"dlvf uhiyraii` ozpedi 'x w"dbd z`n exvi
32
.'cx`tqwe` ci azkn wzrp xy` q"ye ozpedi zlecb q"dnra `hily upiv ail cec
xeha .'miad` zli`' zxzekd zgz xibrxt ìany xiyd gqep ,ipnid xeha ,oldl
: 'ixvi dz`' zxzekd zgz xen`k riten èd my ,'qcxtd'a qtcpy gqepd il`nyd
[` zfexgn]
ipnn ywaz dn x"dvi dz`
iptcxz 34meil mei
36
ipriyxz 35jtà
37
ipniyz jl aie`le
33
ipnn ywaz dn ixvi dz`

iptcxz meil mei
ipnihyz jtà
epaiygz jl aie`le
oefciec l`xyi .21 'nr ,(1931 oilael) b-a zxaeg ,` jxk ,qcxtd ,'ixvi dz`' ,uiyaii` ozpedi
mqxet èdy oiivne ,fp`vn oieeheb 'y 'qcxtd' jxer ixac jnq lr ,uiyaii` ozpedil df xiy jiiyn
,126 'nr ,b"vxz wxei eip ,(mièln) c ,heitde dxiyd xve` ,oefciec 'i : e`x .df zr azka dpey`xl
.df xewnl ize` dzptdy ixà daeh x"cl dcen ip` .2309 oniq
.15 fl 'xa
.3 hi 'dz
.2 e 'dz
.(9 fh aei` it lr 'qcxtd' gqep xzei mi`zne) 2 i aei`
.(24 bi aei` it lr 'qcxtd' gqep xzei mi`zn) 9 hl 'dz
[ 85 ]
32
33
34
35
36
37
14 ]
oexe` lkin
epcingz oede zia

ipztz zeixre lfb
ipec` htyna ipìai dl` lk lr ik ic
[a zfexgn]
ipicngz 38oede zia
ipztz zeixre lfb
39
ipec` htyna jìai dl` lk lr ik rc
ipeirxa xzzqn dz` od

it xearl iaal z` xeqze
ipeibda yiàdl zen iaiaf
ipnn ywaz dn ixvi z`
[b zfexgn]
ipeirxa xzzqn dz` od
ipew 41it xiardl 40iaal z` xiqze
ipeibd 42yiàdl zen iaeaf
ipcixez dle`y miig

ipenk zeidl jl aeh
ip`xa xy` iwl` carp cgi
[c zfexgn]
ipcixez dle`y miig
44
ipenk zeidl jl aeh
46
ip`xa xy` 45iwl` cearp cgi
ipg licbdl jpevx ik

ippew xy` ixvei iptl
iipt ze`x jcin z`f ywa in
[d zfexgn]
ipg licbdl jpevx ik
ip`xa xy` i`xea iptl
47
iipt ze`x jcin z`f ywa in
dxewgpe epkxc dytgp

ipyagie ai`ki èd ik dkeqipe
ipnn dpte ilrn dxeq
ipeia`d xtze sqkd lag jzxi `l cr
[e zfexgn]
dxewgpe epkxc dytgp
49
ipyagie ai`ki èd ik dkeqipe
50
ipnn dpte ilrn dxeq
51
dpeia`d xtze sqkd lag jzxi `l cr
43
48
.18 ak 'na 41 .4 `w 'dz mb e`xe ; 5 fi 'xi 40 .4 ak ,3 ci aei` 39 .14 hi ilyn 38

'yi 47 .10 a ik`ln 46 .26 i 'ny 45 .21 p 'dz 44 .30 fh 'na 43 .1 i zldw 42
.6 ai zldw 51
.9 e 'dz it lr 50
.1 e ryed 49
.40 b dki` 48
.12 `
[ 86 ]
ipckll oenyz lbxl migt

ipcixedl mepdbe zenlv
epzfg` uayd ik `xiè izrny jlew
[ipfg`]
[f zfexgn]
ipckll oenyz 52lbxl migt
ipcixedl mepdbe 53zenlv
u"ayd ik 54`xiè izrny jlew
55
ipzfg`
iper dlbz zè jaix aix

[ipecf] iper ilr cwtl jzelrda miny
iprlal mpg ux` zenedz
[g zfexgn]
iper dlbz lè 56jaix aix
58
ipic ilr cewtl jzelrda miny
60
iprlal mpg 59ux` zenedz
[ 15
57
zerh] q"h' : 4 dxey ,e zfexgna .mixteq zeierh lr jxerd xirn qtcpd xiyl zexrda
ipfg` l"v q"h' : 3 dxey ,f zfexgn ; owiz `le 'xkf oeyl ipeia`d ik xtie l"v [mixteq
ipecf xnel jixvy xyt`' : 1 dxey ,g zfexgn ; dxeyd ileya owize ,'xkf oeyl uayd ik
.dxeyd ileya owize ,'iper mewna
ziyiyde dpey`xd zefexgnl hxt ,mixeh drax` zepa zefexgn dpenyn akxen xiyd
zfexgnd .xfeg oenft ynyn 'ipnn ywaz dn x"dvi dz`' xehd .mixeh dying zepa ody
ef dfixg (ipX) fexga zefexg zefexgnd lk hrnk .xfegd oenfta zgzet cala dpey`xd
rtyend xaecd oia zeiccd yi ik dxen dyrnle rxd xvid ly eizeielirt z` dyibcn
.ziasl`d ly oekihqexwà miieyr xiyd ixeh .rxd xvid ly dgcdd zelirtn
,aei` ,mildz) dnkgd zextqn xwira ,miax mii`xwn miveaiy `vnp xiyd ixeha
ecqgl dtvnd ,`hegd mc`d ly ezywae ezpigzl iehia mda yie ,(zldw ,dki`
.l`d ly ezgilqle
xtqa ai yexca .(h"pxz aeal) 'yac zexri' extqa uiyaii` ixacl cd yi mb xiya
znglnn delya didiyk epevx' : (7 l 'dz) 'ielya izxn` ipè' weqtd z` yxec èd df
la` ,'d ippga ,l`y jkle yeakl el ax eci ik hen` la llg edyre eyak ik rxd xvi
zenevrze fer ixxdl zcnrd xdk icbp èdy rxd xvid oevxd ,fer ixxdl zcnrde jpevxa
ipyak rxd xvid ik ,ldap ziid jipt zxzqd la` eripkdle exabl miige gek il zzp ecbp
mi`zn 'qcxtd' gqepa jxerd oewiz) 9 ` a"ny 55 .10 b 'xa 54 .4 bk 'dz 53 .22 gi 'xi 52
mi`zn 'qcxtd' gqep) 21 ek 'yi 58 .22 c dki` ; 1 f ryed 57 .22 cr 'dz 56 .(weqtl xzei
.3 a aei` 60 .20 `q 'dz 59 .(weqtl xzei
[ 87 ]
16 ]
oexe` lkin
zeinipt zenglnn rxd xvi cbp 'dl lltzdl dta epgk jkle rxd xvin zelda ipribde
.(hvw 'nr) 'rxl eizeaygn ewnr dne [... ] c`nl
.iav izay lr fnxn (ziyily dxey ,f zfexgn) 'ipzfg` u"ayd ik' iehiaa yeniyd
lr dxenk 'u"ay' dlina yeniyd ik ,qail dcedi xeqtext ipfeà oiiv dt lray mixaca
.mnvr mi`zayd lv` od ze`zayd icbpzn lv` od geex did iav izay
`vnp 'miad` zli`' xiya eliè ,dgilqde dgkezd oeyl zhlea 'ixvi dz`' xiya
.oihelgl mipey oepbqe dxiee`
'miad` zli`' xiyd .a

'nr) 'zecr zegel' extqa mqxet ède 'miad` zli`' mya xiy azk ok` uiyaii` ,xen`k
eqgiiy eicbpzn ixac z` mifdl à xiydy azek uiyaii` xiyl ezncwd ixaca 61.(144
z` mqxte azky xibrxt sqeil fnex èd eixaca .'miad` zli`' mya xtq zaizk el
.'miad` zli`' mya xtq xeaiga uiyaii` z` miy`n èd eae ,'dxi`nd ìxlwtq`' xtqd
eze` xxerl crep ède ('itxeg inia izxaigy') eixerp inia xiyd z` azky oiivn èd
: d"awa zewacle dad`l envr
yxecd rci ornl ,miad` zli` ligznd xiye xnfd qitcdl dncwda izcri dpd
jixv ip` ik eazk xyè ìxlwtq` zxbà miyecw o`v ixy elèp ji` wcv htyn
diè xteq di` e`xe izxagy miad` zli` xtq zngn oeayge oic mdiptl ozil
dfk daizka [oky lkne] y"kne xac xaci mxh dyixce dxiwga e`xd mzrc lwey
wx dfa xtq ly eaih dne .xnfe xiy wx epiè ynn ea oi`y ieaixa mc` zeerl
inr] d"r ly zeiqpk zaiyie milha miyp` zgiy ,dt icbpzn ixac ehwle eny
ie` .uevx dpw lr miprype enzg eze` gqepd mdl egly xy` itke [zevx`d
htyna `ly eyrp ji` mdixac ix`y lr mrd lk ecnli dfne 'eke dyea dze`l
aih zrc ilan eazkie exaci mdita i`pey eniyi xy` lke ahid dyixce dxiwge
ezpibpne il 'id zexinfe itxeg inia izxagy dfd xiy mkl `de .mixea lr mixacd
... dlild zevg xg` cegia enigxe eligca 'izpikye d"awa 'ewace dad` xxerl
lcprn ,jxerd xirn xiyd seqa .(78-77 'nr ,[1846] e) 'wgvi iakek' zrd azka mb qtcp xiyd 61
[iaxe ixen ia` ipec`] e"n`` ci iazk oia iz`vn dfd xnfd z`' : miàd mixacd z` ,oxrhy i"xa
inia mrtd eizi`x ik ,il dncp ik sè ,r"p oxrhy wgvi [axd epxen] x"en ceak bltend ipaxd
ipirl à `l dfd 'qde ,oekp lr dpn`p il rcep `l ik lr ,z`f lka ,zecrd zegel 'qa qtcp itxeg
miqtcpd mixtqd oze`n eppi` mbe ,eppi` dgtyna mipye xira cg` s` ède ,dfd meid cre f`n
,oefciec 'i : e`x .'oxrhy i"xa lcprn .dpd edbiv` izxn` `zlinl dxn` àx `xab ik lre ,ycgn
.2956 'qn ,138 'nr ,d"txz wxeieip ,` ,heitde dxiyd xve`
[ 88 ]
[ 17
zeaizpa eizelbrn mrep oegai dnkga zerici el yiy in cegiae micngn elek ède
zrc ilae obedk `ly lèya oeayg oiè dleky ea oiè `xwi ycewd jxce dnkgd
.'exaci
63
icepz lè ippewz l` / ictqz l` 62og zlrie miad` zli`

65
ici lr mzegk jniy` / icngn z` 64jizad` ad`
67
izlgp daefre dyehx izia / 66izln l`l miyè mgpz` dna
68
izfeg` yxi` ik rc` dna / izlef zeax zlra
71
izzp jl zeizgze zeilr zleb / 70izirx z` dti 69dklnn zxab
75
izeg` z` ik 74ze` jl df mb / 73izxga ja ik 72jl`b` l`b
iaeya it lldi 77zeppx ixac / 76ia`kn riyedl d`p ile izelc
78
iavl jl dnce gxa icec / ia` zial ivx` jxc
80
dpcre ocir idl`l iliged / dpiw igkye 79oeiv za illd
83
82
dpenà il jizyxè jizewg mitk lr od / dpipg i`vnze 81rbx hrnk iàzd
ept epnn micenr iee / 84epzq`n ik mgpz` jiè
86
eppi` sqei à dp` ipè / 85eplegn la`l jtdp èlde
jlrae jyi` 89jlafi laf / 88jl zbet ipze 87oeiv za ixnf
92
jl`b ikp` ik 91jxkf` xekf / jlxeba eidi 90oerne leaf
94
ipecf dgn xard `hg / 93ippg leng qeg ig ig
96
ip` dad` zleg / 95ipt z`n xizqnd 'dl izikg
mipeg jy`xa 98zx`tz lilk ztheh / mipecf silgze 97xdhz d`neh
100
mipa dxyrn jl ikp` aeh / mipet jl 99zexe` illh
102
jced xcdn ixe` ldi / jcqg lcebk 101jingx ài
104
jicec miaeh ik edit zewiypn ipwyi / 103jcal 'd dz` ik lk erci
y"dy ; 23 a ibg it lr 65 .[2] 3 `l 'xi it lr ile` 64 .10 ak 'xi it lr 63 .19 d ilyn 62

.5 fn 'yi 69 .8 eh 'xa it lr 68 .7 ai 'xi it lr 67 .25 ck aei` it lr 66 .6 g
'ny 74 .23 a ibg it lr 73 .13 fk 'ie it lr 72 .19 eh 'di it lr 71 .4 e y"dy 70
.17 ,9 a y"dy 78 .6 bq 'dz it lr 77 .6 fhw 'dz it lr 76 .13 ai 'xa 75 .12 b
.16 hn 'yi 82 .20 ek 'yi 81 .25 f 'pc it lr 80 .12 fnw 'dz ; 14 a 'kf ; 14 b 'tv it lr 79
,14 a 'kf ; 14 b 'tv it lr 87 .30 fl 'xa 86 .15 d dki` 85 .22 d dki` 84 .22 a 'ed 83
.13 g `"ln it lr 90 .20 l 'xa it lr 89 .cebipd jxc lr ,18 a dki` it lr 88 .9 h
lr ileè ; cebipd jxc lr ,7 `k ,14 bi 'xi 93 .8 cp 'yi ; 12 b zex it lr 92 .18 f 'ac it lr 91
.19 fh 'ie it lr 97 .5 a y"dy 96 .17 g 'yi 95 .3-2 `p 'dz it lr ile` 94 .2 f 'dz it
; 5 dnw 'dz 102 .77 hiw 'dz 101 .8 ` `"ny 100 .19 ek 'yi 99 .8 dn `xiq oa it lr 98
.2 ` y"dy 104 .19 bt 'dz 103 .26 `l aei`
[ 89 ]
18 ]
oexe` lkin
106
dkeqp mcwn ceak `qk / dkxad oirn z` 105itei zlilk

dkeln xf jexhrie jl epzi xzk / 107dkexre dxeny jci `vnz xiak
109
miara min zzl / miawin 108iyexize ipii zlcgd dnl
111
miaeh jipny gixl / miae`kna 110iytp d`nv `l
inrf aiyn jl ài mgpn / 113indz l` 112ikan jlew irpn
115
in` icy wpei il g`k jpzi in / inb zaiza 114ediziyn mind on
117
miygp z`xwl zkld `le ipzyhp / 116miyek zepak ce`n cr izxcwp
120
miyp zad`n il` jzad` d`ltp / 119miyeà yrie 118egix ozp icxp
migeg zixkè 123ziay` mibiq / 122migely zxbè di` 121zezixk xtq
125
migetza jctx` zeyiyà jknq` jnq / 124mig` zay aeh dn ilr jzad` dlq
128
miiga izvw 127dad` zenk dfr / minyd zeevw 126onize oetv ixer
min iwit` lr 130mipeik eipir / 129mipgn zlegna jzad` ixkf zr
134
ikixerp xypk ycgz 133jct` dct / 132ikicr aeha riayz 131jxhr` ceake x`t
138
ikp` lèb ik jilr 137itpk yxt` yxt / 136ikigepnl iaey 135jzad` dìlt
142
dngk dxa 141jz`xl

iytp d`nv / 140dndi iaal 139d`pw ipzznv
144
dnly jlna oeiv zepa dp`xe dp`v / dnxa iepa 143lcbnk jxèv
146
elcgi `l cere jizad` mcw / zelr
gixk 145axr jlew
zelwd
148
147
zleky`l
jicye xnzl dznc jznew / zeldwna mipbep xg` mixy encw
150
ipnn eàgpe mixrp ipe`x / 149ipzrayd y`xe dprl ipzeex
ipaaeqz 152hlt ipx / 151ipiig htynamiax jingx
155
jadi jlyd ilr 154il` daey / jia` zia igkye 153za irny
156
ja dfgpe iaey zinlUd iaey iaey / jaal zipr xy` zgz jgny` gny
mipz` zixa wfgl glyz / 157mipyeya mirexd diav in`z
158
mipencw mipyk epini ycgz / mipyi uiwdl iayz
.8 ek aei` it lr 109 .13 h 'ey 108 .25 `l aei` 107 .12 fi 'xi 106 .15 a dki` 105
.10 a 'ny 114 .6 an 'dz 113 .16 `l 'xi 112 .10 c y"dy it lr 111 .2 bq 'dz 110
.1 ck 'na it lr 117 .('xcw ild`k ... ip` dxegy') 5 ` y"dy 116 .1 g y"dy 115
`"ln it lr 122 .1 b 'yi 121 .26 ` a"ny 120 .2 d 'yi 119 .12 ` y"dy it lr 118
.16 c y"dy it lr 126 .5 a y"dy it lr 125 .1 blw 'dz 124 .119 hiw 'dz 123 .16 h
.6 g 'dz it lr 131 .15 ` y"dy 130 .1 f y"dy 129 .46 fk 'xa 128 .6 g y"dy 127
'dz 136 .6 hlw 'dz it lr 135 .5 pw 'dz 134 .15 gi 'na it lr 133 .14 `l 'xi it lr 132
.36 gn 'xi it lr 140 .139 hiw 'dz 139 .12 b zex 138 .8 fh 'gi 137 .7 fhw
.14 a y"dy 145 .11 b y"dy 144 .5 f y"dy 143 .10 e y"dy 142 .3 an 'dz 141
.8 hk aei` 150 .15 b dki` it lr 149 .8 f y"dy 148 .26 gq 'dz 147 .33 h 'ny 146
.23 dp 'dz 155 .22 cn 'yi 154 .11 dn 'dz 153 .7 al 'dz 152 .156 hiw 'dz 151
.21 d dki` it lr 158 .5 c y"dy it lr 157 .1 f y"dy 156
[ 90 ]
[ 19
.cxtqa exagzpy miine`ld dad`d ixiy gqepa ixebl` dad` xiy èd 'miad` zli`'
,dtlgy dad`d oexkif : df beqa miietvd miaihend lelkn z` ,el` mixiya enk ,ea `vnp
ly dle`bl zeghade dngpd ,dad`d ixac cvl ,dly dgilq zywae zxaecd ly dlaq
.xaecd
izy llk jxca df beqn mixiya dbivn micedid cxtq ixxeyn ly ziphiitd zxeqnd
l`xyi zqpk e` dpikyd zè dfn d"awd z` mibviind ,dyiè xab : zeixebl` zeienc
xiya zbven odipia miqgid zkxrn .zeienc izy zeriten uiyaii` ly exiya s` .dfn
dzecica lr zppelzn dyi`d ,deeda ,dzr .xara mrepe xdef ini drciy ,dad` iqgik
gelql ,dzlgnn d`txl ,mcwk dini ycgl epnn zywane daed`l zwref ìd .dlaqe
aiynd ,xabd ixaca .dzlgpl daiydle dzwevnn dlèbl ,dnewnl daiydl ,d`hgl
eaexa orypd ,zeiencd izy oia belìcd .cizra dzle`bl zeghade cecir yi ,dixn`l
.cizrl dtevd lewd oiae deedde xard z` bviind lewd oia s` miiwzn ,`xwnd iweqt lr
zxeqna obern èd `l` ,xagnd lyn miixewn miyecig df xiya oi` zixiy dpigan
oa` dyn 'x ,lexiab oa` mixxeynd cxtqa eazky ,dle`bl dywa ixiy ly mipydzax
d`na dx`'bp l`xyi xxeynde ,dxyr mizyde dxyr zg`d ze`na ield dcedie `xfr
md s` ecnr ,mi`zayd ici lr eycwzpy ,dx`'bp ly eixiyy ce`n okzii .dxyr yyd
orypd ,dx`'bp ly eixiyay oiivl yi .dfd xiyd xeaig zra uiyaii` ly egex ipir cbpl
.mda dxqg belìcd zpekzne ixiyd belepend `weec hlea ,zicxtqd zxeqnd lr
sqei my`xae uiyaii` ly eicbpzn eprhy itk ,dnif xiy eppi` 'miad` zli`'
izya zepetvd zefinxa epigad xiyd i`xewy ce`n okzii ,z`f znerl .xibrxt
irceil .iav izay ly eny otven dl` mipexg` mixeha : xiyd ly zepexg`d zefexgnd
zeaqen eteqn zelerd dywad zeìxwe exiv lr xiyd jtdzn ,otvend z` milbnd ,o"g
: zepexg`d zefexgnd izy z` èxwl ozip jke .iav izay ,'egiyn'l `l` l`l `l èt`
jadi jlyd ilr il` daey / jia` zia i gkye za irny
ja dfgpe i aey z inleyd iaey ia ey / jaal zipr xy` zgz jgny` gny
mipz` zixa wfg l glyz mi pyey a n irexd diav in`z
mipencw mipyk epini ycgz /mipyi uiwdl iayz
.iayz [izay] ,wfg giyn iav izay ,izay : xnelk
mifxegd mixeh drax` zfexgn lka ,iziasl` xcqa zefexgn miizye mixyr df xiya
ly miine`ld dad`d ixiy zxeqn it lr xen`k avernd ,ixebl` dad` xiy edf .mdipia
.zefexgn mixyr oia wlgzn mdipia belìcd .dyi`l xab oia belìck ,cxtq iphiit
dpexg`d zfexgnde ,oibexiql dyi`de xabd zelew mirnyp zgè mixyrd zfexgna
.ipevig ,iyily xaec itn zrnyp
[ 91 ]
20 ]
oexe` lkin
xaigy 'miad` zli`' z` ìadl mewnae xiyd iedifa 'drh' xibrxty xazqn ,mekiql
zeax mipy xaeg i`ceea xy` ,uiyaii` ly xg` xiy extql wizrd ,eixerpa uiyaii`
iwad mc`y okzii cvik .dl`y ipniq dnk dlrn xibrxt dyry zerhd .xzei xge`n
ezfxkd s` .epkezl xiyd zxzek oia xyw lk oi`y ezwzrd zra oigad `l zixard dtya
df xiya s` yi ,z`f mr .`xwpd zpad ly oeixhixwa zcner dpi` 'miabr xiy' edfy
ly eznbnl eni`zd xy` ,mii`zay mifnx - 'x"dvi dz`' - 'y` ilgb' extql wizrdy
.enxg yiè eaixi ly eze`zay z` gikedl xibrxt
[ 92 ]
d`nd ly diipyd zivgna digitqe oniza ze`zayd zrepz

ef dyxt lr mq`wl`
oA`
oiqgl`
oa` ìgi
ly ezqxb : dxyr rayd
mitqep miicedi mirexiè
ocq sqei
1667 xèpi) dx'bdl 1077 zpy seqa dlg oniza zi`zayd zelirtd ly dzevxtzd
gxeàe zeizbxcda dlgd i`ceeay dhwy zigiyn zelirta xaecn j` ,(zillkd dxitql
miinlqend zepehlyde xeaivd zxkdl dribd oievy crena wx .okl mcew iyixg
od ,mixwegd z` dwiqrd dyxtd .zicedi dcixn ly zegwlzdk mdici lr dyxtzpe
,oniz zecdi zecleza daeyg dyxtk od ,dnvrl ìdyk ze`zaya mzepiiprzd meyn
,ocnrna minlqend ipeic ,m`lq`d mlera miherind zecr zeqpzd ly oiiprn cwenk od
zerxe`nd .dyrnd iiga lynn ly miiynnd eieevae zc ibed ly mibega dkld zewiqta
itl) 'zecxnzd' ,à `le aifkdy giynl diitivd ixeìza cegiia ,wzxl ick mda yi
cnrnn wx `l mizigtnd miyper zlhd ,znieqn dferz mr zicedi (minlqend zxcbd
zxfb'
,(turban) dn`nr beqn zetpvn yeagl xeqi`d - mceakn mb `l` micedid
oldl hxt` cere) f` ipn ca iieyr mitilgza zewtzqdde ,(zetpvnd zxqd) 'zexhrd
.dnke dnk it xzei zexeng zeyprde - (xacd zeaiyg z`
jldn mle` ,zr dzeà oniz icedi zexewa zeielylzyd ly dkex` zxyxy èt` yi
.mdipezpa ce`n milabend ,miicedid zexewna zwtqn dagxdl dkef epi` df mirexi`
,rci ixizr miwiecn miinlqen zexewn ly mzetygid awr dwnrede dagxed oeicd zrixi
did `l miinlqend zexewnd `ll .dnzcina 'zipevig' zecdid ipiipr z` mzii`xy
s`
irexi` z` xeywl yiy ,zExiaq ly jxc lka ,gked ,lynl .z`fk dagxdl ribdl xyt`
egztzd mixreqd zerxe`nd ike ,mipy xeark rxi`y ,rfenl
micedid yexibl zeigiynd
: zepwqn zwqd ly zxyxyae mieqn xcqa
eayen mewnn lMeznl`

m`ni`de ,`rpv lyen) zepehlyd ly mqrk - ziy`x
qrk ,zhlyd zcd itlk cxnk miqtzpd drepzd ly mipey`xd milbd lr (dcEqlà

.dlerte dhlgd zxev yal mxhy
xzei mpi` micedidy ,lMeznl`
m`ni`d ly eqrk zevxtzd zrya ,dfxkd - zipy
.xn`nd seqa e`x miitxbeilaia mixeviw zniyx
2]
ocq sqei
aizpl zlrezne znlap dfxkdde qrkd jkyy xg`l .(oEiO'c

,dO'cl`
ld`)
'zeqg iyp`'
.(zexhrd zxfb)
xen`k ,zegt xeng
,mixg` miyper mdilr lihdle `lka mxqiil ,ldw iy`x lr mii`l oeiqipd - ziyily
,m`lq`d ipic gexa oiicr ìdy dxfb zlhde ,dcrd ipa xzi ly zelirtd z` jkyl ick
dcxtd ,elva 'miqeg'd ,'zeqgd iyp`' ,minlqen `l lr xfb mipey`xd eizexec onl xy`
.eipeebe cebia ihxt ici lr minlqend on znieqn
egcp lreta xy` ,(dO'c)
zeqgd zxqdl zepeiqip mb d`xpk zlnqn dxfbd - ziriax
cnrn ly egayl `lye z`fd zeqgd ly dgayl `ly xnìi xy` lk .miàd mialyl
oky lk `l ,ef zekf zlily lr ìd dticr oiicr ,(m`lq`d zevxà miherind) miqegd
zè miqegd iig z` zegtl dgihad zeqgd .xg` e` df ux` laga micedid zaiyi zlily
.myekx mely
ly mzegkep z` leaql oi` oditly zepyid zexeqna lreta yeniyl oeiqip - ziying
.(oniza mb `l` ,m`lqà laewnk ,f`'bga wx `l ,xnelk) axr i`d ivga minlqen `l
mei` ly bxca ,miig oda gitdl un`nd mle` ,okl mcew mb exn`pe eyglp dl`k zexeqn
ycg aly xcba md oaiaq envr m`ni`d mrhn zeaeyzezel`y ipeic zgizte ,iyrn
,ixw) 'cxn'd xg`l ixd ,xara oniza elld miqegd ly mzegkep dlaqp mè .xenge
drwt ,m`lq`d oehlya micedid ly sevgd (zepehlyd depiady itk ,zi`zayd drepzd
.zeqgl mzekf
cxnd ixg` ,zekf xqega ,oniza ex`yp z`f lkay micediy dfxkd ,liawna - ziyiy
.micar oick mpic ,ipcbeade sevgd
gihadl ick odilr àv zayede zenc` lr mzelra zrwtdl oeiqip - ziriay
iqn z` zelrdl oeiqip xg`l ,z`f .egxai `l (micar oick mpicy) miietkd mizinvdy
.rwxwd lr x`yidl zei`ck xqege zi`lwgzilklk zei`ck xqeg ickl cr elld micedid
ixxb`d avndn iwlg oteàe zeihpblà mda xefgl zepehlyd cvn oeiqip - zipiny
.(minieqn miilklk miwega oze` epxyw ,o`kle o`kl zecepz èt` yi) dfd
lv` dpeilr zeknq èdy m`ni`d zrxkdae ,zizkld weqtl oeiqipd - ziriyz
,micedi .yexib ly iyrn crvl ìan onizn micedid z` yxbl yiy ,oniz ly miriyd
ex`yede rfen
xef`l ,lMeznl`
ly eyxei ,icdnl`
m`ni`d ici lr elbed ,`rpvn xwira
29 ,dx'bdl 1088 oàrya cgà jxra eyxeb) dilk zpkqe xeqgna mipy dnk my
iabl cegiia ,milw zerc itelig yi ,mikix`zd iabl ; zillk dxitql 1677 xanhtqa
1
.(dilbdd xnb
1087 zpya ,lMeznl`

m`ni`d jnez ,mzepwiica wtq lihdl oi`y ,miinlqend zexewnd itl
xg`l ,onizn micedid yexiba (ezxiht iptl xvw onf ,1676 hqebeà 17 ,weic xzil) dx'bdl
mr ,zyxtzn ef ezrc .micedid cbp ,mye dt ,dvxtzdy dpih eaxwa xv` sè diraa halzdy
[ 94 ]
mq`wl`
oa` oiqgl`
oa` ìgi
ly ezqxb : digitqe oniza ze`zayd zrepz
[3
'cxn'd ly dxngdde zegztzdd ialyl zepehlyd ly daebzd ialy oia dlawdd

z` mb lawp m` .xzeia aeyg `yep ìd ,zepehlyd ipira ,'eztveg' xwirae icedid
ixg` zexhrd zxfb
z` lihdy oehlyd zaebz mwenz ,zegztzd ialyl 'cxn'd zwelg
: dàd zegztzda a aly
zelirt ,icedi giyn ly eèa lr zereny zevetp eay 'cxn'd ly oey`x aly .`
.minieqn micedi ly iciip `lc iqkp zxikn ,miplnrez ly
,dafk` ,zeirahlr zerteza deeln giyn zrtedi` ,mieqn meil diitiv .a
minxeb dnky yetig ,'oelyik'd inxeb yetig mb j` ,mcewd avnl dxfg oeiqip
.mnvr z` ea miwiqrn dcrd axwa
cxn ,(eizecnra xzei ipeviw ,edylk xfeg lb e` ,'ipy lb') xzei frep aly .b
ycg igiyn bidpn ldwd z` liaen eìyay ,minlqend zqitz itl xzei sevg
mieqn wlg dpend ,eldw ; `rpv lyen zia xarl ('rhw`l`' o`nileq = dnly)
dcigtn dxhn ef oky ,lyend zial miaxwzny lkk jlede hrnzn ,dcrdn
lxeb selig lr ,adx xzei mda yiy ,mixac rinyn icedid bidpnd .zfrepe
lyend xvga sè ,l`xyi zekln znwde zeiekln ceary oirn ,l`xyi ipa
,xnel fri `l yi`y mixac rinyn èd (ynn eipfeà : dpekp dqxb yie)
ly eziilza miizqn df aly .oenx`d ikkezl zeyx `ll dxicg xg`l cegiiae
zipeviw dyprda miinlqend zepehlyd miaibn eixg` wxe ,icedid bidpnd
ly qgid iepiy zeilnq s` lr) zipevig ,cebia iepiya zwtzqn dpi`y ,xzei
.lirl izybcdy itk ,ze`xepe zeyw zelert zxcqa `l` ,(micedil oehlyd
xanhtqa 29a d`xpk) 1088a lretl df yexib ìven ,icdnl` m`ni`d ,eyxei .dèev oink ,ezen
zettexzd oial micedid axwa zeigiynd irexi` oia xywd ccgpe mipezpd exxazp jk ick cr .(1677
oa` ; 60-54 'nr ,(f"kyz) oniz icedi ,wecv : e`x .zexewna xaqeny lkk yperk ,yexibde mcnrn
mipeir ,iaeh ; a418-a399 zecenr ,(1983) `rpv ,hp'bxq ; 361 ,353 'nr ,(1985) wah ,xifel`
196 'nr ,(1985-1984) dpan ,l"pd ; 2 dxrde 196 ,113-112 ,46 ,91 dxrde 45 'nr ,(e"nyz)
'nr ,(1990) zepehly ,xnqocqpew ; (1987) shzwn ,it`x'b ; (d"pyz) zepeiqp ,l"pd ; 2 dxrde
,203 'nr ,(1998) mivnwn ,ocq ; 315 'nr eeyde ,(xifel` oa` ly zilbp`l mebxz) 158-156 ,104
miicedi zexewn itl mixreyn mikix`za dligz wtzqd xwgnd .35 dxrde 215-214 ,4 dxrde 204
xrynd ,74 'nr ,(1974) miaxre micedi ,oiihieb : e`x .mipy eliìà weic mda did `ly ,xwira
zrcl) dk`ln ilrak micedid ly mzepne`l dxe`kl wwfpy meyn yexibd z` lhia m`ni`d ik
'nr ,(b"nyz) mipniz ,oiihieb ; (m`ni`d zn xy`k wx dlhazd dilbdd ,minieqn mixweg
micenra hwp xy`n dpey ìdy dqxb) fny ,bny ,`ny 'nr ,(`"kyz) rfen ,iadvx ; 144-143
'nr ,(a"nyz) oniz ,ipip : mb e`x .179 'nr lynl ,(a"lyz) miycg zexewn ,iadvx ; (mincewd
'nr ,[1998] mivnwn ,ocq) xg` mewna .132-121 'nr ,(1986) oniz zecdi ,ipexd` ; 58 ,31
elbzdy miwiecnd mipezpd cegiiae) mipezpd lkl mkqn jix`z ziaihhph izraw (204-203
.dpezp gekieed zeyx j` ,rfen yexib ly onfd wxtk 1681-1677 : (dpexg`l
[ 95 ]
4]
ocq sqei
miqegd ly mavnl zeiygen ly dcin zewiprne xexa xeà zecinrn el` zeielylzyd
mb od mle` .dxen`d dtewza oniz icedi ly yibxd mavn cgeinae ,m`lq`d lva
axwa dixehqid zaizk zxeqny s` .zexewnd ly mdize`qxb aih z` wecal ft zepncfd
zè zinlqend ditxbeixehqidd ibyid z` dwiacd `l oekizd gxfnd zevxà micedi
ditxbeixehqidd zxbqna ,gazynd ,dly iplaqd xnegd seqi` ly mevrd gtpd
xzei zxg`zn dtewzdy lkk ,dnfeb ick cr minrtl ,mihxt ihxt lleke ,zinlqend
mixagn dnke dnka oniz zecdi dkxazd z`f lka .xzei zagxzn ditxbeixehqidde
.azkd lr mitehg mixacixkfe ynn dwipexk elrdy
dlece iy`xd oeikxà ,zepehlyd zeyxa ,ayeid inlqen oeixehqid zeeydl xytì`
didi minieqnd mixwnay ,ixeaivd oexkifa riizqnd icedi mr ,miwecae miwiecn mipiipr
jexr oi`l daeyg zinipt dcewp .'xwy zeigiyn' ly dneyix z` hrn yhyhl oeiqip ea
zecr md mdixac j` ,minlqend mitxbeixehqidd ici lr dwnerl ,mpn` ,dqtzp `l ef
.ziniptd zicedid dieedd xefgyl mb daeyg
igy it lr s` 2.wlg wx dpnn xnzypy dwipexk azk mq`wl`
oiqgl`
oA`
ìgi
oA`
ozip `l ,(zillkd dxitql 1700 iptl xhtp d`xpke) zerxe`nd ixg` ax `l onf azke
irexi` ly mxec oa ynn did xy` ,icifl`
xv`p
oa` cng` ezecrl eizexewn z` zeeydl
3
,inlqen xteq zeeydl dyw .xe`l ep`ved dnke dnk it wiecnd exeaig zè ,ze`zayd
ixac azek mr ,migaeynd eixneg z` epnn dlece oeikx` jeza ayeid ,xv`p
oa` znbec
minrtl xfgyne oeikx`le oenx`l uegn ayeid ,oiqgl` oa` znbec ,xg` inlqen mini
.divpiaextd on rexi`d z`
onefn zexhrd zxfbl
rbepa zeitxbeixehqid ze`qxb zèeyd ly ce`n glven libxz
oiqgl`
oa` ìgi
ly ezqxb mr icifl`
xv`p
oa` cng` ly ezqxb z` deeynd `xew lkl
: mq`wl`
oa`
mdilr milihn oky ,(dn'c) zeqg ipak micedia d`ced meyn yi zexhrd zxfba
.1
einra lra lky ,(oÀxEh
,dn`nr)
ztpvn zìyp lr mixqe` : cebiae zeipevig lr dxfb
iagxa ,dkldl lihn m`lq`dy ipFy zhlada xaecn dqitz dze` itl .ey`xl yaeg
mixeviwd zniyxa e`x) xicdnd znfeia zipxcen zxzek - (1996) zìnei ,oiqgl` oa` ìgi
qgia eiig ztewz lr .oldl e`x ,(ezen ly xreyn jix`z) xagnd iig ztewz lr .(miitxbeilaiad
wlgd .8 dxrd oldl e`x ,eixg` dpy 50 d`xpk ige epnn rtyedy sxbeixehqidd ,xifel` oa` iigl
lr onfd ly ezx`tz) 'onil` 'zcèg 'gix`z it onfl` z'bda' xeaigl exewna jiiy did xnypy
ipnei)
'`rpv zìnei' zipxcend ezxzek z` xtql ozpy èd iyagl` xicdnd .(oniz irexi` zeclez
zexrd oldl e`xe) zewenr epnn rtyene epnn wizrn ( [1985] wah) xifel` oa`y dcen ède (`rpv
ìgil ,iyagl` ,xicdnd zncwd e`x ,xifel` oa` lr ezrtyde epnf ,xeaigd zxzek oiiprl .(8 ,7
.19 ,16 ,8 ,5 'nr ,(1996) zìnei ,oiqgl` oa`
.(o"yz ) dwipexk ,ocq ; (1990) zepehly ,xnqocqpew
[ 96 ]
mq`wl`
oa` oiqgl`
oa` ìgi
[5
dpi` ,ìdy zenk ,zexhrd zxfb

ly ef zipniz divìxe mpn` .miherin lr ,eizeklnn
mb zerbepd zenec zexfb ea èvnl hlgda ozip j` ,iqwecezxe`d m`lq`d ipic oia
da yi mle` ,mirp izlae dyw cv da yi ef oirn rwxw lr zipevig dilt` .y`x ieqikl
zekf ly ef rwxw oky ,'aeh' xac df ,iqgi oteà .oniza herink zeigl mzekfa dxkd mb
z` zepehlyd exingi xy`k micedid ly mdilbx zgzn hnyidl dcizr oniza daiyi
,drx iyxeg mivreie zc iyp` zevrl ofe` ehie oniza oekyl micedid zekf mvrl mzyib
.iqgi lekd .myxbl ahen oditl xy`
zlhdn daxda dbxg `l s` zexhrd zxfb
,lirl xak fnxpy itke lekd zelkk ixg`
,m`lq`d mler ilag lka zeax zetewza minlqen `ld lr elhedy (xìb) dpgad ipniq
.yexibl dpèz mrt i` dzlred `l llk ,onizl cebipa ,mda xy` miax milag mllkae
zeywd zexfbd z` dnicwdy zegt dxeng dyprd zexhrd zxfba
mièx m`y xekfl yi
iptl ,oniza zeigiynd irexi` zligza xak dcren zriaw lr xacd oryp ,dnk it
dtewzd oa ly ezecr lr wx `l zpryp z`fk driaw 4.xzei mixengd miyperd elhedy
zxfb
dziid ef driaw itl .icedi xewn : 'riiqnc `pz' mb dl yi `l` ,icifl`
xv`p
oa`
zbdpda icedid 'cxn'a ycgd alyd zvixt iptl ,micedil dxdf` ea yiy micwz zexhrd
letihd zra ,mrh did jkitl .xzei zexengd dyiprd zeaebze 'rhw`l`' o`nileq
5
.ef dxfb ly dpnf driawl zcgein zeaiyg zzl ,letihd zwnpde dyxta ibelepexkd
`pz'de xv`p
oa` cng` lv` xnegd xeciq mvr lr zknzqn zelylzydd ,z`f mr
mialya zexhrd zxfb
z` minwnn mixg`d zexewna xy` cera ,icedid 'riiqnc
yehyhl gzt gzet xacd) .dyiprd icnn zegztzde 'cxn'd zegztzd ly mixge`nd
ef zexyt`l (.o`nileq ly ezennewzd iekic mr zexhrd zxfb ly dpnf zriaw : mieqn
.zerc iweligl mewn o`k yiy zecedl ie`x j` ,dhep ipi` mpn`
cegiia) zexg` zeinlqen ze`qxbe zeicedi ze`qxbl oiqgl` oa` ìgi zqxb oia ipeyd
oitp` xirfa dcarn zwfga èd (dnk it epnn mlyene el mcewd ,xv`p
oa` ze`qxb
zexewnl miinipt miicedi zexewn oia miitxbeixehqid miybcd ipeye xEìz ipey zwical
`ly miinlqen zexewne ('eke mipeikx`) oehlyd fkxnn miknqene mincwen miinlqen
.xzei mi`xepe mitixg miyperl 'xarn aly'k zexhrd zxfb
z` jixrdl zexyt`d lr epcnr xak
,(o"yz) dwipexk ,ocq ; 126-125 ,80 ,57-55 ,53 'nr ,(1990) zepehly ,xnqocqpew : e`x
.123-119 'nr
: e`x .ield dicrqa xeywd ihxt sqe`n ,oetelew oirk ,ci azkl meiq ,jnqn èd icedid xewnd
ipy ,l"pd : mb e`x .117-114 'nr ,(e"nyz) mipeir ,l"pd ; 52-51 'nr ,(m"yz) mdiazk ,iaeh
oniz icedi ,iw`xronxelw .26 dxrde 212-211 'nr ,(1998) mivnwn ,ocq ; 53 'nr ,(o"yz) mixiy
ield dicrq zeawra ,llka miixwgnd mipezpd iepiy mr ,oekp dwiqn xak ,37 ,34 'nr ,(1993)
dzr miiwd mipezpd cqn z` zeeydl oi` .(3 dxrd lirl) ep`vedy iaxrd itxbeixehqidd xewnde
.(lirl 1 dxrd z`f dnibcn) okl mcew avnd mr
[ 97 ]
6]
ocq sqei
oepbq z` (cala znieqn dcinae) xzei cer eccery miizexec xec mezae dhilyd fkxnn
mbidpne mixekiy micedidy zxfeg dvnyd ,zin`lq` dpigan ,zeizc zeny`d) dai`d
.ddinzde (dnecwd xv`p
oa` zecr ici lr ygkend xac ,oiizy xekiy
onif lMeznl`
m`ni`d ik zeklnd xvg jezay zexewnn 6cirn icifl` xv`p
oa` .2
1077 zpy ,inlqend lèy ycega mze` ybte zicedid dcrd axwn ldwd iy`x z` eil`
dftega exn`p dyibt dzeà ike (1667 lixt`l qxn oia wlgzn inlqend ycegd) dx'bdl
,dO'cl`
ld`)
zeqgd iyp` lr fbex ixac ehltp m`ni`d itn ,weic xzil .mixac dnk
mya xzei mzepkl oi`y siqede zeqg iyp` mze` dpkn cer llka in l`y ède (oEiO'c
dpbdd z` lhal yiy cnrn ezeà fnx mbe ,(micedid ly dn'cd lehia zqitz) df
oicl` xca ,zeipicne zcd megza miaeygd miyi`d cg` .micedid ly (dO'c
,zeqgd)
fbexd zaygn z` xindl m`ni`d z` rpkyl xfr ,ygxznl cr didy ,ilr oa` cngn
d`vezk ,micedid yekx zxzdy wixand wenipa ,z`f .xzei oezn crva z`fd zipeviwd
eaixiy mnvr minlqend axwa mipcne hwyi` ìadl dlelr ,icn ilwicxe fetg crvn
: xzei dheyt dxfba m`ni`d ici lr dpey`xd daygnd dxned jk .dfiade yekxd lr
dzernyny okzii ik m` ,miyp`d zeipeviga iepiy wx dxxb dpexg`d ef .zexhrd zxfb
lk .ghyd iptl zgzn l` dcxi wx (dO'c)
zeqgd ly dzexyki` - dtixgd zilnqd
.oiqgl` oa`l mireci mpi` dfd dcnrd oezine oEicd ,cnrnd
zfia z` mixiznd fbex ixac ernyy eid ik oreh mq`wl` oa` oiqgl` oa` ìgi .3
mb oiivn icifl` xv`p
oa` .micedi axwa zerxt eid mdn d`vezke m`ni`d itn micedid
.xacd z` repnl eyg ,inewnd bxca mb ,zepehlyd ik yibcne dl`d zerxtd z` èd
ixac z` xn` `le xn` (lMeznl`)

m`ni`dy ,oiqgl` oa` ìgi zprhl ,xazqn
oirn dziid z`f znerle mze` gy edernyy mirpkeyn eidy yi ,xnelk .ely dxzdd
mdiyrnk ,eiyp` ly mzrca wgiy hilydy oihelgl xexa .m`ni`d xn` jky dygkd
eixac z` yhyhl dziid ezxhny xyt` .xzeia mityteyndn mi`wihilet ly
znerl ,okzii .lrna dziid `l eci eli`k ze`xidle micedia dribtl mexbl ,dligzkln
eizeaebz z` melale zvwna ea xefgl dqipe ,zeipeviw ick cr ,zepka fbxzdy ,z`f
zexhrd zxfb
zlhd ly crend zriaw) 80 ,55-52 'nr ,(1990) zepehly ,xnqocqpew
: 124-123 ,120-119 'nr ,(o"yz) dwipexk ,ocq ; 126-124 ,(zibelepexk ,mirexi`d zelylzyda
z` lihdl m`ni`d rpkey ,dl jenq e` ,da xy` ef dgiy zxèzn dx'bdl 1077 zpy irexi` oia
zexyt`l silgzk dxfbd dlhed ditly ,mnvr mihqwhd lr zqqaznd ,zepyxtd .zexhrd zxfb
xy`ky dcaerd lr mb zpryp ,ziqgi ,rbxp dteqay m`ni`d ly qrk zevxtzd xe`le xzei dxeng
zeiexyt` elred ok` ,zeigiynd irexi` ly diipyd zevxtzdd xe`l ,micedid zeyprd exnged
ly yexibe (ihtynd mcnrn zpigan) micarl mzyiak ,micedid zaiyi zlily ly xzei zeyw
.ynn
[ 98 ]
mq`wl`
oa` oiqgl`
oa` ìgi
[7
cbp dfiad zenednl ,oitiwra zegtl ,dnxb xy` ìd ef dxexa izla dcnr .zeiybxd
.micedid
xnegdn hxt lr dpekp driny rny mq`wl` oa` oiqgl` oa` ìgi oeixehqidd .4
s` ,ddeab zeknq èd zipnizd driya laewnky) m`ni`d zewiqt ,ixw ,izkldd
oia oigan èd .micedil (dn'c ,zeqgd) dpbdd lehia lr (dkld inkg dxqg dpi` ux`dy
dxngdd oial ,(zepehlyd ici lr cin e`kecy) mvnevn xefà wx ,micedia zerxtd
ly ey`xa xary wfadd ,xnelk .xingde igiynd 'cxn'd gztzd xy`k ,hilyd zcnra
mialya mle` ; eaà
ecera mlap ,micedid ly mzeqg lehia lr ,qrk zrya ,m`ni`d
yexib oeirx z` rval yiy weqtie df oeirxl zeiceqiae zepivxa m`ni`d xefgi ,mixge`n
,àd m`ni`d ici lr yexibd revia aly z` crzle ribdl dkf `l xv`p
oa`) micedid
xzei zlawzn zelylzyd dpea ,eixnege oeikx`d ikkezn xacnd ,xv`p
oa` .(icdnl`

alya xzei zetixg eid el` zeaebz .oehlyd zeaebz znerl mirexi` ly zrcd lr
.zicedid zigiynd zevxtzdd ly 'svegn'de oexg`d
ep` m`) ycgn xetiqd zgiwxl xewnd èt` èd mq`wl` oa` oiqgl` oa` ìgi .5
zgz eidy migaeynd zexewnd itl ,icifl` xv`p
oa` ici lr mirexi`d xeciql mipin`n
: xnel il xzEi `ny e`) zg` dywnl ebfnzp mipeyd icedid 'cxn'd ialyy oteà (eci
,wcva `ly ,dgcp zexhrd zxfb
mewin eliè ,zeizbxcdd mb dwefip jkae - (zg` dqiic
'èlgl` wah' xagn ,xifel` oa` xwira rtyed ìgi ly ezaizkn .mirexi`d lk seql
zg` `l driiqy dxivi epl xi`yde 8eixg` dpy miying jxra ig xy` 7,(miwznnd qh)
yiy mixeìz ztcrdl mxb mb j` ,(9iaehe hp'bxq mdl mipey`xe) zerxe`nd ixweg icia
èd oiqgl` oa` ìgi .zn`d on xg` e` df hxt eyaiyy znieqn zeiaihwiiaeq mda
elit` ileè zr dzeà weica zicedi dyxt) 279 ,255 ,223-222 'nr ,(1985) wah ,xifel` oa`
zepehly ,xnqocqpew ; 361 ,353-352 ,320 ,304 ,(37-36 zexrd oldl e`x ,oiiprl dxeyw
lr xifel` oa` irhw ly `lnd ilbp`d epnebxz) 158-145 xwirae ,jliè 69 ,56 'nr ,(1990)
,ocq ; (ociil ziixtqn ci iazk ipyl dèeydae zqtcend d`vedd on ,micedil mirbepd mirexi`d
.(iaeh ; hp'bxq) 9 dxrd oldl eeyd .119 'nr ,lynl ,(o"yz) dwipexk
jix`z ,5 'nr ,(1996) zìnei ,oiqgl` oa` ìgil iyagl` xicdnd zncwd itl .2 dxrd lirl e`x
dxitql 1689-1688) dx'bdl 1100 zpy zeaiaqa xreynd lkk lg èd j` ,reci epi` ìgi ly ezen
,ciiq : e`x .(1735) 1147a xhtp xifel` oa` ; dx'bdl 1099 dkixkd lr raw xicdnde (zillkd
.xifel` oa` ly exeaig lr ìgi ly extq zrtyd lr mb akrznd ,266-264 'nr ,(1974) zexewn
,mled izla mewn lr mipryp ,348 'nr ,(1957) dniyx ,(Vorhoeve) deedxet ipezp ,z`f znerl
jix`z jixv ,onlwexa itl) 399 'nr ,a ,(1949) zeclez ,onlwexa lv` ekexìza jk lk wiecn `l e`
.(oiqgl` oa` ìgi ly xreynd ezen ixg` mipy dxyr yyk wx legl xifel` oa` ly ezen
,micedid lr wxtd ,(1983) `rpv ,hp'bxql riiq ,ci azk ly avna cer ,xifel` oa` ly exeaig
ipezp z` ,dpey`xl ,zeiceqia lvip znày ,(e"nyz) mipeir ,iaeh ; 431-391 zFcEnr
.mipezp dnke dnka dktdn dlg jkae zicedid ditxbeixehqidd zwical zinlqend ditxbeixehqidd
[ 99 ]
8]
ocq sqei
,zerxe`na dyrpy ,zibelepexk dpigan ,'dqiicd leyia'e aeaxrd xewnl èt` i`xg`d
`l` zibelepexk dpi` ezybde (icnl oekp eceqia èdy) xnegd zxikf jxc ik oiadl yie
.dax dcina ziaihìveq`
mipezpd ly oeekn aeaxra ,oiqgl` oa` ìgi ,epxagn z` miy`dl dyw ,z`f mr
xak mirecid) eqrk ixacy ,m`ni`d oenx` ly dreavd dcnrd meyn ,xwira ,z`fe
laga ik cr ,Fic siwz `l oteà d`xpk eygked micedid cbp (wiecnd xv`p oa` cng`n
ìgi ly aaxernd gqepdn rtyed xifel` oa` .dygkdd z` erny `l xg` e` df ux`
did ,ziqgi .xv`p
oa` iptl mixwegl dlbzp xifel` oa`y èd dxwn jè ,oiqgl` oa`
.minbtd zexnl ,(iaeh ly ycgnd letihde hp'bxq zekfa) ax xfrl xifel` oa`
(eply zicedid dyxta zegtl) mq`wl` oa` oiqgl` oa` ìgi ly ezcinry wtq oi` .6
xnegd seqi` aeh dnk cr dcirn epeikxè eixneg ircei ,eittezqn ,oenx`d ibegl uegn
mda dhytzdy zenewnd lr cneld mc` ,oaenk ,mle` .eilr gxh dti dnke ely
dtn hhxyl hrnk leki ,icifl` xv`p oa` cng` ly ehexit itl ,zicedid zeigiynd
mc` ,z`f znerl .oniz zefegn aexa (ynn wpr zniyx) micedid iaeyii ly zitxbenc
miyelw mipezpa lwzii oiqgl` oa` ìgi lv` mixkfend miaeyiid zeny z` `xewd
eibeg ,oenx`d ikkez l` oiqgl` oa` axwzd `l ,xv`p oa` ,encewk `ly .ziqgi
i`yepe mdilyen zxfra) zepehlyd etq`y zeaxd zericid epnn enlrpe ,epeikxè
mdizeaebze micedid iaeyii lr (miinipt 'miricen' reiqa mb hlgdae miinewn miciwtz
.zeigiynd ,ixw ,'cxn'd ilb uext mr
10
.zepigad lkn ,mebxzl èt` miie`x mq`wl` oa` oiqgl` oa` ìgi ly eixac
mebxz
,[1667 xèxata 5 jxra ,dx'bdl 1077 zpy] oàry ycega dxyra ,iyiy meia
effa cixid meia weyl eribd xy` mihay iyp` sexiva oàkek ipa 11,mày iyp`
z` egwle mdizal excg md .micedid [oEiO'c
,dO'cl`
ld`]
zeqgd iyp` z`
egwl miypd ihiykz z` elit` ,mewna eidy miype mixab icin ,myekx
.exkzyde ezy ,oii mewna e`vn miffeadn wlg .mdicba z` egwle ,odixèevn
dlhea : jyndd itl wxe myekx z`] xizd m`ni`d : dìxwd drnyed weya
.147-144 'nr ,(1996) zìnei ,oiqgl` oa` ìgi 10

,(1990) zepehly ,xnqocqpew : e`x micedid cbp zerxtl xyw mdl yiy zeveawe zenewn zeny 11
.123-122 'nr ,(o"yz) dwipexk ,ocq ; 163 ,124 ,80 'nr
[ 100 ]
mq`wl`
oa` oiqgl`
oa` ìgi
[9
jkl mixacd eribde xeaivd z` adly dfiaa weqird .[oniza zeigl mzekf
12
.mdicaxn effap micaxnd zeiepgny
13
s` elgdy ,qexrlè [d]fxbl` ,o`cnd iyp` ,f`g xef` iayezl dribd drenyd
z` mda eyre ,ìd dn zEpMqn
yegl mdl epzpe 14miaelrd micedid z` fefal md
.okl mcew mày iyp` eyr xy`
zxgnd xwea zeptl `rpv xirl eribd xE'vg iypè o`cnd ihay iyp` ly dveaw
x`d cre xgyd upd cr mèa onle ,xryd gztl icedid dli`ql` raex l` eribde
micedid mle` .mdiza xefi`l [jk myl] qpkidle micedid z` fefal ick ekig ,meid
uextl ick minlqen ly dveaw dxrzqd f` .mdipta [xryd : e`] jxcd z` exbq
.dniqgd z` xiqdle dnipt
z`] mtcedl ick iàv gek ,m`lq`l` l`n'b ,`rpv lyen gly miizpia
m`ni`d ixd : exnè eprh md .[miyletd] ebeqp wa`ne dnedn xg`l .[mitwezd
.[myekx z` xizd] mxizd
rny .zr dzeà mifapd micedid ly lrilad iyrna dverp dl` lkl daiqd
el` miyp` : xen`l ezkyla `hazd ile` ède m`ni`d ipfe`l ribd mdizelert
s` èd ,ok lr xzi .[dO'c]
zeqgd z` mdn xiqdl ie`xe [myekx] xzEiy ie`x
il oncfd mle` .dppiè dlhazp mdly zeqgd : dpre dl`y bivdy lèyl aiyd
lv` .(lynl ,oenxà) mipxcg ,micaxne mirvn ighey llk jxca oiivn ède 'W`xt'
èd revwnd 12
leki didy xac ,i`pernw oeivl df gpena xicp yeniy mb yi ,254-253 'nr ,a ,(1881) ztqez ,ifec
mdiyer z` oke elld micaxnd z` oiivnd gpend oniza mle` .o`k miytgn ep`y xywda alzydl
,mixk ,micaxn lr xacnd ,371-370 'nr ,a ,(1991-1990) zipniz ,dhpnìt lv` ievn mdixkene
dl`k mirvn lefa exknp `l miweeya m` wecal yie .zexiwl aiaqn dcitx zexebg ,zehin ,mipxfn
,mewn lkn .elfbp dl` (! ) elit` ik xneè mdil` qgiizn epxagn jenpd mxign z`tne ,dqixtl
.zhlea dxeva ,d`xpk ,ea ewqr micediy ciglyna xaecn
oa` : e`xe .o`k mb izpwiz okl ; dlind seqa `"da ,dfxb : dqxbd z` xicdnd sicri oldl la` 13
j` ,qexrl` mewnd my hnyp z`fd zqtcend d`veda ,ab` .223 'nr ,(1985) wah ,xifel`
jnq lr z`f epwiz (miiley zxrd ,148 'nr ,[1990] zepehly ,xnqocqpew) ilbp`d epnebxza
.xifel` oa` ly ci iazk
,zeinlqend zizcd zextqde zxeqnd ,o`xewd itl .zeailr lr cirn 'qerw' (ieaixl oeekn) xèzd 14
micedid z` mix`znd mixteq okl .l`l zeivi` lre mdi`hg lr micedid ly myper èd df avn
miiw avn xeìz ly befin lawzne ,'x`bv' ,'if'g' ,'dl'c' ,'l'c'k mavn z` carica ze`xl mihep
pew ; (1964) oci or ,xhqiw : e`x .zEpMqn
,zeailr ze`xl mihep ditly ziaihwiiaeq dii`x mr
; 52 ,45 'nr ,(e"pyz) qenlet ,ocq ; (205 dxrde) 137 ,110-109 'nr ,(1990) zepehly ,xnqocq
,407 'nr ,a ,(1991-1990) zipniz ,dhpnìt : yibcdl aeyg .209-208 'nr ,(1998) mivnwn ,ocq
.zlflfn dxeva ,'micedi' oiivn xac ly eteqay ,(qirbn : `hEai) 'qirwn' ipnizd gpend lr xirn
.zpiiprn zecr deedn o`k zipeylzizxagd zegztzdde o`k eply 'qerw' mr szeyn yxeydy xexa
.(h"yz) ztrefd zcd ,oiihieb : mb e`x
[ 101 ]
10 ]
ocq sqei
cg` dkldyi` zl`yl daeyzk ,df oiiprl zeqgiizd ely dkldd iwqta ze`xl
micedil zeqgd : dpr m`ni`d .eixac azeke exikfn yniyy 15,oicl` crq oa`
,z`fk zelhazd lr wqt `l exec ly zcd inkg lk oian yi` ,f` cr .dlhazp
.lehiaa mixen`d mi`pzd ea exvepy dxwn mdiptl did `l oky
xacd m`ni`l rceeida j` .micedid avnl xyà diqenlxcp` dxxy ok` jk lya
.ecbp epwqt `l mb j` ,jk lr epieeiv `l : xn` ,màya rxi` xy`
a'bx ycega ,dpy dzeà : micedid cvn dxwe micwd xy` dyrnd èd jkl rwxd
micizr mdy jk lr [uw iaeyig] miaeyige zeewz micedid egtih [1667 xèpi]
df didi m` oia ,milyexie 16l`xyi ux`-dixeqay mdiyp` l` onizn mdl reqpl
.maxwa rited 17,lèbd ,ciec oa giyn ,mzprhl .ielba didi m` oiae i`yga
18
.xwyd giyn zrted [minlqenk epzpad itl] eplv` ìd df giyn zrted
19
.mdl jiiy aygpy dne mdilhlhinn daxd ,lefd lifa ,miweeya exkn micedid
(ax hexita) mdipia zeazkzdd jk lr sqepe ,'minid cgà' ,hilyd oial epia micedid lr dgiyd
,125 ,29 'nr ,(1990) zepehly ,xnqocqpew : e`x .xv`p oa` lv` zxkfp ,dgiydn d`xpk dclepy
xizdl oken elit` hilyd .jliè 128 ,123 'nr ,(o"yz) dwipexk ,ocq ; jliè 173 ,164 ,jliè 138
cng` oicl` qny : zeiyi`d ly `lnd myd mb my ozip .mikqn oicl` crq oa` cngè ,mnc z`
oicl` xca did leki dt lra miipyd oia dgiyd dziidyk .ixeqnl`
oiqgl` oa` oicl` crq oa`
lr xzie `l oicl` qny mle` .hilyd zcnr z` oznle axrzdl ,mewn zaxwa did e` ,da gkepy
oicr zelylzydd dpan .m`ni`d oial epia zeieazkzd cer eid jk xg` znàe .zilwicxd dcnrd
.dilezit meyixa ,xzei e` zegt ,dglvda cner xv`p oaè ,xzeia o`k
aex ux`) l`xyi ux` ixef` ly mnyk 'm`yl`' ziaxrd dlind z` l`xyi ux`-dixeqk iznbxz
dixeq z` oiivl ef dlin dleki xzei xv oaena .dixeqe (m`lqà mb zniiw mzvxrdy `xwnd ixeaib
milyexi ly dny o`k oievn ixd ,ok lr xzi ; epiptly xywda `l j` ,wync z` wx elitè cala
.34 dxrd oldl e`x .yxetna
.(miax miin`lq` mixywda ziaeig ,ab` ,ìdy) 'icdn' dlind z` jk iznbxz ,ofe`d z` xaql ick
.dti dler giynk enebxz ,migpen zlawd zpigane lèbd èd 'icdn'd
in`lq` qFhqixkihp`
oirn) 'xwygiyn'k 'l`'bcl`' dlind o`k dnbxez ,ofe`d z` xaql ick

mirexi`l i`xg` didie ,minid zixgà ,oicd mei z` enicwiy zeze`d x`y mr èal cizry
xywdae ,llka .xèa dpiipre (ziaeigd dle`bd èaz mdixg` wx xy` ,miilily miibelehkq`
l`'bc ,lA`
: epiir .122 ,65-64 ,14 'nr ,(1990) zepehly ,xnqocqpew : e`x ,hxta df ipniz
mre o`dtv` xird mr ,micedi mr ,zinlqend dibelehkqà ,df xwygiyn xywp exewnae ,(1960)
,ipexd` ; bpx 'nr ,(g"iyz) gt`w zxecdn ,yeyag ; 83 'nr ,(b"vxz) drepzd ,izdw : e`x .cFl
iepikd zè icedid 'giyn'd byenl daiaqd qgi z` mb mitwynd ,106 'nr ,(1986) oniz zecdi
lr .'xifr
ly exeng' : (60-59 'nr ,[1965] x`n'z ,ial`r'z lv` xak riten breld oFhd) ipbrld
qexvl ;(e"nyz) `xfr ,dtiqexvl ; (1986) xifr
,aei` : e`x ,inlqen leblba xteqd `xfrk xifr
eeyd .xifr
ziibeq ly zycegn dwica lr dzr cwey oexy 'n .59-50 'nr ,(1992) mialeyn ,dti
.20 dxrd oldl
mdici lr miaygp ,miprhpd mixac e` ,mdizece` lr xeaql ozipy mixac ,'z`pep'hn' : xewna
.(zihtyn) myekxl
[ 102 ]
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mq`wl`
oa` oiqgl`
oa` ìgi
ly ezqxb : digitqe oniza ze`zayd zrepz [ 11
zlhean `l zenk ,zr dzeà ,xeknl egilvde myekxn mb dxiknl erivd md
,mdilhlhin zxikna mbt lk oi` : wqt el` miyrn lr m`ni`d rny xy`k .epnn
ziaxn z` èt` exkn micedid .mizae zenc` zxikn iabl xacd ok `l j`
reqpl ep` micner ixd : eprh md oky ,exb`y oefnd lk zxikn ick cr mdilhlhin
ezrbd crene dlbp
ciec oa giyn ixde dìvil epipzen miqpyn xak epè o`kn
.aexw
lk `lae driqp lk `la mliaeiy irvn` mdl dlbi mgiyn ik eprh mdn dnk
exn`y mdipia yi .minfbene miax zepeince zeiyrn ixetiqa ebiltd jk .dgxh
giynd .minid zixg` iabl mzca laewny itk ,mdicil xefgl zeklnd dcizry
mday miweqtd mewnae 21dxeza miteif eqipkd md ixdy ,mdly 20lèbd èd
md ,melyde dlitzd eilr ,[cngn] ìapd didi giynd ik ,xac ly exewna ,xkfp
! l`d mda `p mewpi jk lr - ciec oa giyn xkf z` eqipkd
ixacn ,ip`xewd weqtd xèan [ixy'gnfl` ly] 's`ykl`' [yexit] xtqa
: yexitd xne` jke 22,'eribi `l dil`y dee`bzElcb ixedxd yi maala' : midel`
mvra epeekzde ,ciec oa giyn èaa elbc md .micedid md df xywda migkeeznd'
exeqi] enr ekli zexdpd sè mie dyai lr epehly yexti èd 23.xwyd giynl
.epil` xefgl zekln dcizre midel` z`n qpe ze` df `di : eprh cere ,[ezrnynl
`ly oiive "dee`bzelcb" mya [o`xewd] extqa midel` dpik el` mdizeewz z`
.'xacd znybd llkl eribi
,[cngn] ìapd ly epnfl miqgiizn eixace 's`ykl`' yexitn hehivd o`k cr
dfd xywda [ik ìd zxg` zexyt` ,xnelk] ok `l mè .melyde dlitzd eilr
'nr ,(1990) zepehly ,xnqocqpew ; 222 'nr ,(1985) wah ,xifel` oa` : eeyd .18 dxrd lirl e`x
.21 dxrde 121 'nr ,(o"yz) dwipexk ,ocq ; 84 dxrde 65 ,14
miycewnd mihqwhd mb e` ,`xwnd z` `l` (yneg) dxezd z` oiivl zaiig dpi` aexly ,'z`xez'
.mdici lr miwfgend (miiepiy exary) dl` mpiè micedil minydn ecxiy
,oiqgl` oa` ìgi ly exicdn da ynzydy d`veda o`xewd zwelg itl) 56 weqt ,40 dxeq ,o`xew
mebxz ; 473 'nr ,a ,(1939) o`xew ,la mebxz : e`x ; (57 èd weqtd ,146 'nr ,[1996] zìnei
zFzF` xaca egMezi
xy` dl` lk ok`' : (gp èd weqtd o`k) 532 'nr ,a ,(f"kyz) o`xwl` ,oilaix
yexitd .dxeq dzeà okl mcew miweqt dxyrk riten dnec oaen .'ztFn mdil` à xy` ilan midl`
zpya zn ixy'gnf) 433 'nr ,b ,(1972) s`yk ,ixy'gnf : èd epxagn ici lr hhevnd o`xewl
,xnqocqpew : xv`p oa` cng` ici lr okl mcew hhev xak èd .(zillkd dxitql 1145-1144
weqt eze` fnxp] 222 'nr ,[1985] wah ,xifel` oa` mb e`x dnec okez) 136 'nr ,(1990) zepehly
zeliawnde 155-152 'nr ,[1990] zepehly ,xnqocqpew ; 353-352 ,[oyxt eze` xkfpe ip`xew
.(miileyd zexrda eptq`y
.20 ,18 zexrd lirl e`x
[ 103 ]
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22
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12 ]
ocq sqei
zenglnn l`d epze` xenyi .minid zixgà 24,xwyd giyn zrted zgkEn
`l oky ezrted onf dzr eppnf oi`y ,z`f mr ,xexa ! xxeri èdy mikeqkqd
ìapd oiiv xy` [minid zixg` lr xyal mixen`d] mipniqd aex enybzp
[iienicn] df ixd ,epnf ribiy dtiv ,epnfa ,ìapd m` 25.zewecad eizexeqna
: ip`xewd hqwhd xne`y itk ,zexwl miietvd mixacd zaxwe ecren zeaxwzd
26
.'rwap gxide dryd daxwzd'
27
,miyigkn md xwyd giyn èd [mdly] dfd giyndy micedid ipta mipreh m`
eilr ,[cngn] ìapd mle` .eiptn miìapd zexdf` z` mixikn md mvray meyn
.eiepik oeiva ode xwyd giyn ly eny oeiva od wiice siqed s` ,melyde dlitzd
.zewecad zexeqna oievy itk ,' 'giqnl`' - eiepike 28'l`'bcl`' èd eny ixd
l` eybip md : crv cer micedid ehwp elld zeiyrnd ixetiqe zepeincd lk ixg`
,`rpvn icedi ,[epiptly xewna riten epi` enyy 'rhw`l`'
o`nileq] mdn cg`
did xy`k xacd dlbzp cg` mei .ceqa xacd z` exny mle` ,giynk edexic`de
jezl ,oenxày dkyll qpkpe oenx`d l` `vi èd .elky zyleg zngne oiteliba
xveiy mwExn x`t cbaa yeal did èd .[qMd
mle` ,dvrend xcg] ayend xcg
erzted me`zte myl qpkp èdy epigad `le al eny `l migwit miyp` 29.eceda
.oenxà ezegkepn
.my
m`lq`d zexeqna hexita mipecp (mixg` migpene 'dr`ql` hexy') oicd mei i`pz e` ,oicd mei ipniq
`ll micedi oia zeihtilwet` zepen` itelig lr .o`k jka weqrl lkep `l .dibelehkq`d zextqae
.(l"yz) zeqtilwet` ,iadvx : e`x ,oniza micedi
,(f"kyz) o`xwl` ,oilaix mebxz ; 544 'nr ,a ,(1939) o`xew ,la mebxz ; 1 weqt ,54 dxeq ,o`xew
.'gxid rwape dryd daxw' : 614 'nr ,a
mewna) 'g zeà ,'giqn (iyiagl` xe`l eìvedy itk) oiqgl` oa` ìgi ly hqwhd qexbi jliè o`kn
èd yeaiyd j` ,miazek oi` mpn` jk .micedid ly mgiyna xaecn cer lk (g zeà ,giyn giqn
'g zeà 'gqn yxeyd) mgiyn ly FzEixwyl dfinx meyn ea yie laewn dfk xened irvn` .oeekn
mze` ['gqn] jtdy jka xara myiprd midel`y micedi yiy m`lqà laewnl d`xpk fenxl xen`
zecig` oi` ,lirl azkp xaky dn mr dèeyda la` . ( [1997] mitew ,oiaex : e`x .mixifge mitewl
.'l`'bcl` 'giqnl`' : o`k .'g mr aizkd reviaa
.27 ,18 zexrd e`x
itl .(dnwx icba : 25 'nr ,` ,[1991-1990] zipniz ,dhpnìt : e`xe) 'i'bExa'
dpekn cad ,xewna
'nr ,[o"yz] dwipexk ,ocqe 166 ,128 ,74-73 'nr ,[1990] zepehly ,xnqocqpew lv`) xv`p oa`
miax mihxt xv`p oa` lv` yi ,llka .oael icba yal ('rhw`l`' dpEknd
o`nilq) yi`d ,(124

ixfia`k yxtzdl milekid ,mUeae yeal ihxt ,miqwhd ,eizelert hexit ,yi`d ly eny : xzei
,(`rpv lyen ly oenx`l miaxwzny lkk ,mvnhvn seqaly) deeln ldw ,dgynd ony e` dyecw
ezrepz rwxe eny z` elitè eizece` lr zericia ipr o`k xewndy cera ,'eke ,oenxà xn`y mixac
zxaerd ,oiteliba did eli`k o`nilq ly eavn lr oiqgl` oa` ìgi ly drcd .rcei epi` zigiynd
onfl aexwe xzei mecwd ,xv`p oa` : zn`dn dketd ìd ,oniz icedi lr ditxbeixehqida ipyd hegk
[ 104 ]
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29
mq`wl`
oa` oiqgl`
oa` ìgi
ezqitzl b`c] my `vnp yi`dy al my ,ilr oicl` l`n'b ,m`ni`d ly epa xy`k
.x`td icba z` eilrn exiqdy xg`l z`f .ozqeaay xdeqd zial eze` gly[e
.jkay lFrd zwixte adxd dyrn ,dtvegd z` oiade xacd rcep envr m`ni`l
'dwlgl`' weya yi`d ly ey`x z` sexr : àvd ipivwn cg` lr deeiv m`ni`d
riwede ey`x z` sxr oivwd .lrt xy` lr el ribnd z` jcin yi`d lawi jkae
dnk df avna dx`yp ìde 30'aEryl` aà' xryay xnynd zcnra ezteb z`
! eilr l`d zllwe yi`d xex` - edexawe ezgtyn ipa eà seqale mini dnke
z` [oEiO'c
,dO'cl`
ld`]
zeqgd iyp` y`xn xiqdl m`ni`d deeiv okn xg`l
m`ni`d gly oke .yprp - ey`x lr ztpvn sepvl frdy lk mei eze`ne ,zetpvnd
.miypera mdn rxtidl ick [micedid ly] mdixebne mdizenewn lkl miliig
mdn miax .dkex` dtewz jyn ,zegiywe dxv lkn leaql mdl epzp miliigd
ecgkpe zr dzeà exxyy arxae zxevaa ezn miaxe enlq`zd miax ,eyyexzd
m`ni`d .oiyper zeqpwle àvd liaya 31zelhnl sqep z`f .dwix ohae miiepira
.e`lkii mdibidpnn dveawy deeiv
zezyl mbdpn lya zrc xqege lky zylegn milaeq ,mdilr l`d zllw ,micedid
yiy daiqd ,lynl ,ef .mebt exi`yne ezlert z` lhan ,lkya rbet df xac .oii
lkyd lr mzrcly meyn [mitixg ze`wyn] dzey dpi`y miyebn`d axwa 32zk
ixdy ,xya milke` mpiè oii mizey mpi`y daiqd ok` ef .mdiyrn lk lr helyl
mxebd oiia oicd èd .mic` ly mziilr lya gena miaeaiql mxeb ,mzrcl ,èd
miyegin mixvep .jkl diihp ea yie jka fixtn ,eziizya cinznd lkl miwfp
! oiid on l`d epze` xenyi - ohaa mifbe daiw lewlw ly dxeng dlgne miwfg
inlqen htey lk wecal jixvy itk ,xekiy e` rbeyn yi`d oi` m` wca lyendy cirn ,rexi`d
yi .zexky e` oerbiyn d`vezk edyrn z` dyry mc` cxenk yipri `ly ick ,oicd zwiqt iptl
xicbd lyendy dn mewna ,oitelibe zrc xqegl milblbzn eid mixacd el xzei dvexn did ik gipdl
ezeìwa xqega oiqgl` oa` ìgi ! xekiy epi` yi`dy `weec dzlrd ezwica .minlqena 'dcixn'k
àd micedid oerbiy lr (oiid on biizqnd m`lq`d ibega cegiia) dvnydd zehytzdl xewn deeid
itl ,icedid 'giyn'd lr z`fd dvnydd oewiz .lynl ,xifel` oa` z`f gwl epnn ; sixgd dwynd on
.911 'nr ,(o"yz) dwipexk ,ocq : e`x ,xv`p oa` ly mixexa mixac
zecenr ,(1983) `rpv ,hp'bxq : e`x ,`rpv icedi zexewa mixeywd el` zenewn ly itxbeteh iedifl 30
.my ,my ,(e"nyz) mipeir ,iaeh ; 138 ,131 ,(oinin) 118 ,112
'nr ,my) 'xàq' dlind mebxze ,169 'nr ,(1990) zepehly ,xnqocqpew : e`x .'z`xàq' : xewna 31
.dy'gEa 20 ly melyz zlhn ,qpw melyz èd ,epiptly rxe`nd iabl ,(132
.xicdnd ici lr wcap e` ddef `ly meyn mebxzdn dny z` ephnyd .'oìpà' zkd z`xwp xewna 32
myl minecd zezik zeny yi ik m` ,znieqn ziyebn` zk epidif `l oiiprl mignena epvrepy s`
.ziwlg df
[ 105 ]
14 ]
ocq sqei
oky ,xzei lityn ypere xzei dyw `xFn ,xzei cer lecb oeq` yiy oaenke
xknznd] ziizya cinzndy epze` zecnln zewecad zein`lq`d zexeqnd
! ocrd obl qpkii `l oii [ziizyl
33
dfxblè f`g xef` iayez z` yiprd [m`ni`d ly eigòa] oqgl` oa` cng`
z` .zenilbe [yekx : mb] sqk mdn egwle micedid z` effay lr o`cnd iyp`n
34
.yiprde xfge dyprdd lr deeiv èd mle` ,exifgd dl` aex
micedil mirbepd xtqa mixg` mihxte zepwqn

eizexewn mle` .oniza miicedid miigiynd zerxe`nl jenqa azke ig oiqgl` oa` ìgi
oenx`d jezn mirexi`d lr azky ,xv`p oa`l dèeyda ce`n miixtixte mililc
mxcq mle` ,epl recid z` mpn` miwfgn oiqgl` oa` ìgi ly eixeìz .epeikxè
fkxna mixacd z` dlc `le rny `ly oeixehqidn zetvl xyt`y itk ,ieby ibelepexkd
.zeygxzdd
mb `l` ,ibelepexkd xcqa eyxzyiy milealal xewnd wx epi` oiqgl` oa` ìgi
.dvnydd on ea yiy epepbqae iplflfd oeeika (xifel` oa` oeixehqidd lr cegiia) rityd
eeiw oday mikxcd ,lynl .dxEUna la` ,mipiiprn miicedimipt mihxt z`f lka yi
day zexyt` mbe ,jxcd zvitw ,rqn : ycewd ux` l` ,mgiyn zbdpda ,ribdl micedid
.lilra dfefz ila oir sxdk my e`vnii
,mlek mpn` xak mirecid ,mixg` miicedi mipiipra mb wqer oiqgl` oa` ìgi extqa
epecp mwlgae ,xe`l `vi extq lirl xen`ky ,xifel` oa` icia ewzred md) xzei e` zegt
,(lirl ehxety mixwgn ,i`xnqocqcltqbpipew ly xtqa xg`d mwlgae iaeh ici lr
: dxvwa o`k mdilr cenrp .dpey zvw mirexi`d mr mxeyiw j`
35
.zepehlyd znfeia mdilk zxiaye minlqen `ld izaa miawidn oii ixven zkity .1
zpyay jk ick cr ,leala aexn (xagnd zrcl) yaeyy icedid mibgd gel oiipr .2
jxc ,ea epc xak xy` oiipr 36,ecrena `ly mixetikd mei z` 'ebbg' ,dx'bdl 1082
: e`x ,m`ni`d ly eigòa ezeid zcaer .mipey cewite lynn iciwtza ,m`ni`d ,ecec lv` yniy
.63 ,61 'nr ,(1996) zìnei ,oiqgl` oa` ìgi
dxeva miyper minlqen cvik yibcn ,iyagl` ,xicdnd ,o`k eliè .16 dxrd lirl mb eeyd
xikfnd xac ,'oihqlta minlqenl epinia micedid miyer dn ,z`f znerl ,e`xe' : siqene zilxail
oiipra 'zeilèhw`' zeprhl rwxk ,xg` e` df ipxcen dxwna ,eyniy oniza zeigiynd irexi`y epl
myl mipyi mihqwh levipl dnbec `l` ef oi` .(1981) uEvp ,if`z : e`x ,lynl .mdiyrne micedid
.dilÈhw`
.113-112 'nr ,(1996) zìnei ,oiqgl` oa` ìgi
.'micedid ici lr mibgd aeyig iepiy' : elyn zxzek aaxy ,iyagl` ,xicdnd .203 'nr ,my
[ 106 ]
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35
36
mq`wl`
oa` oiqgl`
oa` ìgi
,z`f 37.zrpkyn dpi` dprhdy s` ,rixkpy ilan ,xifel` oa` ly zxvewnd ezwzrd
gel ileala eid wegxd xara xake ,dwevna micedid eid zr dzeà ik oerhl xyt`y s`
hxetnd geeicd .oeixehqidd ly dpad zerhl oerhl xzei lw 38.oniz icedi axwa dpy
ceray cnln oiqgl` oa` ìgi lv` (mikix`zl oikeniqk mixkfp minyd inxb elit`)
zpyay ceray rixkdl xzei ipeibd .xzei xge`n begp gqtd bg ,mcwed mixetikd meiy
,ribd mxh geld z` owziy (` xc`) xc` ik ,ynyd zpy iabl ,'xge`na' ixyz lg xeair
,inlqen ly dpad zerh wx ile` ef .èal xgi` eli`k d`xp ,oewizd ixg` cin ,gqt ixd
mdizeperbiymdizepeibiy zhlada zegt rewy dide micedid ikxc z` xikd el la`
`l - 39(xv`p oa` ,encew xn`y z` mi`xew m` zkxtend ezvnydk) zicinzd mzexkye
.o`k rixkdl dyw ok it lr s` .dpyd gel leala ly ef dpwqnl ribn d`xpk did
eizeawrae) epiptly hqwha oiqgl` oa` ìgi .230 dxrd ,151 'nr ,(1990) zepehly ,xnqocqpew 37
`c`ne'b yceg zligza begp (xetik mei) 'zezay zay'y ayeg (279 'nr ,[1985] wah ,xifel` oa`
meid lg `le`l` `c`n'b ycega 1a da xy` ,dx'bdl 1082 zpya xaecn .eteqa mewna `le`l`
.ecrena micedid ici lr 'begp' mixetikd meiy èt` `vei .a"lz zixard dpyd y`x ly oey`xd
mewna uiwd (oFrax epiidc) zper seqa mlv` lg 'xhtl` cir' bgy jk lr dnz xagnd ,ok lr xzi
meil qgiizd xak xagndy oeeikn ,mle` ! `weec xegi`l ìd dprhd o`k ,xnelk .dzirvnà
'mevd zwqtd bg' exneà oeekzn èd dnl ,'zezay zay' (zecdide `xwnd gexa) iehiaa mixetikd
dryz mev mr lalay okziid ? (o`'vnx mev meiq ,inlqend gepinl xzei mi`znd iehia ,xhtl` cir)
s` ,dper zpigan mi`zn epi` gqt) xg` bdpnl `ny e` ,uiwa lg okè mei ceran wqtend aà
oiiprd z` uxzl xyt` xac ly eteqa ? (zevn - 'xi`zt' ,'xzt' yxeyd mr ltltzdl did xyt`y
xagndy) ynyd gel iabl ilniqwnd xebita lg mixetikd meie zxaern dpy dziid a"lz zpy : jk
d`xii ,uiwa ,z`f znerl .` xcà legiy owznd
xeaird iptl ,(minyd inxba xicz oeir jezn Fxikd
epiè icedi epi`y mc` ,ok` .xeaird ixg` xak legiy meyn ,xegi`k aà dryzd mev ly ecren
.drhen myexl ribdl ieyr èd dn xeair oian
rvnà ,miigiynd mirexi`d ixg` dlgy meyn micedil dyw znà dziid dx'bdl 1082 zpy 38
zvw ile` dligzny dyipr) micar cnrna miqix`k mzxcbd ick cr ,micedid zyprd ztewz
,(o"yz) dwipexk ,ocq : e`x ,ef dtewza mavn lr .(1 dxrd lirl) yexibd zlhd axre (stexzdl
,(h"nyz) zeaeyz ,ryedi : e`x ,dpyd gel leala ly micwzl xy` .130 'nra dlahd oke 133 'nr
`l` ,ef zexyt`l dhep ipi` ,xen`k .oniz icedi lv` dfk leala xara dxw cvik ,129-127 'nr
.zncewd dxrda zfnxpd zexyt`l
lyeny ,lynl ,cirn (166 ,[184 dxrde] 128 ,74-73 'nr ,zepehly ,xnqocqpew lv`) xv`p oa` 39
ritedl jixvd ,sqei oa giyn oirk ile` ,'myea' oina gynpy) micedid bidpn ik dliby `rpv
,zeigiyn zeprh rinyne epenx`l xcg (epiyexitn cg` itl cec oa giyn ly eèa iptl cgkidle
dzlrd el .dpic izae zinlqend dkldd bdep itl ,z`f .xekiy e` rbeyn epi` m` ewcaiy cin ywia
mc`l zrbepd diran xy`n xzei dvexn lyend did - xekiy e` rbeyna xaecn ok`y ef dwica
dnky zinlqend cxtqa zeliawn yi jkl) bxedl eìvedl zvl`n xyè m`lq`d cbp dfxkd fixknd
obl qpkidl ekfiy oeghia jezn ,inlqen oic zia a` ipfeà ze`xep zefxkd fixkdl eywrzd mixvep
mz`ved xy`n xg` gzt el exized `ly cr ,zeiexyt`d lka lztzd inlqend ohtynde ,ocrd
zexkzydd ixetiq lk z` xzeq xv`p oa` jka .('mica`zn' oin dyrnl eidy ,el` mixvep ly bxedl
.dpadl zvw dyw dziid drah mvrn xy` ,zigiynd drepzl xaqdk minlqend lv` eyxzydy
[ 107 ]
16 ]
ocq sqei
ztqezn micedid z` xht icdnl` m`ni`de ,zillkd diiqelke`d lr zyedy qn .3

ezlcbdl d`xpk ìd dpeekd) lcbend zleblebd qn z` .cgein qn lg mdilry meyn ef
40
.zncewd eznxl xifgd (epl reciy itk ,zeigiynd irexi` lr yperk
daiyid zekfiàe zekfa inlqen izkld oeic dl sxhvny zerahn seifl dny`d .4
oeicdy èd o`k ìltnd 41.myxbl jxevde (agxend oaena) axr i`d ivga micedi ly
oa` lv` enk) mdilr zepehlyd zaebze oniza miigiynd mirexi`d ipiiprl sxhvn epi`
.oiiprn ce`n èd j` ,ìgi epxagn ly df xeyiwl oin`dl dyw .df xywdl `l` ,(xv`p
dkld wqt xe`l cegiia ,(arxe zxeva zpya mb xaecn) micedid ly mebr avn .5
42
.(l`'bx ia` oa`) mcbp reci
xeviwa xkfp rfen yexib .miyexibe dticx ,(`rpva zqpkd zia ly) dqixd .6
ohw hxt wx inlqend i`wipexkd ipira j` ,zeaiygax ai`kn rxe`n did df micedil)
43
.menr xywda z`f mre (geeica
.o`k epzniyxa dnbxeze dpecpy miigiynd mirexi`d zyxtl sqep ,oaenk ,df lk
oa` oiqgl` oa` ìgi ly migeeica yecigd xqeg zexnly xnele èt` mkql xyt`
ibelepexkd xeciqa milealae zevnyd dnk ly mxewn z` ekxc xikdl aeyg ,mq`wl`
ly ipeikx`de ihiletd xewndn (xv`p oa`l ziqgi) ewegix lya ,zerxe`nd ly
.laewnd on dpey oteà miwlgd z` sxvn èdy dcaerl zeaiyg mb yi ; mirexi`d
.228 'nr ,(1996) zìnei ,oiqgl` oa` ìgi

.319-317 'nr ,my
.327 'nr ,my
.353 'nr ,my
[ 108 ]
40
41
42
43
mq`wl`
oa` oiqgl`
oa` ìgi
miitxbeilaiad mixeviwd zniyx

`xewd `vni xzei dxiyr ditxbeilaia ; df xn`na xeviw zervnà ehhevy mihixtd wx o`k epievi
(1998) mivnwn ,ocq ; (o"yz) dwipexk ,ocq ; (1990) zepehly ,xnqocqpew : miàd mixwgnd seqa
A. Abel, Dadjdjal, Encyclopaedia of Islam, III, New
Edition, Leiden 1960-, pp. 76-77
l`'bc ,lA`
ztqez mr xe`l `vi] èlgl`
wAh
,xifel` ilr oa` dll`car
xyr ic`gl` oxwl` it onil` 'gix`z : zipxcen ziy`x zxzek
1985 zexia ,mf`'b migxl`car cngn xe`l ìved ,[ix'bdl`
wah ,xifel` oa`
R. Ahroni, Yemenite Jewry, Bloomington 1986
oniz zecdi ,ipexd`
M. Ayoub, =Uzayr in the Qur>an and Muslim Tradition,

in: W. Brimmer and D. Ricks (eds.), Studies in Islamic and
Judaic Traditions, Atlanta 1986, pp. 3-18
xifr
,AEi`
R. Bell, The Qur6an: Translated with a Critical ReArrangement of Surahs, Edinburgh 1937-1939
o`xew ,lA
C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Literatur,

Leiden 1937-1943
zeclez ,onlwexa
zinlqend zextqa zecdid zencl miew) ztrefd zcd' ,oiihieb c"y

423 ,164-151 'nr ,h"yz milyexi ,bxeapic xtq ,'(dnecwd
ztrefd zcd ,oiihieb
S. D. Goitein, Jews and Arabs3, New York 1974
miaxre micedi ,oiihieb
xgan : gex iig - dxag ixcq - dixehqid ,mipnizd ,oiihieb c"y

b"nyz milyexi ,mixwgn
mipniz ,oiihieb
1987 zexia ,onil` 'gix`z on shzwnl` ,it`x'bl` dll`car
shzwn ,it`x'b
R. Dozy, Supplement
aux dictionnaires arabes, Leiden 1881
ztqez ,ifec
1972 xidw ,lifpzl` wi`wg or s`ykl` ,ixy'gnfl` mq`wl` ea`
s`yk ,ixy'gnf
a ,zepetq ,'yeyag miig 'xl "oniza l`xyi zexew" ' ,gt`w 'i
etx-enx 'nr ,(g"iyz)
gt`w zxecdn ,yeyag
m"yz milyexi ,mdiazkn oniz icedi zeclez ,(jxer) iaeh 'i
mdiazk ,iaeh
de 19d ze`na oniz icedi ly ilklkde izxagd dpand' ,iaeh 'i

,1984 milyexi ,dycgd zra oniz icedi ,(jxer) l"pd : jeza ,'20
215-196 'nr
dpan ,iaeh
[ 109 ]
18 ]
ocq sqei
: jeza ,'g"id d`na onizn micedid z` yxbl zepeiqpd' ,iaeh 'i

dxwed zxeyz ,l`xyi znkga mixwgn : sqei y`xl ,(jxer) l"pd
474-459 'nr ,d"pyz milyexi ,gt`w sqei axl
zepeiqp ,iaeh
e"nyz milyexi ,oniz zlibna mipeir ,iaeh 'i
mipeir ,iaeh
44 ,minrt ,'oniza ze`zayd zerxe`n lr mixiy ipy' ,iaeh 'i

64-53 'nr ,(o"yz)
mixiy ipy ,iaeh
milyexi ,iadvx 'i zxecdn ,(li`qnl`) zeaeyz ,cibpd ryedi

h"nyz
zeaeyz ,ryedi
'zcèg 'gix`z it onfl`

z'bda ,mq`wl` oa` oiqgl` oa` ìgi
ici lr xe`l `vi [oniz irex` zeclez lr onfd ly ezx`tz] onil`
: ipxcen gqepl zxzekd z` silgdy] iyagl` cngn oa` dll`car
1996 iA`c
ea` ,[(`rpv ipnei)
`rpv zìnei
zìnei ,oiqgl` oa` ìgi
H. Lazar us-Yafeh, Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and

Bible Criticism, Princeton 1992
mialeyn ,dtiqexvl
mcw iqenlet aihen ly eleblb : xifr - `xfr' ,dtiqexvl 'g

dp ,uiaxz ,'`xwnd zxewia ziy`x l` m`lq`d jxc ,in`lq`
379-359 'nr ,(e"nyz)
`xfr ,dtiqexvl
a"nyz milyexi ,oeive oniz ,ipip 'i
oniz ,ipip
zeigiyn zerepz lr ycg hqwh : xv`p oa` ly dwipexkd' ,ocq 'i

,'mebxze rwx - f"id d`nd ly dipyd zivgna oniza zeicedi
135-111 'nr ,(o"yz) 43 ,minrt
dwipexk ,ocq
zxifbl f"id d`nd seqa oniz zecdi lr zexifbd oia' ,ocq 'i
'ie oncixt r"n ,xyiilt 'r : jeza ,'h"ide g"id ze`na mivnwnd
axre l`xyi zeaxza mixwgn : dyn z`yn ,(mikxer) xnxw
236-202 'nr ,1998 aia`lze milyexi ,lib dynl miyben
mivnwn ,ocq
,(zkxer) dtiqexvl 'g : jeza ,'zizextq daizkk qenlet' ,ocq 'i

58-37 'nr ,e"pyz milyexi ,zecdie micedi lr minlqen mixteq
qenlet ,ocq
xnqocqpew : mb e`x
ocq
Textes et) in`lq`l` xvrl` it onil` 'gix`z xc`vn ,ciiq 't
traduction dauteurs orientaux publiees

par lInsitut
(Francais
dArcheologie
Orientale, 7, Cairo 1974
zexewn ,ciiq
xnqocqpew : e`x
i`xnq
R.B. Serjeant, R. Lewcock et al., San5a:

An Arabian Islamic
City, London 1983
`rpv ,hp'bxq
[ 110 ]
mq`wl`
oa` oiqgl`
oa` ìgi
P. Voorhoeve, Handlist of Arabic Manuscripts in the Library
of the University of Leiden and Other Collections, Leiden
1957
dniyx ,deedxet
M. Piamenta, Post-Classical Dictionary of Yemeni Arabic,

Leiden 1990-1991
zipniz ,dhpnìt
f"kyz aia`lz ,mdiig zegxeè mdizeclez : oniz icedi ,wecv 'n
oniz icedi ,wecv
gt`w zxecdn ,yeyag : e`x
gt`w
'nr ,(b"vxz) d ,oeiv sq`n ,'oniza zi`zayd drepzd' ,izdw 'n

gt-gr
drepzd ,izdw
P. S. van Koningsveld, J. Sadan and K. Al- Samarrai,

Yemenite Authorities and Jewish Messianism, Leiden 1990
zepehly ,xnqocqpew
J. Kister, =An yadin, Arabica, XI (1964), pp. 272-278
oci or ,xhqiw
B.-Z. Eraqi-Klorman, The Jews of Yemen in the Nineteenth

Century: A Portrait of Messianism, Leiden 1993
oniz icedi ,iw`xronxelw
U. Rubin, Apes, Pigs and the Islamic Identity, Israel

Oriental Studies (Dhimmis and Others: Jews and Christians
and the World of Classical Islam, edited by U. Rubin and
J. Wasserstein), XVII (1997), pp. 89-105
mitew ,oiaex
f"kyz aia` lz ,oilaix lèi sqei ziaxrn mbxz ,o`xwl`
o`xwl` ,oilaix
fkxnd ixwgn ,'oniz zecdia uw iaeyige zeqtilwet`' ,iadvx 'i

322-295 'nr ,(l"yz) ` ,xelwletl
zeqtilwet` ,iadvx
`vyfly 'nr ,(`"kyz) d ,zepetq ,'rfen zelb' ,iadvx 'i
rfen ,iadvx
'nr ,(a"lyz) fl ,oeiv ,'miycg zexewn xe`l rfen yexb' ,iadvx 'i
215-197
miycg zexewn ,iadvx
oa`l dx'b`tl` cedil` `l'b` it dxd`'hl` uevpl`' ,if`zl` d"r

35-15 'nr ,(1981) 32 ,inlrl` 'zgal` zl'bn ,'l`'bxl` ia`
uEvp ,if`z
,aeqpnlè s`'vnl` it aElwl` x`n'z ,ial`r'zl` xevpn ea`

1965 xidw
x`n'z ,ial`r'z
[ 111 ]
zi`zay drepz : oniza f"kz zerxe`n

zinewn zigiyn zelirt e`
iaeh sqei
ux`ne mixvnn eribdy iav izay iciqg ly zexbiàe migelya dyxtd ziy`x ,dxe`kl
day efl dkenqd dpya epiidc ,d"kz zpya xak d`xpk ,oniza mipey zenewnl l`xyi
eicaryn miiebd icin l`xyi mr z` le`bl ,giynk zelbzdl xen` iav izay did
zi`zayd zelirtl encwy mipya xak ,xac ly ezn`l ,mle` .l`xyi ux` l` evawle
zpya onizn mikxezd zìviy itl ,oniz icedi axwa mevr igiyn gzn xvep oniza
mihilyd .oniz icedil oeq` zxd dziid ,dpy d`nl aexw da ehlyy xg`l ,1635
,lir`nq` lMeznl`
m`n`d
xwirae ,myexibl eìade mikxezd lr enwy ,miciifd
dcbpy ,micedid itlk xzeia dgeyw zeipicn ehwp ,(1676-1644) m`lq`d zcl i`pwd
1
ly dini ziy`xn dpeznd ziciifd zxeqnd z` oihelgl
.oniza ziciifd zen`n`d
migelyd zervnà dzyrp i`zayd wit`d l` zeigiynd zeivxitq`d zexywzd j`
jex` oetelewa ,in`ng ield dicrq ,onfd oa xewn cirny itk ,mii`zayd zexbi`de
.f"kz zpya oniza ze`zayd zerxe`n lr xzeia daeyg dwipexk dyrnl ède ,azky
`l el` zexbi` 2.ef dyxtl ,hrnk icrlade ,xzeia aeygd icedid xewnd èd df xewn
: oniz zlibna mipeir ,iaeh 'i : e`x ,maxwa igiynd gznde f"id d`nd rvnà oniz icedi avn lr
.jliè 82 'nr ,(mipeir : oldl) e"nyz milyexi ,u"ixdn ,iw`xr zgtyn ,ze`zay ,`rpv zlidw
zeklnd cqiin ,ic`dl` m`n`d ly eqgi' ,iaeh 'i : e`x ,ziciifd zen`n`d
ziy`xa oniz icedi lr
zecleza dxage zeaxz ,(mikxer) xwd 'ie litpea 'x ,oeyyoa 'n : jeza ,'oniz icedil ,ziciifd
.82-53 'nr ,h"nyz milyexi ,oeyyoa lld miig ly exkfl mixn`n uaew : miipiadinia l`xyi
ynegl xacna yneg oia ,izeyxa dievnd dxez iyneg dyng ly ci azka dwzrda ievn oetelewd
xg`l cala miizpyk xnelk ,(1669/h"kz) zexhyl s"wzz` zpyn ìd dwzrdd .mixac
iazka mipetelewd zeaiyg lr .124-117 'nr ,mipeir ,iaeh : e`x ,ezenlya oetelewd .zerxe`nd
,'onizn mixteqde xtqd zeclezl xewnk ciiazk ly mipetelew' ,xlbix 'n : e`x ,miipnizd cid
'textl laeid xtq : oniz zeaxzae l`xyi mr zextqa mixwgn ,(mikxer) ofg 'è oeyic 'i : jeza
.179-161 'nr ,`"pyz obznx ,iadvx dcedi
2]
iaeh sqei
izay ly zexbi` yely onizn ribdy xtq zkixka exnzyp ok znerl j` ,epil` eribd
migelyd zedf 3.oexagae `hyewa ,alga mdiciqgl oeglyy izfrd ozp eìape iav
oetelewa caln oniz icedi iazka xg` xkf mdl x`yp `l dxe`kle drcep `l mi`zayd
zedfl mewn yiy dnec j` 4.(gl`v ìgi 'x) u"ixdnl 'oniz zlibn'ae ield dicrq ly
zlidw ipa eglyy zxbià ciqgd mxnr dpeknd ède ,elld migelyd on cg` zegtl
ly mzxbi`n 5.mzxfr z` eywia dae (1684) c"nz zpya oexag icedil onizay o`xe'v
zlidw gely did ,xg` xewn meyn eilr rcep `ly ,df ciqgd mxnr ik dler o`xe'v ipa
zxfb
,rfenl
zelbl o`xe'v icedi mr `vi s` ,ok iptl mipy dnk oniza ddye oexag
zelirtd on dxiyi d`vezk (1679) h"lz zpya oniz icedi lk lr dlhedy yexibd
,onizl gelyd ly ezrbd cren lr edylk oeiv epicia oi` mpn` 6.(oldl e`xe) zigiynd
mi`zayd migelyd on cg` did ik ze`ce ly dax dcina gipdl mewn yiy d`xp mle`
`l miywd zerxe`nd zngne ,diptl s` e` (1666) e"kz zpy ziy`xa onizl eribdy
zpyl (1667) f"kz zpy oia onizl ribdy llk xiaq df oi` ,ok znerl .onizn z`vl leki
icedi zecleza xzeia mixengde mixreqd on did df onf wxty itl ,h"lz ,rfen zelb
xtqn onizn inlqen iaxr xewn ,ok lr xzi .cbpn miielz eid micedid iigy mipy ,oniz
icedi z` ziqde f"kz zpya zigiynd zevxtzdd iptl jenq onizl ribdy algn icedi lr
m`n`d did `l ,elld miyrnd xg`ly èt` gipdl yi 7.inlqend oehlya cexnl `rpv
8
.onizl qpkidl xf icedil xizn
l"i : e`x .f"id d`na oexaga wzrpy ci aezk uaewn migewl zexbi`d zeievn mday mitcd zyely
.cr-gq 'nr ,`"nyzd oeleg ,iaeh 'i zkixra ,onizn zeizextq zexivin ,megp
hwqnl da oeEknd m` wtqy ,'zkqn xir'n jk xgè mixvnn miazk eribd dligz ik xtqn u"ixdn
.42 'nr ,mipeir ,iaeh : e`x .axr i`d ivg gxfn mexcay o`ner zxia
zecdia y`xd zlidw ixdy ,dxfr zywaa zeptl o`xe'v zlidw ipa `weec e`x dn denzl yi dxe`kl
yi jkl daeyzd z`y dnec .zeaeyge zeifkxn xzei zexg` zelidw eid i`ceeae ,`rpv dziid oniz
cia micedia bdp ède ,lir`nq` m`n`d oa ,ilr oicl` l`n'b ciiqd ayi o`xe'vay dcaera èvnl
xepl` ,ypg dll` car oa cng` : e`x .jkl dry `l mdilr lwdl micedid eil` epty lke ,dyw
d`nd ly diipyd zivgna ig ypg .116 'nr ,1986 zexia ,wgl` da `ne wxynl` gzt it wxynl`
,a ,'onizn miiaxr mixeaiga oniz icedi lr zerici' ,iaeh 'i : e`x ,zixarl eixac mebxz .f"id
.39 'nr ,(zerici : oldl) (e"pyz) 56 ,minrt
'nr ,(a"lyz) fl ,oeiv ,'miycg zexewn xe`l rfen yexb' ,iadvx 'i : e`x ,dzenlya zxbi`d
.207-203
ik ,gxw mxnr 'x ìany ddefn `l iaxr xewnn mixaca ef dricil cd .34-33 'nr ,zerici ,iaeh
,inlqend oehlyd cbp cxnd y`xa cnry ,ln'b dnly 'x ,`rpv icedi cibp z` hgy ipihqlt icedi
milyexi ,icixb 'y zkixra ,oniz zxrq ,gxw 'r : e`x .`rpv xird gzta edelze ey`x z` efizde
.h 'nr ,(oniz zxrq : oldl) c"iyz
zpy cre m"z zpyn dkynp oniza df mxnr 'x zegily ik raew (201 'nr ,6 dxrd lirl) iadvx
.xg` xewn èdy dfi`n e` zxbi`d on zgken dpi` ef driaw .l"pd zxbi`d zaizk zpy ,c"nz
[ 114 ]
3
4
5
6
7
zinewn zigiyn zelirt e` zi`zay drepz : oniza f"kz zerxe`n
[3
.dcig` dziid `l zi`zayd dlenrzl oniza zeicedid zelidwd zaebz ,mipt lk lr

,oniz zelidw lk ly dpeilr dbdpd yniyy ,`rpva oicd zia ly zililyd daebzd cva
cnry' rcepyn .iav izay ly ezeigiyna oin`dl ,miaehe milecb mdipiae ,miax eztp
l`xyi [eyr]' ,h"kz zpya ield dicrq oetelewa azky itk ,'giynd jlnd l`xyil odl
zexewnd cg` it lr 9.'zexyane mixyan eaxe [... mc] `n lkae mal lka zgvp daeyz
sè zigiynd dxeyaa oin`d ,y`wp dnly ,mini mzeà oniz zlidw ìyp mb ,miiaxrd
mdiqkp z` xeknl mccer sè ,jk lr mdl xyiae oniz zelidw ipa lkl miazkn gly
eixaca iaxrd xewnd wcev mpn` m` ax wtq 10.l`xyi ux`l diilrde dle`bd z`xwl
,zigiynd dpen`d zny` z` y`wpa elz miinlqend zepehlyd ,mipt lk lr ; dl`
xq`nl zicedid dlidwd ìyp glyp jk lya .mda dxexa dcixnk mdipira dytzpy
ay s` ,miizpy xg`l `l` myn xxgey `le ,seq miay o`xnk ià miyw mi`pza
daeyz ibdpn ,zxewia ly dnbna ,azekd hxtn cer .dlidwd ìypk oey`xd ecnrnl
mze`y ,mipey
xac [mdn aezk `ly dn e]yre erhd [... ] l`nq ly ezzkn [zexya]ne mixyan
elkì `l exnè xyad exq` : dt lray dxeza [`le azkay dx]eza `l dxeza
xry eglbiy miypd lr exfbe ,migqt ilila oiid exqè ,ilv xya `l` l`xyi
11
mixheyde mihteyd elki `le [... ] odizehn eynyi `ly miyp`d lre ,oy`x
'lt meia ,mil`bp mz` 'lt meia : mixne` eide ,mdixac ernyp `l` ,mdilr mii`l
12
.minrd xacna miayei miryxde ,mkvxà mzè `l` ercz `le ,migxet mz`
,'oeifg ìb' xeaigd ìd oda daeygdy ,iav izay lr zerenyl zeizextq zeaebz eid s`
izay lr zerenyd èa mr ,e"kz ziy`xa e` d"kz zpya dazkpy zi`zay dqtilwet`
mixekfà wxe j` ìd xeaigd ly ezei`zay lk ik xwgna xxazp xak j` .onizl iav
zi`zayd dxezd on xac ea oi` la` ,mii`zay mikix`z lye ozp eìape iav izay ly
13
.iav izay zeigiynl ipeirxd rvnd dzeeid mely zrcly ,i"x`d zlawn `l sè
,oniz ixxeyn lecb ,ifay mely iax ixiya izfrd ozpe iav izay mixkfp oepbq ezeà
ewtzqp zeax mipy .(1619/h"ry zpya clep) eizepy ahina did xak mini mzeày
ik mipreh mely myxbe oeqlci` v"` : iav izaya dpen`l ifay zcnr xaca mixwegd
.82 'nr ,mipeir ,iaeh : e`x
.34 'nr ,zerici ,iaeh : e`x ,eixac mebxz .ypg it lr
.ldwd iy`xe mipiicd
.141 ,123-122 'nr ,mipeir ,iaeh
,(e"yz) c ,ci lr uaew ,'onizn zi`zay dqtil`wet` - oeifg ìb' ,mely 'b : e`x ,eèlna xeaigd
.101-92 'nr ,mipeir ,iaeh : e`x ,ea hxetn oeicl .`nw-cw 'nr
[ 115 ]
9
10
11
12
13
4]
iaeh sqei
oeqlci` ewcv mpn` .dprhd z` dgec s`cp mdxa` axd cera ,ef dpen` xg` ddp xxeynd
d`nd oa dxevpn dicrq èd exagny xiy lr eknqpy `wr `c `l` ,mzriawa melye
elbzpyn mle` .dld ly eixiyn cgà iav izayl fnx èvnl oick `ly enice ,h"id
ozp z` ,iav izay z` yxetna xikfn èd mday ,ifay ixiyn miipy ici lr enqxete
ifay 'iax `'vx it o`qn' xiya .oihelgl wtqd xq ,dietvd dle`bd zpy zè eìap izfrd
dlil melga' xiyae ,'jzekln ilr glve iav izay day' : dtevnd giynd lr xne`
dcy f` / oipaa oeiv dcnr / [... ] / oipnl e"kzd zpy df' : eìap lr xne` èd 'iznlg
ìb'a enk ,elld mixiyd ipya mb mle` 14.'izrny ozp xac mei / [... ] / izxkn dleb
ixiye ifay ixiyn miax oiit`nd ihtilwet`d xywda `l` xkfp iav izay oi` ,'oeifg
iav izay ly ezenc ,xnelk .el mcewd xecd on oniz oa xxeynd ,sqei oa l`xyi
m`lq`d oehlya wa`n dxwiry ,oniz icedi ly zihtilwet`d zxeqnd jeza zaleyn
15
.eziy`xn
dccead dyi`d lr aaln xetiq ezeà ,rxe`nd xkf xnzyp dt lray zxeqna s`
qp ygxzdl ietv did eay ,e"kz zpya gqtd lil zevga xxerzz `l `ny dyygy
xerip didi i`ceeay dxeng lbxl dlbx dxyw ok lre ,i`ltd zeielbd ueaiwe dle`bd
zxg` daiq zngn xerip did xengdy `l` .ef drya mewzy dlecbd dnednd zngn
eqiitle mil`bpa wgecd ftgpd giynd l` zeptl dyi`d dvl`py cr ,ax fera Dkyne
16
.'[giynd ,jl h`l ,jl h`l] giyn ì ,`lc ,`lc' : ef oeyla
oiipr lye iav izay ly xekf` lk oniza miicedid zexewna oi` ,lirl àend caln
zeitivdy jkl oniz icedi ly dxiyi daebz lk epicil dribd `l s` .e"kz zpya dle`bd
m`lq`l ezc xind s`y `l` cer `le ,xac ly eteqa eynnzp `l iav izaya elzpy
zigiynd dpen`d lr df èdk ele exzie `l oniza iav izay iciqg mxa .e"kz lelà
oia ,zexg` zevxà iav izay iciqg ly dfn dpeyd ,mdl icegii oexzt mnvrl e`vne
zi`zay dxez egzity dl` oia ,lilk dpnn ewzipe zi`zayd drepzl sxer eptdy dl`
,iav izay ly zenlq`zdd z` wicvdle xiaqdl dzilkzy zltletne zakxen dycg
zna z` ewizrd md .heyt xzei did oniz icedi ly mpexzt .eizeawra ekld sè
,minrt ,'oniza ze`zayd zerxe`n lr mixiy ipy' ,iaeh 'i : e`x ,'iax `'vx it o`qn' ,cg`d xiyd 14
'nr ,mipeir ,iaeh : e`x ,'iznlg dlil melga' ,ipyd ; (mixiy ipy : oldl) 60-54 'nr ,(o"yz) 44
.134-130
,'oniz icedi zextqa minid zixg` zepeifg' ,iaeh 'i : e`x ,oniz icedi ly zihtilwet`d zextqd lr 15
.(zepeifg : oldl) 193-169 'nr ,(e"pyz) d ,`niz
ely dwipexka yeyag miig xak eìad ,oniz ipa ly zixelwletd zxeqna meid cr ievnd ,df xetiq 16
zexew" ' ,gt`w 'i : e`x .'oniza l`xyi zexew' mya gt`w sqei axd mqxty oniz icedi zeclez lr
dnqxte ,(zexew : oldl) hpx-gpx 'nr ,(g"iyz) a ,zepetq ,'yeyag miig iaxl "oniza l`xyi
S. D. Goitein, Von den Juden Jemens, Berlin 1934, pp. 37-38 : e`x .oiihieb dpey`xl
[ 116 ]
[5
.f"kz zpyl dietvd dle`bd jix`z z` eaqde mayen ux`l zibelehkq`d zeygxzdd
e'c oa siq ly ezennewzd xnelk ,in`lq`mcwd ocird on oineid zwizr mzxeqny i`ce
17
,ixvepd iyagd oehlyd z` wlql ywiay ,qèp e'c sqei oniza icedid jlnd `v`v ,ofi
oniza reawl mdilr elwdy od ,mze` zpiit`nd ziaiqphpi`d zigiynd zelirtd oaenke
mpn` wqerd ,'oeifg ìb' xeaiga xacl di`x .dietvd dle`bd ly mipey`xd diielib z`
it lr sè ,envr iav izay zervnà e"kz zpya mybzdl dietvd zi`zayd dle`ba
,dixg`ly dpya ik xeaigd lra dfeg ,mnvr oniz icedi ziira z` xeztl dpeek jezn ,ok
ihily z` zekdl ick onizl èai giynde zigiynd zelirtd jyniz ,f"kz zpya xnelk
giyn ,migiynd ipy xaca eztwyd z` gztn èd jk ick jez .dicedi z` le`ble ux`d
giyn èd oniza lrtiy giynde ,ciec oa giyn èd iav izay : sqei oa giyne ciec oa
18
.sqei oa
iehia icil dà ìdy itk ,oniz icedi ly zinewnd zigiynd dyitzdy i`ceel aexw
zi`zayd zelirtd one iav izay ly ezencn zenlrzd ly dwinpic dxvi ,'oeifg ìb'a
ik reawl yi llka .`teb oniza zeietvd zeieygxzda zefkxzd lye zexg` zevxà
zeicedid zelidwd iiga ynn ly zexenzl enxb `l oniza iav izay iciqg ly mdiyrn
yekxd zxikn ly ,dkixrdl epzlekia oi`y ,znieqn drepz dxkipy s` ,ef uxà
miicedid zexewnd micirny itk ,l`xyi ux`l daiyde dle`bd z`xwl irwxwd
jkn s` zegken enya dxeywd zelirtde iav izay ly ezenc zeiley 19.miinlqende
epi` ,ezenlya zerxe`nd leblb z` x`znd cigid hxetnd icedid xewnd ,ield dicrqy
zencd ly diyrn ze`vezl eixac aex z` yicwne iav izay ly eny z` llk xikfn
xzi .oldl ea xaeciy ln'b dnly 'x èd èld ,f"kz zpya zigiynd zelirta zifkxnd
zpyay ef oial e"kz zpya zigiynd zelirtd oia uig cinrn epi` ield dicrq ,ok lr
dzetwzydl ik siqedl yi jk lr .dpey`xd ly irah jynd dpexgà dèxe ,f"kz
driiq epicil eribdy zexewna e"kz zpya zi`zayd zigiynd zelirtd ly zixepind
zpya iav izay iciqg ly mdiyrn lr aibd `l oniza inlqend oehlydy dcaerd mb
znerl .jkn mìpdl zleki `la mpn` ,mze` dlly `rpva zicedid dbdpddy s` ,e"kz
.f"kz zpya zigiynd zelirtl xyà xzeia dxeng dziid ezaebz ,ok
minlqend iy`x ita miyn yeyag .jliè 177 'nr ,zepeifg ,iaeh oke ,(41 dxrdl jenq) oldl e`x 17
eyr xy`k' ,ald zedaba bedpln mdn repnl yi ike ,mipecpd zerxe`nd inia micedid zepba mixac
leenql`) zerihpd lra lèny iniae ofi i'c [siq : l"v] sqei inia z`fd uxà mdipencwe mdizea`
ivg axrn oetva igy mqxetnd icedid xxeynd ,dicr oa lèny èd lènql` .'(q`xbl` ag`v
zxeqn mitwyn yeyag ixacy wtq oi` .epx 'nr ,zexew ,gt`w : e`x .ziyiyd d`na axr i`d
.oniz icedi axwa llk xnyp `l diklne zicedid xing
zklnn ly dxkf oky ,ziaxr
.97-96 'nr ,mipeir ,iaeh : e`x 18
.57 'nr ,mixiy ipy ,l"pd ; 34 'nr ,zerici ,l"pd ; 141 ,132 'nr ,mipeir ,iaeh : e`x 19
[ 117 ]
6]
iaeh sqei
èd ,cala cg` icedi xewna `l` xen`k eàed `l z`fd zigiynd zelirtd ihxt
ipa zexewnay dl` llek ,zexg`d zeieqgiizdd lke ,ield dicrq ly l"pd oetelewd
znerl .cala zepehlyd zaebz oiiprl `l` opi` ,mixg` mixxeyne ifay ixiy oebk ,onfd
mxtqne ,f"kz zerxe`n lr mixtqnd onizn miiaxrd zexewnd md mihxetne miax ,ok
zerxe`nd ihxt epl ercep dligz .dfa df miielz md oi` llk jxcae ,dxyrl axwzn
20
l"pd exeaiga yeyag ici lr elld zexewnd epieviy ilan ,miiaxrd zexewna miàend
etygp h` h` mleè 21.oeqlci` v"` ixacl azky daebz xn`na s`cp mdxa` 'x ici lre
,zepexg`d mipyd zexyra qetcd xe` ze`xl elgdy xg`l ,mnvr miiaxrd zexewnd
22
.mipey mixweg ici lr elld miaxd zexewnd it lr hexita dxèz f"kz zpy zyxte
dicrq wizrnd ly oetelewl dèeyda ,elld zexewnd llkn dlerd zillkd dpenzd
yigkdl oi` ,z`f mr .zinewn zigiyn drepz f"kz dpya dxvep oniza ik ìd ,ield
xen`ky ,'oeifg ìb' xeaigd on gken xacdy itk ,zi`zayd zigiynd drepzd on dzwipi
zelirtd dxen` ,e"kz zpya iav izay giynd ielib xg`l ik raew exagn lirl
.f"kz zpya oniza jynidl zigiynd
,`rpva micedid inkgn cg` ,ln'b (o`nilq) dnly dziid ef zelirta zifkxnd zencd
ly dnidcn dlert lr mixtqn mlek zexewnd .zinyxd dbdpda ciwtz lehp did ik m`
,xvwd xar l` zicedid dpekyd on miciqg zxeag mr f"kz gqta `vi xy`k ,ln'b
lir`nq` m`n`d mya xird lyen ly eayen mewne xird lr hleyd xvand
eicil xeqnl ribtna epnn raze ,dcEq
zipetvd xira mipy ozeà ayiy ,(1676-1644)
xg`l ,etba xvand l` ribdy ,ln'b .xzeia dyw dziid zepehlyd zaebz .oehlyd z`
zricil àed oiiprd .xdeqd ziaa `lkpe zeyw dked ,df xg` dfa epnn ehnyp eiciqgy
xaqd zzl eywazp - dcnge `rpv - y`xd zelidwa ldwd iy`xe ,dcEqa
m`n`d
.dqx-apx 'nr ,zexew ,gt`w : e`x 20
` ,axrne gxfn ,'zixard ezxiye ifay sqei axia mly 'x ipnizd xxeynd zeclezl' ,s`cp '` 21
.333-332 'nr ,(t"xz-h"rxz)
R. B. Serjeant, R. Lewcock et al. (eds.), San5a:
. An Arabian Islamic City, London 1983, : e`x 22
P. S. van Koningsveld, J. Sadan and ; 150-144 ,116-101 'nr ,mipeir ,iaeh ; pp. 400-398
Q. Al-Samarrai, Yemenite Authorities and Jewish Messianism: Ahmad
ibn Nasir
. al-Zayd
Account of the Sabbatian Movement in Seventeenth Century Yemen and its Aftermath,
oniza zeicedi zeigiyn zerepz lr ycg hqwh : xv`p oa` ly dwipexkd' ,ocq 'i ; Leiden 1990
,zerici ,iaeh ; 135-111 'nr ,(o"yz) 43 ,minrt ,'mebxze rwx - f"id d`nd ly diipyd zivgna
dpexg`l dnkeq rfen zelba dize`veze f"kz zpya oniza zigiynd zelirtd zyxt .43-32 'nr
B. A. Haykel, Order and Righteousness: Muhammad Ali : e`x .xehwec zceara
al-Shawkani and the Nature of the Islamic State in Yemen, University of Oxford,
wzer izeyxl cinrdy lkiid cxpxa icicil izcez .Magdalen College, Mechalmas 1997
.ef xwgn zcearn
[ 118 ]
[7
micedi ebdp ln'b ly edyrnl liawna ik m`n`l xxazpy xg`l i`ceea z`f ,oiiprl
,ield dicrq ixacly oievi .dle`bl zillk zexxerzde daeyz ibdpn ux`d iagxa miax
mle` .oniz icedi ly zillkd zexxerzdd zeawra eà m`n`d ly zepey`xd zeaebzd
zaebz ik ,miiaxrd zexewnd ixac ,z`f gikedl mewnd o`k `le ,epilr mipn`p xzei
.ln'b ly sxehnd edyrn xg`l dà zepehlyd
iy`x : dxvw oeyla dyxtd xeìz z` milyp ,dfa eppiipr xwirn epi` xacdy s`
ìyp znieqn dpigane `rpv zlidw ìyp y`wp dnly mllkae ,zepey zelidwn ldwd
,miizpy xg`l `l` myn eay `le seq miay o`xnk ià xq`nl elbed ,mlek oniz icedi
ellyp zeqg ipak micedid zeiekfn zeax ; siqa ey`x ztixra bxedl `ved ln'b eliè
epiidc ,dn'cd iqgi z` riwtnd dcixn ly dyrnk eyxtzp mdiyrny xg`l ,mdn
zekf dl`ya jliè o`kn dcnred ok lre ,oniza inlqend oehlyd mdl wiprny ,zeqgd
23
zelb' mya recid rxe`nd èd - myxbl 1679 zpya dhlgdl cr ,oniza mzaiyi
.'rfen
f"kz zpy zyxt dreci ,dt lr dxaredy efa oke ,oniz icedi ly zizextqd zxeqna
lir`nq` m`n`d lihdy xeqi`d my lr ,'mi`nrl`' ziaxrae ,'zexhrd zxfb
zpy' mya
oehlyd ipira daygpy ef zelirt lr oiyper zaebzk ,my`xl zexhra xhrzdl mdilr
.ezrepze iav izay oial dpia xeyiw `la z`f lke ,cxn ly dyrnk
my`xa ,xecd ipa eazky mixiy dnka zillk e` zhxetn zeqgiizdl dzkf dyxtd
ccern ly exiy wx j` 24.mely oa ccerne ixnxn'c ield dnly oa dicrq oke ,ifay mely
xikfdl ilan oaenk ,f"kz zpya èal dietv dziidy dle`bd oiipr z` yxtn mely oa
fnex èd oi` ,zexhrd zxfbl miqgiiznd ifay ly miaxd eixiy lka oke .iav izay z`
: f"kz zpyl xak zqgiiznd dfinx ,giynde dle`bd oiiprl cala zg` mrt `l`
`pl`p x`wzg` f"kzda
`plf`pn ze'k` yei'b
`pni`nr `palqè
dxaql`
se`qi
`ppngvzp`ke
olke
: mebxz
oelwd epbiyd f"kzda
epipern enney zeqiib
epizexhrn eplley
zepeiqp
eafkp mlek
epl eid
j`
.113-112 'nr ,mipeira dpey`xl izcnr rfen zelbl zexhrd zxfb
oia xiyid izaiqd xywd lr 23
.1 dxrd ,53 'nr ,mixiy ipy ,iaeh : e`xe
,iaeh : e`x ,ixnxn'c ly exiyl ; 141-125 'nr ,mipeir ,iaeh : e`x ,mely oa ccerne ifay ixiyl 24
.63-62 'nr ,mixiy ipy
[ 119 ]
8]
iaeh sqei
ceck gizexe
xtd zixa `xt `ld
sire rbie
dxkp ip` `hg `l lre
daqde `hgd lke
à igiyn ik ixnà
25
.daxd qne
sè ziyi` mda axern didy itl ,zerxe`nd zelylzyd z` ahid rci ifayy èd i`ce
eltpy zexfbd lk ik zexnxnzda oiivn èd .eixiyn dnka iav izaya ezpen` z` riad
yi la` .èal ietvd giyna dly dninzd dpen`d z`vez od f"kzd zpya ezlidw lr
f"kzd zpy ly zigiynd zelirtl `l` mlq`zdy iav izayl ezpeek oi`y gipdl
.ln'b dnly 'x cnr dfkxnay
oey`xd xewnd ède ,zexhrd zxfb xg`l zexec dyelyk clepy ,u"ixdn elit`
m` ,iav izay z` xikfn epi` ,'oniz zlibn' exeaiga dze` x`znd (ield dicrq caln)
lr zericend onizl mixg` zenewnne mixvnn eribdy zexbi`d lr xtql rcei èd ik
ik xqen èd mb la` .oniza df oiiprl zeze` e`xpe mixyan enwy lre giynd èa
26
.f"kz zpy ly gqtd bga èal dxen` dziid dle`bd
'xl 'oniza l`xyi zexew' xeaiga xxey f"kz zpy zerxe`n xeìza hlgen leala
zecefit` yelyk mipey miwxt dyelya dyxtd z` x`zn yeyag exeaiga .yeyag miig
izay lr zerenyd zlertl ahid rcen èd mpn` .ibelepexk svx lk `la ,efn ef zecxtp
z` ellyy ,h"id d`nd seqa oniza milikynd iy`xn cg`ke ,oniza evetpy iav
ixg` midepd z` xzeia dtixg oeyla xwan èd ,zelth zepenà jexkd lk zè dlawd
z` xwal à èd ,f"id d`na giynd iciqg z` zepbl àyn xzei ik oievi .xwyd igiyn
ligek xkey - h"id d`nd ly diipyd zivgna ,einia oniza xwyd igiyn iciqg
izay lr zerenyd ,eixacl ,mipt lk lr .dll`car sqeie ipyd ligek xkey ,oey`xd
,b"lz zpya zexhrd zxfb z` jx`zn èd ,ok znerl .g"kz zpya onizl eribd iav
`l` g"kz zpya zigiynd zelirtl dze` xyew èdy ilan ,oekpd dpnf xg`l mipy yy
miinlqene miicedi zexewn eiptl ecnr ik d`xp eixaca oeirn 27.oihelgl zcxtp dyxtk
dyxtl mipeyd zexewnd z` sxvl ecia dlr `l `ny e` ,miwiecne mi`ln eid `ly `l`
xwira ,mihxt dnka ik oiivl yi la` ,eiptl cnry ixard xewnd dn rcei ipi` .zg`
oetelewa ield dicrq ixacl eixac minec ,oniza iav izay iciqg ebdpy zela`d ibdpna
.137 'nr ,mipeir ,iaeh : e`x 25
.43-42 'nr ,my 26
ixg` exxbp ,miinlqende miicedid ,miycgd zexewnd mdiptl etygp `l oiicry ,epxec ipa mixweg 27
.yeyag ixac
[ 120 ]
[9
èt` xyt` .eixaca iav izay z` xikfn epi` ield dicrq ,lirl xen`k ,`l` 28.ely
sqei xeqtextn xwirae ,onizl eày mitexi` mixweg itn iav izay lr cnl yeyagy
dpi` zigiynd zelirtd lr eztwyd ,jkn dlrnl .oniza edeeln yniy yeyagy ,ield
on rtyedy in ly zipxcen dyib z`han `l` zizxeqnd dyitzd mr cg` dpwa dler
,epnfa xwyd igiyn cbp zelirta ziyi` axern didy ,yeyag .zitexi`d dlkydd
yyg `l ,gt`w ìgi axd ly exagk ,oniza zicedid dxagd oewiz ly lbcd z` `ype
zipgexd dznx l` dze` aiydl dpeek jezn ,eztwyd itl ,ezlidw inen z` seygl
dfeg`d zg` dileg j` eipira dz`xp xwy igiyn xg` diidpd .mcw inin zizxagde
dxzi zewqrzdn mlek miraepd ,dlkyd xqeg lye zelth zepen` ly dkex` zxyxya
: iav izay cbp jk lk miywd eixac z` ìap jk xe`l .dlawd zextqa
gly èd .zck `l xy` eiyrna mqxetnd xinfi` ayez xwyd giyn iav izay
oa` enk [... ] iaxwa izeilk glt eny dgni èd ,ux` iwgxn izenvra y`
xzei zereny ehwle ehy millin`d ig` [... ] eilad zinxza ipkyn zaèyd
yxe ipr lr akex `xt dpde [... ] d`kpd mgex mda zeigdl xeara mkxv ickn
29
.wqre dk`lnn ezay eny ornl maex maal zgnya [... ] eybtp
mipeekn xzei eid xen`ky ,iav izay ipin`n lr yeyag ly miywd zxewiad ixac
in ly ,onf xg`l mpn` ,cbp zaebz exxer ,einia xwyd igiyn ly miheyd miciqgl
myxcn zian mipewizd znbn z` dti oira d`x `ly oniz zecdia xfbn eze`l jiizydy
zygkd ly dnbn cbpd zaebz dllk ,dfa oecpd xywda .eixage gt`w ìgi axd ly
'xl dfa izpeek .mzrtyd mevnv zegtle ,dl` oirn migiyn xg` oniz icedi ly mziidp
ik oiivl ipevxa ,df xywda ea oecl èapy mcew mle` .lirl xkfp xaky s`cp mdxa`
zxfb xg`l eazkpy eixiya ifay ,xnelk - iav izayl qgia onfd ipa zexewnd zwizy
- 'oniz zlibn'a u"ixdn oke ,ield dicrqe mely oa ccern ,ixnxn'c dicrq ,zexhrd
dziid `l mzybxdy itl ,mnvr lr miazekd elihdy zinipt dxefpv `l` dpi`y xyt`
giynk zelbzdl xen` didy ,iav izayy cer dn ,zafek dpen` ef dziidy jkn dgep
lr zelrdl leki did oniza icediy xzeia lecbd rytd z` dyr ,dle`bd z` ìadle
`l mda mixkfp izfrd ozpe iav izayy mixiyd ipyy oievi ok .zenlq`zd - ezrc
,zexqg zewzrd izya xg`de zg` dwzrda cg`d ,zeccea zewzrda `l` exnyp
.cala mixwegd ici lr `l` zeizxeqn ze`veda qetcl eàed `l mlerne
,zicedid dibxehilde dwiqend xweg ,oeqlci` v"` ixac zeawra ef dyxtl yxcp s`cp
.dqx-apx 'nr ,zexew ,gt`w : e`x 28

.gpx-fpx 'nr ,my 29
[ 121 ]
10 ]
iaeh sqei
xwge milyexia oniz icedi z` aexwn xikd mixyrd d`nl oey`xd xeyrd jldnay
zpya xe` d`xy ,eixn`nn cgà .l"pd minegza mdizexeqn z` lecb swidae dwnrda
eilr zerenyd ik raw sè iav izayl ifay zxiya mifnx dxe`kl oeqlci` `vn ,h"rxz
zipeir dlawa mibetqd mipernde migcpd micedid' lr zeax erityd onizl eribdy
aehxewn xzei mda didy itl ,s`cp mdxa` ipira og e`yp `l dl` mixac 30.'ziyrne
icedi ipira yecwle laewnl aygpy ,ifay mely 'xa zafek dpen` ly dny` ziilz ly
cegiiae ,l`xyi uxà ey`xa cnr s`cpy dlawd iciqg ly bltd ipira xwirae ,oniz
diidpd oial xwyd giyn iav izaya zafekd dpen`d oia eixaca oeqlci` xviy xywd
yeyag ok iptl mipy zexyr dnk dyry itk ynn ,ziyrnde zipeird dlawd xg`
z` bivdl s`cp ulgp ok lr .oey`xd ly eneiw lr xac rci oexg`dy ilan ,oniza
izay oia xywd wezip xwirae ,ezpigan gep xzei xeà f"kz zerxe`n ly dlek dyxtd
dpya ,'axrne gxfn' ,zr azk ezeà daebz xn`n mqxtl xdine ,oniza mirexi`l iav
.okn xg`ly
miaxrd ly minid ixaca aezky enk didy dyrn zezn`' ìan èd ,ezprhl
ly ,envr s`cp ici dyrn zxge`n zgwxn exeìza yiy wtq lk oi`y `l` ,'`rpva
zzl ie`xd on ,ok it lr s` .zexg` zeiyxt aexir lye zicedi zxeqn ly ,iaxrd xewnd
: dpecpd dl`ya s`cp ixacl epzrc
'xc zelkid iwxt 'qa cnel [! ln'b `le jk] lin'b o`nilq axd did zg` mrt
oqipa c"ia l`xyi z` l`bie l`bzi giyndy <az>ky l"h wxt seqay l`rnyi
ekfi ile` ik ayg l"fx ixacl mpen` aexae gqtd bg iptl did dfe .<m>y <oi>eri
z` mdl xikfde lecbd zaya mrl yxce cnr onf ezeà .giynd dlbziy l`xyi
axra ik mdipia zereny evitd df yeciga mzgny aexae .l"pd l`rnyi 'x ixac
m`ni`d [... ] m`ni`d l` mixacd eribd f` [... ] giynd dlbzi gqt lila e` gqt
m`d : el (e)l`yie [... ] <xk>fpd axd ixg` gly f` xcqd rvnà mdy cr dkg
ike efd ux`d on l`bdle izeklna cexnl miayeg micedid ik izrnyy xacd zn`
? giynd jlnd l"x ,"x'vzpnl` icdnl`" mkl èai dfd bgay mdl zyxc dz`
giynd mdl ài micedid ekfi m` ik epzxeza aezk ! jlnd ipec` : axd edprie
aivie zn` epnkg ixac ik migeha epgp` ik mrl z`f izyxc ip` oke df dlila
y"nke epizea`n zxeqnd itk didy dyrnd edf [... ] minid lk z`fl ep` mikgne
iav izayl xkf cer did `l onf ezeàe l"pd [minid ixaca aezky enke] i"dca
` ,axrne gxfn ,'zixard ezxiye ifay sqei oa mely 'x ipnizd xxeynd' ,oeqlci` v"` 30
ixd ,ifayl mpi`y mixiyn zegewld zepeyl lr jnqp oeqlci`y s` .13 'nr ,(t"xz-h"rxz)
.lirl oievy itk ,zepekp eizepwqn
[ 122 ]
[ 11
h"lz <zp>ya dzidy ,rfen zxifbl aexw dfd dyrnd did ik [xwire llk] r"ek
31
.[mler zìxal] r"al [1661] `"kz <zp>y cr did [iav izay] v"ye [1679]
iptl envr ln'b yxc f"kz gqt iptly lecbd zaya ik ,xnel d`xp s`cp ixac it lr
zelkid iwxta l`rnyi 'x ixac it lr ,gqta giynd zìa zexyt` lr `rpva micedid
eici lr dzyrp `l dpy dze` ly gqta xaecnd ik drenyd zvtd la` .l`rnyi 'xc
seqa .micedid ly zillk dpen` ef ik aiyd m`n`d ici lr xwgpyke .eirney ici lr `l`
f"kz gqta zigiynd dpen`d zevxtzd oia xyw lk did `ly yibcdl s`cp gxeh eixac
iav izaye h"lz zpya dzidy rfen zxifbl aexw dfd dyrnd did ik' ,iav izay oial
xtqn èdy rxe`ndy itl ,oihelgl drhen s`cp ly ewenipy oaen .'`"kz zpy cr did
mixg`k ,s`cpy `l` .e"kz zpya did iav izay dyrn eliè f"kz zpya rxi` eilr
yigkdl - oick `ly - ywia ,l`xyi uxàe `teb oniza oniz inkga oexg`d xecd ipan
.mdinkge oniz icedin wlg axwa zi`zayd dpen`d ly dzeyxzyd zcaer z`
,dilr siwnd ixehqidd xeaigd lrae oniz zecdi ly oexg`d dax ,gxw mxnr 'x elit`
iazk z` xikdl xen` did xaky ,(b"iyz zpya xhtp .c"iyz milyexi) 'oniz zxrq'
.f"kz zpy zerxe`nl iav izay oia xywd z` xizqdl dqpn 32,s`cpe oeqlci` ,yeyag
rcp `l' ,odn zg` ìd zexhrd zxfbe ,'mikxezd zelb xg` eycgzpy zexfbd' ,eixacl
ilr lzdn" : exnà ifay y"xd iheita dyw xzeid dxfbl fnxa ep`vny dn m` ik ohxt
zeqgiizdd mevnvl gxw mxnr 'xl xaqd el yi s` 33.' "izxhr xiqde izxezl dfeae izc
: miicedid zexewna df rexi`l
einia dycgzpy ef dxfb lr mly heit xagl [.h.i - .ifayl] el ie`x didy mewna
mzfg` exec inkg ixdy eitl meqgn dxny cgte d`xin ile` ,ditpr ihxt xàle
dzid el` mixvw milna ifay y"xd zxrd ilele ,dxkf meyxl e`xie dlglg
34
.micedid ixtqn zgkyp
cnl èd df mxeb lr mxa ,inlqend oehlyd ly el` zexfbl mxebd edn gxw rci mpn`
.df xewna mixacd xeìza wtq lihdl dhep èdyk ,'miiaxrd jix`zd ixtq'n wxe j`
.332-331 'nr ,(21 dxrd lirl) s`cp

zpya xak j` ,g"iyz zpya wx gt`w sqei axd ici lr dpey`xl qtcp yeyag ly exeaig mpn`
lr okn xg`ly zerxe`nd ileblbae iav izaya miwqerd df exeaig jezn miwxtd enqxtzp b"vxz
zi`zayd drepzd' ,izdw 'n : e`x .milyexia mipnizd zlidw ìyp ,izdw dyn oicd jxer ici
.gt-gr 'nr ,(b"vxz) d ,(sq`n) oeiv ,'oniza
.f 'nr ,oniz zxrq ,gxw
.g-f 'nr ,my
[ 123 ]
31
32
33
34
12 ]
iaeh sqei
jxc lr dxe`kl ,iav izay ly eny z` dlrn èd oecpd oiipra wqerd wxtd seqa wx
: cala dpwqnd
mdil` eribde ,iav izay zegiyn oyr zexnz dlr onf ezeà ik cenll yi mle`
dl`bd zexeyaa miyglzn eid miperne mitegc mzeidae ,zeryryn zereny
rnyp lewde mixac zeaxdle licbdl mi`ztd mipendd jxce ; mdipf`l mirnypd
mripkdl ,micedid lkn mwpdl dprh e`vn dlw dpèzae ,mixyde jlnd ixrya
mini miyw miiepre mixq`na mdiaeyge mdipax zeprle el` zexfba mlitydle
35
.xtqn oi`
iciqg blt ly ebidpn didy s` wdaen hqilpeivx dide dlawd xg` ddp `ly ,gxw axd
drtydl qgiizdl mixac ly mnekiqa envrl daeg èt` dèx ,oniza dlawd
lr wx xacd z` ligdl dqpn èd ik m` ,oniza zi`zayd drepzd ly ziaihwt`d
.dxexa zihbelet` dnbna ,'mi`ztd mipendd'
oia dxiyi dwifl dxexa dgked lk epicia oi` ik reawl èt` lkep miipia mekiqk
ln'b dnly 'x xen`ky ,f"kz zpya da zigiynd zelirtl oniza zi`zayd zelirtd
zelirt llka dziid mpne`d : xacd mvr lr le`yl epilr oiicr la` ; dfkxna cnr
iehia ìdd dpya gqtd bga ln'b ly edyrna ze`xl yie f"kz zpya oniza zigiyn
? zigiyn dpen`l izn`
miazk exzep `l sè ,ln'b lr xac mircei ep` oi` ef dyxta jexkd calny xg`n
zexyt` lk oi` ,edylk xac eilr epcnll ick mda didiy el miaxewn lyn e` elyn
; envrl crii ciwtz dn ,ok mpn` mè ; miigiyn miripn eizelertl eid m` dghaa reawl
dncwy zi`zayd zelirtl xeyw did dcin efià ; egilyk e` giynk envr d`x m`d
ezc xind iav izay ik ,gipdl yi jk ,rcep xaky xg`l dil` qgiizd cvike ,edyrnl
miiaxrd zexewnd cg` ,lirl xen`k .e"kz lelà ,okl mcew miycg drayk m`lq`l
xy`zn epi` mpn`y xac ,`rpva algn icedi zeayiizdl ln'b ly ezlert z` xyew
.oihelgl xiaq èd la` mixg` zexewnn
ex`znd onfd oa ield dicrq ly cg` htyn `l` epl oi` ,ln'b ly ezeiyi`l qgia
s`cp mb .'dlawa xzeie zelawae zecbdae zekldae `xwnae dxeza lecbe ax' : ef oeyla
- miiaxr zexewn ecnr mdipir cbply - gxwe yeyag cera ,axk ln'b z` x`zn
dpekn èd miiaxrd zexewnay jkn drap gxwe yeyag ly mzerh .cibpk eze` mix`zn
i`ceea j` ,wdaen ipebx` ciwtz `lnn xnelk ,ìyp e` cibpk eyxtl xyt`y ,'ci`w'
mpn` efe ,xcben ciwtz `ll bidpn ly zillk zernyna mb ea ynzydl xyt`
.h 'nr ,my 35
[ 124 ]
[ 13
edyrn z` zeyrl eìad dn epiidc ,envr oiiprl xyà 36.ocic oecpa dpekpd zernynd
: mixvw mixac ield dicrq xne` ,frepd
lega [`rpv xvana lyend] lfe` zpicnay jlnd iptl dlre ,lecb xac el dyrpe
didy jlnd cibd `l` ,jlnd iptl xac dn mlerd lk erci `le ,gqta crend
ziaa dka exn` `l` ,eala did dn meid cr eprci `le .ipqpe 'd ipipga : xne`
37
.dlr jk xgè .mkl oetv dn l`xyi mkixy` : xne` dide dlecb dika zqpkd
mixacd el ercep `ly zngn m` ,miigth miqkn md gth zelbl eàyn xzei ,dl` mixac
38
.wifne yian xac dyxtd lka dz`xy zinipt dxefpv znbn ly dzngn m` ,mxexiaa
epi` s`cp s` .miiaxrd zexewna miievn igiynd ielibd oiipra miyxetn xzei mixac
iptly lecbd zaya xeaivd iptl ln'b yxc ,eixacl .zigiynd dpen`d mvr z` yigkn
ala elawzp eixac .oqipa c"ia zelbzdl cizr giyndy l"fg ixac z` exikfda gqt
xg`n .èal giynd cner dpdy icedid xeaiva lblbzdl dlgd drenye mirneyd
axwa mixacd ernyp ,`rpv xird ikkeza minlqend axwa micedid eayi mini mzeày
lila dle`bl mippekzn micedid ik mxneà m`n`d l` mexiard dlè minlqend mdipky
.gqtd
zeywd zexfbl 'daiqde `hgd lk' ik ,eixiyn cg` jezn lirl eàedy ifay ixac mb
ik mixy`n ,'à igiyn ik ixnà' md f"kzd zpya micedid lr oniza minlqend ly
lka edenke ,xiy ezeà ik yibcdl yi jk cbpk j` .f"kz zpya zigiyn zelirt dziid
- f"kz zpy zerxe`nl xnelk ,zexhrd zxfbl mda qgiizn ifayy miaxd mixiyd
ly mxkf z` xzei dlrn èd oi` - e"kz zpy xg`l xak elld mixiyd eazkp i`ceeae
.ezenlq`zd lr rcepy xg`l iav izayn afk`zdy meyn i`ceea ,izfrd ozpe iav izay
ele xrxrl ick iav izay ly afk`nde riztnd edyrna did `l ik epcnl epkxc ab`
giynd èal etiv onizay jkl reiq cere .oniz icedi ly zigiynd dpen`d z` edylka
zegtl azky xiya dpy dze` zerxe`n lr xtqnd ,mely oa ccern ixaca f"kz zpya
: `rpv icedi ìyp y`wp o`nilq exq`nn xxgey xake ,okn xg`l miizpy

.123 'nr ,my 37
ln'b lr miiaxrd zexewnd ixacl dlecb zebiizqda qgiiznd ,gxw ixaca ievn ef dnbnl iehia 38
itxehn eid eil` mielpd dyng e` draxè cibpd dfy xn`py m`' `l` mlawl oi` ik ezrc riane
lrn dny`d z` wlql `l` ecrep `le miihbelet` gxw ixacy xyt` j` .'mixenb miheye zrc
eid `l ok mè' : oiyper xa epi` zrc xa epi`y in ik ,zinlqend dkldd zriaw z` elvpa ,micedid
dn micedid zelidw lk cere ,mcia oi` zelwn elit` ixdy mzrcn e`vi xaky yper meyl miie`x
.(g 'nr ,oniz zxrq) 'e`hg
[ 125 ]
14 ]
: exfg my`xa enr i`py lr
: exar md mbe ekld xy` zexv
: exay milke (? ) elk [enr] (ecnr)
: exay mleke cg` mrl eid
: exdin mleke mr mgpn `xwp
39
: exdh male mpw oevx zeyrl
iaeh sqei
erxi` zexifb dnk g"rw zpya
egky mb eayi miycg dyy
zcrl iii cwt xak : exn`
oin`n dide [mlek] (mal) aal jtdp
ml`b èd xy` epipec` èa zr
[? ] ecqg zencae mzia ilk xeknl
,zexhyl g"rw zpya ik oiadl xyt` ,xiyd ly cigid cid azka yaeynd gqepd s` lr
bg cre dpyd y`xn xnelk ,miyceg dyiy jyna diitivd dniiwzd ,f"kz zpy ìd
ezyxca zigiynd dpen`l xxernd did ln'b `ly ,o`kn .df bga giynd zelbzdl ,gqtd
ik ,mixne` èt` epivnp epgxek lr .ok iptl ax onf dlgd ef oky ,gqt iptly zaya
icedi axwa ziciind zigiynd diitivd z` dlhia `l ezxnd mr iav izayn dafk`d
dle`bl etiv ,oniz icedil mb mewn did day ,zllekd dle`bd zxenzy `l` ,oniz
'oeifg ìb' lra azky mixacy gipdl yi ,`nzqn .`teb oniza ,mziaa lgzy mdlyn
,f"kz zpya oniza giyn ly ezelbzd xaca ,iav izay ly ezxnd mcew ,e"kz zpya
ly aexwd eèaa dpen`d ly mehpnend jyndl eìade iav izayn dafk`d z` edwd
ekxc lleq `l` eipira did `l xyt` ,giynd envr d`x xyt` ,ln'bl xyàe .giynd
.giynd ly
dxeyw dziidy efl f"kz zpya zigiynd zexxerzdd z` jexkl `ly lkep `l mpn`
it lr .drepz dze` dziid efy xnel dyw j` ,e"kz zpya iav izay ly enya
dziid f"kz zpya oniza zigiynd zelirtdy xnel xzei aexw ,mipiiprd zelylzyd
: mixg` mipiipr ipy lr mb zqqazn ef driaw .zinewn zelirt
dwwfp `l oniza zigiynd zelirtd ,llkae ,oniza dlawzp `l zi`zayd dxezd .`
drepzd on mixken mdy itk ,mixg` miigiyn zepeirxl e` mii`zay miigiyn zepeirxl
rwx lk did `l oniza zeigiynd zeievxtzdl .zepey zelidwa dizeclezl zigiynd
zexewnd on dwpiy xzeia ziphyt dyitz lr zeqqean eid od `l` ilaw ibele`ci`
rwxl mzn`zd ick jez ,l`xyia zeigiynd zeitivde zeti`yd ly xzeia minecwd
icegii epi` df oiipr .inlqendiaxrd xywdl cegiiae ,inewnd ixehqidde itxbe`bd
zi`zayd zelirtd ztewza gxfna zexg` zelidwa mb epivn eznbecke ,oniz icedil
`l odinkg s`y ,o`zqicxewe qxt zelidwl xwira izpeek .f"id d`na miyiyd zepya
sè zerenyd ,ok znerl .llk dexikd m` wtqe zi`zayd dxezd z` llk evni`
mdn wegx mieqn mewna icedi giyn zrted lr elld zelidwd ipa z` ecnily migilyd
.141-140 'nr ,mipeir ,iaeh 39
[ 126 ]
[ 15
dkex`d zxeqnd on wx `l erap dl` ; zeigiynd zeitivde zeti`yd z` exiabde epifd j`

zgz ea miiexy eidy dywd ipicnd avnd on mb `l` icedid mrd llkl ztzeyn dziidy
.xzeia xingn did micedil oqgiy ,zeiriyd zeinlqend zelyeyd
lkep `l .zinlqene zicedi - ziaiqphpi` zigiyn zelirtl fkxn dziid oniz ux` .a
ok ixgè m"anxd inia a"id d`nd f`n oniza zeigiynd zeievxtzdd lk z` dfa hxtl
,(xwy igiyn dyely) h"id d`nd ly diipyd zivgnae f"id d`na ,e"hd d`nd seqa
xak dl`y ,ycgd onfa l`xyi ux`l zeilra mikexkd miigiynd miiehiad z` `l sè
oia xywd lr reci hrn ,ok znerl 40.zixwgnd drceza enptede xwgna mwlga epecp
zextqdy jk lr izcnr xg` mewna .zin`lq`d zeigiynl oniza zicedid zeigiynd
lr cg` cvn zcqein ,zicediziaxra daexa daezkd ,oniz icedi ly zihtilwet`d
miicedimiixiing zeceqi zllek ìd xg` cvne ,onizn zeinlqenzeiaxr zeqtilwet`
e'c sqei icedid jlnd `v`v ,ofi e'c oa siq ly ezenca xeyw xacd 41 .miin`lq`mcw
ziiptl zepridk mixvepd miyagd ici lr qèp e'c rxkedy xg`l dpy miyingk .qèp
egzit f`n zegtly xazqn .miyagd icin oehlyd z` lehil e`v`v icia dlr ,mihpfiad
ifkxn mewna mvx` zè mze` dcinrnd ,zinewn ziphyt zigiyn dyitz oniz icedi
wlg axwa dytzp cngen ly ezenc s` 42,bxayxid f"g d`xdy itk .miigiynd zepeifga
miil`xyi ux` miiphiite miiyxcn zexewna s` jkl micde ,zigiyn zenck axr icedin
oteà qgiizn mdn cg` zegtle ,'dle`b iyxcn' extqa lèny oa` dcedi ici lr eàedy
cwr' ,zixiyrd d`nd on iqelcpìaxr xewna ik èd midcn 43.oniz zecdil xiyi
yixew hay igilyl ofi e'c oa siq dlib eit lry xetiq àen ,dax car oa`l 'cixtl`
dpen`d ik èd zenqxetnd one 44.m`lq`d ìap cngen ly dietvd ezcil lr dknn
oniza e`veny mkg cinlz icedi ,àq oa` dll`car ici lr m`lq`l dàed zigiynd
lkn xzei ,oniz ik oiivl ie`x s` 45.zinlqend driyd zk llegnl aygpe cngen inia
ziriyd diiqelke`d axwa od ,zeigiyn zeievxtzdl dcr dziid ,zxg` zinlqen ux`
,h"id d`na oniz icedi : migiyne zeigiyn ,onxelwiw`xr oeivza : e`x ,mixac ly mnekiql
,ipip 'i ; 174-169 'nr ,zepeifg ,iaeh : e`x .miaeyg mipiipr dnka dwel df xeaig .1995 aia`lz
xn`nl zxagnd zaeyz .160-153 'nr ,(g"pyz) 73 ,minrt ,'oniza zeigiynd ly dcegii zl`yl'
dibele`ci`l cgein iehia : oniza zeigiynd' ,onxelwiw`xr oeivza : e`x ,ipip dcedi ly zxewiad
.164-153 'nr ,(g"pyz) 75 ,minrt ,'dwizr
.193-173 'nr ,my ,iaeh
oexkifd xtq : jeza ,'y"ag` ziyiyde ziyingd d`na axr uxà giynd zeawr' ,bxayxid f"g
.124-112 'nr ,e"yz milyexi ,dpiea mipaxl yxcnd zial
.179-178 'nr ,zepeifg ,iaeh : eeyde .158 'nr ,1954 milyexi ,dle`b iyxcn ,lènyoa` 'i
.292-289 'nr ,1986 zexia ,dgenw cngn citn zxecdn ,` ,cixtl` cwr ,dax car oa` cng`
zecleza miwxt ,(zkxer) dtiqexvl 'g : jeza ,'m`lq`d zevxà micedid' ,bxayxid f"g : e`x
.280 'nr ,h"kyz aia`lz ,m`lq`de miaxrd
[ 127 ]
40
41
42
43
44
45
16 ]
iaeh sqei
ad'cnd mr zipnpd zipeqd diiqelke`d axwa od ,ziciifd zkd mr dxwira zipnpd

zelirta dkexk zinlqen zigiyn zelirt dziid llk jxcay èt` `lt oi` .irt`yd
d`na miyingd zepyae e"hd d`nd idlya) miinrt zegtl epivn sè ,zicedi zigiyn
.zicedid zigiynd zencd iciqgn eid minlqeny dxe`kl dpeynd drtezd z` (h"id
*
lk `ll ertyedy s` ,oniza f"kz zerxe`n ik ìd lirl xen`d lkn zllekd dpwqnd
,dpnn wlg eid `l ,zecdid ifkxn aex z` dtiwdy dlecbd zi`zayd drepzd on wtq
,igiyn gzn ly wqet izla svxl cg` iehia j` dzeeidy zinewn zigiyn zelirt `l`
.mdinece miigiyn mipreh zrted ly mireci mipnfa zeielb zeievxtzd llkl ribdy
,zexengd eize`veze f"kz gqta dle`bd ly sqepd lyekd oeiqipd xg`l mb ,ok lr xzi
,zerxe`n mze` xg`l ifay azky xiya .oniz icedi axwn zigiynd dpen`d dqt `l
dpet ède ,l`xyi ly mpeera daexw dle`bl deewzd ly dzeynnzdi` z` dlez èd
: daeyza aeyl oiyeaik ixaca mb j` cecir ixaca ezcr ipa l`
eyyewzd dlile mnei
xtr yebn exrpzd
dreyi zr èai me`zt
.oeiv xd dpixa dlrpe
46
,ef dpen` `lnl` ik ,idylk zicedi dlidwa ipgex bidpn lkl enk ,ifayl el xidp did
.zine`lde zizcd dzedf lr zxneyd d`b zicedi dlidw dze` meiwl mewn lk did `l
47
.'dle`bd mei dtev ip` cinz' : xetikl eiheitn cgà dti ifay `hia ef dyegz s`

.125 'nr ,my : e`x 47
[ 128 ]
miizxag mihaid - mdicbpznl mi`zayd oia miqenletd

i`pxa awri
zeclez z` wx `l oiadl aihipy ick xzeia uegp ze`zayd ly zizxagd dixehqidd xwg
minxfe zenbn ,mikildz mb `l` ,l`xyi zecleza daeygde dlecbd zigiynd drepzd
zeclez z` xewgl epilr .dycgd zrae miipiad ini idlya zicedid dxaga miizxag
zeizxagd zexbqna mb j` icedid dxywda lek mcew ,onfe mewn icnn it lr mb drepzd
.m`lq`d zevxàe dtexià zinlqende zixvepd daiaqd ly zeizcde
yiy il d`xp ,dk cr xwgna dyrpy dna rebtl ilane ,lvxd ixac lr dfxtxtk
xac ,cala zicedid dwihqind dcya dxi`ydl `le dixehqidl ze`zayd z` xifgdl
xwgn xcrd lr .eyxcn ziae mely myxb ici lr xwira dniyxn dxeva dk cr dyrpy
zicedid dwihqind ixwegn dnk zepexg`d mipya exird xak ze`zayd ly izxag
: azky ,oc sqei oebk ,drepzd ly dibele`zde
,dxfen zxeqn ly dilakn xxgzydl zeciqgd xwg ligzn zepexg`d mipya wx
dwihqinde l`xyi zaygn ixweg lr dxqè zeciqgd ly mipeixehqid lr dxq`y
zxeqn ly dceqi .ef drepz ly zizxagd zegztzdae dixehqida weqrl ,zicedid
,eidel`l mc`d oiay mipiipra wx miwqer eicinlze mely myxb ik dqitza ef
,llkd on `vei cinrd mely .mipeixehqidd miwqer dfd mlerd ipiipra eliè
mle` ,dlawd ixweg ly dicpetihla ellkp ef ly dizecleze ,zi`zayd drepzd
1
.'mipeixehqidd ly mdiazka ef drepz ly dzenc dhrnzp jkn d`vezk
mlerd jeza wx zexcben 'zexibq'de 'zegizt'd ea s`y i`ceea oigai df hehiv `xewd
.zeipevigd zeaxzle dxivil `l mbe zicedi `ld dixehqidl zeqgiizd ea oiè icedid
.112-103 'nr ,`"qyz milyexi ,miizxag mihaid : ze`zay : ixtqa e`x df ixn`nl dnec dqxb
,'sq` cec z`n "zeklnd jxc" xtqd lr - zn`d wicvl xecd wicv oia - oi'fexn l`xyi iax' ,oc 'i
.301 'nr ,(f"pyz) 37 ,zecdid ircn
*
1
2]
i`pxa awri
y`xa - ze`zayd ly zizxagd dixehqida ewqry mixweg eid `ly zxne` z`f oi`
,drepzd ly miizxagd dihaidl mb daxd enxzy ,mely myxb ly eixwgn dpey`xae
ze`zayd zeclez z` uayl mely dqipyn xzei .dly i`ci`d otd z` yibcd èd ik m`
ely zelecbd zellekd zefzd zxbqnl dqipkdl dyr èd ,mda dlrt ìdy onfae agxna
zeax mely dyr ezxiwg jxca .odizexecl zeicedid zeigiynde dwihqind zeclez lr
zicedid dixehqiddn ,dpnfn ze`zayd z` cceae dwihqind zxbqna oxi`ydl ick
.dagxd zillkde
,oltw sqei ,u"k awri ,odk xnihxen ,edipa xi`n ,oala xi`n enk ,mixg` mixweg
ly zizxagd dixehqidl miaeyg miwxt mnegza enxz zFxW oaihqe jailxw rayil`
2
.ze`zayd
ly zizxagd dixehqidd ly mipey mihaid xewgl ip` mb izipt zepexg`d mipya
ixwgna .dl uegn mb j` zip`n'zerd dixtni`d ly zeicedid zelidwa xwira ,drepzd
miizxag mihaid dnkae ,dzehytzde dinxeb ,ze`zayd ly rwxd zel`ya izcwnzd
cr ici lr even mxh dl` mi`yep .iav izay ly exir ,xinfi` zlidwa cgeina mixeywd
,zeciqgd enk zizxage zizc drepzk ze`zayd lr xacl xyt` m` rcei ippi` 3 .mnez
.xweg ip`y miax miizxag mihpnl` dizecleza yi la`
mdilr siwydle mdicbpznl mi`zayd oiay miqenleta oecl ywan ip` df xn`na
zexrd dnk df xywda xirdl sè ,zizxagd dixehqidd ly dnfixtd jxc
,1665 zpya giynk iav izay zrted mr dl` miqenlet ly mziy`x .zeitxbeixehqid
drepzd ,edipa 'n ; d"vxz-c"vxz aia`lz ,a-` ,ziwp`xtd drepzd zeclezl ,oala 'n
zi`zayd drepzd : oldl) g"lyz-`"lyz milyexi ,( [c ,oeei xtq] ci ,zepetq) oeeia zi`zayd
,zi`zayd drepzl m`cxhynà zifbehxetd dlidwd zbdpd ly dqgi' ,oltw 'i ; (oeeia
oial ze`zayd oia xywd zl`yl' ,u"k 'i ; 216-198 'nr ,(c"lyz) hl ,oeiv ,'`"lz-d"kz
M. J. Cohen, Jacob Emden: ; 278-261 'nr ,a"pyz milyexi ,xvina dkldd ,'dnxetxde dlkydd
A Man of Controversy, Philadelphia 1937; S. Sharot, Messianism, Mysticism and Magic,

Chapel Hill 1982; E. Carlebach, The Pursuit of Heresy: Rabbi Moses Hagiz and the
.(zepin : oldl) Sabbatian Controversies, New York 1990
,(m"yz) 3 ,minrt ,'zip`n'zerd dixtnià micedid iiga dnewne ze`zayd zeclezl' ,i`pxa 'i
J. Barnai, Messianism and Leadership: The Sabbatean Movement and the ; 72-59 'nr
Leadership of the Jewish Communities in the Ottoman Empire, in: A. Rodrigue (ed.),
Ottoman and Turkish Jewry, Bloomington, Indiana 1992, pp. 167-182; idem, The
Sabbatean Movement in Smyrna: The Social Background, in: A. Mor (ed.), Jewish
Sects, Religious Movements and Political Parties, Omaha 1992, pp. 113-122; idem,
Christian Messianism and the Portuguese Marranos: The Emergence of
Sabbateanism in Smyrna, Jewish History, 7 (1993), pp. 119-126; Idem, The Outbreak
of Sabbateanism: The Eastern European Factor, The Journal of Jewish Thought and
.(ziakek zxrd lirl) miizxag mihaid : ze`zay ,l"pd ; Philosophy, 4 (1994), pp. 171-183
[ 130 ]
[3
sè ,dxyr dpenyde dxyr rayd ze`nd jxe`l zeax zeicedi zelidwa ekynp mde
.micd mdl eid oiicr dxyr ryzd d`na
: od o`k odil` qgiiz`y zeifkxnd zel`yd
iav izayl micbpznde miknezd z` zizxag dpigan oga`l xyt` m`d
dxyr rayd ze`nd jxe`le ,ezxnd xg`l ,giynk ezrted zra - ze`zayle
oia miqenletd eldpzd eay izxagixehqidd xywdd dn .dxyr dpenyde
miizxage miihilet gek iwa`n ly mlwyn dn .mdicbpznl mi`zayd
.izc rwx lr evxty miqenletl mzwif dne zelidwa
mipya zeax zl`ypd daeyg dl`y - dxyr rayd d`nd ly daih dn
? mzernyn dn ok mè ,mixayn e` xayn ly d`n dziid m`d - zepexg`d
dna i`zayd `yepd lr miqenletde zicedid dixehqidd zalzyn cvik
dpelyike ze`zayd m`d 4 .'dxyr rayd d`nd (ixayn e`) xayn' dpekny
ze`zayd e` ,dycgd zra zicedid dxaga dne`xhl e` xaynl enxby md
zecak zeibeq dl` 5 .miiwl` mdxa` fnxy itk ,df xayn ly ez`vez ile` ìd
.icizr xwgn odl yxcpe ,odl fenxp wx o`ky lwyn
,dixg` eniiwzdy dl` oiae giynd zxndl cr miqenletd oia milcad yid
,icedid mlerd ly mipeyd miitxbe`bd mixefà miqenletd oia milcad yide
.zexg`d m`lq`d zevx`le zip`n'zerd dixtni`l dtexi` oia xwira
,milikyn ,minlqene mixvep zc iyp` - micedi `l ly mzrtyde mnewn dn
axwa evxty mixnd mikeqkqa - mipey miciwte oehly iyp` ,mihqi`xad
zevwdl yiy zllekd zxbqna oaenk z`f lk .ze`zayd `yepa micedid
zi`zayd zigiynd drtezd zpada micedi mpi`yl micedi oia miqgil
.digitqe
rayd ze`na zllekd zicedid dixehqidd zxbqna miqenletd ly mlwyn dn
? ziley e` zifkxn drteza xaecn m`d - dxyr dpenyde dxyr
.`
.a
.b
.c
.d
lke` o`k .eilr cwey ip`y siwn xwgna ize` zewiqrnd zel`ydn dnk wx od dl`
mihxt `ll ,dllkde dfzpiq ly jxca z`f zeyrl lczyè ,xeviwa odn dnka wx zrbl
.zeax ze`nbece
T. S. Aston (ed.), Crisis in Europe, 1560-1660, London 1965; T. K. Rabb, The Struggle for
Stability in Early Modern Europe, Oxford 1975; G. Parker and M. Smith (eds.), The
General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century, London and New York 1997
milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,xehwec zcear ,'izfrd ozp iazka dpen`d ceq' ,miiwl` '`
.1 'nr ,c"pyz
[ 131 ]
4]
i`pxa awri
iav izay ly ezxnd cr miqenletd
d`nd ly aeygd icedid oeixehqidd oia èd ditxbeixehqida ef dibeqa lecbd gekieed
lekn lly ,zilikynd ezyitz it lr ,uxb .mely myxbl uxb jixpiid dxyr ryzd
mikxre mixqn ze`yepk zeizxeqnd zeigiynd zeitivd zè zicedid dwihqind z` leke
xlewd z` dlz s` `l` ,zhlgen dlilya wx `l qgiizd èd ze`zayd l` .miiaeig
ozp eìape iav izay xwyd giyn ixg` lley ekldy mipendd ly mzexraa dzglvdl
7
.el encwy zexeca zepey zeiepyxte onfd ipa zexewn zeawra jld èd jka 6 .izfrd
miifkxne miipeig minxf zicedid zeigiynae dwihqina d`x mely myxb ,z`f znerl
lr eixwgna .minrtl ipqxdd mgekl rcen did èd mb ik m` ,zicedid dixehqida
,1667-1665 mipya drepzd z` dkiled zicedid dbdpdd lk hrnky d`xd ze`zayd
zicedid dbdpda herindy jk lr riavd èd ,ok lr xzi .dixg` etgqp mipendde
jxry zizhiy dwica okè 8 .scxp sè ,miileyl ef dtewza wgcp iav izayl cbpzdy
zepwqnl llk jxca dliaed zepey zeicedi zelidwa ,eixg` mixg` mixwege ,mely
zecbpzdd e` ze`zaya dkinzd znxa zecig` dziid cinz `ly xxazd ik m` ,zenec
9
.dl
lk ztgeqd dzglvde diripn iabl mixwegd eaivdy zifkxnd dl`yd zcner oiicr
.el dcbpzd e` iav izaya dknzy dhil`d ly dzxcbde ,ef zigiyn zevxtzd ly jk
ìde iav izaya dkinzd z` dliaedy ìd 'dpynd zivpbilhpi`' ik xeaq u"k awri
zrtedl cg`d mxebd zpadl gztn ecia yi ,mely zrcl 10 .drepzd zglvdl dnxby
dying dpen ède .iav izay iptly zexeca i"x`d zlaw ly dzehytzd ède ze`zayd
dèapd yecig sexiv (a) ; `weec l`xyi ux`n zexeyad zìvi (`) : dzglvdl minxeb
; daeyzl dìxwd (c) ; i"x`d zlawa dle`bd ly innrd qezind (b) ; zeigiynl
mwlgay da mipey zeceqi oia dpgad dziid `l oiicr giynd lr dfxkdd ztewza (d)
11
.mipycgk mipxny miyp` dil` sxhvdl elki okle ce`n miipxtk eid
`l sè zicedid zcd ly dzeiniptn miae`y mely dpny minxebd lky al miyl yi
zelzl oeiqip lk dgc èd .miilklke miihilet ,miizxag mihaid swyn cg` mxeb
H. Graetz, Geschichte der Juden, X, Leipzig 1897, pp. 188-236

6
.190-146 'nr ,g"nyz milyexi ,wa`n ly eizeclez : ze`zaye dlkyd ,qqxe 'y : e`x 7
'nr ,(iav izay : oldl) f"iyz aia`lz ,eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay ,mely 'b 8
.546-377 ,353-298
.(3 dxrd lirl) dbdpde zeigiyn ,i`pxa ; (2 dxrd lirl) oltw : e`x 9
.251 'nr ,g"iyz milyexi ,xayne zxeqn ,u"k 'i 10
.383-379 'nr ,iav izay ,mely 11
[ 132 ]
[5
zepexg`d mipya ,recik .miicedi `l miipevig minxeb e` zertyd ,zeceqi ze`zaya

12
.zawep zxewia zgz mely ly elld zefzd zecner
mipya zenieqn zeveaw ly e` micigi ly zecbpzd len drepza ziaiqnd dkinzd z`
aeygd mnewn z` yibcdl ozip .cxtpa dlidwe dlidw lka wecal izrcl yi 1667-1665
znerle ,mixvna ial'v sqei l`tx enk ,inewnd oehlyl miaexwd miknez mibidpn ly
miax iav izaya eknz ok enk .iav izayn leapzqà dbdpdd ly dzebiizqd z` ,z`f
mixac dlbn micbpzna ine mikneza in dwinrn dwica .icedid mlera mipaxd ilecbn
eliè ; iav izay wleq ,i"x`d zlaw ziqgi dvetp dziid my ,milyexin : mipiiprn
xg`l mpn` ,giynk lawzd èd ,miccea ly mzlgp i"x`d zlaw dziid my ,xinfià
13
.mil` ihilet wa`n
zxfra xiaqdl ozip giynd zrted lr zericid rnynl mipendd zeadlzd z`
lr oexg`d xeca ekxrpy ,oendd ly dibeleztekiqtde dibeletexzp`d megza mixwgn
ly zetewza 14 .ihpw qìl` ly aeygd extq myk ,zeax zexaga gekl oend oia miqgid
zra mb dxw jke ,miileyl llk jxca miwgcp micbpznd ,zigiyn zihhqw` zeadlzd
eaihid my ,xinfià iav izay icbpzn ly mzaebza zeppeazd .iav izay ly ezrted
.xird z` aefrl e` xzzqdl evl`p md : eply dfzd z` zwfgn ,xg` mewn lkan exikdl
dlidwa oehlyd z` eqtz ,giyna miizn` mipin`n eid mlek `l izrcly ,eiknez
mcxhqn` ,divpe oebk ,zexg` zelidwa enk ,xinfiày oerhl ywan ip` .zenilà
cer miniiw eidy miihilete miizxag miwa`nl 'xbixh' yniy giynd oiipr ,milyexie
15
.zeaixid zeveawd eze` elvip zerxe`nd hdlae ,zelidwa okl mcew
mely .zi`zayd zevxtzdd z` oifdy mevrd igiynd hdldn mlrzdl oi` ,oaenk
dpen`d eid ,ciqtdl dn micedil didy zenewna ,zeqqeane zeaivi zelidwa mb ik xird
igiynd oeirxd ly ezeinipte ewner lr riavdl ywia èd jka 16 .ce`n zewfg dqiqzde
.zetexhqhwa `weec ielz epi` uxtzdl icky ,icedid
llba mb zeaeyw miipfe` lr eltp zeigiyn zereny ik il d`xp ok it lr s`
zexfb)
dxyr rayd d`nd rvnà dtexi` gxfn icedi z` dcwty dlecbd dtexhqhwd
i"x`d zlaw ly dzvetz ziiraa ycegn oeir - "dgtynn miipye xirn cg`" ' ,lci` 'n : e`x
,l"pd ; (3 dxrd lirl) zixvep zeigiyn ,i`pxa ; 30-5 'nr ,(o"yz) 44 ,minrt ,'ze`zayde
.(my) ze`zayd zevxtzd
.(3 dxrd lirl) dbdpde zeigiyn ,i`pxa ; 376-353 ,265-262 ,235-217 'nr ,iav izay ,mely
.1979 aia`lz ,oiel 'r mbxz ,gkde oendd ,ihpw '`
miig 'x' ,l"pd ; 81-53 'nr ,(d"nyz) gi ,zepetq ,'xinfi` zepaxe dtwyi` sqei 'x' ,i`pxa 'i
'nr ,e"pyz aia`lz ,xdqd ini ,(zkxer) ofex 'n : jeza ,'eztewza xinfi` zepaxe izypapa
.191-151
.3 'nr ,iav izay ,mely
[ 133 ]
12
13
14
15
16
6]
i`pxa awri
,dpyd miyely zngln - zeipevig zertyd llba mbe ,(odixg` dxwy dne h"z-g"z
ly dxey cere ,miqep`d axwa dqiqzd ,ixvepd mfixplind ,dtexi` gxfna zenglnd
zveaw eid micedidy xg`n 17 .miic ewcap mxhy ip`n'zerde inlqend mlera minxeb
drenya mpeinc z` zivdl ziqgi did lw ,minexbete miyexib ,laq icenl ,herin
zxeywzd ly dzegztzd z` siqedl yi jkl .df xeca `weec ,ef oirn zigiyn
18
.zereny ly ziqgi dxidn dxardl driiqy ,dxyr rayd d`na zine`lpiad
zeadlzdl liaedl ick oda yiy zexzeq zenbn izya dxyr rayd d`na oigadl ozip
inid mlerae zca dxitke xerxr ly d`n ef ,cg` cvn .igiynd oeirxdn zebiizqdl e`
zicedid dxagd 20 .miilpeivx `l zeceqiae dwihqina dieexd d`n ef ,xg` cvn 19 ,iniipia
mileki dlè ,miwcq da erap xak j` ,ilheh xayna dpezp dziid `l oiicr ef dtewza
.ze`zayd zyxta zeiegztzdd z` xiaqdl ile`
zepeyd zevxà zepehlyd zeaxern ìd zrcd z` dilr zzl yiy daeyg dl`y
rityd zepehlydn yygd .mdicbpznl mi`zayd oia miqenletae ze`zayd zyxta
lr oiyldl eyyg md .herina eidy ,ze`zayd icbpzn lr `weec zeaexw mizrl
.dlidwd lkl wifdl leki xacdy exaq mdy xg`n ,mxibqdle dcixn znyà mipin`nd
z` dnegzl uegn ìvedl dyy `ly herin zveaw ly ìd zebdpzdd ,df oiipra s`
21
,leapzqàe xinfià enk ,zepehlyl ept mdy mixwna .dkeza mildpznd miwa`nd
.zihnxc dxeva zerxe`nd jldn lr erityde cin eaxrzd ok` zepehlyd
zeicedid zelidwa dgeexy zenil`d èd df xywda xikfdl ywan ip`y sqep `yep
ce`n lecb did zelidwa gznd ik zecirnd zepey zei`x epicia .iav izay ztewza
yeniy ab` minrtl ,zelidwa zeaixi zeveaw ici lr dlvep zigiynd dyitzde
zekne ,izcd ogletl zerxtd ,zqpk izal dvixt ,miza lr mipa` iecii : zifit zenilà
ly dbixd lr drici elit` yi ; 'eke ,mixtq ztxy ,zenxg ,miixeaiv zenewna zeyw
.xzei iceqi xexial ie`x zenil`d `yep mb 22 .icedi
zecnln iav izay ztewza icedid aegxa zenil`d mbe zepehlyl diiptdy xeaq ip`
epxkfdy zenil`d iielib ik riztn df oi`y ipnec .zeicedid zelidwa miipivx miwcq lr
,bxeande mcxhqn` ,divpe ,xinfi` oebk ,zeycgzn e` zeycg zelidwa `weec evxt
.(3 dxrd lirl) zixvep zeigiyn ,i`pxa ; 114-86 'nr ,(2 dxrd lirl) zexy 17
.(3 dxrd lirl) zehytzd ,i`pxa 18
R. H. Popkin and A. Vanderjagt (eds.), Scepticism and Irreligion in the Seventeenth and 19
Eighteenth Centuries, Leiden 1993
T. Munck, Seventeenth Century Europe, 1598-1700, London 1990, pp. 272-304
20
l`xyiuxà micedid zecleza mixwgn ,xnz 'c ; 376-353 ,333-331 'nr ,iav izay ,mely 21
.135-119 'nr ,`"nyz milyexi ,gxfnd zevxàe
.428-391 ,265-263 'nr ,my ,mely 22
[ 134 ]
[7
zegt xeywe qiqzn ,ipycg mxeb eeid md .lbehxet iqep`l ax lwyn did oday
oixyina oixwde rityd ile` elld zelidwa dxwy dn .zizlidwd zxeqnd zeikyndl
.zexg` zelidw lr mb
millegznd minieqn mirefrf lr zcnln dxyr rayd d`na zeicedid zexagd zpiga
lka dvetp ze`zaydy dcaerd .epl mipaen mlek `le mixwegd ecnr mlek lr `ly ,oda
onewina - efn ef jk lk zepey zelidwa ygxzd dzrted zra dxwy dne icedid mlerd
ce`n dywn - zeaaeqd zezcae zexaga ,ezexnl mipezp eidy oehlya ,itxbe`bd
.dxiaqdl zelekid zervd izy o`k bivdl ywan ip` .drtezd z` xiaqdl
dixtnià xwirae) m`lq`d zevxàe dtexià ellegzd dxyr rayd d`na .`
dtewz dzeày geha ipi` .minec miizxage miilklk ,miihilet mikildz (zip`n'zerd
daxw ,miihilete miixgqn mixyw .inlqend mlerle dtexi`l : miipyl wlegn mlerd did
dxeagz ikxc ,dtexi`n miwlg lr ip`n'zer oehly ,(mitzeyn zeleab) zitxbe`b
ly dnixfl eìad dl` lk - dxibd ,miihilet minkqde miihneltic mixyw ,zegztzn
ef znieqn zecig` 23 .m`lq`d zevx`l dtexi` oia dlklke oehly iqetc ,rcin ,zepeirx
mixyw èvnl ozipe ,m`lq`d zevxàe dtexià zeicedid zelidwd lr mb drityd
izrcl yi dfd ixehqidd rwxa 24 .cg`k miipycge miipxny mibeg axwa zenec zertyde
mb enk ,cbpe cra zecnrd zhiwpe rcind znixf ,ze`zayd zehytzd zpadl ceqi
.dl zecbpzn e` da zeknezd zepeyd zeveawd zexveeid
dgztzdy ,ze`zayd .ztl`n ìd rcin znixf ly df xywda ze`zayd zwica .a
mixywd z` dwfig ,icedid mlerd iagx lka dfig` dl dzpwe dxyr rayd d`nd rvnà
azka zeievriizde dkld iwqt ,rcin zxardl dìade icedid mlerd iagxa zelidwd oia
zprehd dfzd z` miwfgn dl` lk .dxeyd on micedi oia mbe zelidw iy`x oia dt lrae
diexwd dlekq`d zixard dhiqxaipeà dgzity ,'zicedid dixehqidd ly dzecg`'l
,dxyr ryzd d`nd ly zicedide zixvepd ditxbeixehqidl daebzk 25 ,'zinlyexi'
S. J. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, I, Cambridge 1976, pp.
169-224; D. Goffman, Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550-1650, Seattle and London
1990; P. R. Sugar, Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804, Seattle and London 1997, pp.
187-201
23
milyexi ,` ,dizecleze dne` ,(jxer) oxhy 'n : jeza ,'f"id d`na xinfià lbehxet iqep`' ,i`pxa 'i 24
,'f"id d`na dtexi` fkxne oilet inkgl dikxez inkg oia wezipe dwif' ,l"pd ; 298-289 'nr ,b"nyz
.(3 dxrd lirl) zixvep zeigiyn ,l"pd ; 26-13 'nr ,(e"nyz) h ,oilet icedi zeclezl sq`n : crlb
,l"pd : jeza ,'zipbxe`d dzegztzda zeirae l`xyi mr ly dixehqidd zecg`' ,xra 'i : lynl e`x 25
ly ezegily' ,benl` 'y ; 32-27 'nr ,e"nyz milyexi ,` ,l`xyi mr zecleza zeqne mixwgn
'nr ,b"pyz milyexi ,mipeixehqide dixehqid ,xbpih` 'y : jeza ,'xbpih` lèny lr : oeixehqid
D. N. Myers, Re-Inventing the Jewish History, New York and Oxford 1995, pp. ; 33
109-176
[ 135 ]
8]
i`pxa awri
axwa cg`nd ine`ld ceqid z` yibcdl dywiay ,ef dfz .zizc dveaw micedia dz`xy
,zalev zxewia zgz zepexg`d mipya zcner ,zetewzd lkae mlerd lka micedid
.eppeic zxbqnn zebxeg zeaxd dizeklydy
rayd d`na inlqend mlerl itexiìxvepd mlerd oia mieqnd oeincdy hlgda okzii
wlg did miizce miizxag minxeble ,icedid mlera mixywd wecid lr rityd dxyr
daxda dzgt ef zecg`y ipnec .ef d`na `weec dzehytzdae ze`zayd zevxtzda
.dxyr dpenyd d`na
dxyr dpenyd d`nae iav izay zxnd ixg` miqenletd

dptn zcewp 1666 zpya m`lq`l iav izay zxnda ze`xl laewn ditxbeixehqida
dktd ìd dixg` eliè mipend zrepz ze`zayd dziid ezxnd cr .ze`zayd zecleza
elrt ok` dxyr dpenyd d`nae dxyr rayd d`nd idlya mi`zayd on wlg .zkl
j` .zeitevxteca e` ielba elrt ,xzei minkgezn e` mifrep ,mixg` eliè ,xzqa
miwicvn mpi` ef dtewza mi`zayd mr miqenletde icedid mlerd z` ecwty zexrqd
.dzpad zè drtezd z` znvnvn ef dxcbdy xg`n ,zkk ze`zayd zxcbd z` izrcl
mby) swid zagx drteza xaecny oerhl epl zexyt`n ze`zayd lr meik epizerici
26
,zeicedid zelidwd lr zeizernyn zeklyde drtyd zlra ,(da epigady eid dpnfa
zeax zelidw wlg da milhepe ,iley xac dpi` ef dtewza ze`zayd .dtexià xwira
dxaga aeyge ilxbhpi` wlgl dze` mikted daiaq miqenletde ,cqnnd iyp`n miaxe
mzernyne ,miibele`z migekieel xarn daxd elld miqenleta mda yi .zicedid
`ld mlera zexenza izrcl uerp dxyr rayd d`nd on ipeyd .xzei dtiwn zizxagd
.zicedid dxaga `le (itexi`d) icedi
ezxnd ixg` miaeygd miqenletd z` ellegy miyi`de mirexi`dn wlg dpn` dligz
: iav izay ly
27
28
.l`xyi zelidwa izfrd ozp icecp

.iwipelqa zkk dzelirte (1683) dnpecd zxnd
: oldl) c"lyz milyexi ,dileblbe ze`zayd zeclezl zexewne mixwgn ,mely 'b : xwira e`x 26
ixwgn : oldl) a"pyz aia`lz ,qail 'i xicdd ,ze`zay ixwgn ,l"pd ; (zexewne mixwgn
,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail 'i ; (7 dxrd lirl) qqxe ; oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa ; (ze`zay
.(zi`zayd dpen`d ceq : oldl) d"pyz milyexi
.hkx-fkx ,fk-bk 'nr ,my ,edipa ; 649-597 'nr ,iav izay ,mely 27
G. Scholem, The Messianic Idea ; 390-291 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely ; gw-fr 'nr ,my ,edipa 28
in Judaism, New York 1988, pp. 142-166
[ 136 ]

ziy`xae dxyr rayd d`nd ly oexg`d raxa efecxw l`kin mdxa` qenlet
29
.dxyr dpenyd d`nd
'x : dxyr dpenyd d`nd ziy`xa l`xyi ux`l mi`zayd zexeag zeilr
30
.mdizexeage ebieex mdxa` 'x ,ciqg dcedi
31
.dxyrd dpenyd d`nd ly ipyd xeyra oeig ìig dingp qenlet
dpenyd d`nd ly miyelyd zepya (eh`vel miig dyn 'x) l"gnx qenlet
32
.dxyr
d`nd ly mixyrd zepya mziy`xy ,uiyaii` ozpedi 'x cbpk miqenletd
33
.miyingd zepya dtexi` zelidw lka mkynde b`xta dxyr dpenyd
mipya xinfià dpey`xl qtcp xtqd .'mini zcng' xtqd aiaq qenletd
34
.d`nd rvnà dtexi` zelidwn dà el zecbpzdde ,1732-1731
35
.jliè dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly miyingd zepya mzxnde mihqiwp`xtd
[9
cinz `ly miizxag mihaid mb yi elld miqenletd aexay xirdl ywan ip` dligz
dpen`d ceq ,qail ; 374-369 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,l"pd ; 452-391 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely 29
ozp mr efecx`w ly iteqelitibeleìz "gekie" : onfde dìxad' ,ryei 'p ; 48-35 'nr ,zi`zayd
` ,xniidpteù"y dwaxl oexkfd xtq : miax zelew ,(mikxer) oc 'ie xeìl` 'x : jeza ,'izfrd
: cwtpd giynd' ,miiwl` '` ; 284-259 'nr ,e"pyz milyexi ,(ai ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn)
.82-33 'nr ,(f"pyz) 38 ,zrc ,'efecx`w n"è iav izay ,izfrd ozp lv` sqei oa giyn lr
c-b ,zepetq ,'l`xyiux`l dziilre ciqg dcedi iax ly "dyecw dxag"d' ,edipa 'n 30
.dkwz-`pz 'nr ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,l"pd ; atw-`lw 'nr ,(j"yz-h"iyz)
qqxe ; (2 dxrd lirl) u"k ; 122-75 'nr ,zepin ,jailxw ; 52-49 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely 31
h ,zepetq ,'mcxhynà oeig ìig dingp qenlet' ,lèpnr y"i ; 98-63 'nr ,(7 dxrd lirl)
,(e"kyz) i ,zepetq ,'oeig ìig dingp qenlet zeyxta zexb`' ,oncixt 'n ; enx-hx 'nr ,(d"kyz)
M. Goldish, Halakhah, Kabbalah, and Hersey: A Controversy in Early ; hixz-btz 'nr
Eighteenth-Century Amsterdam, The Jewish Quarterly Review, 84 (1993/4), pp. 153-176
.161-23 'nr ,zepin ,jailxw ; 203-169 'nr ,1964 obznx ,zepine dpen` iaizp ,iayz 'i
aia`lze milyexi ,ze`zayd l` eqgie uiyaii` ozpedi 'x ,xhenlxt `"n ; (1 dxrd lirl) odk
; 237-77 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail ; 734-653 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely ; f"yz
.160-123 'nr ,zepin ,jailxw
ixwgn ,mely ; c"iyz milyexi ,ezrtyd dzid dne exaig in mini zcng xtq : xtq znelrz ,ixri '`
,a ,dizegelye dlaw ixwg ,l"pd ; 168-108 'nr ,(32 dxrd lirl) iayz ; 288-250 'nr ,ze`zay
'nr ,a"nyz milyexi ,g"id d`na l`xyiux` icedi ,i`pxa 'i ; 418-339 'nr ,b"pyz milyexi
zeppeazde zextqd ly zizxewia dxiwq - "minid zcng" xtq' ,lbet 'n : dzr e`xe .94-72
.q"yz milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,xnb zcear ,'exagn zencae xtqd ly eze`zaya zycegn
,qail ; 652-631 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,l"pd ; 452-422 ,218-116 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely
ly "oec`d ixac xtq" ' ,wexny 'g ; ztqep ditxbeilaia mye ,197-193 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq
zepexkifa mipeir' ,l"pd ; el-bk 'nr ,(d"pyz) ci ,crlb ,'zipletl yiciin eileblb : wp`xt awri
.an-dl 'nr ,(g"pyz) fh-eh ,crlb ,'ezecli inin wp`xt awri ly
[ 137 ]
32
33
34
35
10 ]
i`pxa awri
miizxag miwa`n elld miqenletl mixeyw .evxt md epibay i`zayd oiiprl mixeyw
cbpk diipyd dxeydn zebidpnd ly dqiqz ,zelidwd oebxè dbdpd lr miizlidwmipt
mifpky` oia ,wizeed cqnnd len miycg minxf oia miwa`n ,dpey`xd dxeyd
xwira ,zc iyp` ,miqenletdn wlga eaxrzdy zepeyd zevxà zepehlyd .mifbehxetl
xyw mb yi miqenletl .zeyyg mlv` exxere mze` ewzix elld miqenletdy mixvep
.mihqi`xad mibegle ixvepd mfixplinl
dxyr dpenyd d`na zicedid dixehqidd ly haid oi` hrnky èt` oerhl ozip
mlwyn .zicedi `ld zaaeqd dxagl xywd mb hleae ,elld miqenletl xeyw epi`y
dlery itk .c`n lecb izrcl èd dxyr dpenyd d`na zicedid dxagd lr mnzege
ìd mdilr xwgnd zextqe) mdizece` lr epl recidne epxkfdy miqenletd zniyxn
icedid mlera zeaeygd zeicedid zelidwd aex wlg mda elhpy d`xp ,(xzeia dniyxn
,miqenletdy zcnln zizhiy dwica .dtexiàe dwixtà ,zip`n'zerd dixtnià f`c
dxyr dpenyd d`na mixaer ,iav izay zxnd ixg` owlaae dikxeza mziy`xy
zelidwa mi`zay lr zeax zeiecr yi mpn` .zifkxnde ziaxrnd xwira ,cala dtexi`l
elld zelidwa mcbpk qenletd j` ,m`lq`d zevxàe zip`n'zerd dixtnià zeicxtqd
zxnd lr qenletd df llkae) qenletd lky zrcd z` zzl èt` ie`x .wqtp hrnk
.dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly dtexià ygxzn (iwipelqa dnpecd
dziidy ,dxyr rayd d`na icedid mlerd z` dpiit`y 'zecg`'dy oerhl ywan ip`
dpenyd d`na zexidna dpzyne zkled ,zicedi `ld dxaga minec mikildzl mb dxeyw
zeclez lr zihnxc dxeva zerityn ef d`na dtexià zellegznd zexenzd 36 .dxyr
dpenyd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna zicedid dxagd zexxetzdl zeìane da micedid
zevxà zeicedid zelidwa zizxby ic dxeva miizxeqnd miigd mikynp zra da .dxyr
.dxyr dpenyd d`na dtexi` drciy zexenz oze` zellegzn oi` odae m`lq`d
xic` xrt èt` xvep (dxyr rayd d`nd idlya xak ,dyrnle) dxyr dpenyd d`na
len zenglna dixtni`d ly dizeqeazl mb xeyw ède) m`lq`d zevx`l dtexi` oia
.ze`zayd aiaq qenletd ite` lr mb ritynd xrt ,oda zeicedid zelidwd oiae (dtexi`
dlkydde oeqlcpn mr izrcl dlgd `l dtexià zicedid zizxagd zxbqnd zexxetzd
dxyr rayd d`nd idlya xak `l` 37 ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna
dxagd ly dpzynd qgia xaecn 38 .dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgnae
.264-263 ,249 ,16-15 'nr ,(10 dxrd lirl) u"k ly ezrcl cebipa 36
.270-262 'nr ,my 37
,xbpih` 'y ; 14-7 'nr ,`"kyz milyexi ,zetewz itelig mr ,hgey 'r : lynl mixeaqy itk 38
zecdid ly daizp' ,oltw 'i ; 37-17 'nr ,h"kyz milyexi ,dycgd zra l`xyi mr zeclez
J. Israel, European Jewry ; 103-85 'nr ,(`"pyz) 48 ,minrt ,'dpxcend l` ziaxrnd zicxtqd
[ 138 ]
[ 11
zepehlyd wlg ea milhepy ,micedid l` dtexi` axrnae fkxna zaaeqd zixvepd

minxebe miixplin miixvep mibeg ,milikyn ,mihqi`xad oke ,miihqiheleqa`d
.zizxeqnd zicedid dxagd z` ixnbl mipyn dl` lk 39 .miilklk
dtexi` zelidwa mi`zayd cbpk miqenletd ly mzetixg z` oegal izrcl yi okl
zicedide zillkd zizxeqnd dxagd z` ecwty mirefrfd rwx lr dxyr dpenyd d`na
zexbqnd lre envr lr obdl ,izlidwde izcd ,icedid cqnnd zepeiqip rwx lre
d`nd ly ze`zaya mixvep ly daxd zepiiprzdd .eipir cbpl zexxetznd zeizxeqnd
.miqenletd zetixgl dnxze icedid cqnnd z` ce`n dcixhd ìd s` dxyr dpenyd
ze`zayd scex ,fib`g dyn 'x lr dxtqa jailxw rayil` ly dzrc ilr zlaewn
ipbx`n oey`x z` ea ze`xl yiy ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna aeygd
awri 'x ly ewa`n z` mb izrcl ze`xl yi jke 40 ,zipxcend zicedid diqwecezxe`d
mzngln z` eldipy ,mixgè dl` miyi` ipy 41 .d`nd rvnà mi`zayd cbpk ocnr
,dtexià zizxeqnd zicedid dxagd zqixwl micr eid ,dtexi` axrne fkxn zelidwa
ziqep`d dxitkd `l` ,mze` dcigtd ze`zayd wx `l .dlkydde oeqlcpn iptl cer
dxaga ezealzyde ezxagn icedid ly dìvid zlgzde zeizxagd zexbqnd zexxetzde
.zaaeqd
dbdpdd lr dpixwd zeycgzn zeihilet zexbqn jeza dpzynd zicedid dxagd
itk ,dze` oeekle zizlidwd zxbqnd lr gwtl siqedl dzlekii`ne miiepiydn dyygy
rixkdl dlki `l dbdpddy zifkxnd daiqd mb izrcl ef .zexec ixecn bedp didy
awri - dxyr dpenyd d`nd rvnà mipaxd ilecbn miipy oia ldpzdy xreqd qenleta
.ze`zaya ipyd z` oey`xd miy`d eay qenlet - uiyaii` ozpedie ocnr
swid lr wx `l epze` micnln 42 dtprd xwgnd zextqe dyxtd lr miaxd zexewnd
ipy oia qenletd .lirl epilrdy zefzd z` miyy`n `l` ,z`fd zkaeqnd dyxtd
dpenyd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna dtexi` zecdi ly xaynl dèaa èd mipaxd
in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550-1750, Oxford 1985; M. Goldish, Jews, Christians and
Conversos: Rabi Solomon Aailions Str uggle in the Portuguese Community of
London, Journal of Jewish Studies, 45 (1994), pp. 256-257
,xehwec zcear ,'1819-1781 ,dnxetxde divtiqpn`d iqenleta giynd zl`y' ,jxean 'a 39
.71-49 'nr ,my ,hgey ; 25-1 'nr ,e"kyz milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d
.278 'nr ,zepin ,jailxw 40
dpen`d ceq ,qail ; 680-655 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely ; (2 dxrd lirl) odk : e`x ,ocnr awri lr 41
J. Schachter, Rabbi Jacob Emden: Life and Works, Ph.D. ; 211-198 'nr ,zi`zayd
Dissertation, Harvard University, 1988
.(qail dcedi ly eipekcr llek) 734-653 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x ,zhxetn ditxbeilaia 42
.237-77 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail : mb e`x
[ 139 ]
12 ]
i`pxa awri
iyp`n wlg ,efecxw mdxa` - xaynd ixeaib ly wenrd xywd lr riavn mb èd .dxyr
- mihqiwp`xtd oaenke ,eicinlze eipa ,uiyaii` ozpedi ,fib`g dyn ,ciqg dcedi
.zixvepd dxaga mipey mibegl
mi`zayd oia miqenletd eligzdy mipya ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd ziy`xa xak
xtq lynl mqxtzne ,mfi`xadd enk ,miizebde miizxag minxf mixabzn ,mdicbpznl
mibeg .zexf zety micnel micedie yicii micnel mixvep 43 .'f`pà ly dixehqidd
oeirxe ,migztzn miixpeiqine (dzrted mr ze`zaya ax oiipr eliby) miihqixplin
miqenletd mda millegzny mixefà miygxzn dl` lk 44 .dve`z xaev 'micedid zaiy'
45
.mixexa mi`xp zepeyd zertezd oia mixywde mdicbpznl mi`zayd oia
(Halle) dl`d xira ,dipnxba : daeyg zg` dxvw dnbeca z`f mibcdl ywan ip`
oekn ,(Institutum Judaicum) zecdid ircnl oeknd dxyr dpenyd d`na mwed
axrnae fkxna 46 .mi`zayd lr rcin daxda epze` dkify ,ixvep igiyn ixpeiqin
47
.mi`zaye micedi ,mixvep oia mixyw daxd eid ddf onfae dtexi`
mpn` .zip`n'zerd dixtnià xwirae ,m`lq`d zevx` zelidwa oihelgl avnd dpey
d`nae dxndd ixg` ze`zaydn dl` zelidwa icxtqd icedid cqnnd biizqd ueg itlk
izyn ,ixyt` didy dnk cr ,dyxtd zwzyd ly ew hwp dyrnl j` .dxyr dpenyd
zra micedid itlk zeplaeqa bdpy ip`n'zerd oehlydn yygd ,ziy`x : zeaiq
J. Basnage de Beauval, LHistoire et la religion des Juives depuis Jesus
Christ jusqua` 43
: e`x ,(zagxp ditxbeilaia mye) 'f`pàa miipkcr mipeiv .present,
IV, Roterdam 1706-1707

zcear ,'miipiadini icedie zipeivd ditxbeixehqidd ,zelbd ly ine`ld dbevii' ,oiwvewxwfx '`
milyexi ,micedie mihepbed ,ipcxi 'n ; 27-20 'nr ,f"pyz milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,xehwec
.88-69 'nr ,g"pyz
'è xia`b`l `"` : enbxz ,iav izay ly ezenca elbzdy itk micedid ly èey zeitiv ,opew 'z 44
.21-7 'nr ,z`fd zixard dxecdnl oltw sqei ly èand z` cgeina e`x .g"pyz milyexi ,ilèny
dpenyd d`nd lr .51-50 zexrde 19 'nr ,my : e`x ,dxyr rayd d`na mfixplind lr ditxbeilaia
; 241-198 ,71-49 'nr ,(38 dxrd lirl) hgey ; 43-1 'nr ,(39 dxrd lirl) jxean : e`x ,dxyr
.179-145 'nr ,(g"kyz) bl ,oeiv ,'dilbpà zihphqhextd daygna oeiv zaiy oeirx' ,dhxe 'n
.`yepa zagxp ditxbeilaia el` mixeaiga
qela dipxetilw ly dhiqxaipeà jxrpy zicedid zeigiynd lr qpka ernyedy ze`vxd dnka 45
mixvep oiay zewecdd zewifde mixywd lr zpiiprn dpenz dxxazd ,1997 xanaep ycega ql'bp`
.zxge`nd ze`zayde zeigiynd i`yepa dxyr dpenyd d`nae dxyr rayd d`nd idlya micedil
Jan ,oiletn xweg .6 'nr ,(39 dxrd lirl) jxean ; 630-609 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x 46
Kryptochiliasten : e`x .dpexg`l xceq epeikx`y ,df cqen lr xwgna wqer ,Doktor
J. Doktor,
und kryptosabbatianer: Eine verborgene Seite der Halleschen Missionartatigkeit,

in:
Biographie und Religion: III internationales CallenbergK olloquium in Halle, 1517.10.1977
.237-212 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail ; 88-49 'nr ,(38 dxrd lirl) hgey 47
[ 140 ]
[ 13
giynd zxnda zexitd z` xvwe ,1666-1665 mipya dlecbd zigiynd zevxtzdd

,diipyd daiqd 48 .1683 zpya iwipelqa dnpecd zk zxndae ,1666 zpya eipin`ne
d`nd seqa owlade dikxez ipaxn miaxy ìd ,oexg`d xecd ly xwgnd zekfa dxxazpy
`l okle ,zxg` e` ef dbxca ,mi`zay zeidl etiqed dxyr dpenyd d`nae dxyr rayd
49
.ze`zaya mglidl divaihen mdl dziid
ipeirx oe`tiwl enxby od zei`zayd zexndde ze`zaydy izprh ixn`nn cgà
ryzde dxyr dpenyd ze`na zip`n'zerd dixtni`d ly zeicxtqd zelidwa izxivie
mle` 50 .zinlqend dxagde oehlyd ly mzrtyde mpe`tiw zeaiygn izhrnde ,dxyr
,ipevigd ,ipyd haidd z` zegt `l yibcdl dhep ip` ,dtexi`l dèeyde sqep oeir xg`l
dpenyd d`na m`lq`d mlera zaaeqd dxagde oehlyd .iniptd icedid ,oey`xd lr
mirefrfe zepkq lk etwyp `l icedid cqnnle dxagle ,miihhqe miaivi ex`yp dxyr
ip`n'zerde icedid cqnnd gilvd zexndde iav izay zyxt xg`l .eew qehhqd iepiye
.aeyg byid jka d`xe ,mcewd meid xcql aeyl
ebvedy zel`yd lr o`k ekxrpy miipey`xd mixexiadn elr mipeeik dnk : mekiql
mpeiqipa ic `l ,ce`n zlzetne dkeaq ìd ze`zayd zyxty xg`n .mixacd ziy`xa
`ly zicedi zihqine zigiyn ,zizc drepzk wxe j` dxiaqdl mcewd xecd ixweg ly
zcewpn cgeina ,drtezd ly miptd ieaix z` `weec ze`xdl yi `l` .mewne onf ixywda
oiay miqenleta miizernyn milcad yiy xxazd .zizxagd dixehqidd ly dhan
miqenletd oiae dixg` hrne iav izay ly ezeigiyn ztewza mdicbpznl mi`zayd
zelidwd oia zecg`d xzei zxkip dxyr rayd d`na : dxyr dpenyd d`na eldpzdy
wzpd ligzn dxyr dpenyd d`nd ziy`xa eliè ,m`lq`d zevxàe dtexià zeicedid
.odipia
`l` ,mdicbpznl mi`zayd oia izcd wa`nd z` wx mitwyn mpi` mnvr miqenletd
dze` zeaaeqd zexaga dyrpdn zrtyend zicedid dxaga xzei miwenr micax mdl yi
yi dxyr dpenyd d`na mdicbpznl mi`zayd oia miqenletl .da mipc ep`y dtewza
.ef d`na l`xyi zecleza cakp lwyn
zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa ; (28 dxrd lirl) igiynd oeirxd ,mely ; 579-563 'nr ,iav izay ,mely 48
.gw-fr 'nr ,oeeia
.ckx-hrw 'nr ,my ,edipa 49
J. Barnai, From Sabbateanism to Modernization: Ottoman Jewry on the Eve of the 50
Ottoman Refroms, in: H.E. Goldberg (ed.), Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries,
Bloomington 1996, pp. 73-80
[ 141 ]
ze`zaya miypd cnrn lr

hxal`hxettx dcr
èan .`
eyxcn zian zeciqgd zqitz z` jixtdl iz`vi xeyrn dlrnl iptl xe` d`xy xn`na
dqitz it lr 1.l`xyi zecleza zihqipint dktdn oirk dllegy drepzk h"yrad ly
dxiyide ziyi`d ozwifa lgd ,'miizcd miiga xenb oeiey' miypl dzpwd zeciqgd ,ef
zervnà - zixabd zepcnld zty - zixard dtyd meqgn zvixt jxc ,exvgle wicvl
zicedid dy`l zeyx' ozna dlke ,yicii ,miypd ztya dxiyrd zizextqd dxivid
lray zexge`n zexeqna dzlzp ef dqitz 2.'jkl ìd die`x m` ,wicv zbxcnl mb zelrl
zecr y`xa lekiak ecnry ,dzenk zexg` miyp unew lre 'xinceln dlezad' lr dt
izprhl .miwicvd odizinrl geke dlrn zeey zeipgex zebidpn eyniye odlyn miciqg
: qetcl xn`nd zpwzd ly mipey mialya mzxfr lr micicie mizinr xtqnl zecedl ipevxa
zxecdn'a 'oec`d ixac xtq'l mely dipt ly ixard dnebxz z` izeyxl dcinrd xeìl` lgx 'text
dgeexl iptl dgzt jka .zixard dhiqxaipeà dicinlz xear dpiwzdy 'dcear zheih - miipia
ezqxba xtqd xicdn ,xehwec oì x"c .izepaez z` jexr oi`l dxiyrde ,wp`xt awri ly enler z`
eriiq ,'u`xh whie icici oke ,uilkin dpè'b x"c izcinlze ,ezxecdn z` eaeha il gly ,zipletd
ekxck xirde ,cid azk ly micakp miwlg `xw qwh` lèpnr 'text .migqepd ipy zèeyda icia
dpè'b 'xce oltw sqei 'text ,iwqpìpxeh deg 'text ,iwqnxa` oerny 'text .zeliren zexrd rty
iped lwiin xn .uw oi` zeplaqae zeaicpa zeipgxh zel`yl zecneln zeaeyz ewtiq bxapiiee
.ezeyxa eidy mixicpe miaeyg mineqxt il gly sè ,b`xt i`zay lr ibel`pb rcin icil ìvnd
lr mlek eèai .aygn zeira xzt oiel oc x"ce ,miipnxbd miknqnd mebxza eriiq qiie dpxè qenr
.xn`nd jxe`l zexrda iziced zenieqn zecewpa reiq lr .dkxad
A. Rapoport-Albert, On Women in Hasidism, S. A. Horodecky and the Maid of : e`x
Ludmir Tradition, in: A. Rapoport-Albert and S.J. Zipperstein (eds.), Jewish History:
miypd lr' : ixar gqep ; Essays in Honour of Chimen Abramsky, London 1988, pp. 495-525
mihaid : dcre wicv ,(jxer) sq` 'c : jeza ,'xinceln dlezad zxeqne iwvcexed `"y ,zeciqga
.528-496 'nr ,('zeciqga miypd lr' : oldl) `"qyz milyexi ,zeciqgd xwga miizxage miixehqid
.hq-gq 'nr ,b"yz aia`lz ,c ,miciqgde zeciqgd ,iwvcexed `"y
2]
hxal`hxettx dcr
mrta mrt icn dkezn dzlrd ziciqgd drepzdy dxaql mewn yi mpn` ,xn`n ezeà
zetewzl oaiaq efkixy okzii sè ,agxd xeaiva dxkdl ekf miipgexd odizegeky miyp
.(ef dcewpa okxev lk zexexa opi` jk lr zexeqnde - zeciqg e`) miciqg zecr dn
icia drenyd itn dpey`xl enyxpy ,zexge`n zexeqn oze`y i`ceel aexw ,xnelk
.zixehqid zn` ly oirxb lr zeqqean eid ,miipxcen miinnr mipeixehqide mitxbepz`
iciqgd ,elek iqwecezxe`d xfbnd zexxerzd mr ,mixyrd d`nd dptnl cr ,z`f znerl
eqiibl ozipy ,lvepn `l zegek xb`nlk miypl diipta zenelbd zeiexyt`l ,iciqg `lde
xqn lk zixehqidd ziciqgd drepzd dcgii `l ,oeligde divfipxcend ikildza wa`nl
ocnrn zèeydl ibele`ci` rvn lk dyaib `ly i`cee ,xcben xeaivlk miypl dlyn
; dl uegn `le ziciqgd xvgd inegza `l - mixabd cnrnl izxagd e` ikepigd ,izcd
,yicii ze`xewd miypd xeaiv iptl zixard zipeird dzextq ixry z` dgzt `l drepzd
oze`n rnzynd it lr ,daxc` .'zewicv'd miypd zrtezl xykd e` ieaib lk dpzp `le
ìdy ,dkian diihqk drtezd dqtzp 'zinyx'd ziciqgd dbdpdd ibega ,onvr zexeqnd
zaèy ef dpwqn .dtiwz cia d`kecy d`xpe ,zxeqnde rahd ixcq lr mei` zpigaa
lekiak epdiky miyp lr miiniptd miiciqgd zexewnd lk ly znrexd mzwizyn wefig
dneyixl e` drtezl xkf lk xcrdn ,xnelk ,odlyn miciqg zecrl zeipgex zebidpnk
.dizebeqe ditipq lk lr ,dizexecl ziciqgd zextqa
dibele`ci`d geka dligzkln rped df `yep lr zeinewnd zexeqna oiiprdy d`xp
jldna ine`ld diigzd lrtn zexiyl eqiibzpy ,odihwln ly zihqipintzipeivd
z` ziciqgd drepza miypd lr mdi`vnna e`xe ,mixyrd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgnd
zepyxt .mal ixedxdn zipeieeye zxxgyn zizxagzipgex zeycgzd ly dixyan
daebzk ,epinia ycg ibele`ci` xywda zeipeig dpynle dax dvetzl dzkf ef ziznbn
d`nd ly diipyd dzivgn zcner mpniqay ,ipxcend mfipintd ixbz`l zihbelet`
.mixyrd
zxeqna xabl dyi`d oeieey zlily ly xywda izraw xn`n ezeà izeprh z`
èdk dpnn dbxg `l ziciqgd drepzdy zipexwr dlily ,dkxe` lkl zilawde zipaxd
,zhlead ozelirtl dwifa oeivl die`x ìd j` ,driztn dppi` dnvrlyk ef dcaer .df
zexeqna zei`wihqine zeyecw miyp ly ,dxiyr zipepw zextqa ahid zcreznde
lcadd zqitzl zetzey oziy`xn eid dl` zexeqn ixde .cg`k zeinlqende zeixvepd
miypd ipta enqg zezcd yely lka dizeklydy dqitz ,zecdia dawpl xkfd oia ihpe`d
eqtzp ok it lr sè .zizcd dbdpdd zexbqnle dlkydd zecqenl dyibd z`
zelabn lr miipgexd odizegeka elrzdy miypk zeinlqende zeixvepd zei`wihqind
zeixak e` ,mixab zwfga ody miypk ,jk wx .miypk zipind ozedf mvr lr elitè ,opin
zexenk dvxrdl sè dxkdl ekf ,zivx`d ozeipin iyeal z` odilrn exiydy zewwefn
[ 144 ]
[3
llk jxca ,zipindziptebd zedfd zwign .mixabd odizinrl dlrn zeey zeipgex
meiwk qtzpd avnl zelrzdd z` dxyt`y
ìd ,zipind zeyixtde sebd sebiq zervnà
miypd iptl gztp df lelqn .mzernyn lk z` mica`n mipind ilcad eay ,sexv ipgex
`l zizcd ozxeqny ,zeicedid odizeig` ipta lrpp j` ,m`lqàe zexvpa zei`wihqind
s` ixdy) dnvr zedel`d inegza `l elit` ,zipin dpgad ilehp meiw ixeyina dxikd
zipind mzedf lehia zpigaa aexl eppi` zilawd zedel`d zqitza dawpde xkfd cegii
avn - 3zeipibexcp` ly avna xkfa dawpd zellkzdk qtzp èdyk `l elit` ,zlcapd
z` mirhn dawpd lye xkfd ly mcegii ,daxc` .ipinl` e` ipinlr `le ipinec èdy
lka micedi mi`wihqine mipcnl ibega mpn` .(ezernyn z` epnn aèye mdipia lcadd
miiziira - mirvn`lk zipind zeyixtle sebd itebiql zg` `l mixabd ewwfp zetewzd
mdyk ,zib`nd e` zipgexd ,zilèhwlhpi`d mzelirt meciwl - miqepne miweca j`
ozeyixte ozeptbq ,z`f znerl .'dxdh'e 'dyecw' iavnk excbedy miavna miiexy
drahn dlqtp s` `l` liawn izc jxr zlrak dqtzp `ly cala ef `l miyp ly zipind
dìxad ixcq lr xrxrl ick da yiy zpkeqn zinvr dily`k e` zixwy mipt zefgk
,ivx`diptebd oneiw xeyinl oze` ewzix miypd ly izcd xqend ikxr .cg`k dxagde
E. R. Wolfson, Circle in the Square, Albany, NY 1995, pp. 79-121; idem, : e`x ef dqitzl
Constr uctions of the Shekhinah in the Messianic Theosophy of Abraham Cardoso
With an Annotated Edition of Der ush ha-Shekhinah, Kabbalah - Journal for the Study
of Jewish Mystical Texts, 3 (1998), pp. 11-91; idem, The Engenderment of Messianic
Politics: Symbolic Significance of Sabbatai Sevis Coronation, in P. Schafer

and M.
Cohen (eds.), Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to Waco,
'nr ,my ,df oiipra miwqerd eiazk x`yl zeitxbeilaiad eizeiptde ,Leiden 1998, pp. 203-258
èd jke ,i`nvrd ihpe`d dcnrn lehia z` xkfa dawpd zellkzda dèx oeqtlee .27 dxrd ,212
ec ipibexcp`d avnd zeida ,iziira dpeibdy dqitz - ixhpvexcp`k ipibexcp`d beeifd z` qtez
lhep dawpd ly i`nvrd dneiw lehia ,oeibidd zcin it lr ,ok`y dcen èd .ezxcbd mvrn ipin
,ezprhl ,ok it lr s` .mipind oia dpgadd mvr lehia èd dyrnl ernyne ,ecegii z` xkfd on s`
dlha dawpdy ,zixkfd zeipibexcp`d byen ly dlawa ilèhqwhd eneiw zcaer z` yigkdl oi`
.82-80 'nr ,153 dxrd ,61-60 'nr ,my ,'dpikyd ly zeivwexhqpew' : e`x .lha eppi` ède ,ekeza
ipind giyd ly dwihwlìcd - "giyn zrcl" ' ,miiwl` '` : e`x ,oeqtlee lr zebyde ef dl`ya oeic
mpn` .666-662 'nr ,('giyn zrcl' : oldl) (e"pyz) dq ,uiaxz ,'izfrd ozp ly zigiynd ezebda
da oi`y ,zipinl` zeyik ,ipgexd e` ,idel`d qepibexcp`d zqitzl micd dlawa mb `ven miiwl`
xn`n ìan èd .minecwd mi`wihqepbde ,qele`t ,oelit iazka qtzp èdy itk ,dawp `le xkf `l
dcedi oa cecl dptne ,mipind oia dpgadl xarn èdy ipibexcp` ipgex beeif epnn rnzyny xdef
iwnr'a dlhand ìal oerny 'xle ,xzk zxitqa oitevxtecd oiay dpgadd z` wlqnd ,ciqgd
èdy ,seq oià dieedd yxey zqitzn xac ly eteqa milylzyn dl` migeqipy dnec j` .'oi`d
,ef dbxcna elit`y o`kn .geka ekeza miniiw cexitde dpgadd ik m` ,cexite dpgad lekl lrn
mb e`x .dìxad ikildz ziy`xa lretd l` `vei ède ,lreta `l m` geka miiw mipind oia aehiwd
.62-59 'nr ,my ,mipind zcxtdl mcew alyk zelird zlir z` efecxw zqitza oeqtlee ly epeic
[ 145 ]
4]
hxal`hxettx dcr
dgeka did sè ,e`xap dnyl ixdy ,zilkza zinihiblk dqtzp df xeyina ozelirte
eid m` elit` ,jkn d`vezk .mixabd ly zipgexde zilèhwlhpi`d mz`xnd z` xyt`l
zxeqnd ,mixiyr gex iigl ekfe zeihqin zeieeg eegy zeicedi miyp zixehqidd zeìvna
dvetzl ekf `le icnl minezq mwlgy ,mihrn mixekf` calne ,oda dxikd `l zicedid
5
.odizeieegle odl izextq xkf dxniy `l hrnk 4,qetca dagx
iav izay ly ezenc aiaq zihqindzigiynd zexxerzdd zxiihvn df rwx lr `weec
dize`yepk ,drepzd zexyank miypl zcgiin ìdy mewnd zpigan dbixgk
yi mpn` .dizexeaibk s` micg` mixwnae ,dzxeyal xcben crildwk ,dizencwne
zeiznbnd sè ,jk lr zeiecrd ly ixhpnbxtd oiite` oeiva cin mixacd z` biiql
,ze`zayl miypd zwif ly xzi znrhda ociygdl ick da yiy ,odn zeax ly zpierd
dwifd mvr ixdy .dilirt ly miite` z` yitkdle drepzd jxra lflfl zpn lr z`fe
,ipcnldipaxd mikxrd mlern ze`zayd ly dwegix lr dxe`kl cnln miypl zcgeind
it lr s` .zeixr ixcb zvixtl ,eil`n oaenk llk jxca qtzpd ,fnx meyn da yi sè
mrt i` evava ok` m`y dpwqnl ,eizeirae eizelabn lk lr ,miiwd cerizd jilen ok
,mdylk micedi mi`wihqin ibega zipktdn 'zihqipint' dibele`ci` ly dipvip
dxewna dpefipy ,ef dibele`ci` mpn` 6.zih"yrad zeciqga `le evava ze`zaya
.b wxt oldl e`x
e` zi`fext ,zipteb dlert lk jetdl dieyrd ,zipgexd dibxp`d zl`ya oecl mewnd o`k `l
.zeinyxd zcd zexbqnl uegn s` dxiyr zipgex dieegl ,zihxtd dlitzd z` mb oaenke ,zilèhix
ex`yp dl` miigy `l` ,zexecd lka zeicedi miyp ly gexd iig z` dqpxR ef zexyt`y gipdl yi
zeyixtd ,z`f znerl .xzeia lc izextqd e` ianetd mneyixe ,zeihxt zeieeg xcba llk jxca
mdicecp ly `vei lretk ,milaewn e` minkg icinlz ly mdizeyp lr zg` `l dztkpy zipind
meciw myl mnvr lr elaiwy ziptbqd zrnynd ly e` mcenil ikxevl odilra ly mikyennd
lr xezieel ozepekp lr dxkda `l` ogxek lr zeyextd miypd z` dzkif `l ,miipgexd mdizegek
miipgexd ,miilèhwlhpi`d mil`ci`d znybd ornl zinvr daxwd zpigaa èdy xezie - 'ozper'
xn`n .izc jxr lk zlleyn dziid dnvrl ìdyk odly ozeyixt eliè ,mixabd icia miixqend e`
A. Rapoport-Albert, Why did Women Play No : e`x ,dagxd xzia dl` mipiipra wqerd
4
5
Part in the Jewish Mystical Tradition?, Female Bodies - Male Souls: Women and Jewish
.(dpkda) Mysticism
z` izàd (498-497 'nr : ixar gqep ; 496-495 'nr : ilbp` gqep) 'zeciqga miypd lr' ixn`na
,'zigiyn'de 'zixezqn'd ,'ziybx'd zecdid zxeqn jeza zeciqgd z` raewd ,iwvcexed ixac
on xzei ozaiaq lr ritydle hlazdl odl dxytè
,miypd ly oall cinzne f`n lekiak dxaicy
xywda .miypd rahl dxf okle ,dxwirn zipzlkyk qtez èd dze`y ,'zinyx'd zecdia laewnd
miyp eid day ziìav i`zayd zigiynd drepza lecb wlg dgwl'y ink 'dicedid' z` x`zn èd df
oia .(gq 'nr ,2 dxrd lirl) 'dnevr dzid ozrtyde z`fd drepzd y`xa mb ecnry dl`k zeicedi
lr zeax zeiecr ly oneiw z` izpiiv mpn` .ef ezriawn mb izbiizqd ,iwvcexed lr izebyd x`y
igiyne ièap cnn qgei odn zg`l zegtly - iav izay ly eizeyp lr ,ze`zaya zeàpzn miyp
zeawra j` .(oldl z`f lk lr e`xe) wp`xt awri ly zigiynd ekxc zkiynneza lr sè ,dlyn
[ 146 ]
[5
`ln iehia icil dribd `l ,zeihpze` zeilaw zexezne zenecw zeigiyn zexeqnn
ze`zayd dktdyn .zxzgnl dzcixi mr dpeepzde ze`zayd dlvtzdy cr yaebne
zeiexyt`d evnzp ,zihqihxwpiqe zi`yg zizzik drtezl mipend ztgeq drepzn
mikxca ,miypd cnrn ly zycegnd dkxrdd df llkae ,da zenelb eidy zeipktdnd
oherine ,zegeha zeipxny zecnrl zizbxcd dbiqpl eliaed oaex ; zepeyne zepey
ozip ,z`f mr .dizecqene zicedid dxagd zexbqnl uegn l` i`yga e` ielba ewigxd
dialya cer eezedy dlert iaizpe daygn ipeeika dl` zeipktdn zeiexyt` zedfl oiicr
.mixge`nd dialya mb da lblbzdl etiqede ,drepzd ly mipey`xd
df enqxtzpe ,zereci olekk oaex - zeixwird zeiecrd z` fkxl dqp` oldly mixaca
drepza miyp ly dlirtd zeaxernd lr - miwdaen ze`zay ixweg ly mdiazka xakn
zqitz z` dkezn xfgyl zeqple ,miipeirxde miixehqidd dixywd lr zedzl ,zi`zayd
.ze`zaya zynnznd dle`bd oefga dycgzpy miypd cnrn
ze`zaya miyp zèap .a

zexewna .zi`zayd dèapd iieliba zeax miyp ly dlirtd ozetzzyda wtq lihdl oi`
ezeigiyn lr zeàpznke zepeifg zefegk miypd zexèzn ,df z` df mixy`nd ,mipey
ilecb zqitz oiae dl` miyp ly ozeìap oia licadl yi mpn` .iav izay ly
.izfrd ozp wdaend i`zayd ìapd oebk ,diìapk zi`zayd dlawd ly mipwihxeìzd
,zipend dèap zeievxtzd ly mixywda zeriten miypd zeàpzdl zeieqgiizdd ziaxn
diiqelke` zeaky oze` `weec ,xnelk ,miclie zevx` inr mixab mb dl mitzeyy
7
.odylk zizc dxeya e` zièap dxez iielib oial opia melk `le oi` mpewizk miniay
,dhlwp `l ,mpenda miàpznd x`y lk zèapk ,miypd zèapy xexa ,dl` zeaiqpa
icil dribd `l llk miax mixwnay xiaqe ,dxecq zipeir dxezk ,dxnzyp `ly i`cee
e` zeadlp zeìxw zxcq lr zipkn dxfgk zxèzn ìdy yi .hedxe iyi` ilelin iehia
miyeg ocaà mìyl miribnd miihhqw` miavnk zxiihvn ìdy yie ,`xwn iweqt
`yepl yxcp ik m` ,zi`zayd drepza miypd ly ociwtz zeaiygn hirndl dhpy ,mely myxb
dkitdl hlea oniq' ea `vn sè ,eilr zeiecrd ixwir z` mda fkix ,eixwgna zenewn dnka
f"iyz aia`lz ,eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay ,mely 'b) 'oyi mler ixcq ly zigiynd
,341 'nr ,10 dxrd ,222 ,146 'nr ,my ,eizepgad mr eeyde ,327-326 'nr ,[iav izay : oldl]
.ze`zaya miypd cnrn ly dycge zicegii dqitzl izernyn iehia drteza izi`x `l oiicr ,(cere
aey oiivne ,dl` mixywda miyp ly dèap iielib lr geecnd ,yhxetyy awri qtzp df oiiprl
miyp' lr `le ,cala l`xyi uxàe ,minkg lr dxey dziid ,zn` zèap ef dziid eli`y ,aeye
.19-14 zexrd aiaq oldl e`x .'ux`l ueg'ae ,'miphwe
[ 147 ]
6]
hxal`hxettx dcr
j` zpiere zizxewia ezecry ,opew qnez icpledd xnekd x`zn ,lynl ,jk 8.xenb
: e"kz zah 'ha xinfi` icedi z` sgqy zipendd dèapd lb z` 9,dpnidn
.zeèapa riizqdl did gxkdd on [iav izay ly] eaih lr lkd ecnri ornl
,miyp mdne miyp` mdn ,miìap ly ax xtqn zr dze` elbzp jk myl mpnè
,dcre mr law epibtd sè eprh elld .micli sè ,zenlr mdne minlr mdn
ony s` ,xaca micedid epin`d dn cr oneì `l .dèap gex mdilr dglvy
lkd jqa .lad ihethte zeiliee` zeiellezyd `l` e`vi `l zenecnd zeèapd
,uxàe minya lawzp dzr xak ,epgiyn iav izay mkg igi' zeìxw wx ernyp
miyp` ly lecbd mxtqn z` micedid e`xyn [... ] 'dxhrd lawl dkf mb dpde
ipfe` ena izrny oke - `ln dta exn` ,dèapa mci eglyy minxfde mipind lkn
xne` myy 10,hk-gk : a lèi zèap xac z`lnl zrd dribd ik - mrt `l
mkipa eàpe xya lk lr igex z` jety` okixg` dide' : ìapd cia midel`d
11
.'ebe 'mkizpae
zipendd mzeàpzda micedidy oiivne ,lèi ly minid zixg` oefg z` hhvn opew
lr' midel` gex zgilv ,okè 12.'ycewd iazkl elld zeèapd z` mb mi`zdl elikyd'
da zynnzn ,xinfià zigiynzièapd zevxtzdd lr dyxcpy ,lèia 'xya lk
jk .'zegtyd lre micard lr' sè ,mi`libd lk lr ,mipind ipy lr dlg ìde ,dpeylk
miazk hwil ,'fiila ayiy inlt ,ieb siwyn ly ezxbià dl` mirexi` lr xteqn ynn
zeceq ielibl e` xceqn izextq yeaibl' ribd `ly dnM ozkxrde ,jk lr zeiecr ly xiyr xgan 8
izay ,mely : e`x ,'yaebn okez `ll zexxerzd ly mxf' zpigaa did `l` 'dlawd mler ly miycg
,my : e`x ,evix`n jexa ici lr xnzypy ,df beqn dèap ly mly gqep .344-338 ,299 'nr ,iav
,dl` dèap zertez ly ibeletexzpèkiqt gezipl .26-23 zexrd aiaq oldl eeyd la` .342 'nr
Y. Bilu, Dybbuk and Maggid: Two Cultural Patterns of : e`x ,miypl ozwifa cegiia
'nr cegiiae ,Altered Consciousness in Judaism, AJS Review, XXI (1996), pp. 341-366
366-362
zeitiv ,opew q`nez ,èan ,oltw 'i ; 314-313 'nr ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,opew ly ezecr zkxrdl 9
,ilèny 'è xia`b`l `"` : zicpledn mebxz ,iav izay ly ezenca elbzdy itk micedid ly èey
.21-16 'nr ,(èey zeitiv : oldl) g"pyz milyexi ,oltw 'i : zexrde èan
z` jety` ok ixg` dide' : 2-1 b lèia xaecnd ,zixard dxeqna miweqtde miwxtd zwelg it lr 10
mkixega ,oenlgi
mkipwf ,mkizpae
mkipa eàpe ,xya lk lr igex
lr mbe .e`xi zepifg
zenlg
.'igex z` jety` dndd minia zegtyd lre micard
zextqa xak igiynd ocird ixeìza daxd miyxcp dl` miweqt .59-58 'nr ,èey zeitiv ,opew 11
.cere cere ,ci ,c ,my ; ì ,a x"ki` ; e dyxt seq ,x"c ; eh dyxt seq ,x"cna ,lynl ,e`x .l"fg
miixplin mibega s` .350 'nr ,b"yz milyexi ,dle`b iyxcn ,(xicdn) lènyoa` 'i : mb e`x
.206 dxrd oldl e`x .miyp zèap ly mixywda cegiia ,dl` miweqta ynzydl eaxd miixvep
.58 'nr ,my ,opew 12
[ 148 ]
[7
liv`l ziztxva mdilr geeice ,xinfi`n - mixkpe micedi - dii`x icr ly mipey
oaex ,xinfi`n zeìapd lyn zecg` zeèap'l qgiizd eizexbi`n zgà .eirceinn
dàpny zg` dphw dcli yie .ycewd iazkn miweqtn zeakxen oleke ,zixara
: geeic ok enk .'zicxtqa
melk `le zxkef dpi`y dxn` xgè ,dèapd gex dilr dgp ,zixvep dgty elit`
el dxn` ìde ,gexd z` dpnn yxbl zpn lr xnek à z`f lkae .dxaicy dnn
xgè .giynd èd iav izay oec`dye ,mikxezde mixvepd ly mdipta secib ixac
zeax jke ; dala dlecb y` dyibxd la` ,melk dxn`y jka dxtk jk
13
.'exaicy dnn melk `le zexkef opi` ,dpibpd ilk lew wqtpy ixg` ,epizeìapn
,'xinfi`n miazk' lr jnzqda .z`f lk zexy`n yhxetyy awri hwily zeiecrd mb
mlke my ecnr ,zewepize miypè miyp ,zeìape miìap miz`nn xzei' lr geecn èd
eixg` xdxdnd lke cec oa giyn èd i"av i"`zayy ,ozp zèap it lr eàpzp cg` dt
inltd iebd d`xy zxbi` dze` dziid eipir cbpl s`y d`xp 14.'a"derdn ewlg ca`
xrp zwepize wepiz dy` ,xinfià miàpd miìap lag' ezeà oecl ay èd .lirl xkfpd
miyp ,miyaid mivrd lr repl dklde dpyc z` dèapd dlcge' : mrfa siqene ,'dxrpe
dn dz`xy dieb dgty lr cirnd xinfi`n ày '` azk izi`x ip` ik ,micare miphwe
mb dèx ,opewk 15.'miphwe miyp zèap [ok mb] k"b dniiwe ,l`xyi inkg e`x `ly
i`pza zecner opi`y lr oze` lqet ède ,xwye lad ixac dl` zeèapa yhxetyy
miiwne ,dl oken izlaae [ux`l uega] l"ga z`vnp dèapd oi`' : l"fg erawy dèapd
did ie`x ,exn` 17ohw crenae 16,xiyre xeab mkg lr `l` dxey dèap oi` ,l"fx ixac
dxeg zeàpznd miypd zrtezy xexa 18.'el dnxb laay `l` dpiky eilr dxyzy epiax
: dze` riwene ay ède ,xzeia el
zay ,ilaa it lr] zeap gexa zeàpzdl zn`d zvignn z`veid gex sq` in ik
oiè dxeab oiè dnkg oiè dèapd i`pz lkn zelleynd miypd `l m` [a"r hnw
"oezr" ' ,(wiic `l mday zenewna ,milw miiepiy dnka) ileky` f"` ly ixard enebxz jezn
,bxeapic xtq ,(mikxer) daey 'ne onheb 'i ,xra 'i : jeza ,'iav izay zrepz zece` lr ixcplt
.227 'nra iztxvd xewnde ,234 'nr ,h"yz milyexi
,(iav laep zviv : oldl) c"iyz milyexi ,iayz 'i zxecdn ,iav laep zviv xtq ,yhxetyy awri
.60 'nr
.148-147 'nr ,my
: `"r gl mixcp oke ,'dnew lrae xiyre xeab mkg lr `l` dxey dpikyd oi`' : `"r av zay ,ilaa
.'eipre mkge xiyre xeab lr `l` ezpiky dxyn d"awd oi`'
.`"r dk ohw cren ,ilaa
.471 'nr ,iav laep zviv ,yhxetyy
[ 149 ]
13
14
15
16
17
18
8]
hxal`hxettx dcr
,giynl max my z` xikfdl dlitpe drixka dprxkz .dxdehn `l uxà zexiyr

eizevxte cec xir iriwa zeciga ze`xl zwepize wepizl dprwaz dpgltz odiclie
ezxev mièxd miìap lag dnke dnk dpglyz odilage .m"kln ly eci lr miwdl
zekln epze mewn ept : mifixkne micner minyd àv lke i"riay riwxa dwewg
`xkecc `xhqn wgxd cbpn dèape dyecw gexd dl jlze [... ] oekixnl xwie axe
19
.àx `nedzc àwepe àwepc `xhql
zip`n'zerd zexqiwd iagxa mixg` miicedi miaeyiil xinfi`n xdn dhytzd drtezd
: dl xarn sè
q"icexae [Chios] e"ìyae xinfià zeìape miìap dnk elry dn caln
micli ux`d zetpk rax`n ,axrnae [Morea] dìxenae f"pkyàe [Rhodos]
mitlrzn ux`l eltpy xg` lecb lewa miwrev '` dt mlek ,zepwfe mipwf ,zeclie
giynd ède izin`d lèbd èd i"av i"zay : mixneè ze`xepe zelecb zeèapa
20
.`pihphqpewa zeìape miìap w"z e`vi df oepbqae .'ebe daexw dreyide epwcv
- el mirecid miàpznd ly mdizenya awep sè ,eizepexkifa z`f xy`n evix`n jexa
: algae xinfià - miyp mzivgnky
etilga 'pihp`hqewa ,xinfià miphwe miype miyp` daxdl dèapd dà jk xgè
iwl` giyn iav izay mixneè micirn ,mlek ita '` dprne ,mixg` zenewne
miltepe ,dlecb dncxz mdilr à .mdd minia dà dzidy dèapd xac dfe .awri
mpi` mdizeztye mditn gex `vei dry ivg enk xgè [... ] mizn enk ux`l
giyn iav izay ,mixne` mleke ,`zngpc iweqt ,`xnfc iweqt mixneè ,zerp
,mditpka dèap gexe mzvignn ze`vei miyp mizye zg` dpde' : 162 'nr ,my mb oke .96 'nr ,my 19
minyde ux`d oia dèapd zcine zti` z` z`yl `zeciqgc ilina ,dciqgd itpkk mitpk mdle
,zeàpznd inr zepal ipt miyè .xrpy uxà zia dl zepal ,`nhnd minrd zevx` xieà
miheye zwepize wepiz caln ,'d xac mzè ,mze` 'd gex xxv ,mdicba spka zezqk ixtznle
ayei zxne` z`fe ,mipezgze mipeilra jlen epriyen epklny xne` df : efgi icy dfgna ,mihiand
izi`x m` ik xac` `nfeb jxc `l [...] mipzep ey`xae mdixzk exiqd miklnd lke riwxa e`qk lr
mzpkda l`xyi inkg ekf `le e`x `ly dn ,dxdehn `l ytpa ,dieb dgty dz`x ,zxne`d zxb`
,xya lk lr igex jetyà eniiwzp lèi ly eizeèap mè .dxwi ytp mytpe ,zizecnde zilkyd
yi` lr egex z` ozi ik .dxdp rtez mdilre ,eiìxil eceakn welgle gexd on liv`dl del` lièi
zegepn e`vn zepp`y miyp ik .dxryd ipwf lirnk ehrie zyea eyali z`f lr ,dxrpe xrp ,dyè
zeyalzne ycw icbaa zeynzyne ,dxebge dxer heicd icba heytl zeghea zepae ,zegekp xacl
,miygn dawp ly dgkn miyzip miyyeazne miyea miyecw miyi` zwdle [...] xe` zepzk iyeala
.'dxeya mei meide
.182 'nr ,my mb oke .156 'nr ,my 20
[ 150 ]
[9
xira .exn`y dne eyry dn erci `le mdilbx lr micner k"gè .awri iwl`
: zenya eawp xy` dl` mkezae ,miìap miyinge d`nn xzei eàpzp xinfi`
awri ly ezy` ,dpèe ly ezy` ,dìpit awri ly ezy` 21,eppec` ly ezy`
,ihpit lìpc mkgd ,dètw awri ly ezy` ,dhqpiepia awri ly ezy` ,ep`xq
lèny ,ehilxen ryedi ,oiqpile lìpc [epxen ceak oa] x"nka dnly ,ield sqei
ly miìapd zeny dlè .[cg`] '` mezi ,xeipiqpea dil` ,inty dyn ,epènea
,eciipl aeh mei ly ezy` ,ehpit lìpc ,ih`lb dyn ,odkd diryi 'x : etilg
miìap mixyr cr mixgè ,oennh mdxa` axd ly eza ,igxfn miqp axd ly ezy`
22
.zeìape
: azekd 23,xfer oa ail ly mrtpd exeìz it lr mb jk
rahd jxcl ueg eidye mdd minia erxi`y milecb xzeid miyrnd on cg` edfe
mlerd zìxal e"kz mitl` 'd zpya ik .iav izaya dlecbd dpen`d zaq eid mde
mbe letepihphypewae ,`pxiny ìdy xinfià ,zenewnd lka rxi` zah ycga
mixega ,miypè miyp ,mitl`le ze`nl miìap enwy ,iwipelyae letepìxcà
lke ,xdefd oeyla mbe ycwd oeyla eàpzd mlek ,miphw micli elitè zelezae
miltep eid : did df jke .xdefd oeyla oky lk `le ycwd oeyla ze` erci `l dl`
oeyla mixneè miqkxtn eide mditn `vi svw ,dtkpd ilega ewly ink ux`l
epeyla cg` lk ,mlekl dlerd oepbqde ,mipipr daxda dlawa zeceq ycwd
uxàe minya ezekln dlbp epigiyn epikln eppec` iav izay : jk did ,zcgeind
zipelte ìapl did ipelty `l` rnyp `le [... ] minyd on zeklnd xzk lawe
ixacn dlerd j` ,jk eàp dlè jk eàp dl` ,miìap xag did dte ,dìapl dzid
24
.eply wcv lèbe giynd èd iav izay ik did mlek
.58-52 zexrd aiaq oldl e`x .iav izay ly ,diifpky`d ,ziyilyd ezy` ,dxyl dpeekd
b"rxz oilxa ,iav izay ipipr ,(xicdn) op`niixt '` : jeza ,'l`xyi zial oexkf' ,evix`n jexa
.50-49 'nr ,(iav izay ipipr : oldl)
,(iav izay oet bpeaiixya) iav izay iyrn xetiq ,xfer x"a ail xeaigl eèana xicdnd ixac e`x
lr riavn èd my ,fi-ci 'nr ,(xetiq ,xfer oa ail : oldl) 1978 milyexi ,xfy onlf zxecdn
xtqa llky ,ocnr awri ly eziihp z` oiivne ,zerxe`nd i`ltn xfer oa ail ly dpkd ezennezyd
meyn ezecr z` oznle xagnd zeadlzd z` opvl ,df xeaig ly zxvewn dqxb ely ze`pwd zxez
ehetiy z` lawnd (1 dxrd ,344 'nr ,` ,iav izay) mely : mb e`xe .'`nfebk mi`xp eixac zvw'y
.ocnr ly
yi'y dricid z` zellekd ,drtezd zehytzd lr zetqep zeiecrl .54-53 'nr ,my ,xfer oa ail
oaxeg z` zg` dìape ìapd ozp exyia dfray oke ,'zeìap raxè [...] miìap mixyr etilà meid
,'e"kz zpya zi`zayd drepzd lr dilhi`n zeniyx' ,mely 'b : e`x ,'dyecwd ux`'a 'zearez'd lk
,496-495 'nr ,(ze`zay ixwgn : oldl) a"pyz aia`lz ,qail 'i xicdd ,ze`zay ixwgn
[ 151 ]
21
22
23
24
10 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
aigxn ocnr awrie 25,'azkd lr elred mdizeèap ixacn daxd'y oiivn xfer oa ail
: dl` zeèap ly 26ilawd opkez z` `weec mirhne ,df oiipra
f` eaxzdy zeìape miìapd iyrnn cegia qetcae miazka mlera mqxtzp xake
ux`l eltp mlern xtq erci `l xy` miype miyp` ,xire xira ,ìiwxeh uxà
mze` oiyxtne ,xdef ixn`n dnk xnel eligzde [olvil `pngx] l"x dtkp ilega
eazkpy erciy ,zn` iyp` ,mixtqnd exnè .zewenr zeceqe dlawd ikxca
27
.dlawa zeceq oibea oitl` zxyrn xzei oditn
zepin`n miyp ezeclia d`xy ,iav mkgd ,eia` zecr z` ocnr xqen mixacd jyndae
miirahlr zegeka d`ln dhily ianeta zepibtn - milaewnd jxck - oal zeyeal
: mi`lten
izayd] u"ayd onfa cli didy l"f oe`bd [ixen ia`] n"` epl xtq z`fn dlecbe
eyialde ,oiwifn bexdl dklp ,zexne` eidy miyp f` ze`vnp eidy cirde ,[iav
dpd zg` ,xieà [z]'eheytd mdicia dàde dkled eyre ,mipal ozyt ilka onvr
ekty mdicia el`k ,mdicbaa xie`d on aexl mc elawe dlnyd eyxte ,dpd zgè
zg` dyè .dhigya dyrpy mc geliwk d`xp xie`d mexa dhyed i"r daxd mc
zeyextd dicia xie`d on dhlwe .[ocr ob] r"b gix el ozè dvexd in ,dxn`
28
.dvxy inl c`n axr gix dpzpe ,dninyd
zbxeg ,ezèapl dtzeyk zbvene izfrd ozp cvl ef dniyxa zipnpd ,dfrn dìap dze` .505-504
,505 'nr ,my) dax ziyi` al zneyz dxxery dnece ,zipendd zeàpzdd zrtez xcbn d`xpd lkk
qtcpy ilbp` qxhpewa driten ,alg ìd ,etilà zeìape miìap lr ztqep drici .(58 dxrd
Know, That : e"kz elqk f"ia xidwl dfrn dglypy zxbi` lr qqean ède 1666a oecpela
Letters are come hither from Aleppo and Damascus, which give us good News, That in
'n : jeza hhevn .Aleppo are discovered Twenty Prophets men, and as many women
-i"yz) fi-eh ,oeiv ,'e"kz-d"kz zepya zi`zayd drepzd lr miilbp` miqxhpew 'c' ,iwqplie
.166-165 'nr ,(a"iyz
.57 'nr ,my ,xfer oa ail
,xdefd oeyla miypd zeàpzd lr zericid zeznà wtwt (1 dxrd ,344 'nr ,iav izay) mely
,mixg` zexewn lr df oiipra jnzqn ocnry d`xp la` .dfxtdl xfer oa ail ly eziihpl oqgiie
eixacl jtep o`k siqen èd ,(21 dxrd ,xetiq) xfer oa ail ixac ceaira eznbnl cebipa ixdy
m`zt rzta rcn izla 'iypè zegty miphw dnk'y ebieex mdxa` oiivn eizeniyxa .mpznl mewna
.'l`xyi iwl` giyn iav i`zay ,exn` mxeac seqa mleke ,dlawe milecb mixac exnè ux`l eltp
,(mikxer) edipa 'ne iavoa 'i : jeza ,'ebieex mdxa` iax ly eqwpta iav izay ipiipr' ,dpf 'i : e`x
.hn 'nr ,(xfy xtq : oldl) k"yz milyexi ,dpy miray el ze`lna xfy onlf xeìpyl laeid xtq
.9 'nr ,(ze`pwd zxez : oldl) l"xz aeal ,ze`pwd zxez z`f ,ocnr awri
mcd 'zlaw' oke ,xieeà 'dzàd'e dnecnd oikqd 'zkled') ipkhd gepind sè ,oald yeald .my ,my
lecbd odekd ly dceard xcqn miae`y miypd icia oiwifnd zbixd xeìza (dhigyd dyrn zrya
[ 152 ]
25
26
27
28
[ 11
miyp oia ef dtewza uetp ,dlebq icigi milaewn ly mzlgpl aygpy ,'edil` ielib' s`
mirexi`d lr zeiztxvd eizeniyxa geeicy ,ieb inlt siwyn eze` 29.cg`k mixabe
ìdy mdil` zazek ,m`cxhqnà digè dn`y zg` dy`' lr lynl xqen ,xinfià
.edil` eny z` `xwze ,mdl clei oay mdl xyiae ,ìapd edil` ici lr ecwtp dlrae
xcgde ,mdizeny z` ixnbl riced `ly miyi` ipy ziela diptl d`xpe xfg dcild meia
lr geecn opew s` 30.'ea didy xe`d xdef llba ea x`ydl yi` leki `l exyazp eay
: miypl edil` iielib
edil` z` dz`x ik dxnè ,d`xna cakzdle dpey`xd zeidl dzkf zg` dicedi
dy` dtxhvp cin .dxizi zeaiyg jkl dqgiia mixg`l jk lr dxtiq sè ,dnelga
dlhp `l eiykr cry ,cg` icedi ly dpky .uiwda eze` dz`xy dxtiqe zxg`
dpnn ywiay ,cg` ipr yi` zay axra dybty el dxtiq ,df mitewwgyna wlg
df didy mdidel` mya zrayp ìde ,df ipr dz`x `l mlerly dcird ìd .dacp
31
.edil`
dpyn ,m"anxd : lynl) dhigy zekldne ,(a"r-`"r q ,`"r hn `nei ,ilaa ,lynl) mixetikd meia
dpè'b x"cl izcez .ef divìveq` xxerl ecrepy dnece ,(ì ,b ; h-f ,a dhigy zekld ,dxez
,zexewn dnka iav izayl dqgei etebn 'ocr ob gix' ztcd .jkl ial zneyz z` dxirdy bxapiiee
.uiwda el elbpy - awrie wgvi ,mdxa` - zea`d icia onya ezgiynn xacd rap eixac it lre
ozp lr mb .549 'nr ,a ; 112-111 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely ; 86-85 'nr ,èey zeitiv ,opew : e`x
eze`n `vei did' gix ezeè ,epnn scp ' 'd ekxa xy` dcy gixk c`n myeane aeh gix'y ,xn`p ìapd
'nr ,[22 dxrd lirl] 'l`xyi zial oexkf' ,evix`n jexa) 'ozp iaxa dày zipgex dyecw ly uevip
dxrd ,793 'nr ,a ,my ,mely : e`x ,ezlitz zrya ozp ly excgn scpy gixd lr xg` xewnl .(47
,xn`p i"x`d lr xake ,ze`zaya mixg` miigiyn miìap dnkl mb dqgei mtebn aeh gix ztcd .4
ryil`l ef dpekz qgiind ,(`"r cn ,glya ,a"g) xdefd zeawra z`fe ,'ezhinn dler ocr ob gix'y
miypd zhily .157 'nr ,f"kyz milyexi ,edipa 'n zxecdn ,i"x`d zeclez xtq ,lynl e`x .ìapd
lkl eze` zewtqn od dzr eliè ,dlebq icigi ly mzlgp ède dyecwa exewny ,'ocr ob gix' lr
zepaxwk mixiihvnd ,oiwifn ly zilèhixd mzhigya d`nehd zegek z` qiadl ozleki oke ,yxec
ezecra dxnzypy itk elit` ,miypd oze` zqitz z` zetwyn ,dxry dngln miaiyn mpiè
ly xywda d`xpd lkk z`fe ,dnrhn zelrete dyecwd geka zerpenk
,iav mkgd ly zpierd

zeqtzp mzqd on eid xg` xywda .igiynd ocird qext mr mzritye dyecwd zegek zexabzd
.zerbeynk e` zetyknk
myxb dxicbdy itk ,zilawd zxeqna edil` ielib zrtez oia miiwl` mdxa` ly ezpgad z` e`x 29
oial - zizxeqnd zizcd zeknql zihqind dieegd oia gxkda xvepd gznd ietixl irvn`k - mely
ède ,zizxeqnd zizcd zeknqd on xexgyl dxizg `weec dèx èd eay ,ze`zaya edil` ielib
xwgl zr azk - dlaw ,'iav izay ly yecwd xdefd' ,miiwl` '` .zihqinepihp` dieegk exicbn
zlgpl ezkitd - ze`zaya edil` ielib 'zlfed' .370 'nr ,(g"pyz) 3 ,zicedid dwihqind iazk
.drtez dze` ly sqep haidk yxtzdl dieyr - miypd zlgpl cegiia ileè elitè ,miaxd
.228 'nra iztxvd xewnde ,236-235 'nr ,(13 dxrd lirl) 'oezr' ,ileky` 30
zxez) ocnr lye (68 'nr ,xetiq) xfer oa ail ly ze`qxbd mb e`xe .71 'nr ,èey zeitiv ,opew 31
[ 153 ]
12 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
aile ,ax iplnrez gek odl dpwd ,'rahd jxcl ueg' ody ,dl` zertez ly iqpd cnnd
ozelbzd mvry d`xp ,ok` 32.'iav izaya dlecbd dpen`d zaq' z` xaca d`x xfer oa
bixg did ,xdefd ly zinxàe ycewd oeyla elit` eàpzdy mb dn ,zeìapk miypd ly
zg` `l eyniy jk .ozèap zEzn`l dgked da ze`xl `l` did ozip `ly jk ick cr
mze` z` dzEznà rpkyl egilvde ,zigiynd dxeyad ly xzeia zeliri zeiplnrez
izay ly ezeigiynl yxetna ecbpzd elitè ,zepwtqa dligzkln eqgiizdy mixabd
xiabd ly eizepa lr lynl xteqn ,df z` df minilyne mixy`nd ,zexewn dnka .iav
cr 33,miwdaend eicbpzn mr dpnpe iav izaya xtky in ,ìipt miig ixinfi`d
: ozèapn d`vezk ezeigiyna rpkzypy
d`xyn [... ] l"pd ìipt miig ly eizepa epnp zepey`xd zeìapd mr
s` ybxzd ,odn zg` lk zeèap oiay oeincae eizepa ly zeycgd odizekilda
el cbpzd oklmcewy xaca mly ala mikqd dzr .eizepezyr oca` cr adlzd
giynd èd iav izayy ,epiidc ,dycgd ezpen` lr ielba fixkd èd .sweza
zefeg`k eizepa ecrxe ehhx cvik eipir ena d`xe eziaa xwia dld .izin`d
eze` ly eizepa `weec ik ,ce`n dvexn did èd .miìapd x`y lk bdpnk - sexih
oend cbple eipir cbple odia` ipfeà eàpy od od ,zepywra epnn eipt jtdy yi`
dxhre minya `yipe mx `qik lr ayei iav mkg z` zeèx ody exn` od .lecb
: ef xg` ef e`xw ,ef dbeyna zepezp od cere ,dl`d mixacd ozelkk .ey`x lr
34
...dxhr ,dxhr
: rexi`d ly iplnrezd egek z` dnirhne xzei d`ln xfer oa ail ly ezqxb
lk my eqpkzdy rxi` dn rci `le lecb qepk my `vne ezial à df `pikrt miig
eizepa izy ik el extq miyp`de [... ] df dn l`y .ezia zlc iptl miyp` daxd jk
eizepay d`x ezial df miig qpkpyk .miìap x`yk zeàpzn ode zeìap eyrp
izay mkgd z` zeèx ody exn` od .milecb mixac zexneè zeqkxtne zecrex
elikyke .daxd mixac cere ,ey`xa zekln xzke minya zekln `qk lr ayei iav
miig a`d d`x xy`k idie .xzk ,xzk : ef xg` efa zecg` minrt e`xw odixac
did èdy oeik xnì dn rci `le c`n ldape mnezyd jk eizepa z` `pikrt
lkd eid zeixal df xac rcepy oeik [... ] iav izay ly mitixgd eicbpznn
.(29 'nr ,ze`pwd

.53 'nr ,xetiq ,xfer oa ail 32
.jliè 319 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,dl rwxde iav izayl ìipt miig ly ezecbpzd lr 33
.58 'nr ,èey zeitiv ,opew 34
[ 154 ]
[ 13
.ocaln miìapd eid miaxy s` ,eizepa ly dèapd ixac z` renyl miwwezyn

,v"y lr zeàpzn `pikrt miig ly eizepay èd zn` m` gkedl evx lkd ixd
zeàpzn eizepa eiykre iav izayl cbpzne sxer dyw mc` èdy erci lkd ik
35
.lecb `lt xacl aygpe xinfià dlecb dnedn mxb dfe .iav izay lr
ly maex'y xeviwa xqend ,inltd iebd ly ziztxvd ezniyxa mb `vnp ef zecrl cd
36
.'mdizea` ztxgl zeàpn mdizepa eid [v"y giynd] jlna oen` epzp `ly dl`
zrtyda `weec iav izay ly ezeigiyna ziteq rpkzyd efecxw mdxa` s`y d`xp
ipiicl ezxbià eixac it lr .oda eygxzdy miqpde ezia zepa ly miièapd odizepeifg
miycega elgy ,dl` mi`lten mirexià d`x 37,h"kz oeeiqa iletixha dazkpy ,xinfi`
eizelitzl zlgeind zepridd z` ,d"kza giynk iav izay zxzkd ixg` mipey`xd
: el elbzpy miigiynd miielibd zezn`l uxgp xeyi`k minyn ze` el ozpiiy
38
dpwf '` dy`l iziaa xe` dlbp dpexg` zxenyà e"kz'd zpy hay ycga k"gè
rexfd yaizpy oteà dìfilxt `xwpd ilga dpy miylye cg` meid dleg ìdy
cr ilegd dil` xfg mipy ryz meide .drepz mey ila znk x`ype dly l`nyd
drepz ila k"b lbxde weyd x`ype micibd eveekzpe .enewnn weyd mvr `viy
dxxerzpe dpyi k"gè .ynyd dgxf xaky dayg lecbd xe`d dze`xae .rexfk
mby `l` dznk ip`y ic `l ,minler oeax ,dxnè dcgte jeyg ziad lk dz`xe
rbeynd `xw fè .dipir zii`x dca` m`zt rzty dayg ik .ipir xe` dzak
dxtq xwaae .dlil oiicry drciy liaya dngpzpe ebdpnk [cbqna oifènd]
,zexe`d minrt 'c e` 'b mei e"h jeza dil` elbp k"g` .dilr epwgve dyrnd
dlbzi minyd riwxay il fnxp fnx '` dlile .dixacn oeayg iziyr `l md elitè
zxenyà dz`xy z`fd dy`d il dxn` xweaa .dèlina dpalk lecb '` akek
mipekp dixacy izpad o`kne ,ziad lk xi`n dide gxike ynyk '` akek ziyilyd
dlbpy itl dwrve xvgd gzt lv` dpwfd dzid dgpnd bltl aexw 'b meiae [... ]
dipir enzqpy hrnk zexidade zexidfd aexne ,ynyk lecb akek minrt 'c dil`
dxeza miwqere miayei mi`pz dray inelga izi`x xcàe hay ycga mb [... ]
ìypd didy izrnye .my ipè yi`d àe '` yi`l e`xwiy deiv ìypde [... ]
.9 'nr ,ze`pwd zxez ,ocnr : mb e`xe .56-55 'nr ,xetiq ,xfer oa ail
.227 'nra iztxvd xewnde ,234 'nr ,(13 dxrd lirl) 'oezr' ,ileky`
ze`zayd zeclezl zexewne mixwgn ,mely 'b : jeza ,'xinfi` ipiicl efecx`w l`kin mdxa` zxbi`'
.300 'nr ,(zexewne mixwgn : oldl) c"lyz milyexi ,dileblbe
dze` ly xzei dxvw dqxb driten ,(my ,mely) g"kza d`xpd lkk dazkpy ,zncew zxbià
: e`x .'zicedi izy` zeg`' dpekn ìde ,efecxw ly ezqib `l` dpi` 'dpwf'dy xazqn mye ,dyxt
.87 'nr ,iav izay ipipr ,op`niixt : jeza ,'`fecx`w mdxa`n zxbi`'
[ 155 ]
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36
37
38
14 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
dìxwa ìypd wrve .mdilbx lr mlek enwe .jlnl ceak epz ,mi`pz 'fl xne`
xe`d jeza dze` e`xdy dpwfd il dxtq xweaae [... ] jlnl `qk eìad ,dlecb
e`xiy iwl` 'd [jiptln oevx idi] n"xi xnè .blyk oal lecb `qk dil` dlbpd
izeligde .`qkd lr dqke oprd dlbpe .df `qk lr zayl cizry èd in ize`
lk 'zi l`dn izl`y cg` dlil k"g` .zn` zxacn dpwfdy wetwt ila oin`dl
z`fd dpwfd zètxa on`p ze` il zzl cqg il dyriy mipepgzae dltza dlild
.miaeh miyrnae daeyzae dpenà ewifgi dfd lecbd qpd mrd ze`xa ik [... ]
xfge lbxay lecbd rav` hytzpe dci gztp ,xe` dil` dlbp xwad zxnyà dpde
hrn zipnid dpir dzide .zil`nyd dpire dit owzpe enewnl weyd mvr
rexfd wgxzpe .enewnl dlrnl dlr zil`nyd szkd mbe .dligzak `l zhhenzn
'zi l`d dvx `l ik ,eilr cenrl lkezy oteà `l la` ,lbxd hytzpe sebd on
39
.egelya oin``y ick il e`xd `l` ,mqxetn ze`d didiy
ixg`n' : mc` zenca dl mlbzd sè ,efecxw ly ezy`l mb dlbzd ixezqn xe` eze`
zxeva dlbpe ,jke jk xacl dilr izieve ,zicedi izy`l zelbzdl ligzd dl`d mixacd
yi`d z` dz`x dphwd eza elit` 40.'xidae jf xe`d jeza ède ,minrt daxd xace .yi`
: miigiyn miielib eitn drnye ,xe`d jezn xaecd
ze`xn dyly oexzt oiadl c`n zewenr zeaygna oglyd lr iziidy '` mei mb
mixexa mixac il dcibde mipy dyly za dzidy iza lgx dà ,dlila il eidy
el` jl cibd in ,dil` izxn` xy`ke .ze`xnd oexzte iala eidy dn mi`ltpe
ik d`x d`x ,jy`x lr èdy yi`d df dèx dz` oi` ike ,dxnè dwgv ,mixacd
41
.dxn`y dnn xac mey k"g` dxkf `le xcgd on ueg dklde dgxae .il xne` èd
ly zeièapd odizeieega exy`zpe envr el elbzpy ,miielibde zeze`d lkn d`vezk
42
.'èd v"y izin`d giyndy' dpwqnl mini mzeà efecxw ribd ,ezgtyn zepa
o`qw` ly oenbdikx`k odiky in ,epexhtl my melr ixvep iwlhi` ly egeeicn s`
z` dxxery ìd dxirv dxrp ly dzèap `weecy xazqn ,1685-1650 mipya qpaext
: dh`l`b icedi oia zigiynd drepzd
.323-321 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : jeza ,'zxbi`'
.87 'nr ,iav izay ipipr ,op`niixt : jeza ,'zxbi`'
dclid zxèzn dae ,okn xg`l dpyk xen`k dazkpy ,h"kzn zxbià liawnd gqepae .88 'nr ,my
zelna `l ial ipetvn il dzlib'y epiiva ,rxe`nd ly xg` iqp haid efecxw mirhn ,rax` zak
lke ,iala minezq mipiipr il dzlb mihren mixaca .zwgvnk ìde ,`ltp jxca `l` zelbxen
.(323 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely) 'xcgd on z`vie mi`ltp mipiipr il dzlb .miigiynd ipiipr
.324 'nr ,my ,mely
[ 156 ]
39
40
41
42
[ 15
mixb eay letepihphqpew ly raex eze`) dh`l`ba dlgd giynd lr ef dèap

itk ,dleza - 17 e` 16 za diicedi dxrp zervnà (micedide mixvepd ziaxn
ji` dixedl dxtiq ìd .xzeia dabype dlrp zeppeazda dgek axy - mixne`y
j`ln dl dlbzdy [dxtiq] x`yd oia .zennezyd ixxern mixac l`d dl d`xd
mdilrye ,jk lk lgeind giynd lr dl xyia ède ,dwidan axge xe` dher
,aexwa dlbzi my ,ocxid zcb lr eze` yebtl zklle eipt z` liawdl opekzdl
dxrpd ia` .micedid ly xètnde xye`nd dle`bd lrtn zlgzdl ìadl ick
mipt meyay dpwqnl ribd dl` ly mzvrae ,minkg dnkl dl` miielib lr riced
zexidna milyexil zelrl jixvye ,df ininy lewa dpen`d z` yigkdl oi` oteè
lka xdn ehyt dl` zeycg .j`lnd zghad meiwl my oizndl ick ,zixyt`d
z` mixken mixg` miax e`xy cr ,oda epin`d `l micedid on miax la` ,ux`d
43
.dpizyltl mirqepe myekx
ozp ly `lnd exeyi`l dxrpd zèap dzkf ,zerxe`nd ly df xeìza xteqnd it lr
oiè) xtqn èd dyxtd meiqay ,jk ick cr dzèap zè dze` aiygn xagnde 44,izfrd
z` - izfrd ozp ìaple dh`l`bn dxrpl xy`' : (mixg` zexewna dfig` lk ef drenyl
zigiynd zexxerzdd ly dìy lr ,mewn lkn 45.'ixfk` zeen micedid ezind dl` ipy
raex ezeà ze`xl did ozip miyceg dnk jynay ,xg` ixvep siwyn geeic dh`l`ba
dycgd dèapd gexa e`lnzdy ,miyp ze`n dpeny cr ze`n rayn zegt `l dxiad ly
z` jkyl ick ozekdle odn dnk zetkl jxev didy jk ick cr dzrtyda ellezyde
46
.operbiy
eza - dtie dxirv dleza aiaq e"kz zpya zigiynd zexxerzdd daaq etxewa mb
dzelirt z` .etxewl xwre eiqkpn my cxiy ,oexd` oa miig ,xiyr ipìvpe xgeq ly
,etxew i`d zeclez lr exeaiga ,dxenxn dìxcp` iètxewd liv`d xìz zièapd
miyple micedil ezepiera oiihvn xeaigd mpn` .ziwlhià 1672 zpya divpeea qtcpy
didy meyn eyi ly ezeigiyna xikdl maexiq lr micedid z` ea swez xagnd .cg`k
giynd cleeii lekiak dpnny ,dxrpa mipin`n md - ezprhl - dzr eliè ,dyi` celi
`
H. Mechoulan,
Au dossier du Sabbatisme: Une relation italienne du XVIIeme
: e`x
`
siecle,
in: D.S. Katz and J. I. Israel (eds.), Sceptics, Millenarians, and Jews, Leiden 1990,
oiay dtewza xagzpy reawl ozip la` ,jxèzn eppi` oleyn mqxty cid azk .inebxza ,p. 188
43
,ornpd ly ezxiht zpy ,1685l ,xeaigd seqa xkfp ezeny ,izfrd ozp ly ezxiht zpy ,1680
.(185 'nr ,my) xeaigl eèana oleyn oiivn dze`y ,icl`nixb oenbdikx`d
.189 'nr ,my 44
195 'nr ,my 45
.506-505 'nr ,a ,iav izay ,mely : e`x 46
[ 157 ]
16 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
qenletd hdla dìvndy d`xpe ,mnvr mirexi`d xeìza xkf oi` ef 'zixvep' dpen`le)
envrl èdyk dxrpd ly zigiynd dzèap xeìz ,ok it lr s` 47.(zecdid mr izcd
eipir ena mixaca dfgy ,xirv ixvep dlev` oa ly ezecr lr x`yd oia eknzqda ,oin`
,dxenxn ixacl .mielibl ìade
xgqne zehigq ici lr exyrzdy zeicedi zegtyn ze`n yngk ze`vnp etxewa
oexd` oa miig mya yi` did [... ] dl`d miyp`d oia [... ] axrnde gxfnd mr
[... ] ezne` ipaa miaeygd mixgeqdn cgè xiyr did mrt xy` [Caim dAron]
dzervnàe ,dl dnebt ytpy inl dti èxwl xzen m` ,ce`n dti za el dzid
.aehd eny z` ,enr ipa oia zegtl ,envrl xifgdle eavn z` xtyl ayg èd
,cg` xcga dia` mr dxebq dzeida [... ] dia`k zigwte dnkg dzid dxegad
zygel dzid xy` ,ycewd gex dilr dgp eli`k ze`xidl miax mini jyna dcnl
mipey`xd micenild [... ] dlidwd ly sxehnd mrl xeqnl dkixv dzidy dn dl
eid [... ] eig` ly mzeninz z` lvpl dvx xy` ,miig ly ezcinlz dcnl xy`
svw dit z` `lnl ,Dfg z` xrpl ,dipir z` hidldl ,dixa` lka lztzdl
eèal milegi` ,dle`bl zeghad ,zeèap i`vg ,zerhewn milin .mirav zepyle
od .zevex ody dn zeyer miypd .minec zeperby d`ne d`n cere giynd ly
mlera zeaygp [mipt zcnrde miyp] od ok lre ,zg` dcila eclep miptd zcnrde
ipwf z` zenxl drciy ,dkpeg aeh dk xy` ,dixard dzid z`fk [... ] zene`zk
.mixvepl mb lecb wfp mexbl lelr did ,dxwna dlbzn xacd did ilele ,dzlidw
ipa axwa ritedy ,cgein dn xac micedid oia uitdl miig ligzd 1666 zpya
dyer ,ycew dizegxe`y ,dxedh dxrpy lr ,mzrc dn l`ye 48 [... ] icedid mrd
dcizry oin`n èd ike ,llkd on mi`vei zerxe`n zàpne miirahlr miyrn
mipniqd llba ,èal xgì `l i`cea giyndye ,l`xyi zexva idylk dlwd èal
49
.zidl` dnkg z`ln eizepan zgà oigad èdy
eyxc'e ,zn` dixac lky dpwqnl eribd ,dax zepctwa dxrpd z` exwg dlidwd inkg
zial mivx eid lkd' ,dry dze`n .'dlidwd oeayg lr zeigepd lk mr ziaa x`yz ìdy
i`d iayez oia xacd ielib lr .'zepzn dl miyibn eide ,del`k dl micaer eide ,dy`d
: dxenxn xtqn - wcvae ,jkn eyyg dlidwd inkgy d`xpe - mixvepd
xtq : jeza ,'etxewa zigiyn dqiqz lr zixvep zecr' ,igxfn miig ,mbxznd ly èand ixac e`x 47
.glwz 'nr ,xfy
e`x .ezeigiyn lr zerenya o`k xaecny wtq oi` la` ,dyxtd xeìza llk xkfp eppi` iav izay 48
.my ,my ,mbxznd zxrd mb
.hlwz-glwz 'nr ,my 49
[ 158 ]
[ 17
oa ixvep xirv ly ezepxwq llba ,meqxitl ie`x epi` dfy zexnl ,dlbzp xacd
dvxe ,miig ly excga mei mei sq`zn did ax ldwy d`x èd .dliv` dgtynl
,miiela micba yal ,qpkdl icedi epi`y inl did dywy oeeik .daiqd z` zrcl
df oteàe ,micedid ly oniq mr raek ey`x lr yage ,rexw lirna ahid shrzd
mipal dyeal dy`d .xfen dfgn d`x èd .qpkdle mixneyd z` zenxl gilvd
ixiy dceakl mixy eid dl`d miythd dl aiaqe ,xcd aexa ceak `qka zayei
dxez ixtq mr mipaxde ,dy`xl dielz dzid zqpkd zian dàedy dxepn .gay
`l zixad oex`le ycwnd zial elit` .ceak dl miwlgne dze` mitiwn eid mcia
50
.ef jxr zhert dy`l eyry dnn xzei miyer eid
yig xacd rcep jke' ,zeqba ziad on yxebe dlbzd micedid ldwl xcgy ixvepd xirvd
xzeia milikynd `l` ,mihty mda zeyrl eppekzd mdilr qrke brlae ,xird lka xdn
dl` lk ly mzkean mr dxwy enk ,dnvra dlbzz ze`nxdy ick oiprd on mlrzdl evx
51
.'xakr ciled xddy seqa e`x xy`
,iav izay ly ,diifpky`d ,ziyilyd ezy` ,dxyl mb dligzkln qgei dèapd gek
ly mdizeny zniyx y`xa driten ìde ,ezeigiyn lr miàpznd ipey`x oia dziidy
dyely oke ,xinfià 'miìap miyinge d`nn xzei' oian miìap dpenye zeìap yy
xn`p 52.'[alg ìd ,etl`] etilga zeìape miìap mixyr cr' zeìap yelye miìap
d`yipe mixvnl d`viy iptl ,epxeeila dzay inia cer 'zecizr zxne`' dziidy dilr
dpnn l`yie ,dnr xacl èd mb jld'y ,ilèe wgvi 'x xtiq dtewz dze` lr .iav izayl
rcie ,ezl`y z` el cbze ,azkil epzip `l xy` mixg` mixace eznyp yxy zrcl
zg`k drcep odileblbe zenypd iyxey ztiyg ixde 53.'miizinè mipk mixacdy xexiaa
,myd ilrae milaewnd ilecbl jk xg` dqgeie ,yecwd i"x`d ly zewdaend eizelebqn
set` d`veny mb dn ,dxirv dyi`l ef dlebq qegii 54.zih"yrad zeciqgd iwicvl cr
.nwz-hlwz 'nr ,my
.nwz 'nr ,my
.22-21 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x
zipyxt dxrda xeyi`l mikef mixacd .46 'nr ,(22 dxrd lirl) 'l`xyi zial oexkf' ,evix`n jexa
dfixf mewz'y ink dxy z` x`zn èd eay ,mii`zayihp`d eixiyn cg`l qiqp`xt lèpnr ly
dtykn dzidy izfnx mb' : xirn èd ef dxey lr .'rpvd aexa md diyrn lk ,ikd dlil zevga
dxrd ,127 'nr ,(d"nxz) ` ,ci lr uaew ,'gcen iav' ,qiqp`xt 'ie 'r : e`x .'ipxeeil xira ipcera
.gayl ilèe wgvi xìzy ef oebk zelirt zepbl crep dtyknd xèzy i`ceel aexw .g
xtq : oldl) c"iyz milyexi ,ileky` f"` zxecdn ,zepeifgd xtq ,l`hie miig : lynl e`x
ipey`xn cg` ,lèexq dynl ,lynl ,dqgei ef dlebq .daxd cere ,jliè clw 'nr ,c wlg ,(zepeifgd
izay zelbzd mr cin àpzdl lgde laewne mkg cinlz didy ,letepihphqpewa mi`zayd miìapd
rcei df lèexq dyn 'x'y xtqn xfer oa ail .357-355 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : e`x .giynk iav
[ 159 ]
50
51
52
53
54
18 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
ze`xl driztn zepekp lr cnln ède ,jka dn ly oiipr eppi` ,zwteqn dzneze oixezqn
elgy zipendd dèapd zeievxtzde miigiynd dièyip iptl cer d`xpd lkk - da
mb xexa 55.mipeilra giye biy dl yiy ceq zlra - iav izay ly ezelbzd zeawra
za zeidl dcrepy in dzexrpn dnvra dz`xe ,dlyn zigiyn drcez zxecg dziidy
57
,iav izay ly zigiynd ezrcez z` dxxery ef ìd ik eprhy s` eid 56.giynd ly ebef
ezexxerzd lr zepin` zeiecr epicia yi ixdy - dnly zn` xacd oi` m` elitè
lwzp mxha zeax mipy ,g"z zpya cer xinfià iav izay ly dpey`xd zigiynd
za mr iav izay ly epenify wtq oiè ,ea yi ziwlg zn` - 58mixvna 'giynd zlk'a
daivi `ld zigiynd ezrcez z` dail ,eìap izfrd ozp mr epenifk ynn ,ef zigiyn bef
.wefige xeyi` dl yniye
lr mipin`nd xeaiva rcepyn mb ewqt `l ,miypd zèap ollkae ,dèapd zertez
dìap lr letepìxc`n zerici xqen evix`n jexa 59.e"kz lelà iav izay zxnd
: 'l`rnyi yeala' cec oa giyn dzfgy
miycg xyr dyy jldn miwegx zepicnn eipt liawdl migely eà my ezeidae
d"piw zeklnl aexw [wrael : xg` gqep] w"rafl zpicnn ,dpihphqewn
`"b`xtl q"en`tn miyp` eà d"kz lel` ycega ik exnè dlecbd dìxhxhe
dwax dnyy zg` dìape ,zeìape miìap mdl yiy exnè [dfbxnl : xg` gqep]
giyn mdnre miqp 'x axde edil` dz`xy dxnè ,eà mleke ,daxd mipniq dpzp
e`vnp df lèexq dyn 'x ly eizeèap lke ,el yi dnyp efi` ,eznyp yxey z` mc` lkl cibdl did
oa alk ìd eznypy [adf ixehd] f"hd oa ield ediryi 'xl xn`'y oke ,(59 'nr ,xetiq) 'zezne`n
'nr ,ze`pwd zxez) df xewnl ocnr awri ly eceaira mb miriten mixacde ,(80 'nr ,my) 'dpeti
aia`lz ,zeciqge dwihqin ,dib`n ,l`bp 'b : e`x ,uiyaii` ozpedi 'xl dlebq dze` qegiil .(17
drepzd' ,hxal`hxettx 'r : e`x ,zeciqga dzernyne zenypd iyxey ztiygl .24 'nr ,1992
.245-232 'nr ,(o"yz) dp ,oeiv ,'dxenze ipan svx : 1772 zpy ixg` ziciqgd
milyexi ,ztv zelidwa miyp ly dèapd iielib xywda ahid mialzyn dxy ly miièapd dixeyik
zqgiind ,zxeqn dze`n milylzyn mdy d`xpe ,zepeifgd xtqa l`hie miig mx`zny itk ,wynce
.191-183 'nr oldl jk lr e`x .zebiizqd lk `ll miypl dl` mixeyik
.150-146 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,iav izayl d`yipy cr dizexew lr zexewnd zxiwql
ihp`d mixiyd uaew seqa ,'xeviwa izfrd ozpe iav izay dyrn xetq' ,qiqp`xt lèpnr it lr jk
lr envr jelnl dyi` z` izay zy` dxy zqze' : 133 'nr ,(53 dxrd lirl) 'gcen iav' mii`zay
eze` dziqd u"y zy` dxy dny difpky` dy`' : eixiyn cg`l zipyxtd ezxrda mb e`x .'l`xyi
.146 'nr ,my ,mely : e`xe .(127 'nr ,my) 'giyn envr zeyrl
.113-110 'nr ,my ,mely
yceg zligzn miàpzn eid zeìapde miìapd el` lk'y ,ocnr awri ly ezriawl cebipa z`fe
ède .(10 'nr ,ze`pwd zxez) 'mzeìapn ewqte v"yd cnzyp f`y [! ] f"kz lel` f"h cr e"kz zah
.66 dxrd oldl e`x .xg` mewna envr z` xzeq
[ 160 ]
55
56
57
58
59
[ 19
dl e`xd lecbd zayay dxn` mb .cec oa giyn èd df ,dl exn` 'ade ,cec oa
,eiade` lkn icigi x`yi giyndy dxn` mbe ,mixegy miyeal yeal cec oa giyn
zenewn dnka etqezpe ,mlera migely 'd eglye .l`rnyi yeala yalzi ède
mixg` migely 'c eà cere .mlera giyn yiy eàpzd mlke ,zeìape miìap
dfa md mb eyalzd yealnd dfa epipec`y erciyke ,epipec` ipt lawl yek ux`n
mby exnè [... ] eici wypl [cbqnd] dhiwqnd jeza d"xi epipec`l eàe yealnd
60
.zeìape miìap dnk yi mzpicna
levitde zexxetzdd ikildz elgdyn ,(1676) f"lza iav izay zen xg`ly mipya mb
zeìapk ozepinè ,dle`b zepeifg zefgl miypd etiqed ,zkrecd zigiynd drepzd ly
ekky e"kz zpy ly zipendd zeàpzdd zertez ik m` ,llk dxrxrzp `l odibega
ly zièapd dzeknq lr micnl ep` ,lynl ,jk .zxzgnl drepzd zcixi mr gxkda
.zeitxbeiaehe`d eizexbi`n zgà dilr opelzn efecxw mdxa`y ,letepìxc`n dyi`
ìde 61,dxyr dpenyd d`nl oey`xd xeyrd ziy`xa d`xpd lkk dazkp zxbi`d
ecazpe ,a"nz zpya eycgzdy dle`bd zeitivn dxnd dafk`d z` x`yd oia zx`zn
brl ivgl dxhnl jtd ,df dle`b cren lr miàpznd iy`xn didy ,efecxw .olek
xtql dtd lkei `ly oeifae dltyd zeticxe zerx milaeq' eid eicinlze èd ; zxewiae
mipin`n ibeg mr zwelgne jeqkqa oezp èdyk ,ef dyw dtewza 62.'aezkl qenlewde
,zi`zayd mzpen` z` egpfy 'mixtek'd xeaiv mr mbe ,eilr zelaewn opi` mdizexezy
- eil` dà ,eixac it lr .miièapd diielib sweza èey zlilr dyi` dze` eilr dlilrd
dizexagn miizy ziieela - letepihphqpewa ezay ztewz seqa d`xpd lkk xaecnde
mr xacl ize` egly mde ,[letepìxc`] ipxcpià il` elbp odkd oxdè dyn' : dprhe
eqtcpy itk zenewnd zeny .64-63 'nr ,(22 dxrd lirl) 'l`xyi zial oexkf' ,evix`n jexa 60
,migelyd ly m`ven zefegn lr mkezn cenrl dywe ,dpwz `ll miyaeyn op`niixt zxecdna
zefegnl oeekl ieyr ède ,yeaiy mzqd on ìd 'wrafl' .dwegx dreny xcba `l` mpi` dyrnle
zekln' ; bxeandl gxfn oetvn zipnxb xir ìd 'wrael'y cera ,diq` fkxna miwafe`d ly mayen
zltxern ef dtewza zihiletd ezxcbdy megz - 'dlecbd dìxhxh' ; oiq d`xpd lkk ìd 'd"piw
mid itegl gxfnoetvny mixefà miixhhd mihayd ly mayen ux` ,mewn lkn ,ìd - icnl
; oetva xiaiqe ,gxfna oiqe dilebpen zeleab cr ,itqkd mil gxfnn ,mdl xarn wgxd sè ,xegyd
da eayi micediy ,(i`yxe xeextl dxyr ryzd d`na dziidy) dyxeel dkenq xir ìd '`"b`xt'
.b`xt zindead xirl `weec dpeekdy okzii la` ; dnvr dyxeea mdixebn lr xeqi`d zexnl
eicil ribde `"qza `cxeita qtcpy ,mdxa` ly` ,ifpky` ikcxn ly extql qgiizn èd dzgizta 61
zexb`' ,eiilix`n` 'è ekln 'i : e`x .xdef xtql eiyexit lr zebyd dnk biyd xake ,aexwn df
.ax 'nr ,xfy xtq : jeza ,'efecx`w ly zeitxbeiaehe`
.kx 'nr ,my 62
[ 161 ]
20 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
dielz ik ,l`xyi zreyi ligzz dfae ,ely dlin zixaa '` oewiz dyriy ick ,jceak
dqpne ,ezlin xdeha df èey cyg eciledy zeiètxd zeaiqpd z` hxtn efecxw .'ja
: xwy zèapk dyi`d zèap z` jixtdl dglvd `ll
md il` dze` migleyd odkd oxdè [epax] 'x dyndy dil` xne` iziidy xearae
dide ,leap`hyi` inkg l` jlze ,e"kzd zpyn da ewacp xy` zelecb zetilw
.xacl dìltn dzide my diz`vn ipxcpi`l izkldyk k"g` [... ] oeifae dtxg il
zil`xyi dne`d akrn dz` izn cr ,dlecb dwrva il dxn` cg` wey rvnàe
on y`x ietg izkld ipè [... ] z`fd dne`d lr mgxe dlin zixa dyr ,zelba
63
.dfd rxe`nd
`l ,dziy`xn zi`zayd drepzl dzeelzpy ,ziypd zièapd zelirtdy gipdl ozip
miyp zèap lr zerici yi .mipexg`d dileblbl cr dkynpe ,dzriwy mr mb dlcg
dipkze diiehia ik m` ,dxyr ryzd d`nd ziy`xa sè dxyr dpenyd d`nd jldna
etiqedy ,dèap itwzd lr zereny eid mpn` .mkxev lk mixexa mpi` iteqd dalya
mdxa` itn ocnr awri myxy zecrd it lr .ef dtewza mb miype zevx` inr cewtl
zcevna raw jxc àpzdl zexrpe mixrp ebdp ,'enez itl giqnd' ,c`xb`x`yn
zepy zligzae miyiyd zepya exvg z` miiwe wp`xt awri xq`p my ,daegehqp'v
: dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly mirayd
dizt dxrpl e` [ux`d mre] d"re al xqg xrpl xne` did ,[wp`xt] arezd zevxa
ux`l mze` dkilyde gexd mdilr dà f` .dcrxa mze` cakn èdy ,dn drci la
ixac exn` mditae mizn mixbtk eltp ,mizy e` dry ltepd ilega edye ,dwfga
lk erci `l ux`d on mnewae ,mdixac lk mirneyd eazke ,xdef oeyla zeceq
oiicr eide ,ltepd ilega millebzn ,ux`l milhen mcera exacy dn lkn dne`n
64
.llk [ycewd oeyla] w"dla ze` elit` `le xtq erci `l ,eidyk ux`d inr
zipendd dèapd ixeìz z` eihxt lka xikfn 65,ezepinà ceygl daiq oi`y ,df xeìz
- xacay `ltd cnn z` mirhn èd mzenke ,iav izay iiga drepzd ly ìyd ztewzn
dpknd ,ycw zaixn xtq lra ,odkd edil` mb qgiizn efecxw ly dnebtd ezlinl .`kx-kx 'nr ,my 63
lenp `le lxr èd ik dprhd zvwn dcen èd mbe' : orehe ,'dlxr el xy` yi` ,`nhe lxr' eze`
.32 ,11 'nr ,iav izay ipipr ,op`niixt : jeza .'[ezcled mein ,xnelk] mipa`d lr eltp mein
àene ,(h"kwz `pehl`) owxetde zectd xtqa dpey`xl qtcp ,'ril`c`ta `xep dyrn' ,ocnr awri 64
aia`lz ,a-` ,ziwp`xtd drepzd zeclezl ,oala 'n ly a wlgl zetqezd jezn o`k
.304 'nr ,(ziwp`xtd drepzd zeclezl : oldl) d"vxz-c"vxz
zetzzyd lr c`xb`x`yn mdxa` ly ezecr ,reciky mb dn ; dii`x zecr eppi`y xexa ik m` 65
.(320-305 'nr ,my) oala ici lr dkxted mihqiwp`xtd mr aeal gekieea h"yrad
[ 162 ]
[ 21
zeceq lre xdefd oeyla `weec ,mixenb zevx` inr mdy ,zexirve mixirv ly mzeàpzd
ynyn drtezd mvry d`xp o`k s` 66.ze`zyda mditn minyxpd ,miblten miilaw
`l` .jk lr zerenyd ly iplnrezd ogek axe ,zigiynd dxeyad zezn`l xeyi`
rayd d`nl miyiyd zepya zeàpzdd ly ianetde ipendd ,iphpetqd dite`l cebipay
begae ,egevipa ,ezeevna zygxzn ìd - okn xg`l dpy d`nk - wp`xt inia ,dxyr
.xebqd eipin`n
ezxiga it lr 'dcrxa ecakzp'y ,zexirve mixirv ly mzeàpzd lr sqep j`
xtqn ercep mipy ozeà zizxzgnd drepzd ly mipey mifkxna ,wp`xt ly zizexixyd
.odibega drtydzeaxe zei`nvr zeìapk - zeqgein zei`zay zegtynl zepa - miyp
ly i`zayd dax ,oihey ail dix` 'x ly eizepa izy z` jiiyl ,d`xpk ,ozip df beql
ryil` recid i`zayd ly eza ,xey dig z` ; ziaxrnd dixbpeday sxecqxh`n zlidw
,xbi` lfiix zè ; aeall gxfnmexcny oih`dexa xey dnly i`zayd ly ezegè xey
dpenyd d`nd idlya b`xta mi`zayd zxeag y`xa cnry in ,dlree dpei ly ezeg`
,oihey ail dix` ly eizepa lr 67.dxyr ryzd d`nl mipey`xd mixeyrd ipyae dxyr
zinewn zxeqn dxnzyp ,ze`zayd mr edef ,rhp ozp axd odig` s` onre
,ody
cenlza zbltend ozeìwaa ercepy 'zepwf zeweex' odizy eid ditle ,sxecqxh`na
,clèepexb qwn hqixelwletde oeixehqidd ik m` ,'zeìap' epek ozavn lr .`xwnae
lr'y dcen ,sxecqxh`n zlidw zeclez lr siwn xn`n zxbqna mixacd z` myxy
ly ezwif lr cnr `l d`xpd lkke 68,'zxeqn mey epicil dribd `l ièapd opexyk zedn
cegiia ,miypd izy ly ozeweexy èd rpnpd on `l 69.i`zayd xywdl dèapd xèz
zicedid dxaga icnl xicpe) ixwn itxbeia hxt dppi` ,ozeìape ozepcnl mr aeliya
iig ly ziaihnxepd zicedid zxbqnd z` oziigc lr dwizyay zecr `l` 70,(zizxeqnd
inre miyp ly zeàpzdd zrteza zetivxd lr riavn envr ocnr .27-23 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x 66
ixac ,zexea miype [ux`d inr] d"r zcbd oiprle' : wp`xt awri ini cre iav izay inin zevx`
[...] migecne èy ze`yne cy ziitke ux`l daikye dlitp jxca ,xdef oeyla dlaw ipipre zeceq
dwqt `l ,mlerd z` aaxrle ohyl [awxi miryx my ,iav izay] i"xy u"y mw f`n xacd zn`zpy
.(305 'nr ,my) 'wprxtd z` oiletl egly dnd ,[iwipelq] wrpl`qa mixnend on ezndef
dxrd ,614 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,'g"id d`na mixpeiqnd ixtqa mi`zayd lr zerici' ,mely : e`x 67
G. Scholem, A Sabbatian W ill from New York, The Messianic Idea in Judaism, ; 23
drepzd zeclezl ,oala mb e`x .(igiynd oeirxd : oldl) London 1971, pp. 168, 356 n. 5
.oldl zeìapd on zg` lk lr e`xe .117 ,115 ,107 'nr ,ziwp`xtd
M. Gr unwald, Mattersdorf , Jahrbuch fur
judische
Volkskunde 1924/25, Berlin-Vienna 68

.inebxza ,1925, p. 427
.23 dxrd ,614 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x 69
zepehlyd ici lr etkpy miilklk miveli`n d`vezk ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd jldnay reci mpn` 70
,xyt`d zcina oièyipd z` xg`l - zeipnxbd zepicnd inegza zegtl - micedid elgd ,miigxf`d
[ 163 ]
22 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
,zipin zeyixt iiga dxigad `l` drnyn oi` oièyipd zxbqn ziigc ixde .oièyipd
zxeqnd sè ,zixvepd zxeqna miizcd gexd iig znybdl xzeia gepd lelqnd mdy
zenieqn zetewzl df lelqnl dyibd z` ,xen`k ,dliabd ik m` ,jka dxikd zicedid
,miypd ipta leke lekn eze` dnqge ,oièyipd cqen jeza minieqn mc` ipa ibeqle
71
.swez lka d`kcl yiy diihq l`k dyextd dyi`d zrtezl dqgiizda
,dxyr dpenyd d`nd zivgna zigiynd dxitkd ly miizxzgnd dileblba xaecnyk
zpigaa ìde ,dyecwd 'ozeileza'k yxtzdl zei`zayd zeìapd ly ozeweex dieyr
mr llk jxca ddefnd ,zipind zexwtdd xarl `weec e`l ,zxeqnd ixcb zvixt
s`y ,zipind zeyixtd ly jetdd oeeikl `l` ,(dizexeya miypd mr cegiiae) ze`zayd
dnxep zrnhdl iehia meyn da yie ,zicedid dxaga ziypd dnxepd on dxeng diihq ìd
ipiite`d mfihxwpiqd ipnnqn èdy jildz - miypd ly zizzikd ozrceza zixvep
.zxge`nd ze`zayl cegiiae ,ze`zayl
,zipin zexwtd iyrn eqgei `l dl `weece ,dinin d`yip `l ìd s`y ,wp`xt dee`
72
.dzyecwl iehia dziid dzeilezae ,'dlezad' xèza ezxeza dfnxpe dia` xvga dzpek
dxrp' dzpkzp ,m`lq`l zxnend zi`wipelqd zkd y`x ,dikexa ly (ezckp e`) eza mb
ileè 73.(uiyaii` ozp ly epa ,sleel dìydl dpeekd lr zereny eid ik m`) '`yicw
'zecli'l sè 'zenlr'l ,'zexrp'l zeaxd zeieqgiizdd z` s` jiiyl yi df xywdl
dppi`y - dxkdd lr cnlnd fnxk 74,'zeleza' ody yxetna oiev owlgay ,zeàpznd
miipgex zegek zhilwl milezad avn ly zcgeind ezexiyka - yxetna zgqpzn
75
.miièap miielibe
`l ,ynn dtewz dzeà elrty ,zexg` zei`zay zeìap lr zeiecra ,z`f znerl
xzei da xaecny dpekzd ìd - oièyipd zxbqna `weec z`fe - ozevixt `l` ozeyixt
: ocnr xtqn ,lynl ,oih`dexn xey dig ly dzeìap lr .lekn
lr' ,hgey zrcl la` .zicedid dxaga zkyenn zeweex ly dycgd drtezd zvetzl mxby dn
.160 'nr ,`"kyz milyexi ,zetewz itelig mr ,hgey 'r - 'mirney ep` oi` zhlgen zeweex
.144-140 zexrd aiaq oldle ,146-144 'nr ,èan lirl e`x
.309-268 'nr oldl e`x ,dee` ly dcnrn lr
cer e`xe ,`"r dl ,a"r hi ,(zewa`zd xtq : oldl) f"lxz aeal ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr awri : e`x
.107 dxrd aiaq oldl
.192 ,182-180 'nr oldle ,159-154 'nr lirl e`x
zexvpa dzeyabzda oeicl .zexg` zezca mb z`hazn ìde ,dziy`xn zexvpa dgeex ef dqitz
P. Brown, The Notion of Virginity in the Early Church, in B. McGinn : e`x ,dnecwd
et al. (eds.), Christian Spirituality: Origins to the Twelfth Century, New York 1985,
.198-197 ,169-168 'nr oldl df oiiprl e`xe .pp. 427-443
[ 164 ]
71
72
73
74
75
[ 23
dìap dnvr dyer dzid z`fd dxex`d ji` rciy dreaya on`p cibn il cibd
,cy d`tky ink zitkp ux`l zltep ,(76miinx`l qeprte miinexl dliaeq enk)
iyp` lk zeyrl elki jke 77.dt lra xdef ixn`n dnk dziitk zra zxneè
,mixiryk oecwxi mdicli mb .seyk dyrnk jk lertl erciy ,dxex`d dxeagd
xdefn mixn`ne zepeyl micibn mditae diitka miltep mipy dpenye ray ipa
78
.mikex`
- lirl exkfpy zihhqw`d dèapd itwzd lr zeiecrd lk mr ayiizn df xeìz mpn`
.zepfe seìp iyrn e` miihqìbxe` miqwh lr xac ivg `le xac oda xn`p `ly zeiecr
`lye - dlra zricia 'dzpf'y cnln xey dig dìapd lr epzeyxay rcind aex j`
fkxna d`xpd lkk dcnr sè ,mixg` mi`zay mre ,diqib ,dig` lk mr - ezricia
f` .e"hwza xira wp`xt awri ly exewia zra ,oexewvp`la dvnyl rcepd rexi`d
'dxez xzk' ,dnexir zcwex ìdyk ,q'izay ail ,dqib zia xiwa mikxgl cran dz`xp
dwagl dilr miltpzne daiaq millegnd mipin`nd zxeaga ztwen ìde ,dy`x lr
,i`nvr gxeàe dpevxn dlrte ,dbega geke zeknq zcnrn dzpdpy mb xexa 79.dwyple
eiecieea lbq dnly oa lèny daeyza xfegd dilr cirn jk .dlra zeevna `weec e`le
: f"hwz oeeiq b"ia aep`h`q ly oicd zia iptl 'yily zerncae ikaa'
.minrt dyy jxrl wypne wagn iziid [q'izay] zezay lyxid zy` [dig] 'ig
xyà ,inr weqrl i`ck jpi` dz` ,il` dxn` ìd .dne`n dnr iziyr `l lreta
`l oiicr dz` .mipin`n mlek dnd iicece ipwf mb iaè ,iav izaya zpn`n ip`
zicedid zextqa sè) zinexde zipeeid zextqa dìapd zpdekd ,(Sibylla) dliaiql dpeekd 76
.dgicne dztn dcy ly zenc dyal zinnrd zipnxbd zeaxzay ,qepe dl`le ,(zihqipldd
M. Jastrow, A Dictionary of : e`x .milil` icaer miieb e` ,'mi`nex' mzqd on md s` 'miinx`'d
the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, I, New York
1950, p. 122,
xdefd oeyla ozeàpzd lr zeiecrd z` yxtl dieyrd ,mi`zayd ibega miypl xdef z`xed lr 77
.246-239 'nr oldl e`x ,'oziitk' itwzda
.`"r k ,(yeny xtq : oldl) b"kwz-g"iwz [dpehl`] m`cxhqn` ,yeny xtq ,ocnr awri 78
,107 'nr ,ziwp`xtd drepzd zeclezl ,oala lv` exwqp zi`zayd dzgtyne xey dig lr zeiecrd 79
ziaa zecrd zeiab mb e`x .ocnr ly yeny xtq èd odl ixwird xewnd .122-120 ,118-114
zlibne `hefe dax mler xcq zxecdn seqa ,xetqn `ll ,ocnr ici lr eqtcpy ,aep`h`qa zqpkd
xtq seqa ocnr ici lr dnyxpy itk c`xb`x`yn mdxa` ly ezecr e`xe .(f"iwz bxeand) ziprz
,aeglean l`hpwxia xaac ly ezqxb eeyde .298 'nr ,my ,oala lv` mb dqtcpe owxetde zectd
.216-214 'nr ,d"kyz milyexi ,dicedie divilb ,xexa
i"` jeza qtcpy ,dpia ixac extqa
,(ezcre wp`xt : oldl) e"pxz dyxe ,aeleweq 'p mbxz ,` ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw '` : mb e`x
.72-71 'nr
[ 165 ]
24 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
daiyd ,dxiar xacl dze` izraz zg` mrt .ef dikf jl oi` .daxd dxez zcnl
`"t .efk dyecw zeyrl i`yx dz` ji` 80? ipenk mixiyd xiy meid zcnl ,il
mrqpa yeail eig` mr dzpf dig ezy`y ,ipnn yxid dlra rny [zg` mrt]
iziid `l ip` ixd ,xn` èd .ezrici ila dzyry zngn dilr fbx .l`tpxh cixil
81
.zeyxa `wec ìd z`f devny zrci z` wx .dcia dgen
oevx iptn yxid oevx ziigc lr crd eze` myn xteqn aep`h`qa zecrd ziiab jyndae
lèny 'x' : zianete zihnxc ,zwdaen zinepihp` zi`zay deegna z`fe ,dìapd ezy`
.zezay 'x yxid 'x zy`l wypl dvxy ji` xtqe [... ] minrt dnk il cibd dnly 'xa
ok it lr s` .dnr zepfl zeyx el ozp .dlra yxid lv` jld .dwypl egipdl dzvx `l
alg
dgwle oikq dgwl .zpn`n dpi` ìdy dze` cyg .dlral jld .dzvxzp `l
82
.'dlkè
jk xgè ,aep`h`qa oicd ziaa eiyrn lr cirdy ,sqei ,xg` daeyz lra ixacn
ef ìd xey digy xazqn ,'dyecwd zqpkd ziaa yecwd ldwd lk' ipta mdilr dceezd
mixirvl df oirn dkipg iqwh dniiw d`xpd lkke ,zi`zayd dxeagd ceqa eze` dqipkdy
: zkd zexeyl sxhvdl eywiay
gni iav izay ly dzexagd jeza ip`y yi mipy ryz xaky ercz xac lk mcew
zeidl mdipia èal dvex iziidy drya dzid dpey`xd dxiard .exkf xwrie eny
on ryil` za ìd .izay 'x oa iav zy` ,dxitke dpef dy` my d`vnp .mdnr
ie`x dz` f` ,jze` d`x`y dn dpigad lr cenrz m` ,il` dxn` jke .oihd`x
ize` dzeve ,ezlkè alg zkizg alg ly xpd on dkzge oikq dgwl .eplv` zeidl
il elbe mlv` ipegwl f` .izlkè algdn ip` mb izkzg .denk zeyrl
83
.mdipetvn
èd) q'ivpixty ail dig` mr xey dig ly dipepf z` dceeznd x`zn mixacd jynda cin
mipir gzt ,[ocnr awri] fe` cec ,lynl e`x ,zi`zayd diixtqa mixiyd xiy ly ecnrn lr
,l"pd ; a"r eh ,f"hwz [dpehl`] deewlef ,[oe`d zegel zxiay extql sqepd oexg`d qixhpewd]
,iav izay ,gilnl` '` ; 57 'nr ,my ,x``dfiexw : mb e`x .`"r bi ,[b"iwz dpehl`] axwr zviwr
,milaewnd zeclez ,`pdk 'c ; 35 'nr ,f"txz milyexi ,dl` epinia zigiynd ezrepz icixye eizezk
dnpecd ibega mb xtqd ly cgeind eyeciw lr) 139 'nr ,e"txz aia`lz ,` ,miciqgde mi`zayd
'nr ,(zi`zayd dpen`d ceq : oldl) d"pyz milyexi ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail 'i ; (iwipelqa
.(cxy `ly ,mixiyd xiyl uiyaii` ozpedi ly ilawd eyexit lr) 157
zwfga mdy ,dl` seìp iyrnl zi`zayd dlawa zipeird zizyzd lr .a"r d ,yeny xtq ,ocnr
.127-124 'nr ,my ,qail : e`x ,eznfeia elitè ,ezeyxae lrad zricia rvazdl dxen`d deevn
.a"r e ,my ,ocnr
.a"r-`"r k ,my
[ 166 ]
80
81
82
83
[ 25
,ycewd oeyll fpky` oeyln' ocnr icia mbxezne myxp eiecie lke ,(lirl xkfpy yeail
84
.'oeyle dne` mr lk x`ye micxtql mb oaeiy ick
j` zepin` od ,ocnr ly ekeeiza epicil eribdy zeiecrd x`yk ,dl` zeiecr
ei`vnn zbvd mixacd rahne ,sixg qenlet md ze`zayd lr eiazk lk : zeiziira
,dnif itehye zeevn ler iwxetk mixtekd z` riwen èd 85.dzeicnncga zpiihvn
oi` mpn` .zexwtene zevextk eiazka zexiihvn oleky ,mdipiay miypd z` cegiiae
zkxrn zvixtk dycgd zigiynd dxezd zqitzy - ahid z`f oiad ocnre - jka wtq
dziid ,zeixrd ixeqi` ,my`xa `l m` ,mllkae ,dkldd ly mixzidde mixeqi`d
`l da eyxtzp miilawd oewizd iyrne ,dziy`xn ze`zayd ly zewdaend dizepekzn
mii`zayd minxfd lk `l j` 86.zeipin zexiar cegiiae ,zexiara zeàd zeevnk zg`
eniiwe zeevna ecitwdy mi`zay eid .mipin`nd llk lr denyii mlek `le ,ef jxc ehwp
l` gekd on dycgd dxezd ly dz`v zr dribd mxhy dgpda ,iptbqiciqg miig gxe`
dyi` lka dèx ocnry cera 87.diaeaxra mikxcd izy eyniy mday mibeg eide ,lretd
.`"r k ,my
i"xy u"y ipin`n ewlgp znà m` s`'y jka ocnr dcen ,xkip oevx xqegae ,zexicp mizrl wx
[...] mixne` eprnyy itk ,[ok mb] k"b dxez ixney mdn yi ,zezkl [awxi miryx my ,iav izay]
on mze` miyìine [l`xyi ipa] i"a al miìpne dle`ba extk ixd ,dxezd lr mixaer opi` m` sè
,dxezd mixney mdy mze` oin`p jiè ,i`cea [dxf dcear] f"r epnn miyer mlek mb ,wcvd lèb
'nr mb e`xe ; 142 'nr ,ze`pwd zxez) 'oewizl df ayge dxezd lk lr xar i"xy v"yy eprciy xg`
,zi`zayd dpen`d iiehia lk z` dxneg ly dcin dzeà zlqetd ,ef zicnncg dii`x .(61
s` `l` qenletd hdln wx `l zaiigzn ,mday miipeviwl mipeznd oia milcadd z` zyhyhne
,d`nehc giyn ly cnrn ekxc ikiynnle iav izayl qgiind ,ocnr ly ze`zayd zqitz mvrn
ly ef zrpkyn zepyxtl .dnxeg zngln ea mglidl yi `l` wix ilkk ezbvda ic oiè ax egeky
.211-198 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail : e`x ,ocnr zcnr
yiy ,mifepb mii`zay miazk ly mneqxt mr zxeegzne zkledd ,df oiipra ocnr ly ezepnidnl
ocnr ly ezeigiyn lr exn`n oke ,79 'nr ,my ,qail ly eizexrd e`x ,eizeprhl wefige xeyi` mda
oldl e`x ,miypd ly ozevixt lr ocnr itn zetqep zeiecrl .211-198 'nr ,my ,ze`zayl eqgie
.228-224 zexrd aiaq
zexwtd ly xqene o`kn iciqge iptbq xqen ly zeevwd' oia zevvexzdd lr mely ly eizexrd e`x
dze`l .670-637 'nr ,'giyn zrcl' ,miiwl` : mb e`xe .(113 ,107 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn) 'o`kn
minicwz lly yi ,ipind xqend ly zeketdd zenxepd izy ly zg` dtitka oneiwle ,zevvexzd
A. T. : e`x ,miitEvd miyieexcd ibega ,m`lqà ef drtez lr .zezcd zecleza zeliawne
'textl dcez zxiq` ip`) Karamustafa, Gods Unruly Friends, Salt Lake City 1994, pp. 14-23
R. Nelli, La : e`x ,zix`z`wd dxitkd ly df haida oeicl .(df xeaigl diptdd lr xyiilt lpxew
continence cathare, Mystique et Continence: Travaux scientifiques du VIIe congres
international dAvon (Les etudes
carmelitaines chez Desclee De Browner) (1952), pp.

` de chastete et mystique erotique
139-151; O. Lacombe, Ascese

dans lInde, ibid., pp.
N. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium, : cer e`x .uaewd ixn`n x`ya daxd cere ,61-69
otd dxitka d`hazdy itk drteza miwqerd ,186-148 'nr ,9-8 miwxt cegiia ,London 1970
[ 167 ]
84
85
86
87
26 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
on xzei zeyxetn ody ,zexzeq zerici epicia yi 88,oeaìzle qirkdl zxwten zi`zay
zetiwn sè ,lirl exkfpy sxecqxh`nn zei`zayd zeìapd izy ly 'ozeweex' lr fnxd
rnzyn ,lynl ,jk .wp`xt dee` zigiynd 'dleza'd ly icegiid dcnrn zxcbdn xzei
wp`xt xvga ddyy ,b`xta zi`zay dgtynl oa ,qbxet dyn ly eizepexkifn
,dee` dy`xa ecnry dtewza ,dxyr dpenyd d`nl miryzd zepy seqa jàpteà
lr mipt ipyl zrnzyn dppi`y oeyla cirn qbxet .qekexe sqei ,dig` ipye ,eza
89
,oièyipd lr lhedy xengd xeqi`d lr ,xvga mixabl miypd oia zipctwd dcxtdd
: 'dawp'a ewygy jka ecedy zrc ilw mixirv ly zewlna mzyprd lre
- la` ,mipn`p mipin`n ,xidvdl ebdpy itk ,eid ,xcgl iixag cegiiae ,mixirvd
[mewna dxxyy] dxengd zeixqend zexnl .zrc ilw eid - mixirvd oia libxk
; trotzt der allgemeinen strengen Sittlichkeit : ipnxbd xewna] llkk
xryil`x`n xrbprxhy xrwinex` xrc sie` hwewrb hyip : yicii gqepae
,xzen did `l ipyd oind mr rbn lk .df oipra jk lk ecitwd `l ,[zeyixt
miypd ehlazd da s`y ,dycgd zrd ziy`xe miipiad ini i`vena 'ziytegd gexd' ly zitexi`
jk lr e`x .ze`zaya zigiynzièapd zevxtzdl zexg` zepiga dnkn dliawn ìde ,zeàpznd
.202-198 zexrd aiaq oldl
.228-224 zexrd aiaq oldl e`x 88
mkilr deev`y dn lka exdfiz' : envr wp`xt zcewtl cd yi jàpteà oièyipd lr xeqiày okzii 89
ekgi `l` mdipia epzgzi `l ,mipade zepad ,mkicliy ipevx okl .xac mey lr dlilg exarz lal
eidz f` wxe [zc] Dasl mz` eklze ,ygxzi dfy itk ygxzi df .mda epzgzie micedid èa cr
didi `l ohyle ,ilva eqpkiz d`lde o`kne ,mziidy dn mziid eiykr cr : xn`l lkeè itpk zgz
zxecdn ,ipletd aewxw ci azkn mely dipt ly dnebxza oec`d ixac xtq e`x .'mkilr dt oegzt
izieeyd ixard gqepd z` .961 sirq ,1997 milyexi ,xeìl` lgx zkixra ,dcear zheih - miipia
(ed.), Ksiega Sow
J. Doktor
Panskich
, 2 vols., Warsaw : zipletd dxecdnl izleki ahink

seq md ,wp`xt ly zxnend ezpen` zc ìdy ,'zc'l mlek zqipke 'micedid èa'y xexa .1997
yxtl yiy okzii s` .`ypidl zepale mipal xzEi f` wxe ,wp`xt eze` dfgy itk dle`bd jildz
ipa zexagzd ,epiid ,xg` beqn mibeeif lr miltxernd eixacl dwifa oièyipd lr xeqi`d z`
,211-210 'nr oldl e`x ,wp`xt xvga dl` mix`za yeniyd lr) mce xya 'zeig`'de 'mig`'d - ebeg
megzn ,zeiawpe zeixkf ,zei`lihxr zeieyi mr ,xnelk ,'myc' 'zeig`'e 'mig`' mr ,(262-250
mze`y - mc` ipa wtq mil` wtq - 'mevr gek ilra' micli ecleeii ef zexagzdn d`vezk .zedel`d
ik [...] eply mr mdd mig`de ,myc zeig`d mr eply mig`d mixagzn eid fè' : envr wp`xt ìyi
epgp` mbe ,seb ilral c`n miwwezyn md ik ,cg` miyrp eide ,y`d mpd mde ,mind eppd epgp`
dzid z`f .mkizepale mkipal zelelkd z` jexr` invra ip`y minrt dnk izxn` okl .mdl miwewf
.(1275 sirq) 'dnly xir zltep dzid mzwrv lewl ; mevr gek ilra eid miclep eidy miclid : izpeek
okzii ok enk .470-466 zexrd aiaq oldle ,418 sirq e`x ,'my'l 'dfd mlerd' oia mibeeifd oiiprl
lr e`x .rbna wp`xt à onry zeyxetd zeiqexd zezikd z`xyda bdped oièyipd lr xeqi`dy
.h wxt oldl jk
[ 168 ]
[ 27
: ipnxbd xewna] 'oeifg'a epieehvp s` cg` xwea 90.xeng xeqià exq`p oièyipde
eilr ,dawpa wygy in lky 91,['oeifg' ` ql` : yicii gqepae ; in einer Vision
sqepa .zewll enikqd mixirvd mixabd lk hrnke - zewln xyr lawl mikqdl
lv` dl`k 'zepeifg' lr mifixkn eid mei lka hrnky ,xirdl aiig ip` ,jk lr
,xtqa miazkp eid mde ,[wp`xt awri ly eicli zyely] mipec`d zyelyn cg`
92
.miwzrd dnk dfn miyer eide
ipaxd oicd ziaa dzabpy ,jàpteà xvgd iig lr ztqep zecra xy`zn oièyipd lr xeqi`d oiipr 90
x"c axd ici lr zixar dieex zicedizipnxba dqtcpe ,q"wz oeeiq (h"k e`) c"ka oilew xird ly
zur Geschichte der Frankisten in : e`x .wà lèny
S. Back, Aufgefundene Aktenstuke
Offenbach, Monatsschrift fur
Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums, 26 (1877), pp.
'mlv` hkip mikeciy rpiiw odryb jie`'y ,daeyza xfegd crd geecn ,419 'nra ,my .410-420
bivp xaigy ,jàpteà mihqiwp`xtd xvg lr oeayge oica s` .(mlv` ekxrp `l mikeciy mey)
mdn yi` ,[1788a] dpd mèa f`ny ,reci ok enk' : yexita xn`p ,hxetwpxta ziqextd dlynnd
.inebxza ,A. Mandel, The Militant Messiah, New Jersey 1979, p. 117 lv` àen .'ozgzd `l
z` eaizkd mdit lre ,raw jxc wp`xt ipa eegy miièapd miielibd on cg`l d`xpd lkk dpeekd 91
qèe ,qrll` q`c cpe`' : oilew ly oicd zia iptl zecr dze` jezn xazqn oiiprd .mdiciqg zelert
.(ocxree ohl`db dèap ` xit rklree ze`xn ìc cpif q`c) hdiyrb ldrta sie` ,hdiyrb hx`c
't awri oet odrfb ocxree ze`xn ic .ofrlbx`t dtiqà èxt xrc oi` xrnni` ocxree ze`xn ìc
rkxiw xrc oi` hxiee jie` .j`x cpe` srfì xrcixa 2 rxdi` hin dxex`d xrhk`h rpiif [wp`xt]
.'hkip ìf oxd`t o`c ,orxd`t ef hkip ,hxiee orhàxrt d`xn i"tr qr oree xep ,mbg meia oxd`tb
ze`xnd .(dèapl eaygpy ze`xnd dl`) dcewt it lr ygxzd ,my ygxzdy dn lke' : inebxzae
.jexe sfei ,dig` ipy mr wp`xt awri ly dxex`d eza e`x ze`xnd z` .xwead ztqà cinz e`xwed
d`xn it lr [eehvpe] xacd xq`pyk la` ,['` meil dpeekdy d`xp] mbg meia diiqpkl ekld ok enk
èd èd ,crd ly epeyla 'd`xn' dpeknd ièapd evd .(my ,miknqn ,wà) 'ekld `l ,zkll `l
.xralrb ly yiciil enebxza 'oeifg'de ,qbxet ly zipnxbd xewnd oeyla Visiond d`xpd lkk
zxrd jk lr e`x) qbxet zgtyn icia uxà `vnp qbxet dyn zepexkif ly ixewnd ipnxbd gqepd 92
qtcp sè ,(423 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail ; 677 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely jeza qail
Eine Wallfahrt nach Offenbach, Frankfurter israelitisches Gemeindeblatt, : mikynd ipya
'textl zecedl ipevxa .6 (Febr uary 1932), pp. 121-123, ibid., 7 (March 1932), pp. 150-151
ztqeza ,ipnxbd xewnd .qetcay ipnxbd gqepd z` icil eìvndy ,onqèew diaehe qail dcedi
iptl cer qtcpe - cid azkn d`xpd lkk - yiciil mbxez ,lirly qtcpd gqepa dxqgd ,zg` dwqt
'` : jeza ,'qrbx`t qrf`n oet zepexkf ic' ,xralrb n"p : e`x .ipnxbd gqepd ly xe`l ez`v
ilbp` mebxz .288-265 mixeh ,1929 dyxe ,` ,ohtixy ryix`hqid : `"eeii ,(jxer) xree`wixryh
'nr ,(90 dxrd lirl) ihphilind giynd ,lcp`n ly extql gtqpk riten `lnd ipnxbd gqepd ly
gqepd ly ,` xeh ,123 'nr ,6 oeiliba riten zixarl inebxza lirl hhevnd rhwd .170-155
enebxza .ilbp`d mebxzd ly 162 'nrae ,yiciil mebxzd ly 277-276 mixeha ,qetcay ipnxbd
miae`yd ,migpen ea evaey sè ,ezrc lewiy it lr milw dkixr ipewiz eyrp yiciil xralrb ly
mibdpnde zexezd oia ax oeinc (oekp l`) ddif eay mewn lka ,ziciqgd drepzd ly dnlern
gpena ynzyn èd ,lynl .jàpteà zihqiwp`xtd xvgd ibdpn oiae ahid el mixkend miiciqgd
xeh ,my) 'mipec`d zyely' ly mpgleyn oefnd zeix`y ztihg xeìz mebxzl 'miixiy' iciqgd
: ` xeh ,123 'nr ,my) qbxet ixac ly ipnxbd xewna riten eppi` envr gpendy it lr s` ,(276
[ 169 ]
28 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
zn`d z` ztyeg ìd oi`y da ceygl mewn yi ik m` ,zrpkyne dpin` ef dii`x zecr
mipin`nd ly mei meid iiga dxengd zipind zeyixtd zrnyny èd rpnpd on `le ,dlek
ipa 'mipec`d' aiaq eniiwzdy ,miihqìbxe` miqwha mrtl mrtn dxted jàpteà
f`n eidy - mixetikd mei oebk - mipnfa (i`ygae ,cala maiaq ,d`xpd lkke) wp`xt
micnl ep` df beqn rexi` lr .ze`zaya deevnd jetid jxc lr dxarl
micren cinzne
,(`cxeit) hxit zlidw ly ipaxd oicd zia bivp ,xrbxean`d ontil slèe 'x ixacn
- okl mcew mixetq miyceg - ezxiwg i`vnn lr `"qwz elqk 'fa mipiicd ipta cirdy
aiil xirvd eig` ,(lirl eàedy zepexkifd lra) qbxet dyn ,mixirvd zyely z`
xvgd on ma mytp cer lk f` ehlnpy ,ocfxc yi` xrbpiftied q`pei mxage ,cleteìl
zia mrhn dxiwgl dxhynd ici lr exvrpe ,mdizal dxfg mkxca hxita epg ,jàpteà
mze` dxewd lk lr xrbxean`d o`ntil slèe 'xl extiq dyelyd .xira ipaxd oicd
yiciil xralrb 'p mbxz ezecr z` .ipaxd oicd zia ipta jk lr cird ède ,jàpteà
93
,(xnzyp `l ixard xewnd gqepy d`xp) qbxet zgtyn zeyxa didy ipnxbd wzerd on
: enebxza qbxet dyn zepexkifl gtqpk dqitcde
yely .mipebn miyrne zexeng zexiar rva 94gex .1800 xnelk ,q"wz xetkmei
èal ,zepkde mipey miqwh xg`l ,eehvp ,oiyhi` lcprn ly eza odipiae ,miyp
sely wyp mr dxinya cenrl eehvp mixegad zyely .excga ez` zedyle eil`
[gex] èdy `lznà ,eyri `l xy` miyrn ipin lke zepf eyrp jk .zlcd iptl
eza .dpy dzeà zerx zexifbn lvpidl ick zeyrl jixv jky ,ycewd gexa d`x
e` mihqiwp`xtd ly mpeyla f` xak rahp m` zrcl oiè ,(Die Speisen, die ubrig
bleiben
'miixiy' ztihg bdpn xaca zeiecrd ly iqgid oxegi` lr) miciqg oeyla ,xzei zxge`n dtewza
: "rciedie lìzl`y jxc lr zeaeyze zel`y dfi`" ' ,hxal`hxettx 'r : e`x ,ziciqgd drepza
: jeza ,'ltiieev iav xfril` ly eyxcn zian my melr ci azka zeciqgd lr zilikyn dixebipq
ixedxd' gpena ynzyn èd ok enk .(xcdend hqwhl 24 dxrd ,[qetca] qqxe lènyl laeid xtq
eine Frauensperson xewnd gqep mebxzl 'dyi`
zixarl inebxza àedy) eine Neigung fur
zxezl dxiyi dwif ly myex xvei èd jkae ,(lirl hhevnd rhwa 'dawpa wyg[y in lk]'k
ze`zayl ziciqgd drepzd oia dl` oebk zeicqene zeipeirx zewif .zeciqga zexfd zeaygnd
zepiiprnd eizepgad lynl e`x) onvrl odyk oze` lewyl yie ,oeicl gezt `yep od mfiwp`xtle
,359 'nr ,my ,dl` mipiiprl zetqepd eizeiptd oke ,100-97 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail ly
.eil`n oaend xack ihqiwp`xtd hqwhd lr oze` zetkl oi` j` ,(4 dxrd
ziiab ly ipnxbd gqepd .262 xeh ,my ,yiciil enebxza qbxet zepexkifl èana xralrb ixac e`x 93
gqepa zecrd itirq xyr dyely jezn iriaxd sirqd seqa rhwp èd : mly eppi`y) hxita ef zecr
xkf el iz`vn `l ,mewn lkne ,à `ly d`xp j` ,'èai jynd'y xn`p iriaxd sirqd seqa ; yicii
lèny x"cd ici lr - xaca mirbepd zeny zhnyda - èd s` qtcp (zrd azk ly miàd mikxka
.(192-189 'nr ,90 dxrd lirl) wà
.elek hqwhd jxe`l wp`xt awri oa qekex ly eiepik df 94
[ 170 ]
[ 29
.df jxevl dxgapy lr xzeia zxye`n ìdy ,dia`l jk xg` dazk lcprn ly
95
.zehy iyrne seìp lr mixg` mixetiq daxd cer mixtqn mixirvd zyely
ipaxd oicd zia mrhn xg` xweg ixaca xy`zne xfeg mixetikd mei eze` irexi` xeìz
- xrbpiftied q`pei myn mihxt ezecra xqend ,xrfiedprki` oerny xra 'x èd ,hxita
qekex ly ezlc lr dxinya szzydy ,jàpte`n mihlnpd mixirvd zyelyn cg`
: `"qwz elqk 'g ,zxgnd meia miiwzpy ayena oicd zia ipta dzabp ef zecr .wp`xt
dxinya ecnr f` weica .xetk meia wp`xt awri ipa eyry zearezd on endcp md
oiyhi` lcprn ly eza .mx`zl oi`y miyian mipiprl micr eide ,zlcd cil
96
.c`n zxye`n ìdy b`xtl azkna dazk jk xg` la` ,dxn diika f` dzka
dziikae ,zlcd lr mixneyd mixirvd ly mzndcz - ef zecra mitqepd mihxtd ipy
zenyxzdd z` miwfgn - (axd dxye` lr dzgtynl dgeeicy mxh) dxrpd ly dxnd
mei meid iig zxbyn wlg eid `ly i`cee ,i`ygae riztna eygxzd dl` oebk miyrny
dcxtdae xzeia dxeng zixqen zrnyna ,xen`k ,epiihvd mei meid iig ixdy .jàpteà
.oièyipd lr xeqi`d z` zllekd zipin zeyixta ,xnelk ,mipind ipy oia zhlgen
,ipind xqend zekxrn izy ly ef cvl ef oneiw z` zexyt` llkn ìvedl oi` ,ok m`
mipnfa mipin`nd llk lr e` ,mipey mipin`n ibeq lr zelg odyk ,dvextde dyextd
,zei`zayd zeìapd zrtez iabl zexyt` llkn z`f ìvedl oi`y myk ynn 97,mipey
,zipind zexwtddy d`xp ,llkk 98.o`kn 'zevext'd zeèypde o`kn 'zeleza'd zeweexd
lfiix lr 99.drepzd ly mipexg`d dileblba dpznzd ,dyrnl mewn lkne dkldl elit`
ipnxbd gqepa .inebxza ,4 sirq ,290 xeh ,'dtqed rhyxr' ,(92 dxrd lirl) zepexkf ,xralrb
.192 'nra sirqd riten (my)
dqtcp `l ef zecr ,izerici ahinl .inebxza ,1 sirq ,293 xeh ,'dtqed rhiieev' ,my ,xralrb
.ipnxbd gqepa
ipa x`y iyrnn licadle ,eze`zay zexnl s`p `l ,dìapd dig ly dia` ,lynl ,xey ryil`
,mewn lkn ,jk .exir oih`dexa wp`xt awri ly exewia mr d`xpd lkk ,mieqn alyl cr ,ezia
owfd elit`' : ocnr awri dnyxy itk ,aep`h`qa oicd zia iptl lbq lèny ly ezecrn rnzyn
ixaca zxy`zne zxfeg ef zecr .(a"r d ,yeny xtq) 'wprxtd zìa xg` [ok mb] k"b dpf ryil`
.z`fk envra ryil` dyr `l f` cr ,aiyde ,z`fk k"b dyr envr ryil` m` eze` epl`y' : xg` cr
.(`"r f ,my) 'l"pd ezlk mr devnd èd miiw ,wprxtd zìa xg`l j`
zetewza yexte iptbq miig gxe` miiw ixdy ,ef dnbn zpnzqn envr iav izay iiga xak ,dyrnl
e`x .zexg` zetewza zeipin zexar
xar d`xpd lkke ,miypa envr z` siwd ik m` ,eiiga zenieqn
.235-233 'nr oldl
mzgtyn zxeqn it lr ze`zayl mikiizynd zrceza .62-61 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : e`x
,zecin xdeh ,miitk oeiwp ly miig gxe`'k xiihvdl drepzd dlki ,dxyr ryzd d`nd zivgna
dxrd lirl] 'zi`zay dèev' ,mely) 'aeh gxf` ly zeixqend zepekzd lk - dyrnle ,dwcv ,xyei
[ 171 ]
95
96
97
98
99
30 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
ipa xvga ìd s` dzdyy ,b`xta mi`zayd zxeag y`x ,dlree dpei ly ezeg` ,xbi`
zegt ,1848a xn`p 100,dxyr dpenyd d`nl oexg`d xeyrd seqa jàpteà wp`xt
1831a dxhtpe ,mi`zayd ly dreci dìapk b`xta dig'y ,dzen xg`l mixeyr ipyn
lr zerici hwll gxehd ,xagnly ,rnzyn mixacd gqepn 101.'al zneyz lk xxerl ilan
m` ,ef dìapa dxeywd - zxg` e` zipin - dheq zelirt lk lr rcep `l ,b`xt i`zay
ìdy dilr exn`' ,jàpte` xvga dxirv dxrpky ,dzipiig` lr xtql rcei èd ik
ihp`d dxihqa mb 102.'wp`xt ly eyblit dzid xac ly ezin`l la` ,dìap
recid i`b`xtd i`zayd ly eig` oa) b`xtn dlree ailheb ly ef zecr .(inebxza ,174 'nr ,[67
zpyn eipal ezèeva ezgtyn zxeqn z` jk xìze ,1849a dwixn`l xbidy ,(dlree dpei
gxfnay (Stolpe) dtlehy zlidwa axk odiky in ,'oiilw x"c' ixaca zxy`zn ,1863/1864
,zexvpl mziihpa ercep mpne`y ,mcewd xeca b`xt i`zay lr 1848 zpya azk oiilw .dipnxb
i`zay ,mdi`v`v lr .'xdefde j"pzd icenila epiihvde ,mdlyn yxcn ziae zqpk zia eniiw' la`
miyp` mdy ,xnel yi mgayle ,miycg micedi md icpeae dlree zegtyn ipa' : azk ,ely exec
Dr. Klein, Zuschrift : e`x .'j"pza miìwa mlek eid invra izxkdy mdn dlè ,xzeia miixqen
an Herrn Moses Mendelssohn in Hamburg die Zusammenstellung der rabbinischen
Autoritaten
im vorigen Yahrhundert betreffend, Literaturblatt des Orients, 33 (1848),
.inebxza ,col. 540
,xrbxean`d o`ntil slèe geecn my ,11 sirq ,292 xeh ,(92 dxrd lirl) zepexkif ,xralrb : e`x 100
mixwand mipin`nd lr lhedy milecbd minekqd lr ,`"qwz elqk 'fn hxita oicd zia iptl ezecra
szey did `ly d`xpe ,df xywda llk xkfp epi` dlray) xbi` lfiix mb .wp`xt ipal mlyl xvga
.xac ly eteqa jkl dztkp j` ,daxiq ,mlyl dzeehvp (254-252 zexrd aiaq oldl e`x ; dze`zayl
.528 xeh ,(99 dxrd lirl) oiilw 101
dcecd iably cera ,dzeìapl gxkday daihpxhl`k zipiig`d ly dzeyblit z` bivn xagnd .my 102
.zcaekne dreci dìapk dcnrn lr - ely eibyena - xrxrl egekay rcin lk eicia oi` xbi` lfiix
dqitz m` zrcl dyw .dèapd mr zg` dtitka xecl dleki zipind zexwtdd oi` ,ezrcezay xexa
hetiy lr e` eini ze`zaya zcaeknd ziypd dèapd zrtez mr ynn ly zexkid lr zqqean ef
ly ezaa xaecny èd rpnpd on `l - zipiig`l xy` .mixacd ly mzeìvnn yelze hyten ixqen
.lirl eàedy jàpte` xvga mixetikd mei irexi` lr zecrd zeiab izya zxkfpd ,oiyhi` lcprn
lkk e`veny ,oiyhi` ,dia` my fnxn xbi` lfiix dìapd oial dpia ef zixyt` dgtyn zaxw lr
,dlree lèpnr s` xxebzd day ,b`xtl gxfn oetvn ,(Jicin - oiyhii e`) oiyhi` xird on d`xpd
,(67 dxrd lirl) 'zi`zay dèev' ,mely : e`x .xbi` lfiixe dlree dpei ly recid i`zayd mdig`
ae`yl ozip ef dxrydl dnwefig .efa ef epzgzd xira zei`zayd zegtynd izyy xiaq .168 'nr
eabpy mideabd minelyzd lr (100 dxrd lirl) xrbxean`d o`ntil slèe ly ezecray dcaerd on
,zg` dniypa dig` dlree dpeie xbi` lfiix ,oiyhi` lcprn mixkfp ,jàpte` xvga mipin`nd on
qekex ly 'eyblit' dxrpd dyniy ,oiyhi` lcprn za ly dzcec xbi` lfiix dziid ok` m` .dveawk
zeiab ozeà dpecpd dtewzd - q"wza miigd oia did `l xaky ,eia` wp`xt awri ly `le wp`xt
wp`xt ipay jkn d`vezk oiilw x"cd icil dribdy zxeqna yazydl did ieyr xacd xkf .zecr
z` jàpteà mipin`nd xeaiva xevil e` ,1791a mdia` zen zcaer z` yhyhl d`xpd lkk eqip
,reayl zg` zegtl mdipia ritedle aeyl ezlekiae ,'mlrp' `l` ynn zn `l wp`xt awriy myexd
ixg` mb ekynpe ,eiiga wp`xt bidpdy miiqwh mixewia - epenx`l dkenqd diiqpka '` mei ixewiaa
[ 172 ]
[ 31
likynd d`xpd lkk èd dxagne ,q"wza b`xta my melira dqtcpy ,zihqiwp`xt
sè ,xbi` lfiix dze` d`xpd lkk ìdy ,daeyg zi`b`xt dìap zxkfp 103,qilhii jexa
,mdipia zg` dyè' : dheq zipin zelirtl cd lk oi` ,zilkza oier èdy ,df xeìza
104
.'dizeceqe dizepeifg ,dizenelg renyl dil` mikled dnde ,zeìapd zg`k dàpznd
idlya èd s` azkpy xeaiga b`xt i`zay z` swezd ,ylwlt xfrl` 'x ,z`f znerl
z` - eil`n oaend xacke ,ocnrk edenk - jxek ,q"wza qtcpe dxyr dpenyd d`nd
- zxacn i`n ,zxacn ìd xy` ,zxwten dpefne' : ozevixta zei`zayd miypd zèap
106
.'d`xna izi`x z`fke z`fk zxne` z`f ,d`nhp ìde 105,dxzqpe dlrap
yi ,drepzd ly mixge`nd dileblba miypd zèap zernyn èln lr cenrl ick
xèzy xexa .dnvrl ìdyk zi`zayd dèapd zrtez ly sqep cnn oeayga ìadl
epkzpe ,da eàpzd drepzd ini ziy`xny lirl oiev xake ,irnyncg eppi` dèapd
izfrd ozp ly mznew xeriyn milaewne minkg icinlz ly unew eze` mb ,miìap
dxezd ly oiipad ipa`l ektde ,evted ,ecaer ,eazkp mdizeèapy ,efecxw mdxaè
ihhqw` oerbiy itwzdk dxiihvd mzèapy ,she miyp ,miyp` ipend mbe ,zi`zayd
zeiecrd ziaxn .dzeygxzd mvra did dneyix xwire ,miilpa e` miblir eid dipkz j`
lr 'gex'd zgilvl cre e"kza zipendd dèapd zeievxtzdn lgd ,zeàpznd miypd lr
,dèap ly df beql oze` zekiiyn ,daegehqp'va wp`xt xvga zexrpd lr e` xey dig
ycewd oeyla miblten zeceq xaca zepype zexfegd zexdvdd zexnl ,mewn lkne
myn zeilawzeièap zexez ecxy `l ,ozèap itwzda oditn enyxpe elbzpy ,xdefde
dyn ,edil` iieliba ,miypd zèap df llkae ,dèapd d`hazd jk lr sqep 107.miyp
,qbxet dyn zepexkif ly zipnxba dxvwd mzqxbn rnzyn ,mewn lkn ,jk .xcde x`t aexa ezen
lirl) envra azkd lr mze` dlrdy mxh cer b`xtn oiihy cleteìl x"cl dt lra mxqny itk
L. Stein, Mittheilung uber

: e`x .ipnxbd dxewna oiihy ici lr dqtcp dxvwd dqxbd .(92 dxrd
ireayd xewiad xèzn ,158 'nra ,my .die Frankistensekte, Achawa, 3 (1870), pp. 154-160
zeidl dxen` dziidy ,ahid zxzqen zenc dkezae ,dxkxkd z` deeil ceak xnyn : diiqpka
dwiqrd dxkxka zixezqnd zencd ly dzedf zl`y .'oec`d' dl e`xw mipin`nde ,'wp`xt oexàd'
.qbxet itn mnyxy itk zepexkifl sxivy 'zkxrnd mrhn xac zixg`'a envr oiihy x"cd z` daxd
iplet qxhpewa miiga ecery ink qtzpd ,wp`xt ly ezen xaca zepwtq lr .166-161 'nr ,my e`x
A. G. Duker, Polish Frankisms Duration, Jewish Social : e`x ,1819a qtcpy ,inipep`
Studies, 25 (1963), p. 290
eizeiptde ,81-69 'nr ,g"nyz milyexi ,ze`zaye dlkyd ,qqxe 'y : e`x ,el rwxde ,df xeaig lr
.45 dxrd ,74 'nr ,my zeitxbeilaiad
.27 'nr ,q"wz b`xt ,`"qwz zpy oiae q"wz zpy oia dgiy
ixirf ? zxacn i`n [...] cg` mr zxacn de`x' : `"r bi zeaezk ,ilaaa yxcpy itk ,13 d 'na it lr
.421 dxrd aiaq oldl mb e`xe .'dlrap xn` iq` ax ,dxzqp xn`
.a"r dk ,(cec zad` : oldl) q"wz b`xt ,cec zad` ,ylwlt xfrl`
.246-239 'nr oldl e`x la`
[ 173 ]
103
104
105
106
107
32 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
e` uiwda ,mihedx mixqn exciyy ,mda `veik dfd mlerd on `ly micibne ,oexdè
ok enk .mipin`nd xeaiva znieqn zeknq mdl mikefd miyple mixabl epwde ,melga
miqp llegl zlekide rahd xcbl uegny zegeka dhilyd mr zi`zayd dèapd dzdef
miib`n mixeyik zpbtd 108.(zpierd hand zcewpn ,'miipir zfig`'e 'seyik') ze`ltpe
,miqp illegn miìap lr zericid ik m` ,liawna miyple mixabl ìd s` dqgei df beqn
ixeìzn jexr oi`l zeax ,miizxeqnd mdixeyik dl`y my ilrae milaewnk miqtzpd
mipya dèapd xèzl dzeelzp ztqep zernyn .dl` zegeka epgipy 'zetykn'd miypd
aey zigcpd dle`bd lr miielibl ekfe ,ef dtewza elrty miìap : giynd zen xg`ly
eileblbk mipin`nd ibega eqtzp sè ,onvr geka zeigiyn zeiencl zg` `l ektd ,aeye
zwdaen dnbec .ezniyn inilynk e` enewn i`lnnk ,eiyxeik ,iav izay ly miycgd
dyrpe 109,giynk iav izay zelbzd iptl cer àpzdl lgdy ,efecxw mdxa` èd jkl
zepeifgd on xeyiè d`xyd ea`y eizexez .mi`zayd mibele`zd ilecbn cg` jk xg`
ly iqlwd oaena ìap x`yp ef dpigane ,eini seq cr eze` cewtl etiqedy miièapd
dn rval xen`d mixt` oa giyn mr ziyi` zedcfd ea dyabzp mieqn alya j` .dlind
ixg` dlbznd ,mixt` oa giynk 110.eiiga erval - iav izay - cec oa giynn xvapy
oa e` mixt` oa giyn ly axwa ezen lr zenecwd zexeqnl cebipa) cec oa giyn zen
encew zlert z` milydl egekay oin`d 111,(eixg` àd cec oal jxc qltl crepy ,sqei
,zigiynd ezrcez ceqa eicinlz z` sziyy s` d`xp .a"nz oqipa dle`bd z` ìadle
dtewz dzeà znieqn dxkdl dkf igiynd ecnrny jk lr 112.eini seqa dl ygkzd ik m`
izay] i"xy v"y znedy xg` mipy dfi`' : l`xyi lìpc 'xwyd ìap' z` ocnr x`zn ,lynl ,jk
miiga epcer u"yy cibd èd .l`xyi lìpc `xwp didy cg` drzn mw [awxi miryx my ,iav
`l `nhd dfe [...] l`xyi z` zectl dlbzi jk xg` ,mipy ynge mirax` my cenrie ,xzqp mewna
mrt] `"t [...] eityka mrd zenxl rcei ,mipir zfigà owqr olagz dide ,xinfà ofg wx ocnl did
enr mi`vnpd zerhdl dlecb dldaa cin cnre ,ipha fbxze izrny xnìe ,oglyd lr ayi [zg`
l` eixg` otie .eixg` jled y` xecke xcgd jeza jlie .ea epinìe eilr dlg dèapd eaygiy e`
f` .cre mlerl jelni oec`d ,jln èd oec`d ,jln èd oec`d ,xnìe `xwie eilr micnerd miyp`d
,ìap èdy epin`de [...] died my eilr d`xpe ,ely dfgd lr ayie enewn z` y` ly xeckd dpy
.(55 'nr ,ze`pwd zxez) 'eilr dxeyd [ycewd gex] w"dx gka dl`k ze`ltpe miqp dyerye
minyd on il cbed c"kzd zpya'y xtqn èd ,yhxetyy awri dwizrdy itk ,wgvi eig`l ezxbià
.(289 'nr ,iav laep zviv) 'giynd jlnd zelbzdl cizr did dpyd ivgn xzei hrn d"kzd zpyay
; (3 dxrd lirl) 'dpikyd ly zeivwexhqpew' ,oeqtlee : e`x ,efecxw ly zigiynd ezrcezl
,zrc ,'efecx`w n"è iav izay ,izfrd ozp lv` sqei oa giyn lr : cwtpd giynd' ,miiwl` '`
.112 dxrd oldl mb e`xe .82-53 'nr ,(f"pyz) 38
.142-57 'nr ,(11 dxrd lirl) dle`b iyxcn ,lènyoa` ; `"r ap dkeq ,ilaa : lynl e`x
; 452-425 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,' 'dl l`xyi ycew yexc : efecx`w l`kin mdxa`' ,mely : e`x
dpen`d ceq ,'iav izayl qgeind "`zepninc `fx" xtq ly exagn - efecx`w l`kin' ,qail 'i
.44-43 'nr ,zi`zayd
[ 174 ]
108
109
110
111
112
[ 33
àip dèa lry ,dle`bl zeitivd ìy ini ,a"nz zahay dcaerd on cenll ile` ozip
dyi`l el dz`yl eilry iav izay ly ezpnl` el driced ,oin`d dìadl egekae
xg`l zeax mipy dazkpy ,eicinlzl zxbià jk lr xtqn efecxw .znd dlra zeevna
: `"qza d`xpd lkk ,okn
ipywal àzy ezy`l xn` [iav izay ly] ezxihtl jenqy `l` df ic `le
xacd il cbede .dy`l il dze` zgwl oniql il eidiy mixzqp mixac il` xn`ze
ìd dà mini 'b xgè ,[letepihphqpew] 'hvew l` zkll ehyicexn iznwe ,dfd
dny ize` d`vn `lyke ,ehyecex l` dze` zynynd '` dyè eiilix`w sqei mr
dn lk il cibdl dny àl zeyx ipnn ywal '` ux 'hqewl il [d]glye dzka
mielzy mixac md ik ,dpnn renyl ehyicexl ip` èa`y e` ,giynd dil` deivy
113
.dle`bd zlgzd mda
zeevnk mzbvde ,efecxwl mzrvd mvrn la` ,oièyipd `l sè ,dniiwzp `l dyibtd
'mixzqp mixac' iav izay myn el xeqnl dpnl`d zghadn oke ,zenl dhepd giynd
ly enewn `lnne eyxeik efecxwa dxkdd zrnzyn ,mda dielz dle`bd zlgzdy
,exeaiga rivdl efecxw z` ripdy èd df rexi` 114,edipa xi`n ly ezxaq it lr .giynd
dle`bdy ddenzd zexyt`d z` ,ynn dtewz dzeà azkpy ,'dl l`xyi ycew yexc
,migiynd ipy ly mdiciwtza epeica df oeirx alyn efecxw .dyi` ici lr xyazz
swynd ,dpeyd izxitqd m`venn milylzyn mde ,icnl miakxen mdipia miqgidy
wwfp èd oeicd jldna 115.iav izayl efecxw ly ihpleeian`d eqgi z` envrl èdyk
htynk zixdefd zxeqna yxcpd weqt ,10 a 'xa) ocrn `veid xdpd iy`x zrax` lnql
,cec oa : zeigiyn zeienc rax` mr ddfn èd mze`y ,(idel`d rtyd znixf xaca gztn
mqxtzi m` wtq yi la` ,edil` ède iriaxd èd xyand'e ,epiax dyn ,mixt` oa
116
.'oeiv zxyan dy` i"r e` eci lr dle`bd
zxeza yecig' : df htyn ly ecegiie ezexf lr xird ,yexcd xicdn ,mely myxb xak
dy` icil xqnii xyank edil` ly eciwtzy [... ] zltxernd ezfinx ìd giynd
zi`zayd zextqa il recid oey`xd fnxd edf [... ] "oeiv zxyan" ilnqd mya z`xwpd
zxeza aeyg dyrpe ycgn dlry oeirx ,dy` icilr dl`k miciwtz ielinl
.`x 'nr ,(61 dxrd lirl) 'zexb`' ,eiilix`nè ekln
.`t-t 'nr ,(g"lyz-`"lyz) (c ,oeei xtq) ci ,zepetq ,'iwipel`ya dlecbd dxndd' ,edipa 'n
'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail ; 427 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x ,mdipia miqgid lr
.44-43
xd lr' : weqtd on ae`y envrlyk 'oeiv zxyan' iehiad .449 'nr ,my ,mely
zxyan jl ilr dab
.(9 n 'yi) 'milyexi zxyan jlew gka inixd ,oeiv
[ 175 ]
113
114
115
116
34 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
efecxw zrca dxiihvp ef zexyt`y xryn edipa 117.'dpy d`n xeark mihqiwp`xtd
zeceqd ielib mre ,dz` ebeeif zervnày ,iav izay ly ezpnl` zghadl dxiyi dwifa
,znd cec oa giyn ly ebef za ,xnelk .zigiynd ezeewz z` miybdl dkfi ,dzeyxay
- giynd zelbzd z` xyazy ìd ,igd mixt` oa giyn mr ipy beeifa beecfdl dxen`d
zxyan zenca 118,wdaend xyand ,ìapd edil` ztlgd .dle`bd èa zè - dlra
dle`bd lr zeicedid zexeqna micwz zlleyne driztn ìdy lk mr ,ziyp
rax`n zg` lkl qgiind ,yexcd ly iniptd oeibidd mr dti zayiizn 119,zigiynd
zxitq ìd ziriaxd zencd ; mipey miizxitq mikxr ea epnpy zeigiynd zeiencd
zepan dnk mr dzdef sè ,da lnzqdl zxyand dyi`l dl dì ok`y ,ziawpd zekln
,edipa ly ezxryd dpekp m` 120.miilawd diiepika epeky ,mi`zayd migiynd ly mbef
ely ecnrn zqitza wx `l ,dèapde zeigiynd ebfnzp eicinlze efecxw zrcezay d`xp
.zxyank giynd ly ebef za zqitza s` `l` ,dllegn mb èdy dle`bd ìapk
.cala efecxwa dcgiizp `l giyn mb èdy ìapd cnrna ef zeipy ,dnvrl ìdyk
,dl` s` mdipiae ,mixg` mi`zay migiynmiìap lr zexeqna mb zpnzqn ìd
zedel`d zenybzda e` ,zedel` zbxcl giynd zelrzda elbc ,efecxwl cebipay
.427 'nr ,my 117
glyiiy ink xèzn èd my ,23 b ik`lna weqtd on lylzyn dle`bd xyank edil` ly eciwtz 118
,zeicb` zexeqn llyl `ven zcewp yniy weqtd .'`xepde lecbd 'd mei iptl' èaie l`d ici lr
'nr ,(11 dxrd lirl) dle`b iyxcn ,lènyoa` : mb e`xe .dl dyxt seq ,izax `zwiqt lynl
.272-268 'nr ,i"yz aia`lz ,l`xyia igiynd oeirxd ,xpfelw 'i ; 54-29
zbxede 'd iaieà znglpd - cec oa giyn èd - lìnr oa mgpn ly en` ,daivtg df llkn z`vei 119
xtqa xteqnd it lr - sqei oa giyn èd - lìyeg oa dingp cin dlaiwy 'zereyi dhn'a mda
rxe g` oi` ef ziyp zigiyn zencl .88-71 'nr ,my ,lènyoa` jeza ,laaexf xtq : e`x .laaexf
ik m`) zeixvep zexeqna dxewny mixwegd ziaxn lr laewne ,zicedid zihtilwet`d zxeqna
itl ,e`x .ipy zia ztewza xeaigd ly e`veny ,dxrydd z` dpexg`l dlrd ldepw l`xyi 'text
iazk xwgl zr azk - dlaw ,'o`xnew zcr ly giynd - "jlnd cici" ' exn`n meiqay fnxd ,dry
df xeaig lr .dpnfl zxge`nd zextqd on wgced dxkfe (258 'nr ,[g"pyz] 3 ,zicedid dwihqind
P. Speck, The Apocalypse of Zer ubbabel and Christian Icons, Jewish : dpexg`l e`x
Studies Quarterly, vol. 4, no. 2 (1997), pp. 183-190; J. Dan, Armilus: The Jewish
odke xty : jeza ,Antichrist and the Origins and Dating of the Sefer Zer ubbavel
.104-73 'nr ,(3 dxrd lirl) sl`d z`xwl ,(mikxer)
zenc ly df yexca driztnd dzegkep z` jiiyl ozipy okzii .268-262 ,178 'nr oldl jk lr e`x 120
,igiynd ocira dawpd gek zexabzd ly xywdl ,zekln zxitq mr ddefnd ,ziypd zlèbd
zpigaa èdy ,df jildz .zexitqd mleq y`xl dpikyzekln zxitq ziilra dìya z`haznd
miifkxnd mi`yepd cg`k dpexg`l bved ,'zixcbind dikx`xìdd ly zibeleh`kq`d dkitdd'
mixnl zecdia dpikyzekln zxitq oia zyxetnd dlawdd odae - eizeqitzy ,efecxw ly ezebda
,oeqtlee : e`x .zipxnd
ezyxenn wlg deednd ,zixvepd dibelFixnd on ertyed - zexvpa eyi m`
.jliè 29 'nr ,(3 dxrd lirl) 'zeivwexhqpew'
[ 176 ]
[ 35
sè ìapk ritedy ,iwipelqa mixnend mi`zayd y`x ,dikexa oebk ,mce xya giyna
121
,cg`k 'giynke ìapk' xèz dnpecd zexeqnae ,'ea dyalzp zedel`y' giynk lawzp
ikcxn i`zayd ìapd lr mb xn`p jk 122.'sqei oa giynke ìapk' bved epa sè
`ly giynd zen ixg` la` ,iav izay inia cer b`xta àpzdl lgdy ,h`hypfii`n
mixt` oa giyn zeidl crepy in ,ebega jk aygp sè ,envra d`x ezk`ln z` milyd
axgy mein ziad jeza àpzn did'y uihqext ilaiil lr xn`p ok enk 123.cec oa ileè
oa giyn envra d`x zg` zecr it lre 124,'sqei oa giyn èd mb `xwdl `ypzn [... ]
ozpedi ly xirvd epa ,uiyaii` slee mb 125.cec oa giyn uiyaii` ozpediae sqei
dle`bdy ,ycewd gex lra ìapk ,eia` ici lr bved sè ,eipin`n bega qtzp ,uiyaii`
ezecdia wec` x`ypy ,sxev liyrd ìapde laewnd elit` 126.eici lre ea ynnzz
yehyhy d`xp 127.sqei oa giyn mr i`yga ddcfd ,zi`zayd eziihp z` ripvde
,zidel`d zedfl zigiynd zedfd oiae ,zigiynd zedfl zigiynd dèapd oia minegzd
epifg ep` epinia sè 128,aeye aey envr lr xfegd ,icnl irah izrcez jildz èd
,mcwd zevxàe diwxeza micedid zexew ,qip`fex 'y ; 340 ,335 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x
.469 'nr ,d"vxz-c"vxz ìteq ,c
.378 'nr ,my ,mely
.562 'nra qail 'i ly itxbeilaiad gtqpde ,554-544 ,538-536 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x
.76-70 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail : eilr e`xe .81 ,72 'nr ,ze`pwd zxez ,ocnr
g-a"r f ,(80 dxrd lirl) axwr zviwr ,ocnr : mb e`xe .3 dxrd ,333 'nr ,my ,qail : jk lr e`x
.mixg` ipirae envr ipira uiyaii` ozpedi ly igiynd ecnrn lr ,`"r
,qail : e`x ,uiyaii` slee lr .a"r ck ,`"r k-a"r hi ,zewa`zd xtqa ocnr awri ly ezecr e`x
,epae uiyaii` ozpedi ly zigiynd mzrceza oeicl .197-137 ,102-77 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq
.86-83 'nr ,my cegiia e`x
gtqpde ,599-591 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,l"pd ; 96-84 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : eilr e`x
licadl .G. Scholem, Kabbalah, Jer usalem 1974, pp. 452-453 ; my ,qail ly itxbeilaiad
,izfrd ozp lr (35-34 'nr ,[110 dxrd lirl] 'cwtpd giynd') miiwl` ly eizexrd e`x ,dl` lkn
zpigan ef dcnrl axwzd èd s` ik m` ,sqei oak igiyn cnrn envrl qgiil zexyt`d z` dgcy
ly izxeqnd levitl zitelg dqitz ,giynd ly ièapd ebef oak envr zii`xa ,izaygnd dpand
.sqei oae cec oal zigiynd zencd
zealzyd oke ,jkl zwdaen dnbec ynyl dieyr ditrlea` mdxa` ly zigiynzièapd ezrcez
miige i"x`d ly mzeiyià iehia icil dà ìdy itk ,sqei oa giyn mr zedcfda zièapd drcezd
s` d`xpd lkke ,giynd ia`k ,giynd xyank alqxan ongp 'x ly zinvrd ezqitza sè ,l`hie
: e`x ,zeigiynl dèapd oiay dwifa oeicl .df oiipra aigxdl mewnd o`k `le ,envr giynk
lr ,oc 'i : mb e`x .M. Idel, Messianic Mystics, New Haven 1998, pp. 61-65, 295-307
zebidpn ziilr ly xywda drtezd z` raew èd my ,451-448 'nr ,f"pyz milyexi ,dyecwd
lr .zivx` dbdpd ly dycg dqitza zedel`de zeigiynd ,dèapd zeceqi z` zalynd ,zihqin
lirl) meiplin ,odk : e`x ,dtexià 'ziytegd gexd' ly dxitkd zerteza liawnd izrcezd jildzd
ziqwecezxe`d diiqpkd on zelvtznd zezikd ly zihnfixkd dbdpdae ,176-172 'nr ,(87 dxrd
xywda dl` zezik lr .106-105 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : e`x - 'lewq`x'd zeawra ziqexd
[ 177 ]
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
36 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
lcpn mgpn 'x ly ezenc aiaq dzày zic"agd zigiynd zevxtzda ,FiEhiaa
129
.oeqxeìpy
dze` ly dzklyd `weec èd ef dpigan efecxw ly ezcnr z` cgiind mxebd
mpn`y ,df htyn .ziyp zlèbzièap zenc lr ,cg` riztn htyna wx ele ,dwinpicd
ieyr ,milaewn daygn iqetcn ddenze zinrtcg dbixgn xzei `l ea ze`xl ozip
izay ly igiynd epefg ìd ely `vend zcewpy ,lelqna jxc oeivk xiihvdl z`f znerl
,mely myxb oigady itk ,xac ly eteqa jilen ède ,ezelbzd ziy`xa envr iav
.(oldl jk lre) wp`xt dee` aiaqy mipin`nd bega zlèbde dyecwd dlezad ogletl
ew gxkda `l ik m`) ipexwr daygn ew ly edylk qqednd eiehiaa xaecny jkl fnx
azkpy xiya riten ,xywd lehp oeirx ly sleg aedada `le ,(ekxe` lkl ifkxn e` xiyi
zepya ,ezenl jenq d`xpd lkk ,mixnend iwipelq i`zay y`x ,dikexa ly ebega
xet' : dxeyd z` likn ède ,epic`la exewna azkp xiyd .dxyr dpenyd d`nl mixyrd
130
.(daeh dxeya epl gly dxiabd cia) 'dxeyia dpièa yen`cp`n ,dxeiipiy dl ic ep`n
axwa dcnrny ,dikexa ly ezy`l d`xpk dpeekd'y jk lr xirn ,iavoa wgvi ,exicdn
ly ezy`y reci ,okè 131.'jàpteà wp`xt deg ly dfl dnc iwipel`ya zkd iyp`
'`yicw dxrp'k drcep (mzckp ileè) mzae ,eipin`n bega 'dxiab' dzpkzp dikexa
dznyke ,dyecwd 'dleza'k dligz drcep wp`xt za dee`y myk ynn 132,'`zipexhn'e
eid dl` mix`zy wtq oi` 133.xvga 'dxiab' xèzd z` dia` dl yixed 1770a dn`
migzete ,zlèbd zeiyi`d ly zipinec dqitz mitwyn md : zigiyn zernyn miperh
oecl aeyp cere ,mda zepkznd 'zexyan'd miypa s` dplzizy dle`bd zeitivl gzt
.oldl jka
cre dziy`xn ,ze`zaya ziypd dèapd zrtez ly daxd dzvetze dzetivx mvr
on dgnpd ihhqw`d 'oerbiy'd itwzd - lirl exwqpy diiehia oeebn lr ,dzkircl
.h wxt ,oldl e`x ,wp`xt awri ly ezedelèzeigiynezeìap
R. Elior, The Lubavitch Messianic Resurgence: The Historical and Mystical : lynl e`x 129
Background 1939-1996, in: P. Schafer

and M. Cohen (eds.), Toward the Millennium,
Leiden 1998, pp. 397-398
.ary 'nr ,xfy xtq : jeza ,'dikexa ly ebegn zi`zay dlawa qixhpew' ,iavoa wgvi
.101 dxrd ,my
.380-378 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely ly epeic e`xe .`"r dl ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr : e`x
dpenyd d`nl miryzd zepy seqa jàpteà ezedy lr eizepexkifa ,qbxet dyn ly ezecr it lr
.'dxiab' xèza drcepy ,eza dee` icil mipin`nd beg zbdpd dxar wp`xt awri znyk ,dxyr
mixeh ,(92 dxrd lirl) 'zepexkf ic' ,xralrb : e`x .exeaig lk jxe`l dze` dpkn èd jk ,okè
eza z` ,ìd dxhtpyne ,ezy` z` df xèza dpik envr wp`xty d`xp dyrnl .292-265
jka oeicd e`xe .649-644 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x .('dlezad' xèza f` cr drcepy)
.285-279 ,269-267 'nr oldl
[ 178 ]
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131
132
133
[ 37
zlekid ,dfd mlerd on `ly zeieyin miipiipr mixqn zhilw ,dyrn xg`l oexkifd
,d`xpd lkk ,ìvedle) dnvr zigiynd zeiyi`d ly dzedfa zebfnzdd seqale ,zib`nd
xkf lk ,xen`k ,dl xzep `ly ,dhedxe zixewn zilaw dxezk zgqpznd dèapd z`
zeaiqpl inzq iehia `le drepzd ly zeizednd dizepekzn dzeid lr cnln - (izextq
mr odilr glevd ,miypd ly dèapd geka zbieqn `ld dxkdd : cere z`f .i`xwày
zeìapl dxyt` efe ,ozedn mvr ly zycegn dkxrd meyn da did ,igiynd ocird qext
labend rcind mpn` .dizexeya zeizeknq zecnr odl zepwl zi`zayd drepzd
,drtezd ly `lnd dceriz z` xyt`n eppi` ,lirl xwqpy itk ,epzeyxay iziirade
zeigiynd zecleza dinicwz lkn dze` licand ,dcegii lr riavdl ick ea ic la`
.zicedid
miixehqid mixywde minicwz .b

,mixn : zeìap xèza ea epkzpy miyp zeienc rax` `xwnd on dyxi zipaxd zxeqnd
da halzdl ilan zeìapd miypd zrteza xikn `xwnd 134.dicrepe ,dcleg ,dxeac
l"fg zextq ,z`f znerl .(ef dl`yl ea yxcidl mewnd df `le ,yxetna `l zegtl)
mzqitza ybpzn zei`xwnd zeìapd cnrny wtq oiè ,ziziirak dil` zqgiizn
,zipglet dbdpd zecnrne zixeaiv zelirtn zexcenk miypd z` l"fg ly zipexwrd
zerecid zei`xwnd zeìapd oiipn z` daigxd l"fg zextq mpn` 135.zipcnl e` zipgex
ozencn hirndl dzhp drya da la` ,miièapd odizegeka dxikde ,rayl onya
,odl dìd onewna oze` dcinrdy e` odizecin xdeha cyg dlihdy ,zepyxt zervnà
mb diiehia z` z`ven ziypd dèapd zrtez gkepl ef zegepi` zyegz 136.odilra lva
dil`y dìapd ,dny oeiv `ll ,zxkfp ocaln .14 e 'gp ; 14 ak a"ln ; 4 c 'tey ; 20 eh 'ny : e`x 134
okzii mixacd xywda .(3 g 'yi) 'fa yg lly xdn' dpeknd oad clep dpnne ,ediryi ìapd 'axw'
.ìap zy` `l` ìd oi`y
d`gnle ,o`kn ziqwecezxe` dwihbelet`l zqiebn dwlga ìde ,zgteze zkled df `yep lr zextqd 135
dpigan miypd cnrn zl`y mr zi`xg` zeccenzdl .o`kn zihqipint zizxivi zepyxtl e` dxn
.d"pyz milyexi ,zeicedi zexaga miyp ly odiigl apy` ,(zkxer) oenvr 'i : lynl e`x ,zixehqid
.miyp ly zixeaivd ozelirtl qgia l"fg zecnrl miyxcp mipey`xd miwxtd
,zei`xwnd zeìapd zrtezl l"fg zepyxta xvw oeicl .`"r eh-`"r ci dlibn ,ilaa ,lynl ,e`x 136
L. Kuzmack, Aggadic Approaches to Biblical Women, in: E. Koltun (ed.), The : e`x
ly oeebne lecb xganl .Jewish Woman: New Perspectives, New York 1976, pp. 259-261
L. Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, 7 vols., Philadelphia : e`x ,dl` zeìap lr l"fg zexeqn
mipeir - zexitq raye zeìap ray' ,u"k oiel 'i : eiykr e`xe .odikxra ,gztnd it lr ,1968
lr zeiyxcnd zexeqnd lelkna dpc zxagnd .130-123 'nr ,(q"yz) 44 ,zrc ,'zilaw zepyxta
z` .zepezgzd zexitqd ray mr oze` ddfnd ,zilawd zxeqnd xg` dwgzne ,`xwnd zeìap
[ 179 ]
38 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
.icnl zenezqe xzeia zehrn drtezd mvr lr zeiecrd ik m` ,xzei zexge`n zexeqna
drtez ìd ,miypd zèap df llkae ,dnvrl ìdyk dèapdy ,mewn lkn ,xexa
miìapd oexg` zen mr l`xyin dèapd dlcg ,l"fg zxeqn it lr ixdy ,ziziira
zeycgznd dle`bd zeitivy d`xp ,ok it lr sè 137.ipyd ziad oaxegl jenq mii`xwnd
dze` xxerne dèapd z` dxbnd mxebd od ,zepey zetewzae zeaiqpa ,mipey zenewna
zebiizqddy yi mpn` .dzryl inihibl cnrn dl zepwdl s` ozlekiae ,lekn xzei
zigiynd dèapa oin`dl zepekpd z` mb zbiiqn eiaeyige uwd zwigcn zizxeqnd
dle`b zxeya lka dèxe ,zipexwr drtezd z` lley ,lynl ,miciqg xtq .zn` zèapk
uxà' dngp zeàpn miyp lr dreny xnyn èd ab` jxca ik m` ,zeprxetl ze`
daebzk dlgy zigiynd zexxerzdl menr cd mzqd on da yiy dreny - 138'orpk
xwir ,mewn lkn .dxyr yelyd d`na oekizd gxfnae dtexià milebpend iyeaikl
mixab ita dxyazp m` oia ,dle`bd zxeya z` leqtl ìd oldly rhwa xtqd ly ezxhn
mityk dyrna e` wqer èd ik rc ,giyn lr àpzn mc`y d`xz m`' : miyp ita m` oia
,`qxiba diryiay zengp lk zexne` eidy orpk uxà eid miype [... ] micy dyrna e`
rcei mc` oi` ik ,mci lr didi dxifbe ,minegip ixac lk `qxiba mircei eid ux`d inre
dxkdl dkef dàe zynynnd dle`bd zèapy yi ,z`f znerl 139.'giyn zìa lr
m` - yie ,dpnfae dnewna zegtl ,dtiwn zigiyn zexxerzd ciledl dgekae ,zixeaiv
.miyp ita `weec zxyazn ef dèapy - xzeia zexicp mizrl ik
zpya ccba icedi ly dle`bd zeitiv lr zixidwd dfipbd iknqnn rcep ,lynl ,jk
driced'y xteqn dilry ,'`texd oa sqei za' ,dxrp dcnr ofkxnay ,1121-1120
l` icx : dl xne` [aehl xekf melyd eilr] h"lf y"dr edil` eppec` z` dnelga dz`xy
d`xpd lkk .'dreyid z` axiw xak dlrzi midel`y inya mdl ixnè dl`d miyp`d
gaya biltn èdy it lr s` .iiga epiax ly dxezl eyexita zraew ìd ef zxeqn ly dziy`x
dz` ziypd dèapd zrtez z` uxzl epeiqip mvrn ,zeìapd ly miibele`zde miipgexd odixeyik
mc`d oin ixdy ,denzl oi`y d`xp ,dy` lr dèapd dxeyy dne' : dzeiziiral ezercen lr cnl
miyxetn dxezay milecb mixwr `vnz cere' : oke .'mc` mny z` `xwie : xn`py ,z`xwp mcè ,ìd
ixcqe miznd ziigz oipre ,libia` ici lr "miigd xexv" `xwpd ,àd mlerd oiprk ,miyp ici lr
yi la` ixnbl lth xac dy`d oi`y dxei df lke ,zirewzd ici lr leblbd oipre ,dpg ici lr dpgz
.(124 'nr ,my àen) 'xwr dl
zepen` iwxt : l"fg ,jaxe` `"` : e`x ,dibiiqe ef zxeqna oeicl .`"r ai a"a ; a"r h `nei ,ilaa 137
.517-514 'nr ,e"lyz milyexi ,zerce
dindea ixef`l - miciqg xtq ly exeaig ztewzae ,miia`lqd minrd ly mayen zevx`l dpeekd 138
R. Jakobson and M. Halle, The Term Canaan in Medieval : e`x .diwaelqe diaxen
Hebrew, in: L. Dawidowicz, A. Erlich and R. Erlich (eds.), For Max Weinreich on his
Seventieth Birthday, The Hague 1964, pp. 147-172
.aix oniq ,77-76 'nr ,1891 oilxa ,op`niixt 'ie iwvrpihqiee 'i zxecdn ,miciqg xtq 139
[ 180 ]
[ 39
blbl' ,miiebd oia xacd rcepyne ,zinewnd dlidwa zybxp dpekz dzxeya dxxer
xgn .dy` ly dlky lr eknq m` micedid ly mlky zgt ok` : xnè wgve dtil'gd
dlde ,envr sil'gl ìapd edil` dlbzd f` .'micedid ly mnc xizè dy`d z` sexy`
jk ,zenewn dnka rehw ède ,ezenlya cxy `l jnqnd 140.dxfbd rex z` lhiae ldap
,oiiprn hxt ea xnzyp la` .mkxev lk mixeegn mpi` `lnd mxywde mixacd xyty
miyp zèap lr zeiecrd herina dkexkd ,zipexwr dwifa xaecndy xytè - dwif xveid
miyp ly miièapd odixeyik ixekf` unewl ccbaa zàpznd dxrpd zyxt oia - llkk
.ax wgxn dzaiaqne dpnn zewegxd zeizextq zexeqnae zeixehqid zeaiqpa zeicedi
dlitze ,mev ,dia` dyrnk dyer dxrpdy e`xe' : onwlck xn`p ziccbad dìapd lr
oièyipd ik ,izekild z` dpy` `l : dxnè daxq ìd la` oièyip dl erivde .dwcve
[`pngx dixhp] x"hp lìpc eppec` dfd jeciya axrzd f` .dl`d mixacd on ize` egiqi
weqrle lltzdl ,mevl daxnd dìapd dxrpd 141.'dìyde l"vf i`cqg eppec` oa
,mixabd ly mzlgp llk jxca èdy ,iptbqiciqg miig gxe` dnvrl zlbqn ,dwcva
zlrna yxetna dxikn ìd .oièyipd lr zipind zeyixtd z` dticrn ìd df xywdae
zqtzp sè da dkexk zièapd dzlekiy wtq oiè ,zipgexd dzelirt meciwl zeyixtd
d`vezk `ypidl seqal zvl`p dxrpd : zlaqp dppi` drtezd j` .mixg` ipira jk
ddey ìd .dlidwd iy`xn cg` ly - dzgtyn zywa it lr d`xpd lkk - ezeaxrzdn
l` 'zcxei' ,epnn zyxet ìdy d`xp f` la` ,'lel` yceg cr ,miyceg xtqn' dlra mr
142
.dle`bd z` zxyane mrd
dzeyixta dpiihvd ìd s`y ,xinceln ziciqgd 'dleza'd lr xteqn ynn jk ,dpde
`ypidl dpìn ìd sè ,dpnn zlylzynd zipgexd zlekiae ,(dzepcnlae) ziptbqd
,dzaiaqa zeciqgd iwicv lecb ly eznfeia oièyipd etkp dilr s` ; minec minrhn
dièyip z` ynnl daexiq zexnl z`fe ,zihnfixkd dzebidpnl uw myed jky d`xpe
: e`x .oiihieb 'y ici lr zixarl mbxeze dpey`xl mqxet ,ziaxr zicedia exewna azkpy ,jnqnd 140
S. D. Goitein, A Report on Messianic Troubles in Baghdad in 1120-21, Jewish Quarterly
lib dyn .76e 74 'nra miriten lirl mihhevnd mirhwd .Review, 43 (1952-1953), pp. 57-76
,lib 'n : e`x .enebxz z` lirl izàde ,milw mipewiz dnka ycgn enbxze jnqnd z` mqxt
,a jxk ,(oeic) 420-419 'nr ,` jxk ,1977 milyexie aia`lz ,mipe`bd ztewza l`rnyi zeklna
zkxrd z` biiqn lib .233 ,230 'nr ,a jxka miriten mihhevnd mirhwd .(hqwh) 234-228 'nr
raew lib eliè ,zigiyn zexxerzd ea d`x oiihieb : jnqna xèznd rexi`d ly eaih lr oiihieb
itk ,cixen epiè dlrn xacd oi` ,eppiiprl .dyw zinewn dxfbn
micedid zlvd ly xywda eze`
extqa jnqnd meqxt z` izricil ìady ,wp`xt lìpc 'textl dcez zxiq` ip` .oldl xeegziy
.lib ly
.73 'nr ,my ,oiihieb : eeyde .230-229 'nr ,a jxk ,my ,lib 141
.ekxev lk xeegn eppi` ,epnn 'dzcixi'e ,znieqn dtewzl dlra lv` dzedy oiipr .my ,my 142
[ 181 ]
40 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
dleza' lr xtql zrcei dxyr ryzd d`nd ziy`x ly zicbpznd zxeqnd mb 143.dìaa
`"xbd xn` .micnel mr mixzqp zeceqe xdef dcnle zelecb dxace ze`ltp dzyr zg`
144
.'did oke ,dilrn gexd xeqi `ypzykl ,d"lf
yi la` ,ezeizcaer z` zn`l ozipy ixehqid ceriz zpigaa opi` dl` zexeqn mpn`
oda z`vene zxfeg dqitz dze`y meyn `weec ,zipexwr dqitz zetwynk oze`xl mewn
zeciqg ipepib : efn ef jk lk zepey zeaiqpae zewegx zetewza miirnyncgd diiehia z`
gzt migzete ,dyecw ipepibk dkxe` lkl zicedid zxeqna mixkend ,ziptbqe dyext
miypa xaecndyk d`kcl yiy diihqk aeye aey milqtp ,mdilra lr dxyzy 'gex'l
mixabd dlertl miwrfp mixwnd lka .ef jxca zipgexd ozleki ievinl zetèyd
oexztd .`ypidl miypd uelià dirad z` mixzet mde ,ozaiaqa xzeia miizeknqd
dwif - mdn mirteyd gexd zegekle ,mipeilr zenlerl miypd ly ozwif : lirie heyt
zxbqnl ozqipk mr zbbetzn - eikxve oteb herine ozeipin weziy xigna dzpwpy
on oze` 'dgiqn' sè ,ziptebd ozeipin jxc lr dxwirn oze` dxicbnd ,oièyipd
miypd zèap zqitz .mipezgzay mei meid zecxh llya mipeilra zeppeazdd
.oldl jka oecl aeyp cere ,df llkn dzbixga ce`n zhlea ze`zaya
dèapd zevxtzdl mcew miyp ly zigiyn dèap lr epicil eribdy zexg` zerici
xteqn sqep dfipb jnqna .icnl zenezqe zehrn ,xen`k ,od zi`zayd drepza zipendd
ià my znelr dy` ita ,ltxern ixehqid rwx lr dxyazpy ,dle`b zèap lr
dxyr mizyd d`na derawy eid : mixwegd ewlgp dzèap zeaiqpe dpnf lr .diliviq
xaecn mrtd 145.dxyr yyd e` dxyr yngd ,dxyr yelyd ze`nl dexgi`y eide
z`f mewnae ,'[dcli `le mi]ycg 'h ly onf dl xar' la` ,zxaern sè dèyp dyià
d`xp cid ezeà .dhlne [... ] [zi]l`nyd dci z` dìvede ,dcrxae dnià zakey' ìd
,m]yl micner epiidy eplek epnrhe epgwle ,oxtrf [oirk dpnn] cxei dide ,mc` zenc
zeraep eid' dyi`d ly dizerav` s` .'xexc xnk d`p egixe onyd cyl mrhk [enrh dide
.'xexc xnk egixe yack mrh ea dide eplkè ,cgè cg` lkl ozpe dlra gwle ,ony enk
'nr : ilbp` gqep ,'zeciqga miypd lr' ,hxal`hxettx : e`x ,diig zyxt lr zxeqnd zxiwql 143
.510-509 'nr : ixar gqep ; 503-502
oif`lèe w"w dta oexkfl dl`d mixacd eazkp'] miig zegx` - y`x xzk ,[oihwihn] odkd xy` 144
.hk 'nr ,[c"yg] milyexi ,`"xbd ixtq : jeza ,['hxtl h"rwz zpya `"ri
: e`x .o`n awri ici lr ,zeipyxt zexrde èan ixac ziieela ,dpey`xl mqxtzde dlbzd jnqnd 145
J. Mann, A Messianic Excitement in Sicily and Other Parts of Southern Europe, Texts
zerepzd ,ileky` f"` : e`x ,ely dycg dqtcd ; and Studies, I, Cincinnati 1931, pp. 34-44
x`y ixn`nl zeiptd zeriten (289 'nra) mye ,289-286 'nr ,f"hyz milyexi ,l`xyia zeigiynd
- qetcl xtqd ìan - lènyoa` 'i ly eizetqedae ,ileky` ly èand ixaca .ea epcy mixwegd
.(247-240 'nr ,my) zewelgd mdizerc zenkeqn
[ 182 ]
[ 41
ìd 'dcil'd meza .zeize` itexiv oda mipnzqn cine ,zezilha deqkiy zywan dyi`d
[xgè] [... ] [znè] cqg axe mit` jx` l` cg` i"i epidl` ii'` l`xyi rny' : zlltzn
okez .'zilhd lr mc dlr[e okecl mzelra] mipdkd mi`[yepy enk] dici z` d`yp jk
: onwlck èd dzxeya
iptl yecwd il rayp jk ik ,daeyz miyer mpi`y mdl ieè miryxl ie`
erebi] dpd miryxd eaeyi `l mè ,uwd èd aexw ik [epax] dyn iptle mik`lnd
.èal izreyi daexw ik ,[ehlni] daeyza exfgi mè ,cnyae arxae axga mi[ax
zqpka ekl ,epl dxnè .[l`]xyil ozil d"awd cizr [... ] zlke` iziidy ezeè
.eplltzde epklde ,dlitz[d elltzde]
[eciae ,ecia axge] j`ln'e 'zqpkd ziaa qpkpy y`'a mixg` mb mifeg dzèap zeawra
cg` frel' i`l ìany zexeyaa dixac mixy`zn jkl jenqa .'lecb y` zxg`d
zxyr md ,'mifepb'd zelbzd lbxl ,mixg` zenewna dlecb zigiyn dpekz lr 'dìxenn
.'ztxv jlne ìxbpe` jlne epnl` jlne ,ìpty jln' z` qiadl minii`nd ,mihayd
`ln èd .o`n ici lr xfgey ewlge ,gepritl mipzip mpi`y zenewn dnka rehw xeìzd
oke ,giynd 'm`'l dyi`d z` dyerd ,dpeynd 'dhlnd'd xeìz odipiae ,zeiexf yecbe
zeixvep zeivìveq` zexxernd ,zigiyn 'mc` zenc' dze` ly `ltend dxya zlik`
ixeìz z` mixikfnd mihxt dnk ea miriten ok enk .odl yxcidl mewnd o`k `ly
zlekid oebk ,lirl oda eplwzpy zei`zay zeìap ly mii`ltd odiyrne odizepefg
zthd ,mipdekd jxck miitkd zìyp e` ,ininy xewnn aeh gix mixg`l wlgl e` sicdl
,xen`k ,milylzyn dl` mihxt la` 146.axgd sely j`lnd d`xne ,xiee`d on mcd
zrtez oia zixehqid zetivx xaca zepwqn mda zelzl oiè ,zenecw zeizextq zexeqnn
mpi` epnfe exywdy ,df denz jnqna xèznd rexi`l ze`zaya ziypd dèapd
.mixeegn
dèapd zevxtzd oia zixehqid zetivx ly dwif gipdl ozipy dnec ,z`f znerl
odizepeifg lr zeiecrd rtyl dxyr rayd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna ze`zaya ziypd
diipyd zivgna wynce milyexi ,ztv zelidwa miyp ly miib`nd odixeyike miigiynd
eizeniyxa zeritend ,dxyr rayd d`nd ziy`xae dxyr yyd d`nd ly
odizepeifg z` myex l`hie 147.zepeifgd xtq ,l`hie miig 'x ly zeitxbeiaehe`d
.157 ,152 'nr lirl e`x 146
wxt icil dìvnd sè ,dl` zeiecrl ial zneyz z` dxxery ,fexn zipex x"cl dcez zxiq` ip` 147
xceg oeic `yepl yicwd dpexg`l .ef drteza ocd ,'ditxbeia - e"gxe i"x`d' ,miaezkay dxtqn
oldly mixacd zaizk meza wx icil ribdy ,ely hxehwecd zcearn wxta ,zeig sqei x"c dvnne
'zihqinzib`n'd ozelirty ,miypd z` mwnn wxtd .izepwqn z` dax dcina zetteg eizepwqne
[ 183 ]
42 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
mllkae ,mixab ly zeipeifg zeieeg ixeìz cvl miypd ly miièapd odizenelge

eilr miaeqp mlekk maex ixde - dcin dzeà mlekl aeyw èdy wtq oi` .ely eizepeifg
eqtzp ezaiaqay d`xp .llk mzepinà wtwtn eppiè - abypd igiynd ecnrn lre
on zegt `l zizn` zipeifg dii`xl zelbeqnk - zexrp odn zeèyp odn - miypd
znkg' zervnà clepd ziitvk ,minieqn zièap zelirt inegzy dnec sè ,mixabd
ozepneinl daiaq dzeà eaygp ,miypl xwira eizeniyxa qgiin èdy ,'onyd zetih
zetiha dìwa dy` izi`x 148.[zxkfpd] 'fpd dpy' : myex èd ,lynl ,jk .zcgeind
jelnl dz` cner ik - dfd onya izi`xy dnn c`n izldap : il dxnè mind lr onyd
xecd lka dlrna jenk lecb mc` izi`x `l mlerne [... ] wtq mey ila ,l`xyi lk lr
,okn xg`l mipy yngk ,wwfp cvik xtqn èd aeye 149.'onyd ygl ici lr ef iznkga dfd
: dl` oebk mixeyika ìd s` dpiihvdy ,ziztv dy` ly dizexiyl
znkga dìwa dzid mbe zecizr zxacn dnkg dy` dzid [1570 - l"y] l zpy
,sonadora
ile` : xicdnd zxrd] `xic`"iipeq dze` oixew eide .onyd zetih
znkga izbyd oipr lr ,bdpnk ,ygla onyd lr dpnn l`yè .[zenelg zlra
dilbx lr mwze diygla wfgzze d`pw gex dyal cr ipaiydl drci `le ,dlawd
jxrn dpi` dpde - jznyp zlecb xikn ziid `l ik il legnz : xn`ze ilbx wypze
onya izi`xy dn itk ,mipey`xd mi`pzd zexecn `l` ,xecd df inkg zenyp
oeyla zeixey` zeizeà daezk dfd onya il e`xd jzl`y zaeyz dpde .dfd
xiy yxcna xkfpd lynd l"f epizeax eliynd lèyd dfd yi`d lr dpd : dfd
zg` dnkg rcil `nve wyeg dz` oke [... ] 150d"r jlnd dnly lr mixiyd
'fpk dnly ly lynd oiprk ,dze` biyz ik rce ; lèy dz` dilre dlaw z`xwpd
ici lr didi df ; zexec dnkn jil` mincewdn mkg mey biyd `ly dn ,[xkfpk]
zeitxbeilaia zeiptd ly rty wtqne ,izèeydde izeaxzd oxywda ,zepeifgd xtqa zxèzn
J. H. : e`x .zepey zeinegz han zecewpn df beqn ziyp zelirta zwqerd zixwgnd zextql
Chajes, Spirit Possession and the Constr uction of Early Modern Jewish Religiosity,
unpublished doctoral thesis, Yale University, 1999, Ch. VI: Magical-Mystical Women:
Possession and Womens Religiosity in Early Modern Jewish Culture, pp. 198-244
.ztva l`hie ly ezay ztewza ,1565 - d"ky zpyl ,xtqa mcewd oniqd on xazqnk ,dpeekd 148
d`xpd lkk aexw onyd 'znkg' e` onyd lr 'ygl'd dyrn .d oniq b 'nr ,zepeifgd xtq ,l`hie 149
`w oixcdpq ,ilaa) cenlza xak zxkfpd ,'mivia ixy' e` 'ony ixy' zii`x ly zib`nd dwihwxtl
zeieyi mleky 'mixy' - 'eke 'd`xn ixy' ,'odea ixy' ,'qek ixy') zepey zeivìxeea dvetpe ,(`"r
zelbn ode ,zyhelnd d`xnd e` mind ,onyd ly widand ghyna opeaznl zetwzynd zei`lihxr
ixye qek ixy" ' ,oc 'i : e`x .zg`k miiebe micedi oia (ezexiyl qiibzdl zeieyr sè zecizr el
J. Trachtenberg, Jewish Magic ; 43-34 'nr ,1975 obznx ,fpky` iciqg zextqa mipeir ,' "odea
and Superstition, New York 1974, pp. 218-222
.g ,` x"ydy : e`x 150
[ 184 ]
[ 43
jl cnli ède ,mixvnn enk ,mexc cvn ztvl dpyd ef jeza àiy lecb cg` mkg
151
.mixvnn [i"x`d] l"f ixen à ìdd dpya ik ,did oke .dnkgd ef
xiy yxcn jezn hhvl zrcei ,zeixey` zeizeà z`xew ,'dnkg'k zxèznd ,dyi`d
ly eèa z` oekp l` dtev sè ,dlrpd eznyp yxey z` l`hie miigl dlbn ,mixiyd
dyr my ,wync zlidwa mb .dlawa ecinlz l`hie ly ezbyd meciw zè mixvnn i"x`d
,ditrlea` awri 'x mr jqkzqd okldnae ,zepexg`d eiig zepy miizye mixyr z` l`hie
y`xn dniyxa .dl` mixeyika epgipy miyp el epncfp 152,xira micxtqd zlidw ly dax
dìwa ,ihiig y"x zeg`' lv` exewia z` zekixà x`zn èd (1609) h"qy lel` yceg
: 'min qek lr ony zetih ygla
daeyz qipkdl dzid 'd z`n ik daiyde ,wync iyp` zaeyza gilv` m` izl`y
yxyede ,xn myxeyy itl ,ixnbl `l j` ,daeyza eaeyi daxd miypè ,mala
oenn eciqtie ,micxtqde miaxrzqend oia zelecb zewelgn eidie mala rxd xvi
dt e` ux`l uega izeid ini lk ik : il xn`ze ? ilfn okid : izl`y cer [... ] ax
miltk iltk gex zgp il didi ztvl jl` mè [... ] llk gex zgp `vn` `l ,wync
lke [èd jexade] d"ade [... ] milyexia `l` cner ilfn oi` mpn` .wyncan
iptne ,my xc iziid dligz dpde .dt izaiyi lr ilr qrka mik`lnd lke zenypd
153
.inia dle`bd dà xaky xyt` iz`vi `l eliè ,myn iz`vi rxd oeyle zehhw
l`hie ly eaey lr (olek ecazp d`xpd lkky zeèap) dyi`d zàpn mixacd jynda
,dzfg `l envr dle`bd cren z` ik m` ,'dle`bd jxc lr' dnewiyl ezlerte ,milyexil
[... ] gek' mda did `l - qeka dz`xy onyd ixy mzqd on - 'onfd dfay mixyd el`' ik
- dyià l`hie urep aey ,lelà 'ha ,okn xg`l reayn dlrnl zvw 154.'didz izn zrcl
lk ik' dàip ìd s` .'dil` xaec lew zrney mb onydzetih lr zyglnd ,aehlfn'
,dzenilya dnkgd zbyd oiprl m` - xac lkl milyexia `l` epi` ilfn akek zlecb
miray liba eznkg zenly z` biyiy dfixkd sè ,'ceake dxxyl m` ,izepefn oiprl m`
lr s` 155.(dpenye miray liba xhtp dyrnl) d`n e` ryze mipeny liba zenie ,ynge
,l`hie ly `lnd epen`l onyd lr zeyglnd miypd ekf ,eynnzd odizeèap lk `ly it
156
.izeknqde caeknd ocnrn z` zetwyn ,onyxy itk ,zeièapd odizeie`hazde
.e oniq c-b 'nr ,zepeifgd xtq ,l`hie
.ei oniq cv 'nr ,my
.bp oniq `kw-kw 'nr ,my
.`kw 'nr ,my
.cp oniq akw 'nr ,my
ly ze`nbec dnk oc sqei ìan ,36-35 'nr ,(149 dxrd lirl) ' "odea ixye qek ixy" ' exn`na
[ 185 ]
151
152
153
154
155
156
44 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
xtq yecb ,dzervnà zexzqp zFlbne 'onyd znkga zFìwa'd ixeìz caln
zenelg zenleg od j` ,zeirevwn 'zeygln' gxkda opi`y miyp ixeìza zepeifgd
,ozaiaqy xexa .dfd mlerd on `ly zelew zerneye ,uiwda ze`xn zeèx ,miièap
miielibl mc` lk aaecl ieyrd ,deab igiyn gzn dperh ,dl uegn sè l`xyi uxà
,lynl ,jk .`l m` oia zib`nd dwihwxtl wwfp èd m` oia ,dyi` oia xab oia ,miipeifg
qek lr ony zetih ygla' ,xen`k ,dìwad ,ihiig y"x ly ezeg` ,`xin lr xteqn
dyn 'xde znyn ikcxn 'xdl melga dz`x' ,diygla ynzydl ilan s`y 157,'min
xnel dzeehvpe ,mlek mixhtpd ,'dlra jexa dyn 'xde `xnf 'o cec 'xde exiècxew
drifd ef i`xe ,[wync] efd xird iayei lr zekf uildl eprbi dzr cr ik' mnya l`hieel
aexn mdilr uildl dleki epzlitz oi` xake ,epzribi lr gikez epixya on z`veid
- ihiig y"x ly ezyè `xin ly dzqib ,dagxn mb 158.'daxwa xy` zelecb zexiar
zenelg dnlg - 'onyd znkg'a dìwa dziidy xn`p `l ,dzqibn licadl ,dilre
,ditrlea` awri 'xa ewa`nl zepeekn oleky ,l`hieel zefnexn zeigpd mdae ,miipefg
dyi` lr 159.dle`bl dxiykdl zpn lr wync zlidw z` daeyzl xxerl eivn`nle
,onyd ygll zewwfpd on dziid `l ìd s`y ,oryn dcedi 'x ly ezeg` ,lgx ,zxg`
: diig lk zn` zeèap dàipe mi`lten ze`xn dz`xy xteqn
my dzide .xwaa zay mei ldwa milyexia yxec iziid .[1578 - g"ly] gl zpy
ly cenr dz`x yxec iziidy onfd lk ik il dxtiqe ,oryn dcedi 'x zeg` lgx
.mdipy ewlzqp yexcln izxnbyke ,ize` riiqn ipinin l"f edilè iy`x lr y`
xeav gily izeida iy`x lr y` cenr dz`x [1602 - a"qy] a"q zpy wynca mb
,diliviq ipa ldw èd] oiil"wq` ldwa oitqendzltz lltzn mixetkd meia
micye ze`xn ze`xl dlibx [zxkfpd] 'fpd dy`de .[mkg mdl yniy l`hieey
160
.dzelcbae dzephw onfn dixac aexa zwceve ,mik`lne zegexe
ef dwihwxta yeniyd z` e"gx qgiin odn mizya .zepeifgd xtqn zeae`yd onya dii`x
dzid mbe ,zecizr zxacn dnkg dy`' dze` znbec ìd ziyilyd ik m`) minlqen mityknl
oc xryn jk lr jnzqdae ,(151 dxrd aiaq lirl dàedy ,'onyd zetih znkga dìwa
,micedid mpn` .'mdil` zeptln erpnp `l micedi mleè ,micedi eid `l d`xpk' xaca miwqerdy
ifegke zilkza mipneink mibvend ,minlqend 'mitykn'l mb zeptl eqqid `l ,mpiipna e"gxe
,zeicedi eid onyd znkga zeìwak e"gx zeniyxa zexèznd miypd lky wtq oi` la` ,zn`
.zn` zexaece zepneink zebven od sè
.fn oniq ciw 'nr ,zepeifgd xtq ,l`hie
.p oniq hiw-giw 'nr ; dn oniq biw 'nr ,my
.ai oniq ,f-e 'nr ,my
[ 186 ]
157
158
159
160
[ 45
dl dlbn did ininy 'cibn' e` 'lew'y ink drcepy ,dyi` zèap e"gx rny ztva s`
: zeigiynd eizeitiv z` dyyi` dzèape ,dini lk zexzqp
mdl yxec iziide ,zexnyn mdl izxciqe ztva iziid .[1594 - c"py] cp zpy
ze`xn uiwda dèx dzide ,dciqg dy` ,dxy `fiqpxt dy` mye .dxnynd meia
uawl` dnly x"dd za dl xn`ze .zewcev dixac aexe ,dnr xacn lew zrneye
i`xiizz l` : dl xn`ze ? zeni ,el`k zeilbxn witn ,dfk yecw dt ik xyt` : l"f
161
.wtq ila ,einia ài giynd ik ,dfn
ozip ,l`hie miig ly exeaiga zexkfpd ,zeàpznde zenlegd ,zefegd miypd zniyxl
dxìze ,mepidibe ocr ob ze`xn dzlgn zrya dz`xy ,dpg - ely eizeyp z` siqedl
,dli"n`be 162,dpexkifn xacd dgnp dyrn xg`l j` ,'ux`n ae`k jenp lewa' mze`
enk 163.'laewnd miig axd'l miicizrd dièyip lr ièap melga dzeehvp sè dxyazpy
zeg` ,dgny 164,xvp awri zy` ,zcrq ly miièapd odizepeifg eizeniyxa zexèzn ok
167
,ztvn diifpky`d lgx 166,cìv sqei za ,dngp 165,(ywpilew) y`wpièw zy` `caf
170
.oiilwq` yny ,lìfer zyè 169,'dlecbd' wexq oinipa 'x zy` 168,ezy` ly dzcec
,eizexkne eizepky ,ezgtyn zeaexw odny ,zecaekne zexyk miyp d`xpd lkk olek
od `l` ziziira e` dbixg drtezk qtez èd oi` zeièapd odizeieeg z`y ea xkipe
xeyi` oda `ven ède ,mipeilrd zenlerd mr miinihibl zxeywz iaizp el zeynyn
.zigiynd ekxc zwcvl
megzl mikiiyd mirexi` lr mb e"gx geecn ef zinihibl ziyp dèap zertez cvl
seba zlblbzn ìde ,dpewiz lr dà `ly zn gex - weaicd ly zièapd dibeleztd
,diyrna dlecbe dnkg dy`'y jk lr xicdnd riavn i 'nra 25 dxrda .gi oniq ,ì-i 'nr ,my
'mlera didi dn ricedle dl cibdl cibn dl d(z)ide ,dfiqp`xt dl dnye ,a"aez ztv oeilrd lilba
,'ixanq wgvi oa sqei 'xl sqei ixacn mihewl' : e`x .ixanq sqeil sqei ixac dwipexka mb zxkfp
.152 'nr ,[f"kyz milyexi .v.c] 1887 cxetqwe` ,` ,minid zexewe minkgd xcq ,xèaiep '` : jeza
'nr ,c"pyz milyexi ,ixanq wgvi oa sqei 'xl sqei ixac xtq ,xaehy 'y zxecdna mb eiykre
.dl `vi dnye ,dyi` dze`l dpeekdy d`xpe .366-364
.fi oniq i-h 'nr ,my
.eh oniq cv 'nr ,my
.g oniq gt-ft 'nr ; ek oniq el 'nr ,my
.eq oniq `lw 'nr ; fk oniq fl 'nr ,my
.gi oniq dv 'nr ; i oniq ht-gt 'nr ,my
.gl oniq hw 'nr ; ai oniq ht 'nr ,my
.gk oniq bw 'nr ; k oniq ev 'nr ,my
.hi oniq ev 'nr ,my
.hn oniq giw-fhw 'nr ,my
[ 187 ]
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162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
46 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
mlern miaeyg mixqn zxcyn ìd ekxc xy` ,dleza dxrp ly dteba llk jxca ,igd
drenyd it lr 171.oewiz mikixvnd dbby e` leer iyrn seygl ick mda yiy ,zn`d
ìd ,àev mx` xnelk ,u"x` : xicdnd zxrd] uxà mb ik ,znà il extiqe' : myex èd
daeyz ipipr mdl yxec dide ,dleza dxrpa gex qpkp 172ynn [xkfpd] 'fpd onfd dfa [alg
geka 173.'ìdd dxrpd dxhtp miycg dnk xgè ,daeyze zeiprz eyre ,dpyd y`x axr
dler xacd j` ,daeyzl dzlidw z` xxerl dgilvn sè z`xew ìd dxrpa fg`y weaicd
h"qy zpy seqn ,zxg` weaic zyxt xetiqa jix`n e"gx ,z`f znerl .diiga dl
dfkxnae ,wynca eikneze ditrlea` awri 'xa eiwa`n aiaq zaaeq dleky ,(1609)
xacnd weaicd on ièapd dgek z` dligz zaèyd - eipr l`tx za - dxirv dxrp
zktede ,dnvr zegeka zàpzn ìd ,weaicd dpnn dtxdyn ,xac ly eteqa j` ,dpexbn
mibletnd zepgnd oia zegekd wa`n lr swez aexa zgvpnd ,ìltdl zizeknq zencl
174
.daeyza wync icedi z` xifgdl ,e"gx ly ezniyn z` dnvr lr zlhep sè ,dlidwa
awri inlyexid mkgd ly egex - dpexbn xaecd gexd lye dxrpd ly miièapd miielibd
e"gx z` oaxcl ecrepe igiyn gzn miieex - okl mcew dpy ynge miyely xhtpy ,eqit
: dxrpd itn gexd xaec jk .dle`bd èa z` fxfzy dlertl
eaxn rci `ly dn ,mipeilr minyifx [e"gxl] el zelbl ,minyd on ipegly ik
.mlerd lk owzl ,ea ielz lkd ik ,daeyza mlerd aiyiyl mbe ,[i"x`d] l"f
cinz dpde .àl dxryd hegk ielz èd `ld ik ,giynd ipipr el zelbl izàe
xne` ,d`pw zngn ,ìtrlea` [awri] 'i 'xe ,giynd àiyl eaeyiy yxec èd
ik ,el ieè - eilr wgvne ,df xeca à giynd oi` ik ,xaec èd xwy : mrd l`
lr eciakd ,z`fd xira xy` zelecb zexiar liayae eixac iptn ik ,lecb eyper
zeax zexv eài df onf jezae ; mipy a"i cer xg`zie ,zear lfxa ilag giynd
beb ài jk xgè ; lvpz ztv j` ,sxyz milyexi mbe ,mecqk jtdzze wync lr
zextqa weaic ixetiq ,l`bp 'b : e`x ,miicedid zexewna ztwzyn ìdy itk weaicd zrtez lr
'nr ,my e`x ,zexirv zexrpa `weec qpkidl miweaicd ly mziihp lr .c"pyz milyexi ,2 l`xyi
e`xe .364 ,354 ,21 dxrd 348 ,347-346 'nr ,(8 dxrd lirl) 'cibne weaic' ,elia : mb e`x .35
.(147 dxrd lirl) zeig ly siwnd exeaig eiykr
.oldl e`x .wynca weaic zyxta axern envr e"gx did f`y ,h"qy zpy seql dpeekd ,xywdd it lr
.gi oniq bnx 'nr ,zepeifgd xtq ,l`hie
mipey migqepa dwzrp ,ck-ak mipniq ipt lr zepeifgd xtq ly ` wlga zqxtznd ,ef dyxt
zg` dàed dpexg`l .36 dxrd ,hi 'nr ,my ,xicdnd ixac jk lr e`x .zenewn dnke dnka dqtcpe
dxtqa ,fexn zipex .76-74 'nr ,(171 dxrd lirl) weaic ixetiq ,l`bp ly extqa dize`qxbn
dgek znvrd z` dnirhne ,dihxtl ef dyxt zgzpn ,(147 dxrd lirl) e"gxe i"x`d lr miaezkay
ely hxehwecd zceara zeig sqei dyer ok .da qpkpy weaicd zervnà dxrpd ly dzeizeknqe
.234-215 'nr ,(147 dxrd lirl)
[ 188 ]
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172
173
174
[ 47
zeyxc 'b yxc [e"gx] mkgde .mc` ikiqp 'g mr giynd ài jk xgè ,bebne
okl ,cer yexcln envr rpny itle ; daeyza hrn eaye ,dtbnd mcew cwzy`
lecb ax didi ohwd epa mpnè .dlecb ytp dzide ,dtbna el daiagd eza dzn
,minyd on ipegly ok lr ik ,mipeilr mifx renyln cai` èd dpde .l`xyia
xefg` zxgnle ,meid dfa wx xacl zeyx il ozip `l ik ,ip`vni `l ipywaiyke
175
.inewnl
e"gx geecn ,dnvr geka zièapd dzelirt jynde ,dxrpd sebn gexd zìvi lr
lr dcre mr law ea ztfep ìd df alya ixdy ,xaca `lt oiè - znieqn zepwtqa
: daeyzl dìxwd zniyn z` dnvr lr zlhepe ,eciwtza lyxzdy
[... ] eipr l`tx zaay envr gexd oipra didy dn izazk ak [oniqa] 'iqa dpd
.enewnl dlre wtq ila `vi oey`x mei xweae .a` yceg y`x zay meia did df lke
xak ik ,da yaeln ecera 'fpd gexd ici lr opiè ,mixg` mixac erxi` jk xgè
uiwda ze`xn dèx minrtly zxne` la` ,ixnbl dìxa dx`yp dxrpde ,`vi
ip` df iptne .zewegx mizrl 'fpd gexd ici lr mbe ,mik`lne zenyp i"r melgae
daiql mbe ,'fpd mrhdn rxe aeh miaxern e` miizn` md m` ,dl` dixaca wteqn
,èd iz`ltpy dn la` .dpey`xa izi`xy enk ipira df izi`x `l ip` ik : zxg`
mazekln rpn` `l ok lre .dgkez ixace 'd z`xie daeyzl `l` opi` dixac lk ik
dèx cinz ,dpnn gexd `viy xg` ik dxn` : od elè .my eidy zn` iyp` itn
.miwicvd zenewn dl d`xne mpdble ocr obl dze` jilen dnelga cg` j`ln
- daeyza wync iyp` aiydl ipxidfzy ,dl mixne` md el`d ze`xnd aexae
dpd ik il xn`zy dl exn` : aà 'f lil [... ] mdilr et` oexgn 'd aeyi ile`
dpde ,enr xywzn iziidy cegii i"r cg` `pz ytp cinz il` dlbp did dpey`xa
izafry zg`d - zeaiq izyl ,il dlbp epi`y ,ivge mizpy hxtae ,ax onf yi
dlgzak daeyza maiydle mrd gikedl izeyxc izafr ik 'ade ,'fpd micegiid
miig 'xdl ixn` : zay yecw zra ,uiwda l"f edil` dl (e)xn` : aà 'g lil [... ]
lr àz dlecb drx dpde ,ernyy dn lkn milyxzn md ji` ,xird inkg x`yle
mixacd lkl oin`n epi` ike [... ] el ixn` mb .miig 'xdl hxtae ,wync iayeil df
m` ik mlera à `l ik el cibd eiiga l"f eax mb ixde ? 'fpd gexd i"r el epxacy
izy lr gqet oiicre ,df lk el cibd cixedy j`lnd mbe ,daeyza mrd aiydl
176
! ixnbl oin`n epiè mitirqd
.ak oniq ck 'nr ,zepeifgd xtq ,l`hie 175
.ck oniq hk-fk 'nr ,my 176
[ 189 ]
48 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
awri 'xa sefpl zqqdn dppi` ,zikekf z`xna dl dlbzdy j`ln mya zxaecd ,dxrpd
zexengd mdizexar z` riwedl 177,'giyn ipipra' eizeievvelzde eleflf lr ditrlea`
179
,divpe zlidw lr mrf zeèap àpl 178,'dixexry' dèx ìd oday ,mixvn inkg ly
seygle ,wync zlidwa dirceinn mi`hegd lk ly ,cg`l cg` ,mdizenya aewpl sè
awri 'x lihdy mxga xeqi`l daebza 180.odihxt lk lr zeipind mdizexar z`
gexd xkfy mixg`d ceake eceak zngn ,xac elbi `ly ,my micnerd lk lr' ditrlea`
dxrpd el zgley ,'miwicv miyp` lr daic ìvedy lr ,ldwa 'fpd gexd z` mixgde [... ]
lkle eze` mixgne dlrnlydaiyia mei lka cner 'fpd gexd ik ,xn`l gexd mya'
181
.'dyry dna enr mikqnd
lkn xazqnk ,miypdy ,zepeifgd xtqa zxèznd ziaiqphpi`d zièapd zelirtl
dìxwd deelzn ,ifkxn s` mizrle `ln wlg da zelhep ,lirl eàedy zeiecrd
dìxwd .zixeaivd ezegily z` da dèx ède ,e"gx ly eipiirn y`xa ìdy ,daeyzl
,zeigiynd mdizeitiv geka ,xen`k ,drped ,ztv ilaewn begn drapy ,daeyzl
iptbq oeiav yal df bega daeyzd dyrn .dl zepridd zcina dpzed aexwd oyeniny
zeiprz : zepeifgd xtqa miritend daeyzd ixeìza s` iehia icil à xacde 182,wdaen
zrixw ,'xtè wy' ,zecceazde zeyixt ,rwxwd lr dpiy ,ika ,zetekze zekyenn
zeniyxa zxkfpd ,zg` 'zil`xyi dy`' oeivl die`x df xywda 183.xry zrixte micba
on ìd sè - milyexil ztvn eayen z` hiqdy xg`l miizpyk - h"ly zpyn e"gx
zia ixry zegztn z` xqen inlqen 'giy dnelga dz`x ef dyi` .dle`bd lr zeàpznd
,exedih ,ycwnd zia ziipa lr gvpn ,'micedi daxd' ziieela ,e"gx zè ,e"gxl ycwnd
184
,'dini lk dprzn' dziidy ink zxèzn dyi` dze` .ea zepaxwd zaxwd yecige
zexiakne zeciqg ipepib odl zelbqnd miypn zizxeqnd zebiizqdd zexnly d`xpe
èdy dnec ,daxc` .i`pbl ziptbqd dziihp z` oiivl jxev lk e"gx d`x `l 185,zeneva
.eizeyxca dl sihn èdy zipendd daeyzd zrepzl iaeig iehiak jxr xacl qgiin
.`l 'nr ,my
.al 'nr ,my
.my ,my
.cl-al 'nr ,my
.el 'nr ,my
S. Schechter, Safed in the Sixteenth : lynl e`x .daxd azkp ztva ziptbqd daeyzd lr
,yexcde xqend zextq ,oc 'i ; Century, Studies in Judaism, New York 1958, pp. 231-297
inkg ly xqende yexcd zextqa dxeìze zewiacd zqitz' ,xhkt 'n ; 229-202 'nr ,1975 milyexi
.121-51 'nr ,(a"nyz) b ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn ,'f"hd d`na ztv
.hlx ,bpw ,fnw-enw ,nw ,hlw ,dw ,`t ,bp ,dl ,ek 'nr ,zepeifgd xtq ,l`hie
.b oniq dt 'nr ,my
zcae` dniivn zipniiv dleza' : (`"r hi) c ,b dheq ,inlyexia dyextd dyi`d zxcbd lynl e`x
[ 190 ]
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
[ 49
zigiynzipeifg zelirt olek zecrznd zeniyx ly dxeya miizqn zepeifgd xtq

z` eafry ,eirceinn miqep` ixetiq lr oda jnzqn e"gx .lbehxete cxtq iqep` axwa
zxyn' epnfa didy envr lr cirnd ,yiri 'o mdxa` `texd oebk ,mzecdil exfge mzclen
eribdy divpeene cxtqn zexbiè mirqep igeeicn rcin aèy èd ok enk 186.'cxtq jlnl
z` ,dl` zeklnn ly àe ynynnd opaxeg z` miàpnd miqep` lr zerici odae ,eicil
zce dkelnd xifgie cec rxfn yi`' ly eèa z` ,divifieewpi`d iy`x ly axwd mzen
dilr zerenydy ,ycgd mlera 187'icedid lìpc zekln' ielib zè ,'mnewnl micedid
mzwevnl dxr dziid e"gx ly ezaiaqy èt` wtq oi` 188.cxtq jln lr zenii`n
ozipy dnec ,z`f xe`l .ige shey xyw mz` dniiw sè ,miqep`d ly mzle`b zeitivle
l`xyi ux` zelidwa zigiynd dèapd zevxtzd oia dxiyi zixehqid dwif lr riavdl
zelidwa micd dxxery ,dixai` iqep` axwa zigiynzièapd drepzd oial hpeelde
eax wyncae milyexia ,ztva wx `l ,dpde .micdiiznd dihilt z` zehlewd hpeeld
zigiynd zexxerzda s` `l` ,e"gx ly ezecrn epcnly itk ,zeàpznd miypd
xywd zpigaa ìd ef drtez mby dnec .zièapd ozelirt dzeifkxna dhla zixai`d
.dxyr rayd d`nd zivgna ze`zaya ziypd dèapd zevxtzdl micwze ixehqid
ly cxtqa miqep`d zelidwa miyp zeàpzd xaca icnl zexiyr zerici epicia yi
lhean `l xtqna xaecn 189.dxyr yyd d`nd dptna ,eixg`l jenqa e` ,yexibd ztewz
[...] dileza zcae` dniivn - zipniiv dleza' : `"r ak dheq ,ilaa lr zetqezd mb e`x .'dileza
: yxit dyn 'x axd ig` ixen la` .zexyep dileza zenev zngn - dileza zcae` zniivn : yxit iax
zprp `dzy zeiprz dyere dnv eli`ke ,zipiilv : ocic `xnba opiqxbck ,zlltzne dciqg dyer
cer e`xe .'dileza zcaeè dpfne ,dixg` ewcai `ly ,oird z` apbl `l` dyer dpiè ,dzltza
.182-181 ,146-144 'nr lirl
.k oniq ,cnx 'nr ,zepeifgd xtq ,l`hie
,ileky` ,xicdnd ixaca zeitxbeilaiad zeiptdd e`xe ,ipcd ccl` ixetiqa ef zxeqn ly dxewn
.20 dxrd ,enx 'nr ,my
.ck-k mipniq ,hnx-cnx 'nr ,my
zeclezl zexewnd sqeà dpey`xl enqxtzp owlg .divifieewpi`d iwizn xwira zeae`y zericid
Y. F. Baer, Die Juden im Christlischen Spanien, II, Berlin : e`x .xra wgvi uaiwy cxtq icedi
,(b"vxz) d ,oeiv sq`n ,'yexibd ztewza zigiynd drepzd' ,l"pd : mb e`x .1936, pp. 528-534
miig yicwd zepexg`d mipya .304-300 'nr ,(145 dxrd lirl) ileky` : cer e`xe .cr-`q 'nr
: lynl ,yexibd xeca zeqep`d zeìapde zigiynd zexxerzdd zrtezl mixwgn dnke dnk hx`piia
xqend zextqae zicedi diteqelita ,dlawa mixwgn ,'dzclen dxixda dzrepze qpi` dìapd'
; 506-459 'nr ,e"nyz milyexi ,mipy ynge miray el z`lna iayz diryil miycwen ,zebdde
'nr ,(b"nyz) gn ,oeiv ,'oàihq` oèg za qpiè fneb ix`n zeìapde dlèxiqe oeili'v iqep`'
zrepz' ; 55-17 'nr ,(a"nyz) fn ,oeiv ,'d'vpn dl xefià dxiir ly diqep` : oicrnl`' ; 272-241
,(a"nyz) `p ,uiaxz ,'dl` zexiir ly odiqepè qìaex`lhae xiqewl` ic dlaèta qpi` dìapd
dèap zrepz' ; 449-423 'nr ,(`"nyz) p ,uiaxz ,'diqepè d'vpndla xy` eceb`' ; 658-633 'nr
iqep`' ; 200-190 'nr ,(xra wgvil oexkif xtq) (h"lyz) cn ,oeiv ,'1502-1499 mipya daecxewa
[ 191 ]
186
187
188
189
50 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
,miznd zenyp ,mi`lten zexe` ,dyne edil` iielib lr egeeicy ,miype zexrp ly
legzy dle`bd z` xyal odl exed mleke ,miininy zerqna oze` eliaedy mik`lne
cegiiae ,zicedid zcd l` daeyza dxfg ly zipend drepz exxer odizeèap .1500 zpya
micbaa - dkexc diitiv jezn ,zayd lr dctwde ,dwcv ozn ,'micedid bdpnk' zenev
xye` mdl mighaen my ,ycewd ux`l miqep`d z` liaeiy giynd zrtedl - miibibg
.divifieewpi`d icia xdn d`kec j` ,zecg` mipy dkynp ef zigiyn drepz .xyere
dxyr mizy za dzeida àpzdl dlgdy xlcpq za ,dxixdn qpi` - zeìapay drecid
dcaln .1500a cwend lr dzlrede ,okn xg`l dpyn zegt dxwgpe dxq`p ,1499a
miizy odipiae ,daecxewa miyp zveaw oke ,oeili'vn qneb ix`n dìapd mb zereci
zle`b lr àpzdl dlgde dxieby zixen dgty sè ,daecxew ic oèg qep`d ly eizepan
miqep`d zaiy lr dàpzd j` ,icedi `venn dziid `ly ,diixvep dyi` elitè ,micedid
lka `l ik m` ,dtewz dzeà jk eàpzdy zeqep`d eax d`xpd lkk .ycewd ux`l
eprpy miypd xtqny s` d`xp 190.eihxtl odizeèap okeze odizeny exnzyp mixwnd
qpi` ly dzèape 191,mixabd xtqn lr daxda dlr zeìapd ly dle`bd zexeyal
lk z` dpniiwze dzxeyaa zeqep`d zexrpd dpn`z m`y dghadd z` dllk dxixdn
èt` oi` 192.miypl oze` e`yiiy micedi mixirv ycewd uxà odl epizni ,dize`xed
dxkfy èd rpnpd on `le ,ef zigiynzièap drepza hlead iypd mxebd on mlrzdl
miypd zèap ly daxd dzeliawle dzexxerzdl mxze miqep`d zrceza xnzyp
ly zeicxtq zertyd dieexd ezaiaqa s` jkl mxzy myk ,e"gx ly zicxtqd ezaiaqa
dixtni`d zelidw x`y oke ,giynd ly ezcled xir ,xinfi` zlidw ixdy .iav izay
yyd d`nd jldna ehlw ,xar lkl zi`zayd drepzd dhyt dpnny ,zip`n'zerd
mixfegd ixai`d i`d ivg iqep`n miax dxyr rayd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgnde dxyr
dgztzde dxyr yyd d`nd seqa wx dcqepy ,dycg dlidw ,dnvr xinfià 193.mzecdil
aikxn xaryl miqep`d eid ,dxyr rayd d`nd jldna gxet ixgqn fkxnk zexidna
iav izayl dl` ly dwecdd mzwif 194.drtydaxe xiyr ,aeyg izeaxze ilklk
S. Sharot, : mb e`x .52-13 'nr ,(g"nyz) bp ,oeiv ,'qpi` dìapd ly dzrepze (Halia) ìl`
Messianism, Mysticism and Magic, Chapel Hill 1982, pp. 76-85
.31 'nr ,(189 dxrd lirl) 'oicrnl`' ,hx`piia ly ezxrd e`x

.471 'nr ,(189 dxrd lirl) 'qpi` dìapd' ,hx`piia : e`x
.487 'nr ,my
dnlyl oexkf xtq : jeza ,'f"id-e"hd ze`na ixai`d i`d ivgn miqep` zìvi' ,hx`piia 'g : e`x
.106-63 'nr ,g"lyz milyexi ,oekp ehxane`
'nr ,(a"nyz) 12 ,minrt ,'zip`n'zerd dtewza xinfià zicedid dlidwd ziy`x' ,i`pxa 'i : e`x
,` ,dizecleze dne` ,(jxer) oxhy 'n : jeza ,'f"id d`na xinfià lbehxet iqep`' ,l"pd ; 58-47
'micxtq'n licadl 'milbehxet'k xinfi`l eribdy miqep`d oeit` .298-289 'nr ,b"nyz milyexi
[ 192 ]
190
191
192
193
194
[ 51
awri ly eixwgna ycgn dpexg`l dxxazp ,eaiaq dyabzdy zigiynd drepzle ,envr
sè ,dtewz dzeà miixvep miixplin mibeg oial mpia mixywdy wtq oiè 195,i`pxa
daevir jxcl enxz ,zixai`d mzyxen ìdy zigiyn diitiv ly dkex`d zxeqnd
x`ya mb zxkip ze`zayl ef dwif .ef xira zi`zayd dxeyad ly dxidnd dzelawzdle
miizgtyn mirbn eniiw odixagy 196,hpeelae dtexià zip`xnd dxeftd zelidw
ivga ex`ypy ,mixvepd mdig` mr ig xyw lr exny sè ,mnvr oial mpia miilklke
,mdl dax`y divifieewpi`d zpkq zexnl z`fe ,ezhilyay zeixehixhae ixai`d i`d
zevx`'l miqep`d zaiy z` xign lka repnl dzqipy ,zicedid dlidwd ivgl zexnle
,dxitkk divifieewpi`d icia d`kecy ,dixaià ziqep`d zeigiynd zyxen 197.'zelil`d
dpefipy xiaqe ,yexibd xg`ly mipya zeàpznd miypd xkf z` lelkl ,xen`k ,dlki
dxitk ly zepey zertezn ,dxyr rayd d`nd ziy`xa mbe ,dxyr yyd d`nd jldna
oegvip rwx lr ,divnxetxd zenglnn d`vezk eclepy ,zixvep zihqinzigiyn
,zg` dxitk zrepzk - wcva `ly e` wcva - eqtzp dl` zertez .cxtqa zeilezwd
`weec dzedfl dzhpe dze` dtcx divifieewpi`de ,('mixèn'd) 'qec`xanel`'d dzpkzpy
,miyp ly zièapd ozelirt dhla ef dxitk ly dinxf lka .miycgd mixvepd mr
odiig z` yicwdl excpy miyp e` ,zexifp olekk oaexe ,iqep` `venn eid ok` owlgay
on zraepd ,zipin zexwtda enyèd od x`yd oia .zexg` zexbqna zizcd ozegilyl
- miinepihp` miyrnae ,l`d mr ihqind ocegiia oencwd `hgd on ekkcfpy dpen`d
dèap itwzdae ,miiphy zegeka yeniya oke ,diqwhe diiqpkd zeevn ly zpeekn dxtd
.zi`nvr zizeaxz dcigik cxtq iqep`n mlicadl ick ea oi` j` ,zixewnd m`ven ux` lr cnln
,ixai`d i`d ivgl uegn l` mkxca icnl zekyenn zetewz cxtqa edy lbehxet iqep`n miax
oiipra .miqep`d zelidw izy oia dpgadd yehyhl èd s` mxz lbehxete cxtq ly ihiletd cegi`de
.87 ,70-69 'nr ,my ,'miqep` zìvi' ,hx`piia : e`x ,df
J. Barnai, Christian Messianism and the Portuguese Marranos: The Emergence : e`x 195
of Sabbateanism in Smyrna, Jewish History, 7 (1993), pp. 119-126
,xaryl miqep`d cegiiae ,micxtqd micedid ly ze`zayl zcgeind mzwif z` oiiv mely myxb 196
izcd mpeiqip z` dtwiyy ,dxndd ly zilqwecxtd dibele`ci`l mzegizt lr dze` cinrde
sqei ,z`f znerl .(398 'nr ,a ,iav izay ; 24 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn) iehia el dpzpe ixehqidd
zecdil mixfegd miqep`d mz` eìady ,ixai`d igiynd gznd zetivx z` yibcd inlyexi miig
Y. H. : e`x .ze`zayd ly zigiynd dxeyad zhilwl mze` xiykde ,mhlwn zevx`l
.Yer ushalmi, From Spanish Court to Italian Ghetto, Seattle and London 1971, pp. 302-312
lirl) zeigiyn ,zexy ; 325-323 'nr ,b"nyz milyexi ,zecdil zexvpn ,oltw 'i : mb e`x df oiiprl
.104-101 'nr ,(189 dxrd
Y. Kaplan, The Travels of Portuguese Jews from Amsterdam to the Lands of : e`x 197
; Idolatry (1644-1724), in: idem (ed.),Jews and Conversos, Jer usalem 1985, pp. 197-224
.100-65 'nr ,(h"pyz) cq ,oeiv ,'zicxtqd dxefta dixai`l daiyd cbp wa`nd' ,oltw 'i
[ 193 ]
52 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
lbl dl` zertez jiiyl ozip ,xzei agxd xywda 198.miipir zfig`k erwedy zihhqw`
zevxà s` `l` dpehly inegzae zilezwd cxtqa wx `l hyty ,zièapd 'zeadlzd'd
zezik ef dtewza elrt oday - uiieey ,dilbp` ,dipnxb ,cpled - zihphqhextd dtexi`
,mixwiieewd ,'dad`d zgtyn' ,mihipepnd ,mihqihtap`d oebk ,zeilwicxd divnxetxd
exvie ,ziyteg zrteyd 'gexd' zhilwl ze`ln zetzey miypa e`x oaexy ,micx`lelde
oia dwifd z` 199.zetihnke zeihtilwet` zeìapk hlazdl odl exyt`y zexbqn
,cala ztl`n dlawd da e`x m` oia 200,xakn df mixwegd epiiv ze`zayl dl`d zezikd
zeihp ilra mihphqhext mitiwyn lr dìya zicedid zeigiynd zrtyd xzeid lkle
miixvep miixplin zepeirx oia ziccd drtydk deyxit m` oia 201,mdlyn zeixplin
mirbny zexyt`d oeayga dàed `l dk cry dnec j` 202.zicedid zigiynd zevxtzdl
A. Hamilton, Heresy and Mysticism in Sixteenth Century Spain: The : e`x ,z`f lk lr 198
.85-76 'nr ,(189 dxrd lirl) zeigiyn ,zexy ; Alumbrados, Cambridge 1992
K. Thomas, Women and the Civil War Sects, in: T. Aston (ed.), Crisis in : lynl e`x 199
Europe 1560-1660, London 1965, pp. 317-340; S. M. Wyntijes, Women in the
Reformation Era, in: R. Bridenthal and C. Koonz (eds.), Becoming Visible: Women in
European History, Boston 1977, pp. 167-191; J. OFlaolain and L. Martines, Not in Gods
Image, New York 1973, Chap. X, 5: The Protestant Promotion of Women, pp. 262-269;
; 261 'nr ,(87 dxrd lirl) meiplin ,odk ; A. Hamilton, The Family of Love, Cambridge 1981
P. Mack, Visionary Women: Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth-Century England, Berkeley
1992; A. Jelsma, Frontiers of the Reformation: Dissidence and Orthodoxy in Sixteenth
Century Europe, Aldershot 1998, pp. 40-90
ziy`xa eazkpy ,iwlhi` icedi ly eizeniyxa .onfd ipa mitiwyn ef dwif lr ecnr xak ,dyrnl 200
micedi oia dxxery zeybxzdde dle`bd z`xwl dpekzd lr miknqne zerici hwl ode ,1666 zpy
: milbp`d mixwiieewd mrhn icedid giyna dax zepiiprzd lr cirnd hxt riten ,cg`k miiebe
ick mixac ly zezin` rcil dxegq ila eti l` '` dpitq egly dxcpela ixiwèw z`xwp zg` dne`'
dèapd zertezl oier didy ,opew q`neze .(508 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely) 'zeyrl dn rcil
,ohyd ly edyrn `l` did `l df lk'y ,ze`zayd lr exeaiga xird ,llkk zadlznd zigiynd
oirzi`xn : xnel jixv `nye ,milecb mixeepqa geywde sxerd dyw mrd z` zekdl bprzdy
'dilbpày mixwiieewd enk ,izek`ln edyn o`k yi ik ,yegl did xyt` ahid .lecb afka zaxern
ihphqhextde ilezwd - epnf ly ixvepd 'mfìfezp`'d cbp `viy ink opew lr .(59 'nr ,èey zeitiv)
opew qnez' ,cd l`kin ly ez`vxd oke ,20-18 'nr ,èey zeitiv ,opew ,èan ,oltw : e`x ,cg`k
gqep z` icil ìvndy lr cd 'textl izcez .df `yepl dlek dycwedy ,enthusiasmd xwank
zeifkxnl ,miixbeq zxrda zfnexnd ,opew ly ezercen lr s` riavn èd my .ci azka ez`vxd
ze`zayae ,o`kn zeihphqhextd zezikae zeilezwa - llkk zeàpzdd zerepza miypd ly ocnrn
lr ozrtyd daxe ,xac lka dlwp lr zepin`n zeaexw mizrle ,od zei`pw miyp ik ,oievi)' : o`kn
.(54 'nr ,èey zeitiv) '(mixabd
.741 ,453-450 'nr ,a ; jliè 266 ,82-80 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : e`x 201
R. Popkin, Three English Tellings of the ; 106 'nr ,(189 dxrd lirl) zeigiyn ,zexy : e`x 202
Sabbatai Zevi Story, Jewish History, 8 (1994), pp. 43-54; idem, Jewish-Christian
[ 194 ]
[ 53
z`fe ,miypd zèapa xikdl zi`zayd drepzd ly zbieqn `ld dzepekpl enxz s` dl`
.micwz lk mdl did `ly micnna
s` daevirl mxzy xywd ,ze`zayd ziy`x dreaw ekezay ,inlqend xywda mb
z` mcwl did ieyry mxeb ievn 203,dzrtyd inegzl e` zexvpd jez l` dileblba
èd df mxeb .dzèapae da zelirt zetzeyk miypd itlk libxd xcbn z`veid dzegizt
iav izay lr dl` ly mzrtyd zexiaq z` .miy`hwad mitEvd ly daexwd mzegkep
dnka mely myxb oiiv xak ,ezen ixg` m`lq`l mixnend mi`zayd ibeg lre ,envr
oexwra ,i`ygd izzikd oebxà zixyt`d drtydd iiehia z` `vn mely 204.eixwgnn
diihpa ,yeliyd zpenà ,mce xyaa l`d zeyalzd zxeza ,mfihxwpiqa ,divleniqicd
ze`zayle iy`hwad miyieexcd xcqnl mitzeyn mleky ,mfipihxailae zinepihp`d
.ip`n'zerd owlad ixefè dphwd diq` zeleaba df cvl df miniiwznd ,m`lq`l zxnend
zelirte ze`ln zexagk miypd cnrn z` mb siqedl yi mitzeynd mipeit`d zniyxl j`
Relations in the Sixteenth- and Seventeenth Centuries: The Conception of the
Messiah, Jewish History, 6 (The Frank Talmage Memorial Volume, II) (1992), pp. 161-177;
idem, Jewish Messianism and Christian Millenarianism, in P. Zagorin (ed.), Culture
79 'nr cegiiae ,and Politics in Puritanism and Enlightenment, Berkeley 1980, pp. 67-90
.(195 dxrd lirl) 'zixvep zeigiyn' ,i`pxa ; jliè

m`lq`l mixnend mi`zayd zke ,iwipelqa eipew - jexa e` - dikexa eid drtydd zexepiv 203
,dxyr rayd d`nd seqa oileta ze`zayd ivitn x`ye j`ln miig rbna eà mz`y ,dikxeza
'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : e`x ,dl` zewif lr .ekxc ziy`xa wp`xt awri mb ddy mzvignae
.120-100
e`x .154-150 'nr ,igiynd oeirxd ,l"pd ; 355-353 ,347 ,328 ,116 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely 204
P. Fenton, ; 61 'nr ,g"yz aia`lz ,mi`zayd ly zegayze zexiy xtq ,yìh` 'n : mb
Shabbetay Sebi and His Muslim Contemporary Muhammed an-Niyazi, in: D. R.
Blumentahl (ed.), Approaches to Judaism in Medieval Times, III, Atlanta, Georgia 1988,
oiel 'd : e`x ,eipin`ne wp`xt awri l` dikexa zk jxc zitevd drtydd ly dleblb lr .pp. 81-88
: oldl) c"nyz milyexi ,ezrepze wp`xt awri zeclezl dcerz : 'dwipexk'd ,(xicdne mbxzn)
qwhd z` siqedl ile` ozip jkl .100 ,97 zexrd ,52 'nr ; 65-64 zexrd ,45-44 'nr ,(dwipexkd
cg` xcga ezyè wp`xt elrpp ekldnay ,(46 sirq 56-54 'nr) 'dwipexk'a 'iceq dyrn' dpeknd
ieaik xg`l 'dad`d dyrn'a cgi ewqre mdicban mlek ehytzd my ,mbeg ipa 'zeig`de mig`d' mr
dvnyl xzeia mirecid on èd iy`hwad 'zexpd ieaik' qwh .qwhd ziy`xa ewlcedy zexpd
205 dxrday zeitxbeilaiad zeiptda jk lr e`x .zipin zexwtda enyèd eihrae ,mdibdpna
qwhd z` wp`xt miiw ,(54 sirq 54-52 'nr) 'dwipexk'a xteqnd it lry ,èd dxwn `l ileè .oldl
cg` ,'iail'v o`n'zer' ly mzxaga miinei dyr my ,wqlecetuipinwn eaeya cin dipèeià iceqd
,wp`xt ly mipletd eiciqgn ,iwqaìpx'v l`xyi ,'eply o`n'zer'e ,iwipelqa dikexa zk iy`xn
A. : e`x ,dnpecd bdpn it lr 'yakd bg' meiqa 'zexpd ieaik' qwh lr .iwipelqn df j` eribdy
Nouveaux documents sur Sabbeta Sevi: Organisation et us et coutumes de ses
Galante,
`ly ,ihp`l`b ly exeaig meliv lr oexe` lkin 'textl izcez .adeptes, Istanbul 1935, pp. 50, 77
.dilbp` zeixtqa exz`l izglvd
[ 195 ]
54 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
,miyext mwlgae mièyp mwlga eidy ,miy`hwad ly ef dpekz .zizzikd zxbqna

dxyr yelyd d`nd seqa xcqnd ly ecqeeid ziy`xn d`xpd lkk z`fe - mze` dcgii
dllky ,dtixg ziqwecezxe` zxewia mdilr dxxere - dxyr rax`d d`nd ziy`xa e`
,y`hwa i'b`g ,cqiind iig lr zitxbeibdd zxeqnd it lr .zipin zexwtda zeny`d mb
zecerqe miiceq dkipg iqwh mllkae ,xcqnd ly miicegiid miqwhd erawp einia xak
i'b`g ,zg` zxeqn it lr .mixabd cvl deeye `ln wlg mda elhp miypdy ,zetzeyn
ziy`hwa zxeqn .eicinlz oia dze` dvitdy ef ìde ,dyi`l ezxez lk z` cnil y`hwa
m`lq`d ixaec z` dgvipy ,('dtid') diipqeg mya dyi` lr xtql zrcei zxg`
`ld zeiy`hwad miypd ly ocnrn .rxd yxey lr ibele`z gekieea iqwecezxe`d
èd .zip`n'zerd dixehqida epina cigi did ,iyteg oteà mixaba zeaxrznde ,zelerx
mxcqn itipq mewinle mdiqwh zei`ygl minxebd cg`k oieve ,dax al zneyz jyn
iav izay oia miiyi` mirbn eniiwzd ok` m` 205.xf ipirn wgxd ,miccean zenewna
zegtl e` ,iwipelqa dnpecd oia oke ,letepihphqpewa reci miyieexc xcqn y`xl envr
ehlwy èd rpnpd on `l ,mdizn z` exaw el jenqay iy`hwad xfpnl ,mdibltn cg`
.miypl icegiid mqgi z` s` x`yd oia mdn
miixehqid mixywda dreaw zi`zayd drepzd zèapa miypd ly dbixgd ozetzzyd
cnrna zpnzqnd dktdnd z` llegl mnvrl mdyk mgeka did `l m` elit`y ,dl`
i`ce - oldl d`xpy itk ,diiehian cg` `l` dppi` ozèapy dktdn - zei`zayd miypd
ze`zaya miypd zèapy wtq oi` ,jk oiae jk oia .riiqne oaxcn mxeb mda ze`xl yiy
z`fe ,epicil dribdy itk zicedid zxeqna dl encwy ziypd dèapd zertezn dlcap
ìyd ztewza zeìap itl` a elitè ,ze`n a xaecn ixde - zizenk dpigan wx `l
ozlert zetivx dhla okn xg`ly mipyd miyinge d`na sè ,dxndl mcew ,drepzd ly
,izeki`d lcadd zxdad .zizeki` dpigan mb `l` - zeizzik zexbqna zièapd
rcen geqip icil ribn eppi` hrnk j` zeàpznd miypd lr zeiecrd on rnzynd
eicnna ìltne oirl ielb èdy ,izenkd lcadd zcig z` gprtl dieyr ,yxetne
.minevrd
J. K. Birge, The Bektashi Order of : e`x ,iy`hwad xcqna miypd ly icegiid ocnrn lr 205
Dervishes, London 1994 (facsimile of the 1937 edition), pp. 38, 45-46, 49-50, 85, 126-127,
159, 164-165, 171; A. Schimmel, Mystical Dimensions of Islam, Chapel Hill 1975, pp. 341,

432; I. Melikoff,
La ceremonie
du Ayn-i-Djem (Anatolie Centrale), in: A. Popovic and
G. Veinstein (eds.), Bektachiyya - Etudes

sur lordre mystique des Bektachis et les groupes
relevant de Hadji Bektach, Istanbul 1995, pp. 65-68; idem, Recherche sur une coutume
des Alevis: Musahip,Frere
` de lau-dela,
` ibid.,pp. 75-76 ; R. Dankoff, An Unpublished
Account of Mum Sondurmek in the Seyahatname of Evliya Chelebi, ibid., pp. 69-73;
Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1, Leiden 1960, s.v. Bektashiyya, p. 1162
[ 196 ]
[ 55
ze`zaya miypd zèap ly dcegii .c

xn`nk ,miypd df llkae ,'xya lk lr' 'gex'd zglev igiynd ocird qext mry dyegzd
izcd 'mfìfezp`'d zerepzle ze`zayl ztzeyn dziidy dyegz ,lèia weqtd
mdl dvwne izedn lcad mipind oia dlicand zipaxd zxeqnd ibiiq z` dvxt 206,ixvepd
oeeikd on .zg` dperae zra miketd mipeeik ipyn z`fe ,m`zda mipey dlert inegz
,'zeweex'd zeìapd zrteza xikdl micwz zlleyn zepekp ze`zayd dzlib cg`d
fkxna oaivdle dxeka cnrn odl zepwdl s` zenieqn zeaiqpae ,'zeleza'd e` 'zexrp'd
zexrpd ipendn yxbl zepeiqip lr eprny `ly cala ef `l ixdy .igiynd oefgd
oìydl e` ,zepeifgd xtqa xteqnk ,weaic zpigaa oda znrtnd 'gex'd z` zeàpznd
zxiwqa da eplwzpy ,ziaihwpihqpi` zicqnn daebz dze` - owzyl zpn lr yi`l
`weec eprceezpy `l` 207,zièapd ziypd zeyixtd 'ziihq' iekic lr zexeqnd unew
dcxtd) jàpte` xvga mipind oia zipctwd dcxtdle ,oièyipd lr xengd xeqi`l
- 'dlezad' eza `le - wp`xt ipa ekxry mivextd miqwha ,xen`k ,mizrl dxtedy
wdaen irvn`k `l` jàpteà dxengd zipind zeyixtd xhyn z` yxtl oi` .(i`yga
mpn` 208.cg`k miype mixab ,dià lk ly zipgexd mziieeg znvrdle xvgd yeciwl
,zei`zayd miypd ly ohw herin `l` ef jxc ehwp `l raw ly miig gxe`ky xiaq
mixabd ziaxn jxck) cala minieqn onf iwxtl owlg e` oaex dze` ehwpy okziie
ly `ln ietin xyt`n eppi` epiciay lcde iziirad rcind ; (zicedid dxaga miyextd
zeklnd' zk zelirtn - ix`w ixn df weqta dzyry yeniyd e`xe ,11 dxrd aiaq lirl e`x 206
M. Cary, A : miypd ly ozeàpzd zwcvd myl ,dxyr rayd d`nd zivgna dilbpà 'ziyingd
New and More Exact Mappe or Description of the New Jerusalems Glory, London 1651,
dxrd lirl) qnez : mb e`x .265 'nr ,(199 dxrd lirl) fpihxne oiile`t'e` lv` àen ,pp. 236ff.
.332 ,328 ,326 'nr ,(199

.144-141 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x 207
xvga zqpkznd ziciqgd dxeagl jàpteà zihqiwp`xtd xvgd oia zeeydl ,df xywda ,oiiprn 208
z` dktde ,dià z` dyciw ziciqgd xvgd mb ixdy .ziciqgd drepzd ly dzeedzd ziy`xa iaxd
j` ,yxetna zyxcp dppi`y ,zipind zeyixtd zervnà ,ziaiqphpi` zipgex dieegl da zedyd
maexe ,mixab mlek md ezxez z` mirneye iaxd 'ogley' l` miayeidy dcaerd on xexiaa zrnzyn
e` zexvw zetewzl mdizegtynn miwzipd ,zepey`xd mdièyip zepya mixirv - 'mixerpd ipa'
ziaihpxhl` dgtyn oirn dzeeid ziciqgd xvgd .miycgd mibidpnd l` gtzqdl zpn lr zekex`
s` dlrty ,jàpte` xvg ,z`f znerl .zilkza dpnn ewgxed odizaa zegepfd miypdy ,zixab
,257-256 zexrd aiaq oldl jk lr e`x) 'zeig`'e 'mig`' epkzp diàe ,zipgex 'dgtyn'k ìd
zrnyn zè ,dizeceq lka oze` dqipkd ,miypd iptl dixry z` dgzt ,(473-454 ,275-268
ozwifl cebipa zeciqgl miypd zwif lr .yxetnae deeya miypde mixabd on dyxc zipind zeyixtd
.291-285 zexrd aiaqe ,273 dxrd oldl cer e`x ,ze`zayl
[ 197 ]
56 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
did - zicinzd e` zipnfd - zipind zeyixtd e` ,oilezad avny wtq oi` la` .drtezd
zxeqnd oze` dwzix eil`y ,zixnegziptebd dieedd ahewn miypd z` hiqdl ick ea
f`n oeekzdl mixabd elki exarly ,zipxevzipgexd dieedd ahew l` ,dziy`xn zipaxd
zeìapk okxc dllqpe ,mixabd cnrnl miypd ly ineiwd ocnrn deezyp jka .cinzne
e` ,miypl zxyt`nd ,ef zipktdn dnbn cbpk j` .odibega zihnfixk zeknq zecnrl
zilirl zecdid dcgiiy dyextd ziciqgd dxnEgd zxbqna llkidl ,oherinl zegtl
zkxrnl dwifd wexita ,jetdd oeeikd on mb zxeqnd ixcb z` ze`zayd dvxt ,zixabd
mb odizy e` ,dinepihp`d ,dinep`d jxc lr - zeevnde zexard - mixzidde mixeqi`d
.miypd cnrn lr zeipeieey zeklyd eid ef dktdnl sè ,cgi
zeevnd zkxrn z` ze`zayd dzgc izfrd ozp ly ziplnrezd ezlert ziy`xn
zle`b z` gihadl ,cala dgekae ,dgekay ,zizcd diiyrd fkxnk izxeqnd dcnrnn
,jk .dle`bl gztnd ìdy ,giyna dpen`d z` oeilr jxrk daivd dnewna .cigid
eipira aehk zil`xyi dneà zeyrl' iav izay ly egek z` drepzd dnirhd ,lynl
el yi e"yik didi elitè ,mleray aiig xzei z` zekfl elitè ,aiigl opin xa e` zekfl
eaiigl zeyx el yi ,mleray ciqg xzei didiy elit` ,eixg` xdxdnde ,ezekfl zeyx
elà oinì `l m` miig l`xyil oi`y ,xenb i`cel el didi dlerd llk .miyw oixeqia
dpen`d zeaiyg lr dxizid dybcdd' ly ipktdnd dite` lr 209.'ztene ze` ila mixacd
xak 'mda ige mc` dyriy zeevnde miyrnd jxr z` rixknd ,ycg izc jxrk dxedhd
milnqae miyrna ielz epi`y jxrk "dpen`" driten epiptl' : mely myxb cnr
ezxnd mr dpivwd ef dnbn 210.'mvra zixvepd zpekznd itl izc jxrk epiidc ,miipevig
dle`bd oefg oia jlede lcbd xrtd drapyn ,ezen xg`ly mipyd jldnae ,iav izay ly
zilqwecxtd dpen`d zervnà `l` eilr xybl did ozip `ly xrt ,zixehqidd zeìvnl
.xnend giyna
jeza ,e"kz ziy`xa e` d"kz zpy seqa dazkpy ,mixvna sqei l`txl izfrd ozp zxbi` 209
.235-218 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,ef zxbi` gezipl .10-9 'nr ,iav laep zviv ,yhxetyy
e`x ,zexvpa dpen`d zqitzl ezaxw lre ,ifkxn i`zay jxrk dpen`d lr .229 'nr ,my ,mely 210
dheytd ezriaw z` e`xe .681-680 ,583-581 ,401-400 'nr ,a ; 252 ,173-172 'nr ,my : mb
dgqipy itk ,dxezd zeevn lr dpen`d zlrn xaca ,uk dnly ,oildèen i`zayd axd ly dheade
axl dkfze epipec` zpenà mipin`nd on [cg`] '` didzy dpeka lltzzy' : a"lz zpyn ezxbià
.(65 'nr ,iav izay ipipr ,op`niixt jeza) 'dlek dxezd lkn xzei oiprd dfa dpen`d lecb ik ,aeh
lr mc` xeari m` s`' : b"rz zpyn incxhqn`d cnrnd zxbià miàend ,oeig dingp ixac mb e`x
'nr ,my) 'oere `hg mey el oiè `yicw dilr ipan èd ,'eke oiprd dfa oin`ny oeik ,dxezd lk
dti`ya `le dpen`d zeiraa dziy`xne dxwirn zcwennk dlek zi`zayd dxezd zxcbdl .(133
dpen`d ceq' ,miiwl` '` ; 19-9 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail : e`x ,zipicnzihxwpew dle`bl
milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,diteqelitl xehwec xèz zlaw myl xeaig ,'izfrd ozp iazka
.6-1 'nr ,c"pyz
[ 198 ]
[ 57
dipeeb lk lr ,dtexvd dpen`l zilèhixd diiyrd on izcd caekd fkxn zhqdl

zkxrnl ozwif : zei`zayd miypd cnrn lr zizernyn dklyd dziid ,dileblbe
icka `le ,icnl dtiwre zlaben ,zicedid zxeqna laewnk ,dziid zeiyrnd zeevnd
odilr dlg dpi`y dxez cenlz zeevn xkyk miypd ly ziyi`d ozle`b z` l"fg exicbd
211
.dze` miniiwnd odipale odilral eyibdy reiqd zekfa epnn zepdp od j` ,llk
zirvn` izla dziid - ezedelàe ea dpen`l - giynl miypd ly ozwif ,z`f znerl
miypd z` licaiy ,icqen e` izkld ,oepbpn lk `vnpa did `l ixdy ,zelabd lk zlehpe
ogan z` zi`zayd dibele`ci`d dcinrdy lkk .alay dpen` ipiipra mixabd on
xcqk zqtzpd zeevnd zkxrnn dwzpzpy lkke ,dpen`d ly dceg lr zl`bpd zecdid
ly mwlgl deeye lirt wlg da lehil miypd ly ozleki dzax ok ,epnf xary mler
i`zayd izcd dyrnd èdy ,oewizd dyrn jtd mday mibegd ,cere z`f .mixabd
oebk ,dxar
dyrnl 212,izfrd ozp razy ef oebk ,ziptbq daeyz ly lèhixn ,wdaend
miypd lr ozelgy ,dyr zeevn zxtd wx `l df llkae ,iav izay ly mixfd eiyrn
,miypd lr mb olek zelgd ,dyrz `l zeevn lr dxard
- xwirae - s` `l` ,zlaben
gztp ède ,zizcd dlertd agxn èln lr mixabd ly zicrlad mzelra drwted
on ,xzei s` ileè ,zegt `l dxard
jxc lr oewizl zelbeqnd ,miypd ipta dgeexl
- i`xwà `le - oaexa eid zewdaend 'zepwzn'd zei`zayd zexard
ixdy .mixabd
ixeqi` zxtd - lekl lrne ,mixeq`d mipnfa mixeq`d zelk`nd zlik` oebk ,sebd zexar
213
zeilawde zeiteqelitd zexeqna xak ddef - 'zpwzn'd dlertd zxif - sebd .zeixr
dy`d ,oeqpil` b"` : e`x ,zipaxd zxeqna zeevnl miypd zwif lr .`"r fi zekxa ,ilaa : e`x 211
R. Biale, Women and Jewish Law, New York 1984, pp. 10-43; M.; d"lyz milyexi ,zeevnde
Meiselman, Jewish Woman in Jewish Law, New York 1978
zrcl' ,miiwl` ; 240-236 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,izfrd ozp ly daeyzd ipewiz lr 212
.650-640 'nr ,'giyn
aep`hq ly oicd zia ipta mi`zay daeyz ilra ly zeiecra zhxetnd zexard
zniyx lynl e`x 213
,zepfe seìp ly zexar
oaex .a"r f-a"r d ,yeny xtq ,ocnr lv` dqtcpy itk ,f"hwz oeiq b"ia
zexar dlà `veike gqta ung zlik` ,zetxh zlik` ,mev zxtd ,oeyira zay lelig - x`yde
dxara zkd ikxcl ezepn`p z` gikedl ywazd èd ,micrd cg` ixac it lr .sebd z`pd ixcb lr
xn` zg` mrt' : zi`zayd divhpiixe`d ogank zynynd ìd ef dxary xexae ,yi` zy` xeqi` lr
envr ocnr .(k sirq ,a"r e ,my) 'oin`n xyi dz` ik znà rc` f` ,izy` z` wypz ,sqei 'x il
my ,iav izay] i"xy uay zk ly zerxd zercdn rcepk' : zi`zayd dieedd xwir z` jk xicbn
jetdl dlilr eairzd ezigyd ik ,mleray [milil` zcear icaer] `"rr lkn drexbd [awxi miryx
oixeqi`d lke - zexiar zeevnn - zeevn zexiarn zeyrl dlill mei minye ,miig midl` ixac
zeaevgd mzeytpl èd lecb oewiz ,[`"xr - .ily dybcdd] seìpe zepf cegiae ,dxezay
zviwr ,ocnr) 'dxiar xaca mixg`l liykdl mcil àyk mdl ìd dlecb d`pde ,dndefd xewnn
`"` ,mzeytp ipewze mlv` zeevn od zexengd zexarde' : mb oke .(`"r f ,[80 dxrd lirl] axwr
ozip mpn` .(a"r an ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr) '[dlhal rxf zaky z`vede] l"fyde se`pe [yi` zy`]
[ 199 ]
58 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
eixvie sebd 214.xkfd megz ody ,dnypgexytpd cbpk ,dawpd megz mr miipiad ini ly
dneiwe dzìxa mvry ,dyi`d ly zirahd dzaiaq èd ,ezeipin cegiiae ,miipyegd
lertl wx `l dyi`d ly dgek ax ef daiaqa .dawpl xkfd oia ipind gznd z` mipnqn
dig zi`zayd dìapdy èt` `lt oi` .xabd ly miipyegd eixvi z` lirtdl s` `l`
dxard
jxc lr oewiz iyrna wx `l dpiihvd 215,lirl exwqpy zeiecrd it lr ,xey
.dzaiaqa ze`zayl miaxwznd mixabd zkipg myl ea yeniya s` `l` dly dteba
zeawepd eizexrdne ,mi`zay daeyz ilra itn ocnr hwily zeiecrd ly oihiyd oian
,xnelk ,igiynd oewizd cnn lr cenll ozip ,oday mfwxqd lk lr ,mdiyrn aih lr
wlg mdizeyp elhp mday zipind zevixtd iyrnl mi`zayd eqgiiy izcd mfiaihw`d
ozpedi ly 'mipwzn'd seìpd iyrn lr zecr ocnr myex ,lynl ,jk .lirte ifkxn
yyk df dzn xaky ,[uiyaii` ozpedi] owfd ly ezy` mby xnè' : ezyè uiyaii`
oiiprd lya z`fe ,xzi zybcd mi`zayd ly zeipind mdizexar
z` yibcdy ocnra ceygl dxe`kl
exeaign xazqnk ,ea miaxernd sebd ixai` ly dibeleztae oind ipiipra envr èd dliby axd
: e`x ,dl` mi`yepa driztnd ezeptyg lre ,df xeaig lr .(f"pxz dyxe) 'xtq zlbn' itxbeiaehe`d
J. J. Schacter, History and Memory of Self: The Autobiography of Rabbi Jacob Emden,
in: E. Carlebach et al. (eds.), Jewish History and Jewish Memory: Essays in Honour of Yosef
Hayim Yerushalmi, Hanover and London 1998, pp. 441-442; M. Moseley, Jewish
Autobiography in Eastern Europe: The Pre-History of a Literary Genre, Doctoral
z` bivd itxbeiad exeaiga odk xnihxen ,ok` .thesis, Oxford University, 1990, pp. 369-379
zezigya mniy`dy ,mi`zayd lr envr ly zipind dibeleztekiqtd z` jilydy ink ocnr

,M. J. Cohen, Jacob Emden: A Man of Controversy, Philadelphia 1937 : e`x .zblten zipin
ly eizeny`d j` .658-655 'nr cegiia ,ze`zay ixwgn : ef zepyxt lr mely ly ezxewia e`xe
ly mzecrae ,envr èd hwil oze`y ,daeyza mixfegd mi`zayd zeiecra wx `l zezn`zn ocnr
z` oiit`n èd sè ,daxd cere ,a"r fk ,a"r-`"r hi ,a"r ci ,cec zad` ,ylwlt ,lynl) mixg`
,oird l` meid èaè xtq oebk ,mii`zay miazka s` `l` (zeipind mdizexara
xwira mi`zayd
ceq ,qail ly eizexrd df oiiprl e`x .xzeia dhea oeylae ,drext zipin zeilnqa ynzydl daxnd
l` eqgie uiyai` ozpedi 'x ,xhenlxt `"n : mb e`x .5 dxrd 336 ,107 ,79 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d
mb .ezkxrda ocnr wcvy d`xp .327-326 ,53 ,49 'nr ,f"yz aia`lze milyexi ,ze`zayd
ixwgn ,mely : e`x .z`f lk zexy`n m`lq`l zipendd dxndd ixg` iwipelq i`zay lr zericid
.w-hv 'nr ,(114 dxrd lirl) 'dlecbd dxndd' ,edipa ; 351-346 'nr ,ze`zay
dqitz - dxevk xabde xnegk dyi`d zqitzl dliawnd ,dnypl xabde sebl dyi`d zlyndl 214
M. C. Horowitz, Aristotle and Woman, Journal of the : e`x ,zipeeid diteqelita diyxeyy
History of Biology, 9 (1976), pp. 183-212; R. A. Baer, Jr., Philos Use of the Categories of Male
,dgizt ,` ,a"lyz milyexi ,gt`w 'i zxecdn ,mikeap dxen ,m"anx ; and Female, Leiden 1970
oewiz ,xdef ipewiz ; mlrpd yxcn ,a"r ckw ,`"g ,xdef ; en 'nr ,fi wxt ,oey`x wlg ,my ; bi 'nr
xèz zlaw myl xeaig ,'xdfd xtq oelina miwxt' ,qail 'i : e`xe .`"r clw ,r oewiz ; `"r `q ,`k
s` .14 oniq ,171 'nr ,'`teb' jxr ,f"lyz milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,diteqelitl xehwec
.33 oniq ,178 'nr ,my : e`x .dnyp dpeknd dlra zx`tz cbpk seb dpekn ziawpd zekln zxitq
[ 200 ]
[ 59
lkd ,[yi` zy`] `"` mr èd dyere dyry enk ,mixg` mr zt`pn dzid ,mipy
dl ày ohxqa dypr dlaq ,dzcna [ok mb] k"b dl ccnpe 216.'eke ixwa edi` ,mipewizl
,yaiwr slèe ly ezy` lr 217.'[olvl `pngx] l"x dicy z` mi`texd ewzpe dicca
xaca dnec zecr xqen èd ,uiyaii` ozpedi oa slee ly ebegl ekiizyd dlrae ìdy
[yaiwr slèe] r"e zyà erbta mb' 218: uiidcetn cec dyn recid i`zayd mr diteìp
,xn` ède [... ] [cec dynl] c"ynl zxwten dpef dze` `xwe dipta dze` llwe xx`
zy` z` s`py [envr z`] r"` x`tzd [awxi miryx my ,cec dyn] i"xy c"yn ohydy
,zepvil jxc epeyl did jk .(xdi` hin hxrwb xr h`d) minrt xyr xyt` yaiwr slèe
micyeg mz`y dn lk ,mkl erc : xn` llk jxc .zeax minrt ixwa dnr jldy
zearezde mixreknde mirxd mdiyrnn sl`n cg` mpi` drxd ezriqle xviyaii`l
zefelp ozeid lk mr ,zei`zay zeevn - dl` 'oewiz' iyrn 219.'oewizl lkd ,miyer dndy
sè ,dfkxnl zizcd diiyrd zxif ileyn miypd z` ewizrd - zizkldd hand zcewpn
.zi`zayd dktdnd ly zipeieeyd dziihp z` mitwyn mkxca md
zizzikd ze`zayl miypd ly zcgeind ozwif .d

lk it lr .miypl zcgeind dzkiyn da dxkip ,dzvetz ìyae ,drepzd ziy`xa cer
,odipenda zigiynd dxeyal miypd eprp 220,ef dtewza zi`zayd dèapd lr zeiecrd
mixabd z` mb dzeznà rpkyl egilvde dilr eàpzd - zepey`x dl eprpy yi ,xen`ke
oefga miypd cnrn zqitz xe`l ef drtez oegal oldl aeyp cere ,ozaiaqay mipwtqd
did `l oiicr ,drepzd ly ìyd ztewza j` 221.envr iav izay ly ipktdnd dle`bd
dlidwd on - i`yga e` ielba - mlicadl ick ,cg`k mixabde miypd ,mi`zayd zpenà
xeaivl f` dktd dnvr dlidwd ,daxc` .miizxeqnd dikxre dizecqen ,zicedid
dpen`d 222.'mixtek'k micbpznde mipwtqd z` dkezn dlicade ,miigiyn 'mipin`n'
mdizgz zizhiy dxizg e` dkldd zexqenn wezip daiig `l oiicr df alya zigiynd
dxard
iyrn sè ,miizxeqn mibyena daeyzl d`xw dligzkln ,daxc` `l`

,(mièyiwa ezyè zrlca èd) 'ipiveaa dizzè ixwa edi`' : (`"r i dheq oke) `"r ai dlibn ,ilaa
.dxar
dze` mixaer mdipy ,xnelk
.`"r gi : mb e`x .`"r bn ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr
cec dyn 'x i`zayd laewnd' ,iwqaeyxie 'g : e`x ,elek begd lre yaiwr slèe lr ,eilr
.220-189 'nr ,(oihiyd oia : oldl) o"yz milyexi ,lci` 'n zkixra ,oihiyd oia ,'uiidcetn
.`"r bn-a"r an ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr
.a wxt lirl e`x
.e-d miwxt oldl e`x
.260 'nr ,(127 dxrd lirl) dlaw ,l"pd ; 389 'nr ,a ,iav izay ,mely : e`x
[ 201 ]
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
60 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
xeaiv z` eblit `l oiicr ,e"kza aà 'h mev lehia oebk ,dpnn eaiigzpy mipey`xd
mzrcezl l`xyi ipen` inelyk zinvrd mzqitz oia rcen gzn lk exvi `le mipin`nd
dcxiyn ,ezen xg`ly mipyd jldna z`y xziae ,giynd zxnd ixg` wx 223.zi`zayd
drcezd dktd ,zepey zeizzik zexbqna diiehia z` d`vne zxzgnl ze`zayd
inely ly zizkldd zecdid z` rcenae yexita zznrnd ,zipxzg drcezl zi`zayd
alyk zxeqnd zeiye` rewrwl zpeeekn dlek lky ,zigiynd zcd mr l`xyi ipen`
zxcbd lr mb ,xen`k ,dxrxr ef zipxzg zi`zay drcez .dle`bd oefg znybda igxkd
d`vezk .zizxeqnd dxagd ixcqa iehia icil dàe dklda zpbernd mipind oia lcadd
jldna zipxzgd ze`zayd dlrt oday zeizzikd zeizxagd zexbqna `weec ,jkn
,exrxrzp ,dxyr ryzd d`nd ly oey`xd raxl cr zegtle dxyr dpenyd d`nd
.mixabl miypd oia zelicand zevignd mb ,dyrnle dkldl
,eini ze`zay ly zeizzikd zexbqna zelirtd miypd lr ocnr hwily zeiecrd
dhp dze`y ,zipind ozexwtda ,xen`k ,ecwnzd ,`l m` oia zeìapk ercep m` oia
dpixzwlcpiiy z` .`cixb zixqen zezigyk riwedle izcd dxywdn xewrl llk jxca
dwyexaec dyn hqiwp`xtd ly en` ,dwyexaec ield onlf dnly ly ezy` - lyxid
,diaxena mi`zayd ly xzeia drecid zipexhtd' dziidy - wp`xt awri ly ezipcece
zxwtend' e` 'dpefd' zeiawra dpkn èd 224,'g"id d`nd ly miyiyd zepya hxtae
x`zn èd ,uiyaii` ozpedi oa slee ,xirvd i`zayd giynd zxaga dillrn zè ,'oixan
: dnyl zevixte zelled iyrnk
,eil` drqp ìd ,zxwten dpef ieyp ,iwyixa`c lv` [slee] oqk`zd oixa mewnae
,dzial ezìade av zlbra enr dkld 225,al zxevpe dpef ziy ez`xwl dy` dpd
,eziaa yi`d oi`yk mb miax mini my cnr ,ezy` mr yi` enk dnr xrpd xc dide
[zg` mrte] `"te ,mcal mdipy av zlbra liihl [minrt dnk] t"k dnr rqp s`
dwifgd dxex`d z`f .dlila zery dnk [ycew zay] w"y lila zial jxcd on eà
226
.el dzyry xwi iyealnae sqka eici d`lne ea
.382-381 'nr ,a ,iav izay ,mely : e`x 223
S. Krauss, : zilklkd dzelirt lr cegiiae ,dilr e`x .145-144 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely 224
Schondl
Dobr uschka, in: Festschrift Armand Kaminka zum siebzigsten Geburtstage,
,wp`xt awrile ze`zayl dzwif aih lr cnr `l xagnd ik m` ,Vienna 1937, pp. 143-148
.icnl lalean df oiipra ìan èdy rcinde

.10-9 f 'yn 225
zxevpe dpef ziy ez`xwl dy` dpd mb' : `"r ck ,my ,aey oke .a"r hi ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr 226
slee iptl] eiptl jldy ,ul`dx` ozp dxarl xeqxqd i"r oifrxcl eil` dà ,znqxetn zxwten
oexwa fld xviyaii` oa xrpd z` ekilede ,oifrxcl dpefd ìad èd .lecb my el dyre [uiyaii`
wàehd zqpkd dxkyn dci zqnk eze` dwiprd ìde ,dzxic mewn oixa cr eicgi erqp ,dcal dnr
[ 202 ]
[ 61
epnp dlrae ìde ,uiyaii` slee ziaa zlyan dyniyy ,uihqext xi`n ly ezy` lre
,zlyan xvihqext lxi`n zy` dzid 227`bgd zcerq lre' : ocnr xne` ,eiciqg mr
etygp ,xaer lkl dilbx zwytn ,aegxa zayei mrh zxqe dti dy` dzeid dilr mixn`
228
.'leihl dzia iptl mikled miaxy zra dtxezd zia cr diawr eqngp diley
dnif iyrn zei`zayd miypl qgiiyk - wcvy d`xp ,xen`ke - ocnr wcv m` elit`
eixeìz jezn xecgl dyw ,oze`zayl xzeia wdaend iehiad z` mda d`xe ,dl` oebk
zizcd oziieeg mwxna evazyp cvik zrcl oiè ,ozrceza miyrnd mze` zernyn l`
zepfle seìpl egced e` etkpy miyp lr zeiecr dnk epicia yiy it lr s` .zizzikd
,dlert etziy mixwnd aexay dnec 229,mi`zayd odig` e` odizea` ,odilra zeevna
gek zyegz odl dzpwd zi`zayd ozelirty xryl ozip 230.opevxn dze` enfi s`y yie
awri ièyip lr zxeqnd ihiy oian z`f èxwl xyt` ileè ,onvr jxra dycg dxkde
: ocnr dze` myxy itk ,wp`xt
,dy`l f"ld wprxt xex`l eza ozp 231diaeh 'x `xwp cg` mc` ik o`k yi` cibde
dia` rny xy`ke .c`n xèz zti dy` dzid ìde .dligz eiyrna xikd `l ik
oixeht hb gwze ez`n cxtzy ezal dvr ìyd [... ] mirxd eillrnn k"g` rcie
eidy ,ìdd drxd driql zxwten dzid xak ik ,dia` lewa drny `le .epnn
dbidpn dide ,dfd ligd lk dyr [dici lre] i"re ,dliaya eze` mixiyrn
mixnekl dycw dzid mb 232.ipiveaa dizzè ixwa edi` ,dklnk mihiykza
ezyialde eze` dwitqde el dwype xrpa dwifgde ,dxiyrde dlcb ok lr .oixdrn zpicna d"xiwd on
.a"r dn ,a"r l mb e`xe .'ipy
.inepihp`d rwxl fnx o`ke ,aà dryzl dpeekd
.a"r gl ,`"r gk : mb e`x .a"r-`"r l ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr
el lrazy dgixkdle dqp`l dvx mb ,dze` dztn did dlray' dyi` lr ,`"r cn ,my ,lynl e`x
cr zekn ineià dlra dgly xac ly eteqae ,'eil` drny `le dp`n dxyk dy`k ìde ,dzecpa
,ze`pwd zxez ,ocnr : e`x dnec dxwn lr .dzcipa dlral dxizd dlde ,uiyaii` ozpedi l` zeen
xtdl eaxiqy ,mdizeyp zervnà mixzqp mi`zay ztiyg ly mixwn s` d`xpk eide .70 'nr
,dy` ici lr mpelw dlbzp [ok mb] k"b uiidceta'y ocnr geecn ,lynl ,jk .mzeevna zeixr ixeqi`
dnky lrad gihade ,[dzcipa el lrazy yxc - xywdd it lr] dxiar xacl dlra dze` razy
cibnd dev okye ,[dfd onfa] f"dfa devne oewz èdy zg` dnkqda [milecb micnel] 'ilecb 'icnel
èd ok m`y dxnè dnxra dzyr dnkg dy`de .ciqge lecb mc`l mlv` wfgend xkyyi 'x mdly
dldwd iy`x' z` mb dpinfd i`zayd cibnd ceakl dkxry dcerql la` ,'eil` rnyz if` xacd
.(my ,my) 'mevr qpwa dxxyd on mipind eyprpe ,oiprd mqxtzp'e ,epelw dlbzp jke ,'mixykd
lirl e`x .eznkqdae dlra zricia cinz `le ,dnvra dbef ipaa dxgay ,xey dig dbdp ,lynl ,jk
.167-165 'nr
,23 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw : e`x ,letewipn dpg ezy` ia` ,wp`xt ly epzeg ,diaeh lr
.234 dxrd aiaq oldl e`xe .55
.216 dxrd lirl e`x
[ 203 ]
227
228
229
230
231
232
62 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
le`y iwnra ,zgy xàl zeytp dcev ,dnevr dtykn ìd mb ìde .mixyle
233
.dièxw
miqgi miiw dpg ia` diaehy d`xp : zwiecn dppi` dnvrl ìdyk zxeqndy okzii mpn`
rqp sè ,1756a qiletewipa xwiae ayyk eziaa egxi` mewn lkne ,wp`xt mr mipiwz
z` xtdl epeiqip mr xacd z` ayiil dywe 234,daegehqp'va exq`n ztewza exwal
ziivl zad ly daexiq la` .epzg ly 'mirxd eillrn' lr el rcepy dryn eza ièyip
`l` ,wp`xt zy`k mxd dcnrna wx `l jxek ocnry aexiq - dlran yxbzdle dia`l
zixvepd dxenkde dlev`d mr dirbna ,ebega dbedpd zipind zexwtdl dzexknzda s`
epeyla ,denky) dtyknk dixeyika ,dlra zè dnvr z` xiyrdl dzlekia ,ddeabd
dzedcfd lr riavn - mixg` 'zeytp cevl' dgekae ,(235zi`zay dìapk ,ocnr ly
zgzet dheqd zizzikd zxbqnd : diripn lr fnxne ,'drxd driqd' mr d`lnde zipevxd
,ilklkd ,izxagd dgek z` jexr oi`l dnivrne ,agxpe ycg dlert xk dyi`k dipta
ziy`xa izn` rexi` xkfn ocnr ìady zxeqnd dlylzyp m` oia .ipgexde ,ipind
lr zn` ly zenyxzd zxnyn ìdy dnec ,`l m` oia wp`xt awri ly eièyip ztewz
.miypl `weec zi`zayd zkd ly dkiynd gek
z` aeye aey oiivnd ,b`xtn ylwlt xfrl` 'x ly ezecra zxy`zn ef zenyxzd
,mdizelert lkae mcenila ,mi`zayd iqepika `lnd oteziy zè miypd ly ozegkep
miyp`d dnd in rcp dna exn`z ike' : zxtekd zkd ly miwdaend dipiit`nn cg`k
q"ya miìwa mpi`y dl` .miwdaen mipniq mkl ozè ,lrila mc` ytpl mi`nhd
s` zewqere zeayei miypd xy` dl` mb [... ] xdef xtqae zecbà miwqere miwqete
ixaca egl`p ,eicgi xq lkd 236,miyp 'è miyp` [cg`] '` ,oixinn lkd [... ] mdnr
: mixacd jynda minrt dnke dnk df oiiprl ay ède 237.'èy
e` dy` e` yi` mka yi ot [melyd eilr epax dyn] d"rxn xac xy` xacd dfe
ot' ,xnè fnx mye 238 [... ] xnebe 'd mrn meid dpet eaal xy` hay e` dgtyn
,miype miyp` evawp my ,ef dryxd [dpenà] 'penà ik ,'dy` e` yi` mka yi
ep` oi`y lr aè fenzd z` zekane zeayei miypd .mdilada zewqer miypd mb
lèb èdy mipin`n lke ,giyn did [eny gni] y"ni iav izay xbtdy mipin`n
.`"r bt ,yeny xtq ,ocnr
.69 sirq 68 'nr ,dwipexkd ; 1257 sirq ,oec`d ixac : e`x
.78-76 zexrd aiaq lirl eeyd
.` ,` dxenz ,dpyn
.a"r e ,cec zad` ,ylwlt
.17 hk 'ac
[ 204 ]
233
234
235
236
237
238
[ 63
[aeh meie] h"ie dgnye dzyn ini dl`d minid miyere ,mignye miyy [... ] wfg
dlgne rbpa dgtynd lk gty aexd it lr ik [... ] ' 'ebe 'dgtyn e`' hwpe [... ]
md ilgnd zgtyn dgtynd lk m` ,dfd zrxv rbp ipniqn wdaen oniq ède ,ef
239
.daxwa mipzt zxexn ,ixxn zgtyn
ebdpi oerby iyrn dpdke dpdk' : zkd iiga miypd ly `lnd oteziy z` mirhn èd aeye
e`xe minrd lk `p erny ,ìapd opewn [dide] 'ide ,millere mixega ,miype miyp` ,eicgi
zei`xa miaiig lkd 241,mirbpa oi`nhn lkd 240,i"aya ekld ixegae izeleza ,iae`kn
245
.'yiyi mbe ay mb 244,dleqt mb xega mb 243,my xawp xy` xira 242mipt
ly mze`zayl ze`ln zetzey eid miypdy cala ef `l ,epiciay cerizd lk it lr
.onvr mrhne i`nvr gxeà s` drepzl jiizydl elkiy `l` ,odizegtyn ipa mixabd
dtqka dknzy ,ocnr ly epeyla 'oixan zxwtend' ,lynl ,lyxid lcpiiy dze`
ezxeya ly dlirt ziplnrez wtq `ll dyniye ,ebegae xirvd uiyaii` sleea diyrnae
eze`zay lry xiyr wah xkeg ,dwyexaec ield onlf dnlyl dèyp dziid 246,zigiynd
mipy oian dxyr ,z`f znerl 247.1774a ezecdia zny recie ,zeiecr lk epicia oi` ely
- mihqiwp`xtk mzc z` exind dwyexaec onlf dnlye lyxid lcpiiy ly mdicli xyr
oad caln) a`d zen xg`l ciny dpya - dwyexaec dyn ,ipyd oad mdipiae ,maex
myxb 248.(1791a wx ozc z` exindy zeig` yelye ,1769a cer z`f dyry ,xekad
dlra mby i`ceel aexw'y xriy ,ezgtyne dwyexaec dyn lr siwnd exwgna ,mely
.`"r f ,cec zad` ,ylwlt ; 14 k aei` oke ,13 b 'na it lr
.18 ` dki`
.` ,b mirbp ,dpyn
.` ,` dbibg ,dpyn it lr
xewiad zaegy xexa .1791 ,xanvca 10a wp`xt xhtp my ,jàpte` xvgl lbxl zeilrl dpeekd
.miypd lre mixabd lr deeya dlg da zedyde xvga
.25 al 'ac it lr ,zifpky` dxada 'dleza' lr milin wgyn
lr ,df oiiprl cer e`xe .`"r fk ,`"r ek : mb e`x .a"r dk ,cec zad` ,ylwlt .10 eh aei` it lr
.246-239 'nr oldl ,miypl xdef z`xed
lcpiiy' ,qe`xw : mb e`x ezgtyn lre eilr .147 ,145 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : e`x
.146-144 'nr ,(224 dxrd lirl) 'dwyexaec
,dini seqa dzc z` dxind dnvr lyxid lcpiiy s`y xaq mely .151-149 'nr ,my ,mely : e`x
lr miileyzexrd' ,lcp`n '` : e`x la` .(31 dxrde 151 'nr ,my) dpixz`wl dny z` daqdyk
zxaq lr xrxrn èd my ,72 'nr ,(g"lyz) bn ,oeiv ,'zihqiwp`xtd drepzd ly dizeclez zixg`
ileia 23d on ixqiwd evl m`zda dyrp' `l` zcd zxndl deelzp `l myd iepiyy dprha mely
jkl di`x lk oi`y raewe ,'miipnxb zeny mnvrl un`l dixhqe` icedi lk lr did eitl ,1787
lirl) ihphilind giynd ,lcp`n : mb e`x .1791a dzen iptl zexvpl dlahp dpixz`w-lcpiiyy
.84 'nr ,(90 dxrd
[ 205 ]
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
64 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
249
.'dry itl xxal ozipy dnk cr ,da lirt did `l ik m` ,zkd ipan did [lcpiiy ly]
mrhn idylk zi`zay zelirt lr zeiecr ly hlgend oxcrdn wiqdl hlgda xyt` j`
zi`nvrde dielbd zi`zayd dzelirt lr zeiecrd rtyn z`f cbpke ,dwyexaec dnly
dipa z` dil` dpeeik sè ,ze`zayl zizgtynd dwifd z` dniiwy ef ìdy ,ezy` ly
zeniyxn zgà dlra my `ll xkfp dnyy dcaerd mr zayiizn ef dpwqn 250.dizepae
mb mizrl miriten dl` zeniyxa .eiazka riwedle seygl ocnr awri `veiy mi`zayd
ly eiknez zniyxa oebk ,odilra igitqk `le onvrl odyk zepnpd ,zexg` miyp zeny
ozp ,aexw onlf ,uilcii` gxf : b`xta ecia miwifgnd dlè' : uiyaii` ozpedi oa slee
oixaae uihqexta .eiaexw drxl exfr ìeyilrda .lwprxt oerny zpnlè ,inlyexi
251
.'[l"pd lyxid lcpiiy ìd] iwyixa`c dpefd
micnl ep` jàpteà wp`xt ipa xvga ezedy lr qbxet dyn zepexkifn : cere z`f
odn ,dikneze dikipg oiipna onvr ipta zexagk ,otba miyp ly xvga ozegkep lr
lcprn za' ìdy xyt`y ,dzipiig`k ,zeweex odn ,b`xtn dìapd xbi` lfiixk ,zeèyp
ly mixetikd meia wp`xt oa qekex ly ezhin z` ynyl dxgapy dxirvd - 'oiyhi`
dpei mdae ,dig`
: dwfg dziid ze`zayl xbi` lfiix ly zizgtynd dzwif 252.q"wz zpy
dilr zeiecrd aex la` ; dtewz dzeà dzaiaqe b`xt i`zay zxeag y`xa ecnr ,dlree
dcaerd on wx rnzyn eneiw mvre ,llk dlra z` zexikfn opi` zi`zayd dzelirt lre
deelzp `l èdy ,lynl ,xexa .dlree - dileza mya `le - xbi` - enya z`xwp ìdy
,hxita xrbxean`d o`ntil slèe ly ezecr it lr ixdy ,jàpteà dxewiaa dil`
miàd mdiciqg x`yn wp`xt ipa eaby mekq eze` - ziyiè zexiyi - dpnn dabp
lfiix ly dlra ; ('miaxewn' x`ye ,oiyhi` lcprn ,dig` dlree dpei mdipiae) b`xtn
xwegd ixacl ,daxc` .zecr dze` lk jxe`l xkfp epi` sè ,ef dniyxa riten epi` xbi`
,dilr lhedy mekqd daeb lr dzgny ìd dnvr lfiix ,dii`x icr itn mixacd z` myxy
gxked oiyhi` lcprn mb' : enlyle wp`xt ipa zeevnl rpkidl xac ly eteqa dvl`pe
.aexl ocleb itl` zzl
,dcewtl ziivl daxq elit` dligza ; z`f zeyrl dgxked [xrbi`] xrbr lfiix mb
,l"yza dwyexaec dyn lr exn`n z` mqxtyk
mely ly ezxryd dziid ef .145 'nr ,my ,mely

,okl mcew dpy miyelyk .`vn `le ,dwyexaec onlf dnly ly eze`zayl zei`x ytigy ea xkipe
dxrd lirl) odk xnihxen ly ilbp`d extq lr ely zxewiad ixac enqxtzpyk ,y"z-h"vxza
eid ely wà`hd wqra eitzey aexe oixaa `wyexaec onlf lecbd oivwd'y geha did oiicr ,(213
.(674 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn) 'mi`zay
: e`x .1751a clepy ,lx`w xekad oad caln ,mipihw dicli eid 1774a dlra zen mry mb dn
.143 'nr ,(224 dxrd lirl) 'dwyexaec lcpiiy' ,qe`xw
.a"r dn ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr
.102-100 ,98-96 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x
[ 206 ]
249
250
251
252
[ 65
xn`p mye ,enya - xbi` oerny - lrad xkfp cg` xewna wx 253.'jkl dze` etk la`
,zi`zayd dzgtyn zxeqnl eaxwl ezy` lfiix ly dizepeiqip lk ipta cnry yxetna
.jàpteà xvgd z` qpxtl ecrepy ,zkd zepxwl etqkn mexzl swez lka axiqe
uxt eizeawrae ,hlgen cexita dniizqd df rwx lr befd ipa oia miqgid zexrxrzd
ileia zianete ziplew dxbza eìyl ribdy ,myekx zwelg lr jyenn aix mdipia
xabl dièyipe ,dlral dzwif lr dxab xbi` lfiix ly zizzikd dzwify o`kn 254.1799
meyn mda did `l` ef zelirt ewziy `ly cala ef `l zi`zayd dzelirtn biizqdy
.ewlql yiy leykn
xg`l zi`zayd ezpen`n ea xfgy ,oileta wp`xt awri iknezn - iwqpilb awri s`
dziidy - xnzyp `l dny - dyi`l ieyp did ,ezcre wp`xtl rayen aie`l jtde onf
dpen`d ceqa dlra z` dìady ef ìdy gipdl xiaqe ,dwize zi`zay dgtynl za
ìd .zkd zexezl dpn`p ezy` dx`yp ,1770a ,exer z` iwqpilb jtdyn .zxtekd
,1773a eiciqg beg mr ayiizd my ,oixaa wp`xt dpgnl dtba dtxhvde dlra z` dyhp
255
.oiletay daegehqp'v zcevnn exexgy xg`l
jkl zyxetn zeqgiizd .onrhne otba miyp etxhvd daegehqp'va wp`xt xvgl mb
,1767/1768 zpya zipzgcw zepzlrt zxèzn my ,zipletd 'dwipexk'a driten
- eiknez z` qiible xxerl ick d`xpd lkk - eipn`pn migily wp`xt gly dkldnay
,ef dtewz ly dnevira .dixbpedle dipnxbl ,uiaepx'vl ,dilecetl ,b`xtle diaxenl
elld miypd mr iwqaelee wqi'vp`xte iwqaela`t eribd ,[1768 ipeia] 20d meia'
ly xvga ozegkep lr cnln xewn eze` 256.'[`"xr -.ily dybcdd] oih`dexn eày
ze`zayl mitzey eid `l ,xnelk ,'mixf'l eaygp odilray ,zeèyp miyp - 'zeig`'
md s` eevy ,'mig`'l `ypidle milra mze`n yxbzdl odl dxed wp`xt awrie ,mdizeyp
l` oec`d mr miypde mipwfd eayi xy`k ,daekehqp'va' : 'zexf'd mdizeypn zeptzdl
jxevd zè ezpeek z` mdl dlibe `zeeva mdl `xw miixdvd zcerq xg` [... ] epgley
.inebxza ,11 sirq ,292 xeh ,'dtqed rhyxr' ,(92 dxrd lirl) 'zepexkf ic' ,xralrb 253

zur Geschichte des Frankismus in den bohmischen
V. Zacek,
Zwei Beitrage
: e`x 254
Landern,
Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft fur
Geschichte der Juden in der `Cechoslovakischen
Republik, 9, Prague 1938, pp. 363-364, 405
ybedy ,wp`xt awri lr iwqpilb ly zinyxd ezpelz azke ,357-355 'nra oeicd ,my e`x 255
O. K. Rabinowicz, Jacob : mb e`x .403-401 'nr ,` gtqp ,1776 uiwa miixhqe`d zepehlyl
Frank in Brno, in: A. Newman and S. Zeitlin (eds.), The Seventy Fifth Anniversary
mqxt uiaepiax .Volume of the Jewish Quarterly Review, Philadelphia 1967, pp. 433, 443-444
icia ,b`xta mcewd dneqxt lr zrcl ilan ,epxaa `vny sqep wzern iwqpilb ly ezpelz z`
.w'v`f
.71 sirq 72 'nr ,dwipexkd ,oiel 256
[ 207 ]
66 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
zeig`d z` miypl mdl e`yie oze` eafri mdl zexf miyp xy` mig`dy ,igxkdd
miipletd miknqnd on mb ztwzyn zeìvnd dze` 257.'mig` `le ,odl mixf odilray
: oala xi`n ly ezeyxl ecnry
myy ,icexaa mb [mii`zay seìpe zepf iyrn] dl`k mixac exw 1752 zpya
z` 'ieced ilawn'l mixtqn eid miceznd .iece bdpn ,lekiak ,micedid ebidpd
`lye ,mdizan oeyxbe odizenè odilra oeafry cr ,zepey zeicedi ly odi`hg
zqixc odl epzp `l odizeniè odizea` mby `l` ,oièyp iign oewigxd odilra wx
miypd iyrn z` xeng oteà zepbl frdy ,'aeal lilbd cre' .mdizaa lbx
dxfrl ept ,yper odilr lhedy ,miypd ik ,df xeara dyw yprp ,elld zeheyd
micakpd z` dyw ypre micedid ipwf z` xft flde ,iwvehet sfei xird oec` l`
258
.mday
odilray cera ,dxar
zexaer zei`zayk miiecie mzeà zetygpd od miypdy xexa
mzecdia miwifgn mdy rnyn .dkldl m`zda odiyrn lr miaibn oze` miyxbnd
259
.mdizeyp ze`zay mr midcfn mpiè dxykd
onvr mrhn zehwepk mizrl zexèzn oze`zayl mitzey eid odilray miyp mb
xtqn ,lynl ,jk .dlidwd iy`x zeknq mr zybpznd ,zfrepe zianet zizzik dcnr
.105 sirq 96 'nr ,my 257
icedi zeclez ,(xralrb) xalb n"p : mb e`x jk lr .72 'nr ,ziwp`xtd drepzd zeclezl ,oala 258
.107-106 'nr ,e"hyz milyexi ,oenin odkd l"i axd zkixra ,(e ,l`xyia zednè mixr) icexa
,odilra xcrda odizaa mixab zegx`nd ,zei`zay miyp x`zn aeglean l`hpwxia xraac mb 259
- mze`zay z` egikede elke`l ezeìp mè ,xpd on algd
zlik` ogana mze`zay z` zecinrn
dicedie divilb ,xexa
jeza ,dpia ixac ,l`hpwxia : e`x .miipind odizexiy z` mb mdl zerivn od
mixcrp mdy `l` ,mi`zay md milrad s`y rnzyn l`hpwxia ixacn .212 'nr ,(79 dxrd lirl)
zial à mdn dfi` màe ,mdiyp z` silgl mdl mixizny did rnyp mbe') dyrn zrya mdizan
el zpzep ìd fè ,l"pk mzpgnn cg èdy ezy`l xne` èd if` ,eziaa lrad z` `ven epiè exag
mb if` ,alg zlik` lr zxk xeq`l yyeg epiè elk` èd mè ,dwlcdl oiieyrd zexpn alg dkizg
dxen`d deevn 'gxe`l dhin zrvd'a e`x mi`zayd la` ,('dnvr zxwtn ,evtg lkl el dpken ìd
dlra ,q'izay yxid ly znrxznd ezaebz lynl eeyde) ezeyxae lrad zricia `weec rvazdl
okziie ,(61 dxrd aiaq lirl ,ezrici `lle excrda mb 'dzpf'y ,xey dig zi`zayd dìapd ly
enxgede eyxeby miyp oze`k ,dpnn mibieqn e` oze`zaya miaxern mpi` odilray miypa xaecny
,miypd ly zi`zayd ozepn`p z` wfgl ieyr didy ,iyrn mxeb oeayga ìadl yi mpn` .icexaa
: icexaa miceeznd mixabd mze`zayn mda exfgy jxck daeyza ozxfg z` repnl mewn lkne
etygpy dryn miypl xzeia dyw dziid dxykd zecdid l` zizzikd ze`zayd on daeyza dxfgd
,zexeng zeilklke zeizxag zeklyd eid - dkldd gxek - odilran odiyexibl ixdy ,zetèpk
ozedf z` rawl did ieyr df mxeb .lirl dàedy icexaa zeyxebnd lxeb lr zecrd on xkipk
mixfegde miceeznd mixabl cebipa z`fe ,'mixyb ztxy' ly dyegz jezn ,dxixa zila zizzikd
.zicedid dxaga ycgn alzydl elkiy ,daeyza
[ 208 ]
[ 67
z` gayl `le driwedl ,oaenk ,ezpeeke) dpehlà yaiwr slèe ly ezy` lr ocnr
: (ziyi`d dznfei
260
iwprc`x`dn mine`z oxd` gcen iav o`ka cevip [hxtl e"kwz] l"ekwz zpya
ezia xg` cin xwge l`y dpd eèaa .eizece` lr cgein sc qtcpe ,oelwa yxbzpe
dfn frld rnyp xaky xg`) miyp ly [zqpkd ziaae] k"daae ,yaiwr slèe ly
c"ade axd ly mgxk lr eze` zwfgn ìdy ianeta 261ezy` dxn` (xira aerzd
262
.[oic ziade]
,zeèypd dizepa izye ,dlree dpei ly ezy` ,dee` - dlree zial zei`b`xtd miypd s`
od .onvr zekfa zelirt zei`zay zextekk ozlidwa ercep ,xpiee dwaxe lwpxt zicedi
my`xae ,xira zkd icbpzn mr ianeta eybpzd (mi`zayk md s` ercepy ,odilra `le)
,xaehweà 10a ycgoyid zqpkd ziaa dvxty dnil`d dxbzd fkxna ecnre ,dipax
dziqd xnelk ,dlra z` 'dlirxd'y dny`dd lwpxt zicedia dghed dkldna .1800
jk 263.wcva d`xpd lkke ,zexg` zeiepncfda mb dilr dprhpy dprh - ze`zayl eze`
axwl divn`na ,xen`k ,dlykpy ,xbi` lfiix - dlree dpei ly eizeig` izy lr mb orhp
qewx`nl d`yipy ,dzegè 264,df rwx lr epnn dcxtpe ,oerny dlra z` dzpen`l
divn`nn dlcg `l ,qbxet dkln dpnl`d ,en` .dxitkl eze` dgicde ,qbxet oerny
mb 265.ezy` zgtynn ewigxdl ,xird aegxa mixtekd lr zeltpzd mb mdae ,miyèpd
b`xta dazkpy 266,'`"qwz zpy oiae q"wz zpy oia dgiy' ,zilikynd dxihqd lra
ezpeeky wtq oiè) xira dxitkd cwen ìdy ,dgtynd z` riwen ,ynn dtewz dzeà
'adx'n zeltep opi` zi`zayd ogvn zefre miypd zee`by mirhne ,(dlree zgtynl
: mixabd
.137-136 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : eilr e`x

.yaiwr slèe ly ezy`l dpeekdy il d`xp
.`"r cr-a"r br ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr
miptd cxyn oeikx`n miinyxd miknqnd oia .377-376 ,363 'nr ,(254 dxrd lirl) w'v`f : e`x
jepg ail ly ezecr mb dxnzyp ,exn`nl migtqpk mqxt mwlg zè w'v`f jnzqd mdilry ,ik'vd
dpei za - dzeg` dxeac ly dlrae oilwpxt/lwpxt zicedi ly dqib ,bxaqbiped oet xlc` biped
z` mitcexd ,mi`pwd xird ipax lr b`xt zxhynl ezpelza dl` mirexi`l qgiizdy ,dlree
G. Scholem, A Frankist : e`x ,mely icia mqxet df jnqn .mtka leer `l lr mihqiwp`xtd
260
261
262
263
Document from Prague, in: S. Lieberman and A. Hyman (eds.), Salo Wittmayer Baron
.806 'nr ,my e`xe ,Jubilee Volume, English Section, II, Jer usalem 1974, pp. 787-814
.254 dxrd aiaq lirl e`x 264

.406 ,364 'nr ,(254 dxrd lirl) w'v`f : e`x 265
[ 209 ]
68 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
[b`xt] b--t l`xyia mè xira zrk mipkeyd ,z`fd dycgd zkd ipan miax
z`fd dgtynd ipa zpekz [... ] i"yi rfbn xheg xvp ,dpd zg` dgtyn ,dxiad
dgtynn dy` mb yi` mb ,dnecn dlecbe ceak itcex ,adxe de`b ilra mdizecne
dcib` zn`de [... ] mipt ifre gvn inx ,wzr xèvk xacl ,mdl zg` dcn ,z`fd
,dxezn mixrap izlae ,dnd dnifne zrc ixcrp `l ik ,ipeyl zgz dcigk` `le
,rcne zeicenl iade` miyp` - mixabd : dn mye ci mdle .miyxcne zecb`
267
.zrc iylg mpiè ,zecitl iyp miypde
mvrn s` zrnzyn zei`zayd miypd ly ,onvr zekfa ,ziyi`d zizzikd ozekiizyd
xèza epkzpy mixabl liawna ,wp`xt xvga zeiawra epkzp eay ,'zeig`' xèzd
'zizgtyn' dwif xevil crepy xexae 269,zeèypd miypl mb wpred xèzd 268.'mig`'
dnewnn dzgc ef dwif .envr wp`xt oial opiae ,'mig`'d oial opia ,onvr oial opia dycg
dikxxiidd lr ,odilral ozwif z` lekl lrne 270,zibeleiad zizgtynd ozwif z`
wp`xt ly ebega dxvep dnewna 271.da dkexk dziidy zizxeqnd miciwtzd zwelge
.9-8 'nr ,`"qwz zpy oiae q"wz zpy oia dgiy
miyp raya xga' f` .1758a ,dipèeià wp`xt ly ezedy ztewza dpey`xl riten 'zeig`' xèzd
xga okn xg`l micg` miyceg .(39 sirq 48 'nr ,dwipexkd) 'el zeig`l oze` cirede ,dl` zepey`x
sxiv mpiipnly ,mixab xyr mipya jk xgè ,(42 sirq 50 'nr ,my) zetqep miyp raya wp`xt
mix`za yeniyl .(43 sirq 50 'nr ,my) 'mig`' dpik mixab xyr drax` mze` zè ,mitqep miipy
92 'nr ,49 ,47 mitirq 56 'nr ,46 sirq 54 'nr ,44 sirq 52 'nr ,my cer e`x ,'zeig`'e 'mig`'
zexyr dl` mix`z miriten ok enk .gtqp ,106-104 'nr ,106 ,105 mitirq 96 'nr ,410 sirq
.oec`d ixac xtq lk jxe`l minrt
wixpd zy`'e 'iwqaeaewri ly ezy`' zepnp my ,39 sirq 48 'nr ,dwipexkd ,oiel : lynl e`x
xey ryil` ly ezgtyn ipan cg` èd iwqaelee wixpd .zepey`xd 'zeig`'d ray oia 'iwqaelee
mr (xey dlind ly ilelin mebxza) iwqaeleel mny z` epiyy ,xey dig dìapd ia` ,oih`dexn
.271 dxrd oldl e`xe .mzxnd
it lr ,irnynec èdy ,mely dipt mebxz ly lw oewiza) 267 sirq ,oec`d ixac : lynl e`x
.'? mz` in ,icli : izl`y `le ,iizeigè ig` zeidl mkz` izny ip`' : (ipletd xewnd
zepey`xd 'zeig`'d ray zxiga xg`l micg` miyceg ,(42 sirq 50 'nr) 'dwipexk'a xteqnd it lr
gtqpd on xazqnk) 'zeig`' ,d`xpd lkk ,od s` - zetqep miyp raya wp`xt xga ,dipèeià
,'zexg`d miypd ray'e 'zepey`xd miypd ray'k zeveawd izy zepnp my ,[106 'nr] 'dwipexk'l
dxyr rax` oze`' zexkfp ea ,[104 sirq 92 'nr] 'dwipexk'd sebn oke ; odipia zxg` dpgad lk `ll
,'zenlr ray' e` 'zexrp ray' ozxiga zrya dpik oze` ik m` ,('eizeig`l el xga oec`dy miyp
rnzynk ,envrl zepey`xd ray z` ciredy myk ,ezal e` ezy`l dligzkln oze` ciredy okziie
lkn .'jlnd zian dl zzl zeie`xd zexrpd ray'a xaec ea (9 a) xzq` zlibna weqtl ezeqgiizdn
zegtle ,odilral miypd ly ozwif z` zegnl egek dti 'zenlr' e` 'zexrp' xèzd mby xexa ,mewn
zy` [...] [ycew exkf] w"f iwqaela`t ly dpey`xd ezy`'k dniyxa epnpe ,zeèyp eid odn rax`
èd iwqaelee wqi'vpxt .'iwqaelee l`kin zyè [...] iwqaelee wqi'vpxt zy` [...] iwqaeanc
; wqi'vpxt `xwpy ,df ly epa e` ,ezxnd ixg` wqi'vpxtq`wel `xwpy ,xey ryil` oa ,xey dnly
[ 210 ]
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268
269
270
271
[ 69
cxtpa miype mixab ,mlek mitetkd micigik 'zeig`'l 'mig`'d oia zipeieey dwif
mix`zd zxigay èd rpnpd on `l 273.'oec`d' ly epevx zexixyl zexiyi 272,cg`ke
ea s`y 274,ixvepd ixifpd e` izzikd xywdd on dz`xyd z` da`y 'zeig`'e 'mig`'
micigi oia ziccdd dwifd iptn zivx`d zizgtynd dwifd ziigc z` dl` mix`z milnqn
,xfpnd e` xcqnd ,izzikd `zd zxbqna zipgex 'dgtyn'k cgi micbe`nd ,zecigie
,eizelk zpigaa l`d'oec`'l zeycwen zeixvepd zeig`dy mb dn ; 'm`' e` 'a`' ey`xay
275
.envrl yicwdy 'zeig`'a wp`xt bdpy jxck
i`zay ly zegayzde zexiyd oiay dcaerd z` s` df xywdl jiiyl ozipy okzii
276
,dxyr dpenyd d`nl dpey`xd zivgnd seqa d`xpd lkk eazkpy ,mixnend iwipelq
miycwend - mixhtpd dlidwd icakp xkfl exagzpy mixiy - mibelexwpd xtqn ax
dpece dgpey xzq` ,yiciy cakei oebk ,mi`lnd odizenya zexkfp owlg .miypl
,diia ,xzq` - cala miihxtd odizenya ,zizgtyn dwif lk `ll owlge ,exii`'a`w
cer iwipelqa dnpecd ly mdiig gxe` xeìz mr zayiizn ef dxaq .'eke ray za ,dkxa
: mixyrd d`nd ziy`xa
A. G. Duker, Polish Frankisms : e`x .xey ryil` ly epa ,ontilozp èd iwqaelee l`kin
yhyhn 'zenlr' e` 'zexrp' xèzd .317 'nr ,Duration, Jewish Social Studies, XXV (1963)
onya zexkfpd miypd yelyl ,odilra my lr zeiexwd ,zeèypd miypd rax` oia lcadd z` mb
e` ,zeweex eidy okziiy - 'dpwfd dwqpieel [...] y`xa dwqp`xiifi dee` [...] dvniy' - cala
.'dpwf'k dxèz odn zg` ixdy ,oliba ielz eppi` sè ,'mixf'd odilra `ll wp`xt xvgl etxhvdy
.(jliè 250 'nr) f wxt oldl e`x ,miypl zcxtp j` zipeieey zelirt lr
zervnà odilra cnrnl miypd cnrn z` dzeeyd zih"yrad zeciqgdy ,ef jxca orh iwvcexed
z` ecgè ecb` ,wicvl micge`n mirebrb ,zg` dpen`' : wicvd l` befd ipa ly ztzeynd mzwif
mixeqn mdipy : lty oiè deab oi` ,"ux`d mr" oiè "ocnl" oi` dt .dciqgd ezyè ciqgd lrad
oiae mdipia jezne ,mdilr oibne mdn dlrnl cnerd wicva ,ea wx mixeyw cg`k mdipy ,cg`l
ly zizxagd zeìvna qiqa oi` ef dpgadl .(hq 'nr ,c ,[2 dxrd lirl] miciqgde zeciqgd) 'midl`
miwicv eide ,mixabd zwifn dpeye zlaben dziid wicvl miciqgd zeyp ly ozwif .ziciqgd drepzd
,'zeciqga miypd lr' ,hxal`hxettx : e`x .leke lekn mdizexvga xewiad z` miypd lr exq`y
miypd cnrn oia dèeydd .` gtqpe 503-499 'nr : ixar gqep ; 21 dxrde 498-497 'nr : ilbp` gqep
cbpk ziciqgd zepxnyd z` `weec dnirhn o`kn zihqiwp`xtd xvga ocnrnl o`kn ziciqgd xvga
.291-285 zexrd aiaq oldle ,208 dxrd lirl df oiiprl cer e`xe .ihqiwp`xtd ipktdnd yecigd
dyw eihray ,'eixac' ly mipey migqepa dxnzypy itk ,wp`xt ly epeyla mieqn letxr lr
'zeig`' xèzd ly zernynecl rcen didy wtq oi` ik m`) 'zeig`'l e` 'zexifp'l ezpeek m` rixkdl
lre ,zexifpe mixifp mr wp`xt ly eirbn lr .206 dxrd 85 'nr ,dwipexkd : e`x ,(zexvpd zepeyla
mr eirbn lr .83 sirq 78-76 'nr ,my : e`x ,xeba zeipwipinecd zexifpd icia dee` eza zcwtd
deeg` dbdped oda sè ,zipletd ezaiaqa zelirt eidy zeihqinxetpewoepd zeiqexd zezikd
.(jliè 309 'nr) h wxt oldl e`x ,zeigè mig` mipeknd miypl mixab oia zipeieey
.104 sirq 92-90 'nr ,dwipexkd : lynl e`x
.18 'nr ,(204 dxrd lirl) zegayze zexiy ,yìh` : e`x
[ 211 ]
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273
274
275
276
70 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
'mx`g'd iwga zexdfp opi` od .dnirpe zkyen oeyl yi zeinpecd miypl

mixebq odiza zepelge ,sirva odipt z` zeqkn od uega wx .zeinlyenk
iyp` oial mdipia bdep 'mix`g'd oi` j` .minlyend iza zepelgk mixbeqne
miyp`d iptl ze`xzne zetekz mizrl odizeirx z` zexwan miypd .mzzk
zeinlyenk zecceazn opiè miillkd miiga wlg zegwel od .miielb mipta
277
.gixae miizlca zeihxt zexica
ozwif sweza wx `l ,dzxbqna elrty e` zkl egtzqd zei`zayd miypdy zenyxzdd
wefig zaèy ,oznfeiae onvr mrhn s` `l` zei`zay zeihp ilra mixabl zizgtynd
yxten dcepne mxgen oipiif obialrf ic' : mixtekd zk lr efxkedy zenxgd iazk gqepn
lka dlgpe wlg mdl didi `le dlebd ldwn yxbi yxb ,dlek l`xyi zyecw lkn lcaene
xy e` 278rew e` rey ,didiy in didi ,l`xyi zcr lr miìapd lk eàpzd xy` zengpd
d yè yi` ,lyene xheye oivw ,mirepve miciqg lkn e` .ocnl èdy s` ,d`n
dn lecbd mxg gqep mbe' : aeye 279.'didiy in didi ,[`"xr - .ily oldle o`k zeybcdd]
xèank ,zelilbd lkae `paec w"wae c`xa w"wae wviel w"wae aeal w"wa enixgdy
e` jeciy mnr dyrie l"pd miryxd on èdy dy` e` yi` dfi` lr ,ea lkd xtqa
: aeye 280.'mdenk minxgen eidi mlk`nn lkìy e` [ozne `yna] n"ena mnr wqrzi
efixkd ok enke oeeiq 'j ziprzd meia c`xa w"wa dlecbd q"pkdiaa epzpy mxgd gqep'
: egqep okez edfe oihphq`wa [zqpkd ziaa] d"aa [zevx` 'cc] `"cc dtiq`d zra eze`
lr lg mxgdy xacd okeze ,bedpk zexp ieake xtey zriwz mr recik ea lk ly mxgd
miryx my] i"xy dikxaa mipin`nde ,giyn èdy u"ya mipin`nd ipan ine in lk
lgy `hiyte ,miaaey mipa mialk zcr `nh wigy ,mdl xwy ìapd izfrd ozpe [awxi
yi` dfi` lr rceiy in lr mxgd lg mb [... ] miig midel` ixac miktdnd oze` lr mxgd
,mlk`nn lkìy e` n"ena wqrzi e` jecy mnr dyrie ,l"pd miryxd on èdy dy` e`
281
.'mdenk mxgen didi
xzen miyple mièypd mixabl wx' : 35 'nr ,my mb e`xe .28 'nr ,(80 dxrd lirl) gilnl`
e`x) zeiy`hwad miypd cnrnl dnpecd zeyp cnrn oia oeincd z` s` swyn df xeìz .'lltzdl
.zinlqend ozaiaqa xzeia bixg cnrn - (205 dxrd aiaq lirl
.23 bk 'gi it lr
'nr ,(e"hyz-c"iyz) l ,xtq zixw ,'iav izay zk cbp "opaxc ìeg" ifexk' ,mely 'be mldlie c"i
lel` g"ka dpehlà fxkedy mi`zayd lr mxgd jezn ,(607 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely) 103
.`"r `n ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr : eeyde .d"tz
,ocnr : eeyde .apyz oniq ,416 'nr ,d"yz milyexi ,oixtliid 'i zxecdn ,zevx` rax` cre qwpt
.a"r a ,yeny xtq
minkgd' ly mxgd gqep mb e`x .a"r f ,my ,ocnr : eeyde .bpyz oniq ,417 'nr ,my ,qwpt
[ 212 ]
277
278
279
280
281
[ 71
mibdpnd sq`nn ae`yd ,ezxneg èlna mxgd gqep - 'recik ea lk ly mxgd' mpn`
z` likn ,mi`zayd lr zenxgl mbc yniyy ,ea lk dpeknd iniipia inid mipicde
df gqep la` 282.'zenkqdn xac mey lr xeariy l`xyi za e` l`xyi xa lk' dgqepd
za lr mb mxgd z` lihdl zipexwr xyt`n ède ,dry lkle jxev lkl ynyl crep
dixebhwk miyp e` ,zecigi miyp znxgdy d`xp ,dyrnl .oic it lr dyper dfy l`xyi
yi`' e` 'dyè yi`' ze`gqepa yeniyd z` iz`vn `le ,xzeia dxicp dziid ,dnvr ipta
oic cegiiae ,miieb ly ze`kxr ipta oic zàd lr mxga zexqe`d zepwza `l` 'dy` e`
yxetnd xekf`d ,mi`zayd lr efxkedy zenxga ,z`f cbpk 283.ezy`l lra oiay mixace
e` ,zigiynd dxitkl mzwif lr minxgend ibeq x`y oia 'dy`' ziixebhw ly aeye aey
ieyr ,mz` rbna èaln mxga repn xeaivdy ,mi`zay mixtekk midefnd mze` oia
cvl ,dnvrl ìdyk zxcben zi`zay zekiizyd zaihgk miypd iedif lr riavdl
zèeyd xe`l zwfgzn ef zexyt` 284.'eke mirepve miciqgd ,mipcnld ,mixiyrd zeaihg
ail lr jnzqda ocnr eìady itk ,iav izay zxnd xg`l jenqay dtewzd on '`pihp`hyeway
ohw od ,l`xyi xa meyy ,oep oa ryedi mxg ,lecbd mxga mixfeb ep` meidne' : xn`p my ,xfer oa
[xnege lwe oky lke] e"we k"yke ,epxkfd xy` yi`d eze` my cer xekfi `l , dy` e` yi` ,lecb od
'nr ,ze`pwd zxez) 'rxl ode aehl od ,mdnr xacl e` ,ely zk lv` jlil `ly e"w ly epa oa epa
xkfp mpn`y ,(596 ,591 'nr ,a ,iav izay) df fexk zepnidna wtq mely lihd wcva la` .(20
letepihphqpewn zexbi` lr jnzqda d`xpd lkk ,(115-113 'nr ,xetiq) xfer oa ail zepexkifa
,eipir cbpl cnr `l epeylk fexkd la` ,(100-95 'nr ,èey zeitiv) extqa opew q`nez ìady
mi`zayd lr zenxgd iazk z`xyda exfgyl did ieyr ocnr .ocnr ipir cbpl s` cnr `ly xexae
ezxbià aleynd ,mxgd gqep mb e`x ,z`f znerl .lirl eàedy ,enewnle epnfl xzei mikenqd
xg`l mipy dpenyk dazkpy zxbi` ,divpe ly zillkd daiyid mya a`dea` lèny ly zihpze`d
ze`pwd zxez xtqa dàede ,(a"qz divpe ,lèny xac) a`dea` ly z"eyd uaewa dqtcp ,dxndd
lkl oiznyn minixgn oicpn [...] zillkd epzaiyi inkg lk mya dhnl minezgd epgp` dpde' : ocnrl
.(52 'nr) 'a` yceg èd iyingd mev meia elflfi miìxa mzeiday ,zrc ipae milecb dyè yi`
.hlw oniq ,a"r gv ,j"xz aeal ,ea lk 282
ly ze`kxrl mpic z` ìadl dyi`d lr e` lrad lr xeq`zy ,zcgein dpwza jxev oi` ,dxe`kl 283
sè .mnvr oial micedi oiay mixace oic lk miieb ly ze`kxrl ìadl xq`p ikd e`la ixdy ,miieb
: onwlck yxtn u"ayzdy minrhn ,mxgd meiàe yxetna ,zcgein dpwza xacd xq`p ok it lr
m"ekr cia dnvr dlez dy`d didz minrtle ,dy`d lr dtiwz eci yi`dy ,èd recid ony itl'
htynd ,oel` 'n lv` àen .'dfk mxg mdilr lihdl ef dpwz dà ok lr - mdize`kxra oecl mivexe
,fpkyà mb df xywda driten 'dyè yi`' dgqepd .94 dxrd ,651 'nr ,b"lyz milyexi ,a ,ixard
,miwegxe miaexw ,dyè yi` lk lr epnxgde epicipe epxfbe epipnpe' : mz epaxn zlylzynd dpwza
od xy od ,f"rr miieb ici lr epteki e` [dxf dcear icaer] f"rr miieb ipica exiag z` ìai xy`
lk : mb e`x .(16 'nr ,` ,my) 'mixyk micr iptae mdipy zrcn `l m` ,heicxq od lyen od ,heicd
.fiw oniq ,a"r ht ,my ,ea
epgp`' : oebk ,mi`zayd zegtyn mr oièyip ixyw zxivi lr mxga xeqi`d z` df llkn ìvedl yi 284
lr epfxkde [...] dl`d miryxd ipal eza e` epa z` jciyy in lk lr oiyicw oixir zxifba mixfeb
mxg - 'zeitit axg' fexk) 'mixenb mixfnn mdy mdizepae mdipa lre ,zepef ody mdizepae mdiyp
[ 213 ]
72 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
miciqgd zk lr efxkedy ,miliawnd mxgd iazk llyl mi`zayd lr zenxgd igqep

sè ,ea lk mxg gqep lr miqqazn dl` zenxg s` .okn xg`l dpy miyingk mih"yrad
lg odn zg` lk lry ,zxtekd zkl zepey dwif zebxce zekiizyd zeaihg ehxtzp mda
zeiciqgd miypd epnp `l miicbpznd mxgd iazkn cg` sà la` 285.yxetna mxgd
- 286'dy` e` yi`' dgqepd zervnà minxgend oiipna ellkp `le ,dnvr ipta dixebhwk
iazka `weec ezebixga oirl xwcfn ède ,icnl xicp ,xen`k ,da yeniydy dgqep
miciqgd zeyp zexkfp micbpznd ly qenletd iazka mpn` 287.mi`zayd lr zenxgd
denky ,mdizeyp zgipf lr milrad iepib myl `l` mpi` mixekf`d aex j` ,mrtl mrtn
ziy`xay wtq oi` ,okè 288.miwicvd zexvga zekyennd mzedy zetewza ,opebirk
zixab drtez drepzd dziid ,dzehytzde xidnd dlecib ztewz jynae ,zeciqgd
,zepey`xd mdièyip zepya mixirv mixrp eid dizexeyl miqiibznd aex .zilkza
zeqgiizd o`k yi mpn` .(79 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw lv` qtcp ,e"hwz zpyn icexa
zeixr ixeqi` zxtd ìd mda oezigd lr xeqi`d zaiq la` ,mdizepae mixtekd zeypl zyxetn
on zaiigzn ,mixfnnk mdicli zxcbdk ynn ,zepefk mdizepae mdizeyp zxcbd .maxwa dgeexy
odyke ozrcn zei`zay zextekk ozqitz lr fnx meyn da oi` la` ,eil`n oaend xack dkldd
ly ezfxkd oebk ,uiyaii` ozpedi 'x ly mileqtd eizerinw lr zenxga miypd ixekf` s` .onvrl
dy` e` yi` ,elld zerinw `yepd lk lr [oep oa ryedi] o"ai mxga xfeb ippde' : `cpl l`wfgi 'x
mi`yepd zwepize wepiz elit` [...] [oic ziad] c"ad cil exiarie mdilrn zerinwd exiqi [...]
ozqitz lr micnln mpi` (a"r c ,[80 dxrd lirl] mipir gzt ,ocnr lv` àen) 'elld zerinw
.wdaen zegewl xeaivk zerinwl miypd ewwfp cinzne f`n ixdy ,ozrcn zextekk
drcez ickl eyabzp `ly ,dziy`xa ziciqgd drepzd mr zedcfd ly zepey zebxce mipey mibeql 285
'ziciqgd drepzd' ,hxal`hxettx : e`x ,epibae icbpznd qenletd uext cr ztzeyn zizrepz
.240-237 'nr ,(54 dxrd lirl)
- zyxetn e` dxexa dppi` zeciqgl ozwif da sè - miypd zexkfp day ,g"lwzn ,dcigid dcerzd 286
.329-328 'nr ,l"yz milyexi ,` ,micbpzne miciqg ,iwqplie 'n : e`x .seif d`xpd lkk ìd
ecrepe ,dxyr dpenyde dxyr rayd ze`nd jldna mcxhqn` zlidwa efxkedy zenxgd igqepa mb 287
deeqnl daiyd oebk ,zifbehxetzicxtqd dcra diihqe ler zwixt ,dxitk ly zepey zertez `kcl
mipiixard ibeq oiipna miypd exkfp `l ,'ze`xw'd e` ,ixai`d i`d ivgl dxfgd on zaiigznd zexvpd
siwn xwgn mqxtl czrznd ,oltw sqei 'text mr dt lray dgiya dxye` ef zenyxzd .minxgend
Y. Kaplan, : oke lirl 197 dxrda mixkfpd eixn`n dry itl e`xe .dl` zelidwa mxgd `yep lr
The Social Function of the Herem
in the Portuguese Jewish Community of
.
Amsterdam in the Seventeenth Century, Dutch Jewish History, 1 (1984), pp. 111-155;
idem, Karaites in Early Eighteenth Century Amsterdam, in D.S. Katz and J. I. Israel
ly xzei mcwen ixar gqep .(eds.), Sceptics, Millenarians and Jews, Leiden 1990, pp. 196-236
.314-279 'nr ,(f"nyz) ap ,oeiva xe` d`x df xn`n

,47-46 'nr ,a ; 104-102 'nr ,` ,(286 dxrd lirl) micbpzne miciqg ,iwqplie : lynl e`x 288
hxettx : e`x ,miwicvd zexvgl miypd zwifae ,df oiipra oeicl .173 ,160-159 ,151 ,108-107
,503-499 'nr : ixar gqep ; 514-510 ,498-497 'nr : ilbp` gqep ,'zeciqga miypd lr' ,hxal`
.273 dxrd lirl e`xe .521-520
[ 214 ]
[ 73
dgixa meyn da did miycgd miipgexd mibidpnd aiaq zevawznd zexeagl mzetxhvde
jky mb xexa 289.silgz mdl dwtiq ziciqgd xvgd zxbqny ,dgtynde oièyipd iign
oi` .dxyr dpenyd d`nl mipenyde mirayd zepya dicbpzn ipira drepzd dqtzp
lk lr mxg exfbe ,yxeyd on dycgd 'dxitk'd z` xewrl eàyny ,xaca `lt lk èt`
,mdil` migtqpd ,diy`x - efn ef ahid zepgaend dizebxc lr ziciqgd dwifd zeaihg
lelkl minixgnd zrca dlr `l - 'eke ,mdiyrn zvwn mr midcfnd ,mcia miriiqnd
`ly ,mdizepa e` mdizeig` ,miciqgd zeyp z` mb mldwn xicdle zeaihgd oiipna
dlcgyn ,xzei xge`n alya wx .xcbene lirt iciqg xeaivk dtewz dzeà eqtzp
micigi ly ,ipcxn s` mizrle ,ipevx dyrn zeidl ziciqgd drepzl zegtzqdd
,zegtyn ly dreawe ziaihwlew dwifl dktde ,zizgtynd mzaiaqn jka miwzpznd
miypa ze`xl did ozip 290,xecl xecn dyxeza zxaerd ,zenly diiqelke` zecigi sè
zeciqgd ibidpnl dxiyid ozwif dxzep f` mb ik m`) iciqgd dpgnd ly ilxbhpi` wlg
d`nd ly mipey`xd mixeyrd on lgd ,ef dtewza j` 291.(icnl zlaben dizecqenle
zè ,miciqgd z` mixgiy in `vnp `l aeye ,zicbpznd zwelgnd dkky ,dxyr ryzd
.mi`zayd zeyp enxgedy jxck ,mllka zxcben daihgk mdizeyp
.502-499 'nr : ixar gqep ; 497 'nr : ilbp` gqep ,my ,hxal`hxettx 289
.244-243 'nr ,(54 dxrd lirl) 'ziciqgd drepzd' ,hxal`hxettx : e`x ,df oiiprl 290
d`nl mipey`xd mixeyra - zeìvnd lr ilèny mixt` lye xxipy dxy ly mzecr lynl e`x 291
ly dwizeed ozwif zexnl z`fe ,oileta zeiciqgd zexvgd on miypd xekip ly - zigkepd
,514 'nr : ilbp` gqep ,'zeciqga miypd lr' ,hxal` hxettx lv` àen) zexvg oze`l odizegtyn
.mdizexvgn miypd z` ewigxd c"ag ix"enc` mb d`xpd lkk .(` gtqp : ixar gqep ; 21 dxrd seq
my ,61-60 'nr ,1983 c"ag xtk ,diliige yhieeàeil ,odkd ongp l`tx ly ezecr z` jk lr e`x
mipyd oia c"ag zeciqg y`xa cnry in - xraec mely ,iriaxd x"enc`d ly ebdpn lr geecn èd
! 'zecigil minrtl mià eid miieb - licadl' ik m` ,'zecigil miyp qipkn did `l'y ,1920-1883
xvga ozegkepl zeieqgiizd dnk yi dxyr dpenyd d`nd seqn micbpznd ly qenletd iazka mpn`
md .oeixt zkxa zeywand zexwr miyp cegiiae ,wicvd on 'dkxa' zeywand ,miyp ly ziciqgd
zexwrd z` zextdl wicvd gxeh eli`k ,df xywda my miygxznd zevixt iyrn lr mifnxn
dxrd lirl) micbpzne miciqg ,iwqplie lv` miàend aew`nn cec ixac lynl e`x .envr zegeka
'nr ,j"yz aia`lz ,zeciqgd zeclez ,aepaec 'y : mb e`x .137 ,105 ,69-66 ,46 'nr ,a ,(286
miciqgd zeyp zyihp lr zeaxd zepelzd mr dxizqa micnerd ,mixacd ly mzepin` la` .366
zexfd zeaygnd z`lrd zxez ly ztlqn zepyxtn elylzydy okziie ,wtqa zlhen ,odizaa
zerecid dizeihq mr dycgd ziciqgd 'zk'd ly ,micbpznd bdpnk ,ogaen `l iedifn e` ,zeciqga
gqep ,'zeciqga miypd lr' ,hxal`hxettx : e`x ,df oiiprl .zihqiwp`xtzi`zayd dxitkd ly
.` gtqp : ixar gqep ; 21 dxrd zgizt ,513 'nr : ilbp`
[ 215 ]
74 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
mi izextqd eizexewn : ipeieeyd ibele`ci`d rvnd .e
zixehqidd zeìvna eineyiie
zexbqnl dxiyide ziyi`d ozwif cegiiae ,miypl zizzikd ze`zayd ly dzkiyn gek
s` `l` zeìapk ocnrn sweza wx `l - zxzgna e` ielba drepzd dniiwzd oday
,mpn` .miixwn eid `ly i`ce - dizeielirt lelknl ze`ln zetzeye oiipnd on zexagk
zelicand zeevn oze` - zeevna mixecbd zcd iign ybcd zhqd 292,lirl orhpy itk
z` zyhyhnd dpen`d zc xar l` - mipey dlert inegz mdl zevwne mipind oia
lr oewizd on xarnd oke ,cg` dlert agxn mipind ipy ipta zgzete zixcbnd dvignd
lirt wlg lehil miypl xyt`l ick mda did ,dxard
jxc lr oewizd l` deevnd jxc
zexbqna mrt i` odl ozipyn xzei ,izxagd dpebxàe diqwha ,zkd ly gexd iiga
daygn ipeeik ly ieel xvez `l` eppi` df jildz j` .zizxeqnd zicedid dlidwd
yxcpd ibele`ci` rvn ly eneyii zpigaa èd oiè ,llkk zi`zayd dxeza mipnzqnd
.yxetnae rcena dnvrl ìdyk miypd cnrn zl`yl
mlera zexveid zkitd oefgn wlg ìd zipeieeyd eznbny ,df oirn rvn ly eneiw lr
dpey`xl xiihvdy d`xpe ,zigiynd drepzd ly dini ziy`xn cer zeiecr yi ,l`bpd
giynd ly dxiyid eziipt jezn eixwir z` xfgyl ozip .iav izay ly ezrca xak
miyp ozè' : onidn j` oier cr ,xen`k ,èdy ,opew q`nez dze` myxy itk ,miypl
- efn dlecbe .okzcl zra okiae`kn miaexn dk deg llba ik ,oz` zellne` dn ,zeaelr
dpdk cere ; mznkqd ila dlecb e` dphw zeyrl elkez `le ,okilral oz` zecareyn
okz` xxgyle okixeqii lkn okz` le`bl mlerl izày midel`l eced j` .dpdke
lr 293.'oey`xd mc` ly e`hg z` lha ornl izà ik ,okilra enk zexye`n okzeyrle
miln i`ce od el`' : mely myxb cnr xak ipktdnd miiteè mixacd ly mzebixg
oefg ,zxg` miig zybxd ik ,wtq oi` .e"kz zpya xinfià icedi yi` ly eita zeipktdn
jezn mixacne eytp xzqa mippwn ,llka mc`d ly e` ,mipind ly zitehe` zexig ly
[... ] mc` ly e`hg owzi giyndy zipìxeld dlawd ixtqa ìd dlibx drc [... ] epexb
lern dy`d xexgy ly dpwqnd z` ef dvetp dncwdn wiqdy oey`xd èd iav izay la`
`hgd lehian : lecb yecig ìd miypl zcgeind dle`bd zxeya ,ok` 294.'zexecd
uaexd deg ypern miypd llk z` giynd xhet jke ,eyper lehia mb ywazn ipencwd
laqd : eiaikxn ipy lr yperd z` lhal gihan èd .ocr ob dyrn f`n dihra odilr
ède jzweyz jyi` lè' - mixabl cearyd zxfbe
,'jpeavr dax` daxd' - dcila jexkd
olaq z` dlitkn ìd ixdy ,miypd avn z` dxingn ef dpexg` dxfb
295.'ja lyni
.55-54 'nr ,èey zeitiv ,opew 293
.201-198 'nr lirl e`x 292
.16 b 'xa 295
.327 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely 294
[ 216 ]
[ 75
oceary mvrn zlylzynd ozeailr z` mb ,miiptebd odiae`kn lr sqep ,draewa

,s` `l` laqd on dle`bd oefg wx `l èt` èd deg ypern ozxiht oefg .mixabl
zexxgeynd miypd z` jetdi giyndy cala ef `l .mixabd ler zwixt oefg ,yxetnae
oxye` zèeydk jtdnd aih z` xicbn s` èdy `l` ,'zexye`n'l 'zellne`'e 'zeaelr'n
ìde ,cg`k mipind ipy lr legz zxye`nd zipeieeyd zexigdy o`kn .odilra xye`l
xbiz zìxw zrnzyn mixacd on .iav izay zrceza mwxznd dle`bd oefg ly ezednn
,zicedid zxeqnae dklda draEwy itk ,mipind ipy oia zikxxiidd miqgid zkxrn lr
le`yl mewn èt` yi .ezaiaqa zicedi `ld dxagd ixcq lr dnzeg z` driahd sè
ezeyibx el dà oipne ,zipeieeyd ez`xyd z` ae`yl ipktdnd epefg did ieyr oipn
epeinc z` zexbl elkiy miizextqd zexewnd ? ozeailre miypd ly olxeb rexl driztnd
oeayga dligz ìadl ie`xd on j` ,oldl epecii miypl ezxeya z` oifdle iav izay ly
dxaga miypd cnrn zl`yl ezepxir z` xiabdl mzlekia didy ,miixehqid minxeb dnk
.zipeieeyd mzepktdna mipiihvnd dpexzt iaizp lr riavdl s` ileè ,zcae
zeicedid zelidwd ,epiid ,eini aex iav izay lrt dae clep dkezly daiaqd
zegtl dpy d`nk dfn dpiihvd ,dxyr rayd d`nd jldna zip`n'zerd dixtnià
,micwz zxqg zizcr zeipebaxa ,dnegzae dixtni`d jezl dxr mixbdn zrepza
zicedi `ld dxagl zegizta ,ax ipebx` levita ,zepey zeizkld zexeqn ly zeybpzda
zecepz ly zxyxyae ,miizlidw mipt migzna ,dnvrl ìdyk zipbexhd dziidy
xir ,xinfi` zlidw lr z`y xzia milg mixacd 296.zeilklke zeizxag ,zeitxbenc
lnpk xidnd dgezit mre ,dxyr yyd d`nd seqa wx xen`k dcqepy ,elecibe ezcled
micedi mixbdn dkezl dhlw ,dxyr rayd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgnd jldna ixgqn
dzeakxene uènd dlecib .dl uegn sè dixtni`d iagxn ,mixgè mixai` ,miax
,i`pxa 'i : e`x ,dl` mihaid olek zenirhnd ,ef dtewza zip`n'zerd dixtni`d icedi lr zexiwql 296
zevxà micedid zeclez ,(jxer) xbpih` 'y : jeza ,'(1830-1650) zip`n'zerd dixtnià micedid'
ze`na zipn'zerd dixtni`d zecdi' ,l"pd ; 118-73 'nr ,`"nyz milyexi ,` ,m`lqi`d
,xwd 'i ; 502-479 'nr ,a"pyz milyexi ,cxtq zyxen ,(jxer) hx`piia 'g : jeza ,'g"id-f"id
i`vei' ,l"pd ; 478-460 'nr ,my ,'dxage dlidw - f"hd d`na zipn'zerd dixtnià cxtq i`vei'
'è oltw 'i ,litpea 'x ,xwd 'i ,leahia` 'n : jeza ,'18-15d ze`na zip`n'zerd dixtnià cxtq
,l"pd ; 71-27 'nr ,b"pyz milyexi ,yexibd ixg` zicxtqd zicedid dxeftd ,(mikxer) dqapa
,oeiv ,'f"id-e"hd ze`na zip`n'zerd dixtnià zicedid dxagd lr dzrtyde "oebxeq"d zhiy'
yilya lgd zip`n'zerd dixtnià ilklkde ipicnd xaynd' ,oya '` ; 82-27 'nr ,(o"yz) dp
,a ,zecdid ircnl iyiyd inlerd qxbpewd ixac ,'z"eyd zextq xe`l f"hd d`nd ly oexg`d
dlklk : 17-16d ze`na zip`n'zerd dixtni`d icedi ,xaxb 'g ; 115-107 'nr ,e"lyz milyexi
a ,mine mcwn ,'zip`nzerd dixtnià miizcr oiad miqgid' ,xlb 'i ; b"nyz milyexi ,dxage
dixtni`d ixra mixkpe micedi oia miizxag miqgi' ,iwvaewnoiihypxea 'l ; 54-29 'nr ,(e"nyz)
.33-13 'nr ,(d"pyz) e ,mine mcwn ,'17de 16d ze`na zip`n'zerd
[ 217 ]
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hxal`hxettx dcr
miinipt mikeqkqe migznl sè levitl eliaed xira zicedid diiqelke`d ly zizcrd
,zipxny e` daivi drahn dppi` ef oirk zinpice zipbexhd dxag 297.mipeyd dildwa
zxeya ,cere z`f .miipktdn zepeirx ly mlecib mvrl dgep daiaq da ze`xl ozipe
seqn zip`n'zerd zexqiwd iagxa mirwzynd mdi`v`ve dixai` iyxebn lr mixwgn
riahdy ,aeyge lecb dxibd lb - dxyr rayd d`nd ziy`x cre dxyr yngd d`nd
xaynd zyegz lr xwd sqei riavd - hlwp mda miicedid miaeyiid lk lr enzeg z`
on ef dyegz drap x`yd oia 298.mzhilw ikildz z` zpiit`nd mikxrd zexrxrzde
zeybpzd - ixai`d bdepd on zilkza mipey miinewn mibdpnae zexeqna zeybpzdd
zyegz drap cer 299.dxaga miypd cnrnl zerbepd zel`y aiaq zg` `l daaqy
dxibdd ilehlha ekynpe yexiba mikexk eidy miizgtynd mirefrfd on xaynd
lirl) 'ziy`x' ,i`pxa : e`x ,da exxyy miiniptd migznde dzeakxen ,ef dtewza xinfi` zlidw lr 297
'x' ,l"pd ; (195 dxrd lirl) 'zixvep zeigiyn' ,l"pd ; (my) 'lbehxet iqep`' ,l"pd ; (194 dxrd
d`na xinfià mildwd' ,l"pd ; 81-53 'nr ,(d"nyz) gi ,zepetq ,'xinfi` zepaxe dtwyi` sqei
,'eztewza xinfi` zepaxe izypapa miig 'x' ,l"pd ; 84-66 'nr ,(a"pyz) gn ,minrt ,'dxyr rayd
mihaid : ze`zay ,l"pd ; 191-151 'nr ,e"pyz aia`lz ,xdqd ini ,(zkxer) ofex 'n : jeza
zevxàe l`xyi uxà micedid zecleza mixwgn ,xnz 'c ; 66-61 'nr ,`"qyz milyexi ,miycg
.153-148 ,135-119 'nr ,`"nyz milyexi ,gxfnd
zipgexd mziieeda miahw - oe`kice oe`b' ,l"pd : oke ,296 dxrda lirl miiepnd xwd ly eixn`n e`x 298
xwd 'ie oeyyoa 'n ,litpea 'x : jeza ,'zip`n'zerd dixtnià lbehxete cxtq i`vei ly zizxagde
oa lld miig ly exkfl mixn`n uaew : miipiad inia l`xyi zecleza dxage zeaxz ,(mikxer)
.586-541 'nr ,h"nyz milyexi ,oeyy
d`nd ziy`xa iwipel`ya zicedid dbdpdd ly dzencl - aiag 'o awri 'x' ,xwd 'i : lynl e`x 299
'nr cegiiae ,126-117 'nr ,e"lyz milyexi ,zecdid ircnl iyiyd inlerd qxbpewd ixac ,'f"hd
gek miypl dpwdy ,inewnd iheipnexd bdpnl icxtqd aiag 'o ly ezaebz dpecp my ,120-119
ybpzd bdpnd .odilra zeyxl dxiardl mewna oziipecpa wifgdl odl exizda i`nvr ilklk
zeiheipnex zexeqnae ,df `yepa oeicl .aiag 'o xzg diqetc xeniyly ,zipìlihqwd zxeqna
lya zxewia exxery zexeqn - miypd cnrnl mirbepd dyexie zeyi` ipiipra xwira ,zexg`
T. Fishman, A Kabbalistic : e`x ,zg`k ifpky`de icxtqd mlera laewnd on ozbixg
Perspective on Gender-Specific Commandments: On the Interplay of Symbols and
mr ,ocnl 'x : mb e`x .Society, Association for Jewish Studies Review, 17 (1992), pp. 204-208
'nr ,1996 aia`lz ,dxyr yyd d`na mixvne dixeq l`xyi uxà zeicedi miyp : onvr ipta
zl`yl zepeyd zeyibd oia zeybpzdl .39-37 'nr ,(296 dxrd lirl) 'miqgid' ,xlb ; 185-181
zeicedi miyp ly ,zhleade zicegiid ,zinewnd drtezd mb dnxz ile` miyp ly zilklkd oze`nvr
zeicrla zeiwtqk ozwqrd zekfa zeklnl zeaxewn eidy ,(dxiab) 'dxiw' ipeeid xèza zepeknd
zeicedi 'zexiab' .ipevigd mlerd mr xiyi rbnn zerepnd ,oenxdd zeypl mizexiye zexegq ly
myl zg` `l elvip oze`y ,zixeaiv drtyde gek zecnrn sè zexkip zeilklk zeahdn epdp dl`
dxyr yyd d`nd lk jldna reci drtezd ly dneiw lr .zicedid dlidwd ornl ziplczy zelirt
bxedl dz`vede dzlecbn zine`ztd dzcixi mr dwqtpy dnec f`y ,dxyr rayd d`nd ziy`x cre
Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jer usalem : jk lr e`x .dzrya xzeia drecid 'dxiw'd ,ilcpd xzq` ly
.my zeitxbeilaiad zeiptdde ,1971, 10, Kiera, cols. 990-991
[ 218 ]
[ 77
mig` ,miclie mixed - dgtyn iaexw oia cexita xaecn .eizeawra eày miaexnd
zqixwl zg` `l eliaedy ,mixbdn zxaga zegiky zertez - mièyp zebef sè ,zeigè
of`n xted jkn d`vezk .zexzle`n zexbqna eicixy zenwzydle ,elek izgtynd `zd
mpn` 300.dgtynd iig megza milaewnd zebdpzdd iqetc exrxrzpe izxeqnd zegekd
i`vei egilvd ,miwizeed dixtni`d iqelke` lr miilklkde miihiletd mdizepexzi zekfa
,ycgn epa zeizxeqnd zeizlidwde zeizxagd mdizexbqn z` : xdn mwzydl dixai`
.dligzkln eybpzd oday zeinewnd zexeqnd z` mzeaxza erinhd s` xac ly eteqae
mixbdnd i`v`v axwa ecxy miineiwd mi`pzd zeaviizd zexnl ,xwd d`xdy itk j`
minxeb ze`xl ozip oda sè ,zexec dnk jynl dl zeelznd zewrende zixaynd drcezd
xab dixai`n mixbdnd zelidwa ,okè .miiwd xcqd ly zizxewia dqitzl miriiqn
zeìvnd ixcq zkitd lr dèapde oeifgd zertez eaxe ,dtewz dzeà igiynd gznd
miiyi`d eirbnl dwifa lirl epecp xak dl` zertez 301.dàe zynynnd dle`ba
dxeyad ly daxd dzeliawl ,exira miqep`d zlidw mr iav izay ly miaexwd
zevxtzdl dwifa sè ,zecdil miayd diqep` lye dixai` i`vei ly zelidwa zi`zayd
ozèap zxeqnn lylzydl eid miieyr diyxeyy ,zi`zayd drepza ziypd dèapd
,igkepd xywda j` 302.yexibd xg`l zeixai`d miqep`d zelidwa miyp ly zigiynd
s` `l` ,dl` miyp ly zhlead zièapd ozelirt z` wx `l oeayga ìadl yiy dnec
dxyr yyd ze`nd jldna zixai`d ziqep`d dxaga miypd `weecy zenyxzdd z`
llypy dryn ixdy .zicedid zxeqnl zizxzgnd dwifd z` exniyy od dxyr rayde
ziytegd dyibd miqep`d on drpnp sè ,ianet icqen meiw lk zicedid zcd on
,cala dt lray zxeqnk xecl xecn zecdil dwifd dlgped ,azkay zeixard dizexeqnl
minegza `weec xnzyn zecdid xkfyk ,dl` zeaiqpa .dgtynd begae ziad zrpva
ogletd ileya izxeqnd onewnl cebipay èd `lt `l ,cinzne f`n miypd eylg mdilry
iwiz jk lr ecirie ,i`ygd ogletd fkxna miqep`d zeyp dzrn eavip ,ielbd icedid
'zecdiin'e 'zecdiizn' miyp cbp miixehifieewpi`d htynd iza egzty miaexnd meyi`d
cnrna df izernyn iepiy m` le`yl mewn èt` yi 303.'miycgd mixvepd' ziiqelkeà
; 49-48 'nr ,(296 dxrd lirl) '18-15d ze`na zip`n'zerd dixtnià cxtq i`vei' ,xwd : e`x
,150-149 ,112 ,109 'nr ,my ,ocnl ; 547-542 'nr ,(298 dxrd lirl) 'oe`kice oe`b' ,l"pd
: jeza ,'17de 16d ze`na oeia zicedid dgtynd zeclezl miew' ,oilaix 'a ; 173-172 ,166-162
ixacn : yexibd xg`l cxtq icedi : zeaxze dxag ,(mikxer) qiqr h"ie mwexofg 'b ,leahia` 'n
'nr ,f"pyz milyexi ,a"pyz gxfnde cxtq zecdi zyxen xwgl iriaxd ine`l oiad qxbpewd
.104-79
apy` ,(zkxer) oenvr : jeza ,'16d d`nd idlya cxtqa miqep`d zxaga miyp' ,cnln oiel 'x : e`x
[ 219 ]
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301
302
303
78 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
ìad `l ,zeqip` i`pza miiwzn èd cer lk ,i`ygd icedid ogletl dwifa miypd
exfge miqep`d ehlwpy dryn ielbd icedid ogletl dwifa ocnrn ly zycegn dkxrdl
xwgnd zextqa ef dl`y dzlred `l ,izerici ahin it lr .mzxibd zevxà zecdil
daeyz dilr aiydl jxc lk oi` dry itle ,zecdil zxfegd ziqep`d dxefta zwqerd
304
,lirl dpecp xaky ,zepeifgd xtqa l`hie miig 'x ly ezecr ,mewn lkn .zirnyncg
daiaqa zeievn oleke ixai` `venn owlgy - miyp ly lhean `l xtqnl zqgiin
zhiwp mb dtwezae ,ziaiqphpi` zipeifg zelirt - dwfg zixai` drtydl dtygpy
,xen`k ,xaecn .daeyze xqen ,dle`b ipiipra ,dtiwze zi`nvr ,zianet dcnr
d`nd ziy`xae dxyr yyd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna wynce milyexi ,ztv zelidwa
mzrtydae zrxknd zixtqnd mzegkepa olek zeieex f` eidy zelidw ,dxyr rayd
zelidw x`y mre diqep` mr wecd xywa ecnr sè ,dixai` i`vei ly ztgeqd zizeaxzd
zeyp ealzyd m` elit`y dxrydl mewn yi ,ok m` 305.mzecdil mixfegd miqep`d
exfgy jkn cenll oi` ,ozxibd zevxà miizlidwd miicedid miigd iqetca miqep`d
ozealzyd jildzy gipdl xyt` zegtd lkl .izcd ogletd ileyl mewn lkae gxkda
zcde dxagd zexbqna ocnrn lr zeidz xxerl ick ea did ice ,mieqn gzna jexk did
.zicedid
,olxeb zeailre miypd ly ozezigp zqitzl miizextq d`xyd zexewnle miiexibl xy`
rpnpd on `l ,mixabd cnrnl ocnrn zèeyd jxc lr ozle`ba epewiz lr èaiy avn
.dlawd mler z` eipta egzty mixeaig mzeà `weec iav izayl e`vnp dl`y èd
cnl `l` dxenl wwfp `l ,mixyr oak ezeida 'zn`d znkg' cenill dptyn ,recik
xtqae xdefd xtqa wxe j` wqr ,exiipit dyn 'x ,eixerp cici ly ezecr it lre ,envra
cnrn lr zizxewia daiygl mixtn zepeirx èvnl did leki dl` mixeaig ipya 306.dpwd
.igiynd ocira ozle`b ly ipeieeyd oefgl izextq qiqa sè ,dkldd zexbqna miypd
R. Levine Melammed, Heretics or ; 222-209 'nr ,(135 dxrd lirl) miyp ly odiigl
Daughters of Israel? The Crypto-Jewish Women of Castile, New York 1999

,cec '` : e`x ,ef dtewza ztve milyexi zelidw lr diqepè dixai` i`vei ly zrxknd mzrtydl 305
zyxen ,(jxer) hx`piia : jeza ,'aeyiid lr mzrtyde l`xyi ux`l cxtq iyxebn ly mziilr'
'` : jeza ,'f"hd d`na miqep` zaiyl fkxnk ztv' ,l"pd ; 459-435 'nr ,(296 dxrd lirl) cxtq
,d"nyz gxfnde cxtq zecdi xwgl ipyd ine`lpiad qxbpewd ixacn : dlidwe dxag ,(jxer) miig
milyexi ,f"hd d`na l`xyi uxà zeayiizde diilr ,l"pd ; 204-183 'nr ,`"pyz milyexi
,ztva milbehxetde micxtqd ildw lr mipezp cec ìan 126 'nra .118-112 ,78-72 'nr ,b"pyz
dl` mipezpy oiqelke`d icwtnl .dxyr yyd d`nd jldna rixknd ixtqnd mlecib lr miriavnd
A. Cohen and B. Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine : e`x ,mdn miae`y
in the Sixteenth Century, Princeton, NJ 1978, pp. 157-161
.94-93 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely ly epeic e`xe .95 'nr ,iav izay ipipr ,op`niixt : e`x 306
[ 220 ]
[ 79
gikedl `veie ,dlawd jxc lr zeevnl minrh wtqnd inipep` xeaig èd dpwd xtq
azkp xtqd .ezpeek jtdk eyxtl ozipe ,oeibidd zcin z` xzeq dkldd hyt ,mdicrlay
ly dleaba dxyr yngd d`nd ziy`xa e` dxyr rax`d d`nd idlya d`xpd lkk
zeaxzd megzl ekiizydy mixefà xnelk 307,oeei oetva ileè ,zihpfiad zexqiwd
mpn` .ip`n'zerd oehlyd icil dxyr yngd d`nd zivgna eltpe ,ziheipnexd zicedid
,daiaq dzeà xagzpy ziy`xa zyxt lr ilaw yexit - dìltd xtq ecvle ,dpwd xtq
la` ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd idlyl cr qtcp `l - my melr xagn eze` icia d`xpd lkk
eia`l cinlz oia mixac iteligk iepa xtqd 308.daexn drtydl dkfe ci iazka uetp did
cnrnl yicwn èdy daexnd ald zneyz èd eppiiprl jiiyd ecegiie 309,eax mb èdy
dgen aeye aey .ekxe` lkl ea mipecpe mixfegd mi`yepd cg` - zeevnl ozwife miypd
zeqqaznd zeriaway wcvdi` lre ,l"fg ly miizkldd mdiperih zexixy lr cinlzd
dlewyd dxez cenlz zeevnn sè onxb onfdy dyr zeevnn miypd z` zexhetd ,mdilr
l"fgy `l` ,àae dfd mlera zeevnd xky miypd on rpnpy cala ef `l ,jka .olek cbpk
: ixkpd card cnrnl ocnrn zèeyda 'ux`l cr' oze` oilityne oda mialer s`
`xa dnl d"awdl [d]il`ye elew jli midl` cr [l"fg ixac] mdixac rneyd
oebk zevn zvwnn dexhty xg` yper `le xky `l dl oi`y z`fd diiprd dy`d
yper `le oziiyra xky oi` oixeht ody zevnd elàe ,[onxb onfdy] b"fdy
,zevnd lk cbpk lewyd dxez cenlza daiig d"awe ,deevnd lecb oiprk olehiaa
dyr zevn ìdy exn` `le dxez cenlza mkipa zln e`vny xeara dexht l"fge
dxez cenlzl oilitz eyiwdy `l` df mdl ic `le .zeaiig miype `nxb onfd `ly
exnè `nxb onfdy dyr zevn lkl a` oipa oilitz eyr jk xgè ,oilitzn dexhte
xg`l ux`l cr dlitydy diiprl dl ic `l olekay dywde [... ] zexehtc
car zaiig dy`dy devn lk ,exn`y ,carl deywdy `l` jlnd zevnn dexhty
dy`dy ,dy`d mr card ly eaih dn ,[iax] 'x il xen` myd ornle 310,aiig inp
311
.leqt ieb rxf iprpk carde l`xyi rxf oixeg za
.cxtqa ,(1 dxrd 93 'nr ,my ,lynl) mely xaqy itke ,mixwegd ziaxn lr laewn didy itk ,`le
zizxag zizcd mzcnr ,mday dlawd zeceqi - "dpw"de "dìlt"d' ,oexe`xipyew 'n : jk lr e`x
,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,diteqelitl xehwec xèz zlaw myl xeaig ,'zizextqd maevir jxce
'ie qwh` 'r : jeza ,'? dìltde dpwd ixtq exagzp okid' ,rny`z 'i ; 30-1 'nr ,m"yz milyexi
xeqtextl miycwen dycgd zrae miipiad inia zicedid dxagd zecleza miwxt ,(mikxer) oenly
.bq-ep 'nr ,m"yz milyexi ,dpy ynge miray el z`lna u"k awri
.70-31 'nr ,my ,oexe`xipyew ; 93 'nr ,my ,mely : e`x
.343-337 'nr ,my ,oexe`xipyew : e`x ,ea mixaecd ly zipeicad mzedfe ibelìcd edpan lr
.`"r c dbibg ,ilaa
.`"r e-a"r d ,(c"lyz milyexi .v.c) c"pxz `w`xw ,dpwd xtq
[ 221 ]
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309
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80 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
: oreh èd rny zìxw zeevnn miypd zxiht lr
je`xi `l in .zexeht miype ,`nxb onfdy [dyr zeevn] r"n [rny zìxw] y"w
inl ,ecgii `l myl m`y ,cnydl gzt mdl epzp [ok m`] k"` 312,yecwd jln
zxhte ,jizevn lk lr ceqi èd cegid ,`nlrc epeax ? gxil e` ynyl ,ecgii
drx dyexi dl zzpe dze` zllw dcgii `ly lr [ocr oba] r"ba deg dpd .dy`d
b"fdy r"n dze` ziyre 314,jnewae jakya jizxeza zazk dzè 313,oeavrd èd
a"drn ixnbl dca`l jpevx k"è ,diiprd xehtl [dnxb onfdy dyr zeevn]
315
.[àd mlern]
,cere xtey ,dkeq ,ziviv ,dlin zeevnn miypd zxiht lr mb cinlzd rixzn ef jxca
uxzl mià eiwenip .miilaw miwenipa eizeiyew z` dxend ayiin mixacl daebzae
`lwya ilpeivxd oqeqia z` odn milley mdy it lr s` ,l"fg zerxkd z` wicvdle
.izkldd ìxhe
lkin driavd miypd lr zeevnd ly zlabend ozlegzl xtqd xagn ly eqgia dpeica
xehtd ly ezwcv zl`y zxxerzn mda xaky ,l"fg zextqa eizexewn lr oexe`xipyew
,mixwegd zkxrdl cebipay ìd dzpwqn .miilawd einrh z` dxxiae ,mipey mixywda
zexbqna drxl miypd ziiltd lr d`gne dklda cxnl iehia dpwd xtqa ze`xl ehpy
leerd lr dkldd cbpk `vei èd oi` ; zilkza zipxny xtqd ly eznbn ,icedid ogletd
dyy`l ezpeek lke ,cala ixehx e` ihwcic irvn`k `l` miypl lekiak znxeb ìdy
ly eizeprha ztwzynd 'zizeaxz dil`x' - dzetwz lr xecd zeidzl daebza ile`)
dzernyn lk z` ezrcl dl mipwn ,md wxe ,mdy ,miilawd dinrh zervnà (cinlzd
316
.dtweze
zqitz z` ycgn dgzip eay ,ef dl`yl dvnn xwgn onyit dilh dyicwd dpexg`l
cinlzd ly 'ez`gn' ixwir oia 317.dpwd xtqa miypd lr zeipgletd zeevnd ly ozlegz
ixdy ,àd mlera owlg zghadl odivn`n lekiq z` dpen ìd miypl mxbpd leerd lr
cbplwynk odilr zelg opi`y zeevnd xky z` xeavl ogeka oi` mixabl cebipa
miiwl ozlekia oi` dpnn d`vezky ,dxez cenlzn ozxcdn zraepd ozexea z` ; odi`hgl
degk zizcd dxitkd zpkql oztiyg zè ; odilr zelgd zeevnd z` elit` dkldk
.(7 i 'xi) 'miebd jln L`xi
`l in' : weqtd it lr
.(16 b 'xa) 'mipa iclz avra Kpxde
jpeavr dax` daxd' : weqtd it lr
.19 ì ,7 e 'ac
.`"r eh ,(311 dxrd lirl) dpwd xtq
.245-241 'nr ,(307 dxrd lirl) oexe`xipyew : e`x
.(299 dxrd lirl) 'zilaw daihwtqxt' ,onyit
[ 222 ]
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313
314
315
316
317
[ 81
meyn wxe j` ,miypd llk lr dyper z` dhinde ocr ob 'zerihpa dvviw'y ,dzrya
onyit .dyi` dzeida dilr dlg `ly deevn - rny zìxwa d`xea z` cgiil dcnl `ly
zepiit`nd `xwnd ihytn zeihqde zeiniptd zexizqd lly z` xagnd syeg cvik d`xn
zeiawrd xcrd lr mb driavne ,l"fg zextqa dl` zerxkdl liaedy izkldd oeicd z`
dnbnd jtd z` `weec miriwen md mizrle ,zg` `l df z` df mixzeqd ,ely eiperiha
zeevna miaiigd llka miypd zàd z` ,xnelk ,eizel`y aexa lekiak dgen èd dilry
zipexwrd ozxiht zexnl ,(gqt ly oey`x dlila dvn zlik` oebk) onxb onfdy zenieqn
zlgdl dìxwd dppi` eixac ly zizn`d mznbny xexa .l"fg zxeqna dl` zeevnn
mvr `l` ,miypl dkldd dnxby leerd oewiz myl mipind ipy lr deeya zeevnd
dinrha dkldd ly dpebir ,daxc` 318.opiipra dkldd xexiaa l"fg ilewiy lr xerxrd
zexitqd cnrn lr ritydl gekd z` mdihxtl zeevnd iyrnl mipwnd ,miilawd
liaen ,zexitqd zkxrnl zeevnd zkxrn oia dxiyi zixcbn dwif mixvei sè ,zedelà
,ezhiyl .oda zeaiig opi`y zeevnd on miypd zwgxda zipeviw dxneg icil xagnd z`
miiyep`d dawpde xkfd milret ,'zeiawp'k e` 'zeixkf'k zebeeeqnd ,zeevnd zervnà
mzedfl m`zda erawpy ,minieqn drtyd iaizpa zeidel`d dawpde xkfd zexitq lr
`ly in icia deevn lk ly dneiwy o`kn .milrtpde milretd ,zelertd lk ly zixcbnd
lleyn dyrndy cala ef `l ; miixcbnd drtydd iaizp z` yayn epin it lr eilr dlg
miypd zwif 319.zeipqxd zexitqd lr eizeklyde ,ilily ekxry `l` iaeig jxr lk
cg drxkd icil dribd `le cinzne f`n da dhalzd zipaxd zxeqndy ,zeevnl
`le ,odilr zelg opi`y zeevn mb opevxn miiwl miypl xzid ozn zl`ya `l - zirnyn
znbcdl gep irvn` xagnl dwtiq - ocia eniiwzpy dryn dl` zeevn ly oxky zl`ya
ihwlìcd gezipd zeipazl wwfp envr èd ik m` 320,zizkldd dwiqtd zhiya zekxitd
miihiepnxdd zepexwrde miizcd mikxrd zkxrnl sè ,ynn dhiy dze` mr zedefnd
elitè ,zepxnyd xaca oexe`xipyew zpwqn z` zlawn onyit 321.dzizyza migpend
dze` zbiiqn ìd j` ,miilawd einrhn elek xtqd cner dpniqay zizkldd dxnegd
lwyn mieedn dxend ly mihxetnd miilawd eivexizy it lr s`'y ,daeygd dpgada
dl` zeizxewia zeprh ,zipaxd zxeqnd lr eizeprh z` miwzyne cinlzd zeiyewl cbp
egnvy daiygd iqetc lr zeqqean ozeid swezn `weec onvrlyk zeipeige gek zexaev
322
.'zipaxd zextqd ly dkez jeza
.224-215 'nr ,my
.240-238 'nr ,my
.209 'nr ,my
.226-224 'nr ,my
.inebxza ,226 'nr ,my
[ 223 ]
318
319
320
321
322
82 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
wwfpy oeic - miypd ly 'ogetiw' zl`ya dpwd xtqa awepd oeicdy xryl ozip ,okè
oa iav izay did ekezay ,ipaxd mibyend mlern rape miizxeqnd miipyxtd milkl
dpwd xtq zrtydl sygpyn zyabznd ezrceza enzeg z` riahd - 323eixerpn zia
zxewia fkxna miypd ly zegpd oavn zcnrd mvr .dlawd cenila eicrv ziy`xa
.dzxbqna miypd cnrn zl`yl ezeyibx z` ccgl ick ea did ic dizehiye dkldd
gwld - (xxern èdy zeipxzgd zel`yl cebipa) xtqd ly ipxnyd egwl elitè
zeevnd iyrna ozelz z` mirhn ,izcd ogletd iign miypd zwgxd lr ,xen`k ,citwnd
dxyt`y
zeyinbd z` zizkldd dwiqtd on lhepe ,ozaeg ici oze` miìvend odilra ly
ibelehkq`d epeinc z` oifdl did leki - mxizdl e` odiyrn jxra xikdl mizrl dl
.igiynd ocird qext mr zexveid zkitd lr epefga alzydl ,epiid ,jtedna
zeìvnd jtdk 324,'àd mlerd' zqitz denke ,'èal cizrl' igiynd ocird zqitz
z` efg `xwnd iìap xak .minecw miizextq zexewnn zlylzyn zxkend zinei meid
e` ,dycg dìxak ,ea zekexkd zeieprxetde oicd mei zeawra dietvd ,minid zixg`
`hazdl mixen`d ,dixcqe zeìvnd raha mibiltn miiepiy llegzy ,dpyidycg
mdizeèapa minid zixg` zpenz .cg`k inqewde ilqxaipe`d ,ine`ld ,iyi`d xeyina
zenbn da zevvexzne ,zixehqidde zirahd zeìvnl zihwlìc dwifa èt` zcner
opi`y zexeqn - igiynd ocird lr l"fg zexeqnn mb 325.cgi mb zeiteheè zeiaihxehqx
oia ,zigkepd zeìvnd ixcq zkitdl diitivd mizrl zrnzyn - zg` dywn zeieyr
èdy itehe` cizr ly ezqixt jxc lr m` oia ,mlyende mecwd xarl daiyd jxc lr m`
daiyd oefgayk ,diaeaxra zenbnd izy zeynyn o`k mb ik m` ,xenb yecig zpigaa
zel`yd zg` 326.ziy`xa xkf ledn itehe`d oefgae ,miitehe` zeceqi miledn xard l`
ozpekzna dpx`yiz melk : èal cizrl zeevnd cnrn ìd dl` zeqitzn zeywaznd
,zeiecrd lk it lr .89-88 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,iav izay ly zipaxd ezlkyd lr
ly zipaxd zeaxzd zexewna dhily llkl ribde ,iceqi icenlze ipxez jepig [iav izay] laiw'
.(89 'nr ,my) 'xecd
mdipy miynynd ,'àd mlerd'e 'èal cizrl' mibyend oia dtitgd elitè daxd daxwd
lr
oeirxd ,xpfelw : lynl e`x ,o`kn zeend xg`ly miigde ,o`kn zigiynd dle`bd ocir z`xedl
E. K. ; 587 'nr ,(137 dxrd lirl) l"fg ,jaxe` ; 247-241 'nr ,(118 dxrd lirl) igiynd
.Ginsburg, The Sabbath in the Classical Kabbalah, New York 1989, pp. 145-146, note 46
zeìvnl cebipk mxwira miqtzp mdipyy dcaerd on raep mibyend ipy oia minegzd yehyh
.dfd mlera zxkend
'nr ,my ,xpfelw : lynl e`x ,dl` dipt z` zenirhnd ,`xwna zièapd dibelehkq`d lr zexiwql
zeigiyn ,(jxer) qxa 'v : jeza ,'zihtilwet`l zièapd dibelehkq`d on' ,xniidpte` 'a ; 140-1
.72-27 'nr ,c"nyz milyexi ,dibelehkqè
1975 aia`lz ,`xity '` zkixra ,eba mixac ,'l`xyia igiynd oeirxd zpadl' ,mely 'b : e`x
.167 ,157-156 'nr ,(eba mixac : oldl)
[ 224 ]
323
324
325
326
[ 83
xcrda iyep`d rahd jkcfiyn cegiiae ,ziy`xa ixcq epzyiyn mb otwezae zigkepd
dl`yl zeaeyzd ? dkldd ly zixqend dzxbqnl wwcfi `l aey mzqd one 327,rxd xvid
zeigvp z` minirhnd miaexnd l"fg ixn`n cvl .zg` dywn zeieyr opi` od s` ef
ycwnae l`xyi uxà zeielzd zeevnd ly ozlegz èln z` mifeg sè ,dizeevne dxezd
zexeqn mb zeievn 328,diepade dle`bd milyexia ogletd yecige zelbd mez mr
e` oaexa ,owlga zeevnd z` lhazy dycg zigiyn dxez oznl diitivd z` zetwynd
xidad zigiynd dxeza zeevnd lehial zitehe`d cizrd zpenz oia dwifd z` .ollka
: onwlck mely myxb
- mc`d ly zixqend ezpekza zektdnd e` raha miiepiyd zgpda ebiltdy lkk
dxenzd dwinrd ok - giynd zenia rxd xvi lehiak xzei xge`na excbedy
ecnriy xyt` i` dyrz`l e` dyr zeevn .dxezd zeevn iabl jkn daiigzpy
`l` ,rxd zripnle aehd ziiyrl mc`d z` ìadl dpi` aey ozilkzy onfa opira
.dizecb lr zktypd ziyep`d zexigd ly zigiynd zeiphpetqd jezn zeraep od
lka jxev dl oi` ixd ,aehd z` wx dniybn drah mvrn ìd ef zexigy xg`n
iiezitn mc`d lr xenyl ick dkldd dnvr z` dtiwd mday mixcbe 'mibiiq' mze`
yecig ly 329zipycgd dqitzd on dihd ly zexyt`d dlere dtv ef dcewpa .xvid
gek mixeqià cer didi `l ditly ,zitehe`d di`xd l` dzenlya dkldd oehly
[... ] y`xn llk oxryl oi`y ,zexg` zeyixc eèai mnewna `l` ,rixkne aiign
zetxhvn xac ly eteqa [... ] zigiynd ditehe`d jezl ikxp` ceqi rwzp jke
zeiteheà geka zefepbd zeihqinepihp`d zeihpd mb ikxp`d ceqid l`
330
.zeigiynd
lr ohytn oìvedl eqipy ,miipiad ini inkg xak ehalzd ef dnbn zetwynd zexeqna
,zexvpd mr qenletd ugla cegiia z`fe ,dxezd ly dzeigvp oexwr mr oayiil zpn
zra mixwegd oia s` 331.dztwyd it lr otwezn zeevnd zrwtdl qeqia oda dz`xy
; `"r ap dkeq ,ilaa : e`x ,èal cizrl 'ezxiwr' e` 'ezhigy' ,rxd xvid 'zbixd' lr l"fg zexeqnl
.cere ,jzelrda `negpz ; ai ,eh x"cna ; `n seq x"ny
'nr ,(137 dxrd lirl) l"fg ,jaxe` ; 310-309 'nr ,(118 dxrd lirl) igiynd oeirxd ,xpfelw : e`x
wlgd ,onqke xi`nl laeid xtq ,'zicedid dibeleh`kqà zevnd leha oeirx' ,l`hpfex 'i ; 274-273
.219-218 'nr ,f"kyz milyexi ,ixard
: e`x .ilbp`d xewnd gqepa jke ,ziaihxehqxd dqitzl xnelk ,divxehqx rnyna zepycgl dpeekd
.20 'nr ,igiynd oeirxd ,mely
.175-174 'nr ,eba mixac ,mely
dxrd lirl) 'zeevnd leha oeirx' ,l`hpfex ; 81-80 'nr ,h"vxz milyexi ,oiriwy ,onxail 'y : e`x
.233-222 'nr ,(328
[ 225 ]
327
328
329
330
331
84 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
lihdl oi` ,ok it lr s` 332.mixvepe mixnen iteifk oze`xl ehpe oda eywzdy eid dycgd
dxez" ,d"awd xn`' 333; 'èal cizrl zelha zeevn' : oebk mixn`n ly mzepnidna wtq
: wgvi 'x mya dikxa 'x .`vz iz`n dxez yecig - "[4 `p 'yi it lr] `vz iz`n dycg
`ly in lke ,èal cizrl miwicvd eicarl zeyrl d"awd cizr lecb [dcerq] oehqix`
alg" ,[aizkc èd `cd] c"dd ,àd mlera lek`l dkef dfd mlera zetxhe zelap lk`
epnn elk`zy liaya ,"[24 f 'ie] edelk`z `l lkè dk`ln lkl dyri dtxh alge dlap
335
; 'àd mler ly dxezd iptl èd lad dfd mlera cnl z`y dxez lk' 334; 'èal cizrl
d`nhpy dndad lk ,mixne` yi ? mixeq` xizn edn - "[7 enw 'dz] mixeq` xizn 'd" '
dn lk z` xizn èd èal cizrle [... ] èal cizrl d"awd dze` xdhn dfd mlera
d"awd dxqè mc dèx dy`y dcpd on lecb xeq` oi` ,mixeq` xizn edne [... ] xq`y
- zexge`nd dizeakya xdefd zextq s` 337.cere 336,'dxizn èd èal cizrle ,dlral
dpigada ,dkxc it lr dl` miitehe` miaihen zgztn - xdefd ipewize `pnidn ìrxd
,dnlrpd dxezd oial ,'dìxac dxez' ìd ,ziy`xa dyrna dzlbzdy dxezd oia
zrcd ur mr ddefn 'dìxac dxez'd .'zeliv`c dxez' ìd ,giyn zenia wx dlbzzy
,dielbd zeìvna rxl aeh oia dpigand ,dkldde zeevnd zkxrn mr xnelk ,rxe aeh
zniiwzn ,miigd ur mr ddefnd ,'zeliv`c dxez'd dznerl .m`zda zxqeè dxizne
ibiiql zernyn lk ea oiè ,dlabde dpgad lkl lrn èdy ,dtexvd zeipgexd megza
icil dkldde zeevnd eèai ,ef dxez ly dpniqa cnerd ,igiynd cizray o`kn .dkldd
338
.mixkend odiiehia lkn zilkza dpey iehia
zeriztn zepenza ryrzydl ibelehkq`d oeincl gzt migzet dl` oebk zepeirx
dlral dcipd zxzd ,zelape zetxh x`ye xifg zlik` : àd mlerd iign zeiaihweaexte
ixcb zxtda zeìvnd ixcq jetidn onqwe ogek lk z` zeaèyd zepenz - dlà `veike
qeqial dyrnl mxez ,zikxp`d ezerxtzda biltnd ,oeinc eze` elit` mpn` .dkldd
cizrl ziynnd zeìvnd oia xrtd lceb z` `weec mirhn èd ixdy ,zizkldd zxbqnd
xtq ,'mipiadini ly zcdznglna mnewne ipihxn qecpeniix ly mitiefnd miyxcnd' ,xra 'i : e`x 332
S. Lieberman, Raymund ; 49-28 'nr ,1942 milyexi ,oiilw lènyle w`leb xy`l oexkf
Martini and his Alleged Forgeries, Historia Judaica, 5 (1943), pp. 87-102
.a"r `q dcp ,ilaa

.b ,bi x"wie
.'giyn ly ezxez iptl ìd lad dfd mlera cnl mc`y dxez lk' : g ,ì ,my oke ; ` ,a x"dw
.535 'nr ,`"pxz `pliee ,xraà 'y zxecdn ,mildz yxcn
,(328 dxrd lirl) 'zeevnd leha oeirx' ,l`hpfex : e`x ,dl` oebk mixn`n xyr dying ly dniyxl
.222-219 'nr
; 85-67 'nr ,(ceqiiwxt : oldl) e"lyz milyexi ,dilnqe dlawd zpada ceqiiwxt ,mely 'b : e`x
: oldl) `"kyz-f"iyz milyexi ,a-` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz 'i ; 178-176 'nr ,eba mixac ,l"pd
.90 dxrd 312 ,164 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail ; cvy-fty 'nr ,a ,(xdefd zpyn
[ 226 ]
333
334
335
336
337
338
[ 85
lekl lrn xdefae l"fg zextqa zeynyn lirl eàedy zexeqndy dnec ,okè .itehe`d
envr ea dèxy in ly igiynd epefg z` avrl ogeka wtwtl oi` ,z`f lk mr .df ciwtza
zieeykrd zeìvnl eicia jtede jledd cizr eze` - itehe`d cizrd ly ellegn z`
.ynn
zepnl ozip ,ziynnd zeìvnd zpenz z` zektdnd ,zeibelehkq` zexeqn oze` llka
dziidy zxeqn - àd mlera miypd cnrna zcwnznd ,dcigi hrnke zg` zxeqn
ezxeya lr dnzeg z` riahdle iav izay ly epeinc z` zextdl ìd s` dieyr
miyp itl` zexyra miqlke`nd ,miininyd zelkidd d`xna xaecn .miypl zipktdnd
dlawd ixtq ipyn cg` - 339xdefd xtq it lr i`gei xa oerny 'xl dlbzpy ,zewicv
.zn`d znkg cenill ezexirva dptyn iav izay cwy cala mdilre ,xen`k ,mdilry
'`nlr i`d'n ogaend ,(xg` mler) '`xge` `nlr'a miypd zelkid z` mwnn xdefd mpn`
zepeyd eize`qxb lr ea wxy ,'ocr ob xcq' dpeknd xge`nd 'yxcn'de ,(dfd mlerd)
mipekn md mye) 'oetv z`tl ocr oba' mze` mwnn 340,ef xdef zxeqnl dliawn iz`vn
zepigzd zextq lr ivelgd dxwgna ,xlqiie deg ef zxeqnl dyxcp dpexg`l .a"r fqw ,b"g ,xdef 339
Ch. Weissler, Voices of the Matriarchs, Boston 1998, Chapter 5: : e`x .yiciia miypl
eadem, Women in : df wxt ly zncewd ezqxb mb e`xe ,Women in Paradise( pp. 76-85)
miypd iyrn lr xdefd zxeqn z` dgzip xlqiie .Paradise, Tikkun, 2 (1987), pp. 43-46, 117-120
zcrein dwlga dziidy ,yiciia zinnrd zextqa dineyix xg` dzwgzde ,ocr oba zewicvd
mpi`y mixable) miypl dyibp dziid mewn lkne ,miyp icia dwlga dazkp s` ileè ,miypl
xeìz ly dl` miceairminebxza .(zinxà e` ycewd oeyla mihley mpi` md sè minkg icinlz
dnbnd zxkip ,g"i-f"id ze`nd jldna mipey mibeqn mixeaiga miritend ,xdefa miypd ocr ob
miceaird zèeydn .xdefd seba mixkfpd eibiiq z` hinydle miypd ly ipgexd ogek z` mivrdl
izextqd xywda rawpe ilawd exywdn xwrpy dryn cegiia ,ixdefd xewndy xlqiie dwiqn xewnl
,miypd xeaivl zexiyi eze` dptde `yepd ly ecegii z` hilady xywd ,zepigzd zextq ly ycgd
.xaben izc geke invr jxr zyegz odl zepwdl egeka did
,[ziyily dxecdn] .v.c) g"lxz-b"ixz bivtiil ,yxcnd zia ,'a `gqep ocr ob xcq' ,wpili '` : e`x 340
xryn (xxviii-xxvi 'nr ,my) df 'yxcn'l ipnxbd eèana .136 'nr ,iyily xcg ,(f"kyz milyexi
e`x j` .minecw zexewn lr qqazda d`xpd lkk ,dxyr zg`d d`nd zivgna jxrl xagzpy wpili
dzrtyd ipniq ea mixkipy dgpda ,dxyr mizyd d`nd seql xeaigd z` xg`nd ,bxavpib ixac
ixac oke ,(97 dxrd ,33-32 'nr ,d ,[136 dxrd lirl] micedid zecb`) 'ziaihlewtq dwihqin' ly
daexw dwif raew mely .(283-274 'nr ,eba mixac) dxyr yelyd d`nd seql cr exg`nd ,mely
dc dyn 'x ède cg` mxagny xryn sè ,inx`d xdefd xtqa ezliawnl ixard 'ocr ob xcq' oia
ik m` ,oirl zxwcfn xdefa odilkid xeìzl df 'yxcn'a miypd ixecn xeìz oia dwifd .oeìl
e` 'odizexic' oiipna mieqn yeaiy lg zexewnd ipyae ,d`ln dppi` miypd zenya dtitgd
ly odizelerte odizelrn xeìz èd eppiiprl mdipia izernynd lcadd .miininyd 'odizelkid'
,dxez cenill odipa oenif - zizxeqnd ziypd ozwcva wxe j` zepiihvn od 'ocr ob xcq'a : miypd
zegazyn ode ,dlà `veike micqg zelinb ,odilra lv` migx`znd minkg icinlzl mipt zxaqd
zewqer od xdefd zqxba eliè ; elcibe egtihy e` mlerl eìady - dyne sqei - mi`ltend mixaba
.oldl e`xe ,odinrha zepc sè ,dfd mlera oniiwl ekf `ly dxezd zeevna jkl sqep
[ 227 ]
86 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
miwicvd zenyp zeniiwzn eay àd mlera ,xnelk ,(zelkid `le 'zexic' e` 'zexecn'
dtitgd elitè daexwd dwifd j` .mnvrl mdyk giynd zenia `weec e`le ,zeend xg`l
341
,lirl dxkfp xak igiynd èal cizrd zpenzl zeend xg`ly àd mlerd zpenz oia
,ziynnd zeìvnd ly riztnd dketidk zipeincd zeìvnd xeiv èd odl szeynde
xdefd raew àd mlera zeipwcvd miypd iyrn xeìz z` .eppiiprl rbepd èdy
'migely' ipy itn mdl dkf i`gei xa oerny 'x xy` mi`lten miielib ly mxywda
'x xn`' : ixhef` rcina ezekfl mipeilra 'daiyid y`x'n zeyx elaiwy ,miininy
`wlql o`kf i` ,`nlr èdda oiyp .il `rce`l lekiz i` rcpnl `pira `cg dln ,oerny
ezeà miyp .il ricedl lkez m` zrcl dvex ip` cg` xac] ? onz oepi` jid e` `lirl
driztn oerny 'x ly ezl`y 342.'[? my od ji` e` ,dlrnl zelrl zekef od m` ,mler
xenyd àd mlera `ln wlg zeipwcvd miypl yi m` zedzl mnzin èd : dnvrl ìdyk
dxe`kl z`fe ,(oeilrl oezgz ocr obn mzqd on - 'dlrnl zelrl od zekef m`') miwicvl
zepa ilew dprny dpnw
zepp`y miyp' weqtd z` zyxtnd ,l"fg zxeqnl cebipa
zeghA
`ly it lr s`) zeipwcvd miypl dpzipy àd mler zghadk (9 al 'yi) 'izxn` dpf`d
meiwa odilrale odipal eyibdy reiqd zekfa (odilr zelg opi`y zeevnd xky z` exav
mixabl dpzipy dghadd on 'dlecb'k l"fg exicbd dze`y dghad - dxez cenlz zeevn
miypd zxihty zexyt`d rlaena zrnzyn mxn`nn mpn` 343.(zeevnd lka miaiigd)
j` ,zeidz zxxernd dira ìd enler z` mc`d dpew ozervnày zeevnd ziaxnn
jkl oze` liaend lelqnd ik m` ,mixabk zegtl zei`kf miypd - zirnyncg mzaeyz
miypd iyrn ly hxetn xeìza dpnn biltne ,ef zxeqna yeniy dyer xdefd .dpey
'x zl`yl daeyza .'xg`' mler ezeà odl ecgiizpy zelkida 'zepp`y'de zewicvd
: (zixarl inx`d xewnd mebxza) migelyd cg` el geecn ,i`gei xa oerny
zkextdy mewna ,mipecire zebeprz dnka ,il e`xd zelkid dyiy ,iax dd`
z`vnp cg` lkida .llk miqpkp mixkf oi` d`lde zkext dze`n ik ,oba dyext
odn zgè zg` lkle .dz` zewicv miyp itlè zeaax dnke 344,drxt za diza
mifixkn mei lka minrt yely .wgec lk `ll ,[dlyn] mipecire xe` zenewn yi
cebxt ly enewnl z`vei dizae .dà on`pd ìapd dyn ly ezenc dpd : mifexkd
,iwlg ixy` : zxneè diptl deegzyne dyn zenc z` dèxe ,dl yiy cg`
,miypd l` zxfeg ìd .mlekn xzei ,dly [cgeind] beprzd edfe .df xe` izlciby
.324 dxrd lirl e`x

.`"r fqw ,b"g ,xdef
.`"r fi zekxa ,ilaa
.b ,` x"wie : dilr e`x
[ 228 ]
341
342
343
344
[ 87
,xe` yeala ,dfd mlera oda eidy zeienc ozeà olek .dxezd zeevna zewqer ode
dfd mlera oniiwl ekf `ly dxezd zeevn .jk zexi`n opi`y `l` ,mixkfd yealk
za diza mr zeayeid dl`d miypd lke .èdd mlera odinrhae oda zewqer od
xg` lkida .mepidib ixeqiia llk exqiizd `ly ,zepp`y miyp ze`xwp drxt
meia minrt yely .mitlè zeaax ,miyp dnk dzè 345,xy` za gxq z`vnp
cg` cebxtl z`veie ,dgny ìde .dà wicvd sqei zenc dpd ,diptl mifixkn
ixy` : zxneè ,eiptl deegzyne dgny ìde ,sqei zenc xe` z` dèxe ,dl yiy
ode ,miypd x`y l` zxfeg ìd jk xg` .ipwf lv` jzxeya z` izxxer eay meid
zg` lkl yi dgnye zenewn dnke ,eny zecedle mler oec` zegayza zewqer
346
.odinrhae dxezd zeevna weqrl zexfeg od jk xgè zgè
mifixkn oi`' dyn m` cakei ly dlkida : miypd zelkid x`y mixèzn mixacd jynda
,meia minrt yely mler oec`l zegayne zecen dzvignay miypd zeaax la` ,'llk
zkextd ixeg`n - mzqd on) ocr oba miwicvdyk ,dgevipa mid zxiy z` zexy sè
myd z` dnr migayne micen' mik`lnde ,dlewl miaiywn (miypd leab z` zngezd
mlera dxn` ìdy dxiy dzeà' zexnfne miypd zecen dxeac ly dlkida ; 'yecwd
,'zeyecwd zedn`d' ly mixzqpd odizelkid zrax` xekfà miizqn xeìzde ; 'dfd
.'zelbzdl exqnp `l'e ,mze` d`x `l yi`y
fkxna zeipwcvd miypd z` micinrn mpn` dl` mixeìz 347,xlqiie dpiivy itk
ozezigp ipniq mda mixkip oiicr j` ,ozlecbae ogaya mibiltne zininyd zelirtd
od oi` ,mixabk ,xe` yeal zeiehr ody zexnl : mixabl qgia miypd ly zizxeqnd
ozwify mixabd zeiencl odizy zeegzyn xy` za gxqe drxt za dizae ,mzenk zexi`n
opi` ziynnd zeìvnd ixcq xarl dl` zeihq ,ok it lr s` .ozlecb xewn ìd mdil`
`weec mirhdl ,xeìzd ly zixwird eznbn z` yhyhl ozlekia oiè ,lbxdd gxek `l`
odizeaeg lkn zexeht ocr oba odizelkida miypd ixdy .ef zeìvn ly dipt jtd z`
,daxc` ; dgtynde miclid lecib ,ziad lerl ,dqpxtd zecxhl xkf o`k oi` - zeivx`d
zexinf - dlitz : miipgex 'mipecire zebeprz'l zewicvd miypd zeyicwn opnf lk z`
lr elg `ly zeevn oze` ,mixabd zeevna `weec xaecne - zeevna weqirde ,zegayze
eipa ipa zeniyxa minrt dnk ea zxkfpd ,xy` za (gxy l"v) gxq lr mihxt wtqn eppi` `xwnd 345
,dznkg ,dzeciqg ,ditei gaya mixtqne ,lig zy` dze` mipkn dcb`d iyxcn j` ,awri ly
dpibpae xnfa Dpwf awril dxyia x`yd oia .miiga dcera ocr obl dzqipke miilwifend dixeyik
lirl) micedid zecb` ,bxavpib : e`x ,dilr miiyxcnd zexewnl zeiptd llyl .zn `l sqei epay
.dkxra ,gztnd ,f jxk it lr ,(136 dxrd
.a"r fqw ,b"g ,xdef 346
.79 'nr ,(339 dxrd lirl) zelew ,xlqiie 347
[ 229 ]
88 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
inrha zepc s` ody `l` cala ef `l .my ocera oniiwl ekf `le ,dfd mlera miypd
ipeir weqir - (miilawd odinrhl i`ceea dpeekd ,xdefd ly hand zcewpne) zeevnd
miypdy o`kn 348.yxetna epnn exced dfd mlera miypdy ,zwelgna iepye wdaen
zeiekf zeeey ,ze`ln zetzey od - dfd mlera oavnl reeyn cebipa - àd mlera
ocnrn zlawdl mpn` .mixabd ly miipgexde miilèhwlhpi`d mdiweqirl ,zeaege
`nei dleka' : mipind ipy oia dxengd dcxtdd deelzn àd mlera mixabd cnrnl izcd
enk ,ocal (miypd) od meid lka] ikd se` oixaebe ,jl `pin`c `nk oedicegla oep`
zcgein zeyx elhpy ,miininy 'migely' mze` elitè ,'[jk md s` mixabde ,jl izxn`y
xen`k mitiwyn ,i`gei xa oerny 'xl mdilr geecl zpn lr miypd zelkid lr siwydl
ef dcxtd ly dneiw .zevgl mixkfd lr xq`p dleab z`y ,'zkext'l xarn ,uegan
ixeaiv oia dlicand ,zxkend zivx`d zeìvnl xkf èd s` zicizrd zipeincd zeìvna
miyp`d'y dpen`d z` ztwyn l"fg zxeqny mb dn 349,rxd xvid yygn mixabde miypd
xexa 350.'miiw rxd xvid oi`y drya' ,giyn zenia elit` 'onvr ipta miypde onvr ipta
xdefd oi` ,dfd mlera ocnrn jtdk àd mlera miypd cnrn z` ezqitz zexnly èt`
i`pza elit`y xekfl yi la` .miizxeqnd zixcbnd daygnd iqetcn oihelgl xxgzyn
evtgy miyp oze`l znieqn zexig 351'onvr ipta mr'k ozxcbd dzpwd zivx`d zeìvnd
mnlera mdn excedy ogletde gexd iig ly minegza mb odl zecgeind zexbqna lertl
xdefd uxet ocr oba - 'mler eze`'a zewicvd miypd iyrn xeìza 352.mixabd ly
,dlzz oniq ,(139 dxrd lirl) miciqg xtq lr jnzqda ,219 'nra 8 dxrde 80-79 'nr ,my ,xlqiie
in ,[` ,k dheq ,dpyn] exn`y dne ,zekld iwqt oebk zevnd eizepal cnll mc` aiig' : qxebd
micnln oi` dxezd iceqe zevnd mrhe cenlzd wner edf ,zeltiz dcnln el`k dxez ezal cnlny
.'ohwle dy`l
.109-100 'nr ,(211 dxrd lirl) zeevnde dy`d ,oeqpil` : e`x
.`"r ap dkeq ,ilaa ; a ,d dkeq ,inlyexi : e`x
.`"r aq zay ,ilaa
ziigpda ,'miyp ly zqpkd zia'a odly oxeaiva lltzdl zifpky`d daiaqa miypd elki ,lynl ,jk
dxrd lirl) zelew ,xlqiie jk lr e`x .dlitzd gqepa dìwa dziidy ,'rwxrb`f'd e` 'oixrb`fxit'd
I. Abrahams, Jewish Life in the ; my zeitxbeilaiad zeiptdde ,12 dxrd 195-194 ,9 'nr ,(339
mzia zepa llk jxca - zeipcnl miyp lr reci ok enk .Middle Ages, London 1896, pp. 25-26
: lynl e`x .odipiipra miypl ewqte ,miyp zeklda zeìwa eidy - mzaiaqa mireci dkld ixen ly
,(Bellette) hla lr ,62 dxrd ,224 'nr ,`"nyz milyexi ,mipey`xd fpky` inkg ,onqexb '`
xtqne .miypl dkld dwqty ,`"id d`nd zivgna ztxv oetv inkgn ,mgpn oa wgvi 'x ly ezeg`
cxtpa j` mixabl liawna ecnl ztva i"x`d ly eicinlz zeypy zexyt`d zrnzyn i"x`d igay
dnk mdl yxtl gihade 'mixag'd z` qpik ,zenl eilr xfbpy i"x`l dlbzpyn ,my xteqnk .mdn
dipae dy` lk ,shle miypl exvga mixcg owize xbqd mdl owiz axd f`' .ezewlzqd mcew zeceq
miyp`l xcg epinfde ,eyr oke' : o`k xn`p ci azka xtqd ze`qxbn dnkae ,'dnvr ipta cg` xcg
miyp`l xecne cgein xvg egwle ,eyr oke' : e` ,'dlilae meia micnel eide ,mcal miypl xcge mcal
[ 230 ]
348
349
350
351
352
[ 89
inegzl yeltl odl dxizda ,zivx`d zeìvna miypl zxeqnd dgzty df gzt dgeexl
xexa .odly onegza ozelirt z` mvnvl ecitwd cer lk mixabd ly miipgexd mdiweqir
oeird ,dlitzd zery - cala meid zery lr dlg ocr oba mixabd on miypd zcxtdy mb
mixkfd beeifl - dfd mlerak àd mlera - xdefd cgiin dlild zery z` .cenilde
: zeawpde
m` oia ,dlild zevga ìd beeifd zryy iptn ,cg`k mlek millkp dlil lkae
dnyp zewaczd èd mler eze` ly beeifd .mler ezeà m` oiae dfd mlera
xg` oin ,ie`xk lkde .seba seb èd dfd mlerd ly beeifd .xeà xe` ,dnypa
ixy` [... ] xe` xg` xe` mler eze` beeif ,seb xg` seb ,beeif xg` beeif ,epin
lkl mikefe ,dfd mlera dxyi jxca mikledd ,zeawpe mixab ,miwicvd ly mwlg
xqnp `l ,dz` i`gei xa `lnl` ,iax dd` ,iax dd` .mler eze` ly zebeprzd
beeifa dfd mlera dyrpy ixtd on xzei ixt dyrp mler eze` beeif[n] .zelbl
od ,ef mr ef zenyp zewaczn xy`k ,cg`k mpevxa ,mler eze` beeifa .mdly
,mixiibznd mixbl zenyp mde ,zexp miyrpe ,zexe` mdn mi`veie ,zexit zeyer
353
.cg` lkidl miqpkp dl` lke
e` ,mthe mdizeypn micneld mixabd zcxtdl ìd dpeekd m` rixkdl dyw ik m` ,'mcal miype
'nr ,(28 dxrd lirl) edipa zxecdn ,i"x`d zeclez xtq : e`x .miypd ly lreta liawn cenill
.94 'nr ,(299 dxrd lirl) onvr ipta mr ,ocnl : eeyde ; 201
lr jilydl ozip ocr oba miypd cnrn ly df xeìzn .inebxza ,`"r gqw-a"r fqw ,b"g ,xdef 353
mye dt miritend - `xwnd zexeaib llk jxca - zewicv miyp ly àd mlera ozlrn ixeìz
dxwira zqqazn igiynd cizra e` ocr oba zipgexd ozlecba dbltd lk : zilawd yexcd zextqa
da ,ibelehkq`d oeincd zefegnl ef oirk dbltd .zivx`d zeìvnd jtdk àd mlerd zqitz lr
z`y xzia dyignn ìd - xnegde sebd - irahd onegz zeleabn miypd z` zvlgn ìdy drya
zepwqn dnvrl ìdyk dpnn wiqdl oiè ,iynnd mei meid zefegna miniiwde mixixyd eizeleab z`
'x iciqgd wicvd ly ezyxc z` yxtl ozip ef gexay dnec .dibed ly 'ipeieeyd mfilwicxd' lr
- ziciqgd drepzd ly dziihpl zihxe`z dfig` da `vn olet dingpy ,oiihyt` onlw qenipelw
N. Polen, Miriams Dance: : e`x .miyp ly zipgexd ozebidpna xikdl - eztwyd it lr
.Radical Egalitarianism in Hasidic Thought, Modern Judaism, 12 (1992), pp. 1-21
ezyxc z` olet ìan ,'zeciqga miypd lr' ixn`na izecnrn
dnk mr ea qnltzn èdy ,df xn`na

dixg` miypd lk dìvedy' in l`k dìapd mixnl zqgiiznd ,mid zxiy lr onlw qenipelw 'x ly
my oi` xy` oeilr xe` jiyndl ick [22 `l 'xi] "xab aaeqz dawp" ceqa zetwd mdnr dzyre
,àwepe xkc zpigaa xn` dyny iptn ,[1 eh 'ny] " 'dl dxiy`" dyn xn` okle .àwepe xkc zpiga
mixn la` .xiy` f` biy`yk ,cizr oeyl exn` okl [...] oeilrd zexidad xe` oiicr rited `ly
,[21 eh 'ny] "exiy" exn` okl .xzei biydl xyt` i` xy` f` ebiyde ,oeilr xe` dztwda dkiynd
milyexi ,` ,ynye xe`n ,oiihyt` w"w : e`x .'xzei biydl xyt` i`y dn did mzbydy dzr
lrn èdy ,'oeilr xe`' eze` .4 'nr ,my ,ilbp` mebxza olet ly exn`nae ,grw 'nr ,e"nyz
cr eznyp wlg cg` lk owzi cizrl la`' : èal cizrl dlbziy xe`d èd ,dawpl xkf oia dpgadl
[ 231 ]
90 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
zcgein dxeyak yxtzdle dxywdn wzpidl dgek mvr lry ,ef zicegii xdef zxeqn
dlki 354,yiciia miypl zepigzd zextqa mii`nvrd dileblbn cenll ozip miypl
.miypd ly ozle`b oefg z` ea xxerle ,iav izay ly ibelehkq`d epeinc z` s` zextdl
ly ekeeiza xen`k epicil ribdy ,ipktdnd ipeieeyd rvna iehia icil à oefg eze`
mlera miypd ly oneiw i`pz z` zieeykrd zeìvna miybdl sèyd rvnd ède 355,opew
miypde ,eiykr xak jlede ynnzn àd mlerd ,iav izay ly ezqitz it lr ixdy .àd
ynn ,oxyeàe odiyrn lka mdl zeezydle odilral 'oceary'n xxgzydl ea zepnefn
.ocr ob zelkiday ozvigna zewicvd miypd oze`k
zeiaeig zexev zwivil gekd iav izaya ea oi`' ,mely myxb oiivy itk ,mpn`
llk oeekzp `l dfy it lr s` ,icnl liv` iehia opew ixaca `vny - epefge ,df xexgyl
xxgyne ipeieey rvn ,okè 356.'zeriaw ilae stex x`yp - ! dl` mixac zxiqna egayl
drepzd ileblba `l sè ,iav izay iiga `l ,ziawr zeipicn ickl mlern yabzp `l df
lka ezedel` zexida xe` f` riteie ,lke lkn elhazi zeipevigde miyecwd oivevipd elrie ,eyxy
dgilvn mixny xexa .(my) 'àwepe xkc zpiga f` didi `le ,dey ewde lebird didie ,zenlerd
dzìxwl zetxhvnd miypde ìd .igiynd cizra wx zelbzdl crepy xe`d z` dzrya jeynl
xeyina odl ynnznd ibelehkq`d xeyina dry dzeà zelret - deed onfa ieeiv oeyl - 'exiy'
ède - ieeykrde ibelehkq`d - mixeyind ipy oia oekp l` oigan ,oznerl ,dyn .zinybd ozeìvn
xnel dvx' : dpnf èaa ynnzzy dpexg`d dle`bl zpeeknd - 'dxiy`' - cizr oeyl rcena hwep
,dcizrd dle`bd zra ,f`y xnel dvxy ,"dxiy`" xn` ok lr ,dxiy `le ,xiy ,`xekc oeyla [...]
dkfn sè dkefd ,mixn ly ipgexd dbyid ,olet mirhny itk ,mpn` .(frw 'nr ,my) 'dl xiyp f`
.deedd ibiiql wezxd ,dyn ly ebyid lr xaeb ,zicizrd dle`bd 'mrh'a miypd x`y z` rbx ezeà
lekl lrn zcnlnd driaw ,zibelehkq`d ezxbqna iypd byidd rawp icka `l ,ok it lr sè
- mixn dpbzn dnvr dyxc dzeà ,cere z`f .ziynnd zeìvnd i`pzn ezbixg lr `weece
xiyl dzkf `l eihray dgex xvew lr - 'àwep zpiga' dzeida zlaben dziid zedelà dzbydy
,dìap dzidy it lr s` ,mixne' : dnez cr dxn`py dyn zxiyl cebipa ,dzxiyn cg` weqt `l`
dzid ,dyn xn`y cr dpiznd eliè .zennexd z`xid dbiyd `le ,àwep zpiga dzid mewn lkn
eaye mid jez l` mixvnd eày dz`xyk skiz wx ,dpiznd `l ìd la` .dxiyd lk xnel dleki
dvx .[20 eh 'ny] "dcia sezd z` ...gwze" cin ,mid jeza dyaia ekld l`xyi ipae mdilr mind
`l jkitl ,dyn lr dpiznd `le ,dxiy xnel [d`xid zpiga `ll] cal dad` zpiga dqtzy xnel
miypd mb exnè exfg ,dxiyd z` l`xyi ipae dyn xn`yk ,jk xgè ,cal df weqt `l` xnel dbiyd
ly ezxiy zxin` .(3 'nr ,olet ly exn`na ilbp` mebxzae ,my) 'dnez cr dxiyd lk z` mdnr
,dnlyd dxin`d ìd ,deedd zle`b zelabna dxkd jezn igiynd cizra dle`bd lr zfnxnd ,dyn
z` ef dyxca zelzl xyt`y il d`xp `l .xab èd dze` xne`dy `lt lk oiè ,dzryl dtid
gzn lk zelleyn onlw qenipelw 'x ly eizeyxcy mb dn ,olet da `vny ipeieeyd mfilwicxd
ziciqgd zeìvna dawpl xkf oia dpgadl xarn l` zelrzdd z` dfeg èd oi`y i`cee ,icin igiyn
.eini ly
.293 dxrd aiaq lirl e`x 355
[ 232 ]
[ 91
,giynd ly 'mixf'd eiyrnn dnk exe`l yxtl hlgda ozip la` .ezen ixg` zigiynd
oday izzikd oebx`d zeipazae ,eiyxei zexeza ixewnd epefg iaedad z` zedfl sè
.eizeawra lertl ekiynd
cgeind oiiprd lr ,miypl iav izay ly ezaig lr micnl ep` zexewn dnke dnkn
d`xp .zepey zeaiqpa onr cgiizdl sè oda envr z` siwdl eziihp lre ,oda dliby
ilèqwqexhdd beeifd dyrn z` ixdy - zeipin zexar
revia myl `weec e`l z`f dyry
357
mb `l` - eiiga zepey zetewza oihelgl epnn xfpzd sè iziirak deeg envr
micbepn md mpn`y ,inihpi` izxag rbn ly mixywda e` 358miilnqmiiqwh mixywda
gxkda mda oi` la` ,miiziixexry elitè 'mixf' miyrnk eqtzpe ,dgexl e` dkldl
lr el zexeq` oleky ,ely eizeyexbae yi` zeypa bdp ef jxca .ynn dnif iyrn meyn
,jk .mipey mikxvl ezeyxl odizea` ecinrdy ,mipin`nd zepan zelezaa sè ,oic it
iyi` xewiaa eiade` z` cakln rpnp `l mb [iav izay] èd' : opew q`nez geecn ,lynl
on - xnel ahen e` ,oyhpy miypd zxaga minrt rax` e` yely ddzyp jk .mziaa
oz` ggeye zeiaala onr ybtp èd 359.epnn egwlpy miypd - lirl dxkfpy daiqd
yxbzpy yi`y itl ,micedid zeevn it lr yxetna xeq` xacdy s` ,ocil ezaya
yhxetyy 360.'cg` bb zgz dnr zedyl el xeqè ,dnr ggeyl i`yx epi` aey ezy`n
oipre' : aewxwn zxbià eicil dribdy dreny wizrn èd .dl` mirexi` lr èd s` rcei
ep`xz xtq lr miaezk md `ld dpey`xd ezyexb mr ecgizde zeèyp miyp mr ecewix
: hxtne siqen èd ,epxeeila epiteq l`tx 'xl ely ezxbià ,mixacd jyndae 361.'onwl
x`yd oia dìady) dxeng ziptbq zeyixt oia ,iav izay ly miipind eiiga zeipeviwd zecepzd lr
,dheq zinepihp` zipin zelirtl (dìa zeevn oda miiw `ly ,zepey`xd eizeyp izyn eiyexibl
ly dipiit`nn ody ,zip`n zelrzd iavnl oe`kic iavn oia zecepzl dl` zecepz ly ozwif lre
.110-104 'nr ,` ,my ,mely ; 656-650 'nr ,'giyn zrcl' ,miiwl` : e`x ,el zqgeind ytpd zlgn
dàd devnd oipry ybced xak la`' : e`x ,mipeyne miibibg miqwh ycgl iav izay ly eziihp lr
mi`hazn mpi`y ,c`n miwfge mixg` miihqilèhix miteqik eznypa yi .lkd epi` dxiara
.zg` dtitka mda mixb wigvnde abypdy ,midenz mildpe mixcq z`vnda `l` zirbx zexwtda
,miqwhe mixcq z`vnda mb zcgein gex zgp el yi .cg` hpnen wx èd xeqiày xzqpd beprzd
.(314 'nr ,my ,mely) 'xeqi` meyn mda oi` mnvrl mdyky
ziy`xa opew xtqn odl milyekd eièyip lry ,iav izay ly zepey`xd eizeyp izyl ezpeek
- dxaqd zkldn jk - dil` à `l èd .diicedi za dy`l `yp ,mipy c"k e` a"k oa didyk' : exeaig
mè (zeaexw mizrl izrny df xeìa) zenecn dxdhe dyecw z`tn m` ,zipteb dyleg zngn m`
epnn dxrpd dgwlp ,oièyipd zixa ly dzilkz l` enr dribd `ly oeeik .mixg` mixzqp minrhn
dziae ,xinfi`n ìd s` ,diicedi za aey `yp onf xg`l .eiptln dze` dgc ik ,micedid htyn it lr
eièyipa rxi` mipey`xd eièyipa rxi`y dn la` .xira micedid oia ce`n cakp zea` zia
.(39 'nr ,èey zeitiv) 'dpey`xd enk ,diipyd ezy` mb epnn dgwlp ok lr .mipexg`d
.54 'nr ,my ,opew
[ 233 ]
357
358
359
360
361
92 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
fftn zewgynd miypd zettez zenlr jeza dpix epeyle eit `lnie cwxnke wgvnk idie'
oex` iptl envr z` liwd ea xga xy` 'd iptl ik ,eixiy lk eaygp ceck `le ,xkxkne
zellegnd miypd exnì dne .dexrl milibxnd y`x zelwe wegya `le ,m"iwl`d
zepa mr zelegna xiyl eit utew izla utwne blcn i"avk lw m"iwl` giyn ik mze`xa
e`le 'deexrl milibxnd y`x zelwe wegy'a xaecnd ok`y d`xp 362.'zeèypd l`xyi
z` dpkn ,miiqenletd eixiyn cgà ,qiqp`xt lèpnr ik m` ,ynn 'deexr'a `weec
wigd z`fl ,cid z`fl ,owype owag zexeq` miyp' : hxtne ,'sèp yi`' iav izay
ux`d i`zayd xtqn ,miypl iav izay ly ,dxwirn ziqwh ,dpey dwif lr 363.'rwez
ipepib mixèzn my .ocnr awri zwzrda exnzydy eizepexkifa ,iwpeew mdxa` il`xyi
miray' mdipiae ,iletilbay 'fer lcbn'a exq`n ztewza giynd el lbiqy zeklnd
zexkfp aey 364.'eiptl zxyl zekled zekln iyeal l`xyi ilecb zepa d`xn zeti zeleza
ipya ,ipin `l d`xpd lkk la` xexa `l jxevl iav izay ly eicia ecwtedy ,zeleza
it lr .giynd zxnd ixg` xvw onf exagzpe ,ihp`l`b mdxa` mqxty miipnx` zexewn
xgè ,dn onfl ezaxwa wifgd oda ,zeleza yely' mipin`nd eicil exqn ,my xteqnd
yeniy da zeyrl ilan wifgd da s`y ,dxrpl dwifa ixezqn dyrn lr 365.'oxxgy jk
ztewzay xn`p my .izfrd ozpl ipikid mdxa` ly b"lz uiwn ezxbià xteqn ,ipin
dxrp 'mipeilrd eipewiz jxc' el gwl ,letepihphqpewa iav izay ly dpexg`d ezedy
- 'mil`rnyid ztihra dtihrd'e ,el dzxd s` d`xpd lkke ,xg`l zqxe`n dziidy
ly eize`gn zexnl z`fe ,dxy ezy` ipt lr miinlqen mièyipa dyi`l el d`yp
ezecr it lr .xira mipin`nd ldwa dyrnd xxery 'ìaeaxrde dlda'd zexnle ,qex`d
[elit`] 'it` ci glyy ial lr dlri `l ik' ,iav izay el riced ,ipikid mdxa` ly
cid azka mb 366.'xacd lr ezpen` idelà rayp mbe ,dqxe`nd dxrpd ly dphw ravà
seqa igy ,mixnend dnpecd iyp`n ,daeh iel dcedi ly eizexez eae ,epic`l aezkd
xf ilnq dyrn ,dpn`p zxeqna d`xpd lkk ,iav izayl qgein 367,dxyr dpenyd d`nd
izay oinhd eay ,'mezg qik' geztl dzeehvpy ,ipikid mdxa` ly eza - dleza dxrpa
.ezyexb mr ezecgiizd lr ,98 'nr ,my mb e`xe .89 'nr ,my
.125 'nr ,(53 dxrd lirl) gcen iav ,qiqp`xt
.565 'nr ,a ,iav izay ,mely lv` àen .41 'nr ,ze`pwd zxez ,ocnr
mb e`xe .iztxvd gqepd on inebxza ,97 ,85 'nr ,(204 dxrd lirl) miycg miknqn ,ihp`l`b
.565 'nr ,a ; 354 'nr ,` ,my ,mely
362
363
364
365
A. Epstein, Une lettre dAbraham ha-Yakhini a` Nathan Gazati, Revue
des etudes
juives, 366
.755-752 'nr ,a ,my ,mely lv` àen ,26 (1893), p. 212
zpy ixg` xagzpy dxaq ,eklen wgvi mr ewlg z` dnbxz sè ,cid azk z` dxwqy ,u"y dwax 367
dzencl' ,u"y 'x : e`x .dxyr dpenyd d`nd ziy`xa xnelk ,dl jenqa d`xpd lkk j` ,h"xz
,wcva d`xpke ,orh mely la` .fvy 'nr ,xfy xtq : jeza ,'zei`zayd zezikd zg` ly zipgexd
[ 234 ]
[ 93
.'lxeb it lr e`viy' eipin`nn miipye mirax` zeny mdilre ,miwzt miipye mirax` iav
oicq ipt lr dxeya miwztd z` dxciqe ,'dlecb dxdha' qikd z` dxrpd dgztyk
: miwdaen miinepihp` mixn`n odae ,azk ly zexey xyr ickl etxhvp ,diptl yxtpy
aezk mye ,'eke [zeixr] ielib dlbz l` zeevn b"ixza dyn deevy enk el` od zeaizkde'
zcipa dy` l` devy dne .zxg` aezk did my ,dycw didz `l deevy dne .jtidl
xyt` iè ,dl` enk e`vi zeaizkd zxyr lke .jtidl aezk did my ,axwz `l dz`neh
368
.'dfa ice xzei xacl
zianetd dbixgd èd mdl szeyndy ,mipeyne mipey mixywda ,miypl dl` zewif
ixcb zvixt oefg lr zxg` e` ef jxca olek zefnxn ,zxeqnde dkldd ibiiqn zrcende
oda oi` ik m` ,epnn ywaznd zeawpe mixkf iqgia iepiyd lre ,igiynd ocira zeixr
ly mibixgd eirbny èt` `lt oi` .df oirn ipexwr iepiy lr zyxetn dxdvd meyn
dnif iyrnk yxtzdl elki zeleza zexrp mr e` ,yi` zeyp mr ,eizeyexb mr iav izay
zexewna mb eyxtzp jk ; qiqp`xt lèpnr mze` yxit ,xen`k ,jk ,okè) `cixb seìpe
miqiqkzk e` 369,(ef gexa mriwed ocnr awri sè ,ihp`l`b mqxty miipeeide miipnx`d
z`f yxity jxck ,zeiztd mdizeyp xg` xefigd zervnà mipin`n aexiwl miinenxr
ik ,oiievi) odilr envr mirpdle miypd ly ozecici z` eil` jeynl ywia cer' : opew
lr ozrtyd daxe ,xac lka dlwp lr zepin`n zeaexw mizrle od zei`pw miyp
'nr ,igiynd oeirxd) dxyr ryzd d`nd ziy`x e` dxyr dpenyd d`nd seql epnf z` xg`l yiy
.(2 dxrd 305 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ; 162-161
.gz 'nr ,my ,u"y 368
`vnp'y ,iav izay lr xn`p miipnx`d zexewna .363 dxrd aiaq lirl e`x ,qiqp`xt ly eyexitl 369
okziiy] miaxewn mre miyp mr miiwy miigd gxe`'n dxexa zebiizqd draede ,'miyp mr miqgia
izay ,mely : e`xe .106 ,94 'nr ,(204 dxrd lirl) miycg miknqn ,ihp`l`b : e`x .'[mixkf mdy
zpn lr mdizepa z` el epzp micedid iliv`'y ,onfd oa ipeei xewna oiev ok enk .564 'nr ,a ,iav
mdxa` ly ezecr z` jk yxtn ocnr .(109 'nr ,my ,ihp`l`b) 'rxf dplawzy icke ,oz` ezigydl
on cgà z`fe ,(364 dxrd aiaq lirl) ezxyl iav izay lr ecnry zelezad miray xaca iwpeew
ixac] r"c xzeq o`ka mb' : zepexkifd gqepa alyl daxn èdy miipvwerde mixbqend mixn`nd
d`xd znà oke ,mler ibeprz lkn yext [iav izay] didy [iwpeew] xtqnd azky ,dlrn ly [envr
l`yie ,[a"r ak dheq ,ilaa it lr] itwp yext didy giken eteqe ,oendd zerhdl ick ,dlgza envr
miynzyn oi` ,[minkg exn`] g"` `ld ,mixkf miynyn el eid `l recne [23 ì a"dc] miyp oend
zxez ,ocnr) 'zekln yeala zeti zeleza miraya [oky lk] y"k ,[`"r r oiyeciw ,ilaa] dyà
zepexkifa iav izay ly zbltend ezeyixt ixeìz lr mb xirn èd ef gexa .(41 'nr ,ze`pwd
lr daexn uextl etwep eale ,itwp yext ze`xdl zeixad ipta cqgzde ,did xenb reav' : iwpeew
scex didy llkn [...] cnegd eale dwweyd eytp dray `l ,zerxd zee`zd lka sehy ,cne`d
,ilaal i"yx yexit it lr] oiefn qeq didy d`xp .yeynd yega [xnel jixv oiè] l"vè ,mibeprz
eizeyp mr mb wgye ,zeax miyp ad` ,['driaxl mildeve oipiiefn ody xenge qeq' : a"r `q zeaezk
ziaa] hrn ycwn mewna zeti zecli zeèyp miyp mr [ycew zay meia] w"yia cwxe ,zeyexbd
.(34 'nr ,my) '[zqpkd
[ 235 ]
94 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
`die ,ipeirxd mxywdn giynd iyrn wezipa mlek miwel dl` miyexit j` 370.'(mixabd
zexar
lreta xar `l m` oia iav izay xar m` oia .didiy lkk rhewne ltxern df
wtq oi` ,(iawr did `l df oiipra s`y xiaqe) ywia ozvign z`y miypd mr zeipin
el qgiiy miihwhd milewiyd gxeka `l sè ,drextd zipind dee`zd sgca `l ,rpedy
jildzn wlgk ocearyn miypd xexgyae ,oencwd `hgd lehiaa ezpen` geka `l` ,opew
oibtdl ecrepy xexa ,dhiy mda oi` ik s`y ,mixf miyrn zxcqn xeegzn xacd .dle`bd
dlawd xevil ,oitelgl e` ,dklda zpbernd zixcbnd dvignd qxd z` dcre mr law
mixabd on miypd zcxtd jxc lr ,o`kn mixabd xeaivl o`kn miypd xeaiv oia zipeieey
z` zealyn odyk ,cgi mb zenbnd izyl iehia .xdefa mixèznd ocr ob zelkida
mirexià xak ze`xl ozip 371,iav izay ly zeihqilèhixde zeinepihp`d eizeihp
efkxzd eay ,xinfià ifbehxetd zqpkd ziaa ,e"kz zah 'c ,zaya elgdy ,miihnxcd
'x ,il`q`wn iwlhi`d gilyd ly exeìz it lr .ezeigiyna mixtekd eicbpznn miax
z` wiqtd ,eipta elrppy zqpkd zia zezlc z` ofxba iav izay uxt 372,iwà oeyny
cg` yneg ìved' jk xg` 373.'itec ly zeyxc' xeaivd iptl yexcl cnre ,dlitzd
,lecbd eig`l dxeza èxwl ligzde ,dxez xtqn xzei yecw èdy xnè eizegzn`n
miiele mipdk eide ,miinexl xqiwl `xw xg`d eig`le ,`nxbez jln e`yre odkl e`xwe
- .ily dybcdd] miyp mbe miyp` daxd `xw k"gè .mze` `xw `le ,zqpkd ziaa
zxfeg ef dyxt 374.'eazkk myd xikfdl mgixkd mlekle ,zeklnd mdl wlige ,[`"xr
miypd ly ozìxw oiipr ik m` ,evix`n jexa ly eizepexkifa mb zxvewn dqxba dritene
eig`l dxeza `xwl ligzde' : xicdnd qqazd mdilry cid iazkn cgà wx xkfp dxezl
rnzyn epnne ,dyxtl sqep cd 375.'[ok mb miype] miyp` daxdl `xwe [... ] lecbd
zepexkif lr fib`g dyn 'x ly ezxrda ievn ,raw ly bdpnl dktd dxezl miyp zìxwy
iwpeew ly ezecr lr .mixbqend eixn`nn cgà ocnr awri dìady itk ,iwpeew mdxa`
iav izay lr ecnry ,'l`xyi ilecb zepa d`xn zeti zeleza miray' oze` xaca
dray dlrn did zayae ,[fib`g dyn 'x oeyl df] g"nx l"f' : ocnr xirn 376,ezxyl
jezn cg` hxt `l` dppi` dxezl miypd zìxwy s` 377.'[dxez xtql] z"ql zeleza
.54 'nr ,èey zeitiv ,opew
.358 dxrd lirl e`x
.1 dxrd ,303 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,df iedifl
.326-320 'nr ,my e`x ,mgeziple eixac xefgyl
.(321 'nr ,my ,mely ly milwd eipewiza) 15 'nr ,h"lxz `plie ,iav izay zeclez ,llixa 'p
z` op`niixt oiivn ,1 dxrda ,my .49 'nr ,(22 dxrd lirl) 'l`xyi zial oexkf' ,evix`n jexa
.oiihytr mdxa` eicil ìvndy cid azk it lr gqepd iepiy
.369 ,364 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x
.41 'nr ,ze`pwd zxez ,ocnr
[ 236 ]
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
[ 95
mlrzdl oi` ,zay dzeà elgdy bdpn iyecige oic zextd ly rexte lecb uxt
: mely myxb dèlna dilr cnr xake ,eppiiprl df hxt ly zipexwrd ezeaiygn
zigiyn zecdi ixcql ,oyi mler ixcq ly zigiynd dkitdl c`n ycge hlea oniq
lr znà cnlnd hxt ,dxezl miypd zìxw èd ,zizelbd zecdid mewna dàd
zn`d [... ] dy`d cnrn z` jetdl ezexxerzda oeekzn iav izay .lecb llk
gek dpi` miyp zad`y ,èd .ziceqi dnxetix ly dfk oefg iav izayl yiy ìd
dyxta dbd z`f lka ,eiig zeclezn cenll xyt`y dnk cr ,eytpa ripne lecb
378
.dy`d cnrn ly ef dlecb
lkk - mipin`nd evawzd ,lbehxet ldw ly zqpkd ziaa zayd irexi` xg`l miineik
ezekln ler z` mdilr lawl - 379(iav izay ly eziaa ileè) zqpk zia ezeà d`xpd
,zicedid zilèhixd zxeqna laewnk ,mixabd on miypd ecxted mrtd .giynd jln ly
: mixabl cgeiy cnrnl eihxt lka liawnd ,odlyn xètne ibibg cnrn odl cgei la`
ly zeze` el ze`xdl giynk ea oin`dy in lk elgd [... ] ozp ici lr giynd fxkedyn'
eze` jxale eipt z` ze`xl e`vi zexegae mixega ,dyè yi` ,lecbe oehw .zexn zlaw
,dlecb dvxrd ly zeze` ielib ab` ,lretl `vi df lk .eici z` wyple ycgd giynk
380
.'il`behxetd zqpkd ziaa ,miypd ici lr zaha 'g meiae ,mixabd ici lr zaha 'f meia
ìdy deegn - elek milltznd xeaiv zegkepa dxezl miypd zìxwl cebipa mpn`
miqwhd ipy mixnyn - dklda zpbernd zixcbnd dvignd cbpk dhea dqxzd zpigaa
md mb ,ok it lr sè .zizxeqnd mipind zcxtd iqetc z` ,miyple mixabl ,miliawnd
z` minirhn md ixdy ,i`zayd dle`bd oefg ly ipeieeyd ceqid z` mitwyn mkxca
odyk oze` micinrne ,xeaivke zecigik miypl giynd oia dxiyide ziyi`d dwifd
owigxdl dzhp zicedid zxeqndy ,ianetd ogletd megza `weec mipiiprd fkxna onvrl
.cinzne f`n epnn
ef `l ,iav izay ly zigiynd 'ezekln' ìy inia xak zpnzqnd ,ef zipeieey dnbn
.2-1 zexrde 334 'nr ,my 379
fxkedy xg`' : jk opew ixac migqepn ocnr ly ixard eceairenebxzae .45 'nr ,èey zeitiv ,opew 380
ekxal ,giynd jlnl die`xd drpkd el ze`xdl mnvr z` ea mipin`nd epikd [...] edez ly giynd
on .micxtq ldw ly k"daa zahl iriaya dyrp df .zegpne zexeyza zegny raey eipt mcwle
zepzn zekxaa eipt xgyl ,zaha ipiny eixg` ly meia miypd eyr oke ,`xenl iy eliaei miyp`d
dzxbqnay ,mixabd xeaivn miypd xeaiv zcxtdl .(72 'nr ,ze`pwd zxez ,ocnr) 'zepexece
zelkidl dwifa ef drtez dpecp my ,352-349 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x ,zipeieeyd mzlawd zygxzn
oldl e`x ,wp`xt awri bega drtez dzeà oeicl .xdefa exèzy itk àd mlera zewicvd miypd
.489-474 zexrd aiaq
[ 237 ]
96 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
xac ly eteqa dktd sè dxabzdy dnec `l` ,ezene ezxnd ixg` dkrc `ly cala
dcedi 'x ipletd i`zayl qgein diielibn cg` .zigiynd dxitkd ly wdaen xkid oniql
dkxca 381.q"za l`xyi ux`l dzlry dlecbd mipin`nd zveaw y`xa cnry in ,ciqgd
,ciqgd dcedi .mikneze mitqk my qiibl ick dipnxb ixra milerd zxeag dxar
ef gexa yexcl bdp ,dxenge ziptbq daeyzl dìxwa x`yd oia d`hazd eze`zayy
zecr jnq lr ,ocnr awri eilr xtqn df xywda .oda epgy zelidwd ly zqpkd izaa
: onwlck ,eia` ,iav mkgd ly dii`xd
lecb zexxerzda dgkez yxce zeiqpk izaa [ciqg dcedi 'x] g"ix cnr k"g`
enk ,ocnl did `l znày t"r` ,mrd oend lv` myex dyre ,dax dikae
`l g"ix dfe [... ] [dkxal epexkf axd ixen ia`] l"f d"n` yecw dtn izrnyy
z"q ìvede ,jld miypd zial mb ik ,miyp`d oia zegkez ly zeyxc dyr cal
.miypl dgkez ixac my yxce ,miyp ly zqpk zial ewiga enr ìade [dxez xtq]
gexe dxizi dyecwl lkd aeygl oendd z` erhd wx ,miaxl denze xf xacd dide
382
,`xeig [iw`w ik e` iw`wk l"v] iw`wp ità iyp oiincce ,dia zi`c dxizi
inia elitè ,dk cr l`xyia rnyp `ly xac ,`xdeie `gex zenx ìd znàe
l` dclege ,miyp`l migely 'd iìap eid ediptve edinxi epivn miìapd
ectqe ,xn`p [rxd xvi] x"dvi zhigy xg` [èal cizrl] l"rl elitè 383,miypd
.zrcl zecpzdl ie`x eid cala [df xac lr] f"cr okl 384,cal zegtyn zegtyn
miyp`d mrd oend eidy itl ,df xac ecia zegnl mipaxd gk exvr `l k"tr`
`ly z"q z`ved xac mle` .iwl` yi`l eze` miwifgne eixg` mikexk miypde
,ok dyri `ly [... ] mxga eilr xfbe ,rexfd gka l"f d"n` ecia dgin jxevl
385
.df afre eil` rnye
qgiin eppi` sè ,ciqgd dcedi ly zi`zayd ezpen` lr xeaicd z` aigxn eppi` ocnr
mixtekd z` eriweda zeyrl daxn èdy jxck ,zipin zexwtde dxar
iyrn el
,xfy xtq : jeza ,'l`xyi ux`l dziilre ciqgd dcedi iax ly "dyecw dxag"d' ,edipa 'n : eilr e`x
.atw-blw 'nr
.rxd xvi z` zexxern opi` ,xnelk ,mipal mifee`k ipira od zenec : mebxz .`"r k zekxa ,ilaa
.a"r hkw ,n"xz dpiee ,mely yi` 'n zxecdn ,e"kt izax `zwiqt it lr
"cal mdiype cal cec zia zgtyn ,cal zegtyn zegtyn ux`d dctqe" ' : `"r ap dkeq ,ilaa
hley rxd xvi oiè ctqda oiwqery ,àl cizrl dne .xnege lw mixac `lde ,exn` .[12 ai dixkf]
zg` lr - mda hley rxd xvie dgnya oiweqry eiykr ,cal miype cal miyp` dxez dxn` - mda
z` xizqdl zpn lr ,ycwna miypd zxfr ly 'dlrnl' dnewin èd `xnba oeicd xywd .'dnke dnk
.rxd mxvi ma xxerzi lal ,mixabd ipirn miypd
.57-56 'nr ,ze`pwd zxez ,ocnr
[ 238 ]
381
382
383
384
385
[ 97
xxerl aeh dyre lrt [mewn lkn] n"n'y jka dcen èd ,daxc` .eiazka miigiynd
znày' ink ea lflfn èd xzeid lkle ,'cixedy zerncde zeikad iptn daeyza mrd
,miny myl dzid `ly ely diqpk lr giked seqd' ,ezeciqg zexnly inke ,'ocnl did `l
`weec èd (ezrya eia` z` sè) eze` mnewnd oiiprd 386.'miiwzdl dteq did `l jkitl
dxezd xtqe odl zecgeind eizeyxc - 'miyp ly zqpk zia'a ciqg dcedi ly eizerted
ozelrdl s`y rpnpd on `le ,odipta ea èxwl ick mzqd on ,ewiga odil` ìady
miaxl denze xf xac' ocnr `xew dl` miyrnl .eiptl iav izay dyr xaky itk ,dxezl
zelqetd ,l"fg zexeqn lr jnzqda mze` dpbn ède ,'dk cr l`xyia rnyp `ly [... ]
èdy mb xexa .dkldd drawy zixcbnd dvignd yehyhk yxtzdl ieyrd dyrn lk
l"fg zexeqnl zigiynd dxitkd ly zipeieeyd dnbnd zwif z` ,miici izya dgece ,oian
iqgi iepiy lre ,zixcbnd dvignd lehia lr zfnxnd ,dycg zibelehkq` dxez xaca
zexyt` llkn z`f ìvend l"fg xn`n ìadl xgea èd i`xwà `l .giyn zenia mipind
.'rxd xvi zhigy xg` ,èal cizrl elit`'
ly zeizzikd zexbqna ef dnbn zpnzqn ,dteq cre ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd jldna mb
mihlead diiehian cg` .cg`k dfkxne dtexi` gxfn ,zip`n'zerd dixtni`d i`zay
,dfrep dvixt meyn ea yiy ,zilkza ycg bdpn - miypl dlawe xdef z`xed èd xzeia
cenil z` miaaeqd dwixhef`d ixcb ly s` `l` 387,miypl dxez cenil ibiiq ly wx `l
xnelk ,dipnxbe diaxen i`zayl zeqgiizn df xf bdpn lr zeiecrd aex 388.llkk dlawd
jkn wiqdl oi` ik m` ,zip`n'zerd zexqiwd i`zayl oherine ,miaxrnd mi`zayl
mihqiwp`xtde mi`zayd ibega mllkae ,mixg` zenewna mb bdped `ly ,gxkda
.zinx`de zixard mdn egkzyp mxha ,dxndl oey`xd xeca zegtl ,mipletd
,dwixt` oetva ,dilhià zepey mixra lrte daxd ccpy ,efecxw mdxa` lr xak
,odkd edil` 'x .miypl mb zilawd ezxez z` dxedy xn`p ,l`xyi uxàe ,dikxeza
letepihphqpewa azkpy ,efecxw cbp sixg iviln qenlet - 389ycew zaixn xtq lra
.my ,my 386

,(211 dxrd lirl) zeevnde dy`d ,oeqpil` : e`x ,zipaxd zxeqna erawpy itk ,dl` mibiiq lr 387
.42-34 'nr ,(my) diicedid dy`d ,onlfiin ; 41-29 'nr ,(my) dkldde miypd ,lìa ; 70-1611 'nr
,l"pd ; 267-264 'nr ,b"pyz milyexi ,miycg mihaid : dlaw ,lci` 'n : lynl e`x ,dl` mibiiq lr 388
Association for Jewish Studies Review, 5 ,'mirax` lib iptl dlaw cenll xeqi`d zeclezl'
M. Idel, Particularism and Universalism in Kabbalah, ; k-` 'nr ,ixard wlgd ,(1980)
1480-1650, in: D. Ruderman (ed.), Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissance and
zeipicnn wlgk zei`zayd miypl xdef z`xed lr .Baroque Italy, New York 1992, pp. 324-344
.419-415 zexrd aiaq oldl e`x ,miaxa dlawd zeceq zvtd ly

ixwgn ,mely : e`x ,xinfi`n 'ixnzi`d' odkd edil` 'x recid oyxcd mr ezedfl oi`y ,df xagn lr 389
.457-453 'nr ,ze`zay
[ 239 ]
98 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
ehwlzie' : eicinlz ldwa miyp ly ozegkep z` i`pbl oiiv - f"qza ,ezen xg`l dpyk
,miyp`d lr miypd eàe [... ] mifea mifed ,mifr iicb ,mifgete miwix miyp` eil`
eàie' : aeye 392.'dti`d z` z`yepd dy`de ,dtexg dgty lke 391,d"tp`de d"ciqgd
zeàpzd lr blbln èd x`yd oia 393.'miyxcn izaae zeiqpk izaa ,miyp`d lr miypd
mixabe miyp ,mdn cg` lkl efecxw dpiny miininy 'micibn' zervnà micinlzd
ezpen` z`xed mvr zè 394.'micibn eiyp` lkl wlgie ,ezy`le mc`l cibn ozpy' : cg`k
dxez cenil oia dwif zxveid ,l"fg zxeqn lr jnzqda ,dnif dyrnk riwen èd miypl
,ìqdxta eiyrn zeyrl ligzde' : oqx zlehp oin zee`zk zqtzpd ,'zeltz'd oiae miypl
396
,dxrd mxewn z` ,dxez mcnll miyp ezpen` l` ìadle 395,diegcd xcb iehp xiw
efecxw 397.'zeltz dcnln el`k dy`l dxez cnlnd lk ,xne`d xn`n zelkql aeygie
xeyrd ziy`xa dazkpy ,zeitxbeiaehe`d eizexbi`n zgà ef zecrl xeyi` wtqn envr
inkg lr ,zhxetne dxn ,dkex` dpelz dae 398,dxyr dpenyd d`nl oey`xd
llkae ,miaxa uitdy meyn wx scxpy oreh èd x`yd oia .el mip`znd letepihphqpew
zyecw cegii' zè 'dyxeye dzeìvn' z` xnelk ,'dpikyd oipr' z` ,miypd oia df
cibn ip`y liaya `l` ize` etcx `ly mixne` eid seqa' : 'xenb zedl` èdy dpikyd
la` ,dpikyd oipr iala xizqdl [il : l"v d`xpd lkk] el did ik ,mixrpe dyè yi` lkl
ìirx xn` xy` yi`d èd ip` ,giyn ippi`y [ab lr s`] b"r` ik ,izaeg iziyr ip`
edi` d`kf : eixage [i`gei xa oerny 'xl] i"ayxdl [epax dyn - on`pd drexd] `pnidn
laqnle `ziixe`c icewta dl xiwe`le `zpikyl rcpnl d`xza `xca lczy`c o`n
dze` cakle dpikyd z` zrcl oexg`d xeca lczyny in èd wicv] miwgec dnk dpiba
ìdy dpikyd zyecw cegi cib` `l mè 399,[zexv dnk dllba leaqle ,dxezd zeevna
400
.'zeticxe oiwgec il eài ji` ,xenb zedl`
390
.22 dl 'ny it lr
.(18 ci 'ac ; 19 ì 'ie) mivweynd zeterd on odizy
.4 'nr ,(63 dxrd lirl) ycw zaixn xtq ,odkd edil` jezn dàend .11-6 d 'kf it lr
.8 'nr ,my
.19 'nr ,my
.4 aq 'dz
.19 ì `xwie it lr
,387 dxrd aiaq lirl ,l"fg zxeqna miypl dxez z`xed ibiiq oiiprl cer e`xe .c ,b dheq ,dpyn
.26 'nr ,(392 dxrd lirl) ycw zaixn ,odkd jezn dàend .425-423 zexrd aiaq oldle
.61 dxrd aiaq lirl e`x
.`"r hlx ,b"g ,xdef
dzedel` z` eznrhda .alx-`lx 'nr ,(61 dxrd lirl) 'zeitxbeiaehe` zexb`' ,eiilix`nè ekln
ini ly zihqilpeivxd diteqelitd zyxen mr yexita efecxw qnltzn dpikyd ly zhlgend
ly eizexrd e`xe ; blx 'nr ,my lynl e`x) zedel`k `le dìxak dpikyd z` zqtezd ,miipiad
[ 240 ]
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
[ 99
mixacd rahny dl`l - 'f"rl' oeyla elitè ,mi`zayd axwa miypl xdef z`xed lr
,fib`g dyn 'x ixacn mb micnl ep` - zinx`de zixard ,xewnd zepeyla zehley opi`
401
: zigiynd dxitka dnglnl eiign zeax mipy yicwdy ,iav mkgd ly ezixa lra
el` eycgy df rx zeycgzd lka eipeirx lalaiy inn cenlln yegl yiy
egipdy 402,mcenilae ( [l`d mlivi] oafyl `pngx) mzpenàe mzrca mitxehnd
[m]'ipwfd oia elit` `vnp did `l oencw onfay mewnae ,zief oxwa ixwird cenild
eiykre ,mcia xdefd xtq oiqtez eidy dgtynn mipye xirn cg` dyrn iypè
,[miaxd zeyxl] x"dxl ea `veie ecia xdefd xtq qtez lkn xqg fgete wix xrp lk
`xewe ayeie .oeyll oeyln ewizrdle edibdle eyxecl ea rcei èdy xira gazyie
oi`y ,xecd ilecb lr il yi dinz dne ,f"rla zefrell ,shde [m]'iypd ipta ea
dny z` xikf` `l xy` ,mixteqe minkg ly dlecb xir lr hxta ,mcia oigen
ilecb lke ,l`xyil dxez d`vi dpnne ,mcè midl` ipira èd ax ik ,dceak iptn
zeaiyia xdefd ly df yecw xtqa cenll oigipn ji` 403,e`vi dpnn mixend
404
.f"rl oeyla lkd lre ,ìqdxta [(miypd : l"vy dnece) m]'iyp` zxaga
my`xae ,mi`zay mze` mr sè ,(27 'nr ,[3 dxrd lirl] 'dpikyd ly zeivwexhqpew' ,oeqtlee
e`x .eteba zekln zxitq ly dzeyalzd jxc lr giynd zdl`d zxez z` mihwepd ,enixt lèny
oeili`` dnly iax' ,acp 'i ly dpeic mb e`xe .287-286 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : jeza eixac
milkpznd '`hyew inkg' md dl` .dky-cky 'nr ,xfy xtq : jeza ,'zi`zay dlawa eqixhpewe
enixt lènya efecxw ly eznglnl .mixg` zexewnn mb recid it lre ,ezxbià eixac it lr ,el
dpikyd zqitzl .288-285 ,276 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : e`x ,giynd zdl`d zxezae
.my ,oeqtlee : e`x ,mixg` mixywdae df xywda ,ezxeza
E. Carlebach, The Pursuit of Heresy: : e`x ,fib`g ly zi`zayihp`d ezelirt lr dvnn xwgn 401
Rabbi Moses Hagiz and the Sabbatian Controversies, New York 1990
dxitkl fnxk 'mcenilae mzpenàe mzrca mitxehnd el` eycgy df rx zeycgzd' zyxtn ip` 402
.yxetna xn`p xacd oi` ik m` ,zi`zayd
efi`l rixkdl dywe ,dpehlàe oecpela ,mcxhqnà ezay zetewza xwira ze`zaya mgl fib`g 403
dpehl`) e"d` zelidw ziiyilyl ezpeeky okzii .fnxn èd 'mixteqe minkg ly dlecb xir'
odizye ,ipxezd mlera my `vi efl s` efl .mcxhqn`l e` ,(408 dxrd oldl e`xe .waqpèebxeand
ly dpey`xd zivgna ,fib`g ly zi`zayihp`d ezelirt ztewza zi`zayd dxitka zerebp eid
,xdefd xtq wzred day ,iwipelql dpeekdy wtq `ll gipn edipa ,z`f znerl .dxyr dpenyd d`nd
miypl s` ecnll did ozipe ,epicl oeyll mbxez xnelk ,'oeyll oeyln' ,epnn minieqn miwlg e`
.(`rx ,atw 'nr ,114 dxrd lirl) 'f"rl oeyla' shle
oa awri 'x ly ezecr z` mb e`xe .nx oniq ,a"r ep ,b"vz waqpèe ,minkg zpyn ,fib`g dyn 404
'awri zepkyn' eizeyxc xtqa swze c"rz zpya ezen cr xinfi` ly daxk odiky in ,mirp
oi` ik' : miypl mllkae mrd oendl ,zigiynd dlawd cegiiae ,dlawd z`xed z` (`"tz iwipel`y)
,lbity y"i lv` àen) 'zeec miype lrila ipa ,mifgete miwix dta ezeida cec oa giynl lecb oeifia
.(202 'nr ,[1993] 6 ,miipgn ,'ze`zayle dlawl eqgie mirp 'o awri 'x
[ 241 ]
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hxal`hxettx dcr
cec dyn ipletd i`zayd wqr miypl xdef z`xeda ,ocnr awri ly ezecr it lr
dnke dnkn yxebe ,zi`zayd ezxitk lr mxged ,my lrae laewnk rcepy ,uiidcetn
405
.my zkd iy`x mr xywa cnre ,dipnxbe diaxen iagxa ccp jk xg` .oileta zelidw
: ocnr geecn ,slee epae uiyaii` ozpedi 'x mr xag my ,exir ,dpehlà ezedy ztewz lr
ipta xcb dxcb miptln xy` ,`pehl` w"w ,dpn`p dixw dpefl dzid dki` ! dd`
! [awxi miryx my ,iav izay] i"xy u"y zk mivweynd ,mler ly excb ivxet
zena zia el dyr ,xrae liqke owf [uiyaii` ozpedi] a` zvra [slee] xrpde [... ]
oixdrnn eil` eà ,dxex` zk eze`n micrepd lk dny eil` etqìe ,u"y uewiyl
ryx z"x) y`x mdl enye ,mixea mixegae i"xy ul`dx` ozp ,uihqext lxi`n
ez`y dlki `l ik ,oilet uxà mxgend uiidcetn cec dyn aerzd (u"y xex`
ixzqe [xdefd xtq] d"q odnr cnle `pehlà 406zecli miyp mr cgizd ède [... ]
407
.ezpen`
ezny ,zecli zecleid miypd zkn'a xird dzwl mini mzeày xazqn mixacd jyndn
drax` mei miyly jez exhtp ,'d ci dzid mixega miypà s` ,fld wxta odn dnk
.cala 408 [bxeand] a"d w"wa dlè ,dninyd xird zrey lrze ,dpei mlek zeny ,miyp`
xiqdl ,mra oiirle wecal [oic zia] c"a eaiyede [zelidw 'b] w"b iy`x exxerzp okl
mixegad' on zecr zeiab lr eqqazpy ,oicd zia i`vnn 409.'elld zeldwd on zeleyknd
ilra] a"a dnk ziaa mb ,epae i`ny` owf ziaa zeyrpd zearezd lk mirceid mixykd
dpnn yxbl dhlgdl eliaede ,xira zi`zayd zelirta zeend ixwn z` ekxk ,'[miza
dyn aerzd zaqa' mi`zayd ly mzelirt xwir z`y oiivl aeyg eppiiprl .mixtekd z`
,zecli miyp mr d"q cenlle mi`ztd gicdle ziqdl' : jk ocnr xicbd 'mgily cec
xkidd ipniqn cg`k dqtzp miypl xdefd z`xedy o`kn 410.'mei lk mnr cgiizny
.209-189 'nr ,oihiyd oia ,iwqaeyxie : e`x
drnyny ,yiciia 'jrlaiiee' dlinl zixar dliawnk ocnr rah 'zecli miyp' iehiad z`y d`xp
zixar dlina driadl jxc oi`y ,ef zernyn .xakn `l e`yipy zexirv miyp - 'zeèyp zexirv'
`ll xaecnd ixdy ,(416-411 zexrd aiaq e`x) oldl eixac mipeekn dil`y zernynd ìd ,zg`
df iehiaa eyeniy z` e`xe .xdefd cenil zrya onr zecgiizdd zxneg o`kne ,yi` zeypa wtq
t"lx zy` dcli dy`d mb zeigdl dxed df oteàe' : a"r k ,(b"kwz dpehl`) xteqd ozpedi ziaa
.dèyp dxirvl dpeekdy xidand ,'d"n
.a"r k ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr
ly zelidwd ecg`zd dxyr rayd d`nd ly diipyd zivgnd f`n .bxeand ly xeext ìd dpehl`
.e"d` ,ozyely zeaiz iy`xa drcepy ,zg` zizlidw zeyxl waqpèe ,bxeand ,dpehl`
.`"r `ka"r k ,my ,ocnr
zecli miyp mr cgiizd ,dpehl` dt zearez zeyrl daxde' : `"r fp ,my mb e`xe .`"r `k ,my
zecli miyp mr cgiizp miax mini `pehlà cnr i"xy c"n fld arezde' : aeye .'d"q mdnr cnle
[ 242 ]
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406
407
408
409
410
[ 101
dkexk dziidy mb dn ,zi`zayd dxitkd ly ,xzeia miiziixexryde ,miwdaend

411
.zipin zexwtd iyrna mixtekd z` dciygde ,yi` zeyp mr d`xpd lkk ,zecgiizda
cg` ezxitkn ea xfg ,xira mi`zayd zticx dlgdyn ,ocnr ly ezecr it lr ,okè
,uiyaii` ozpedi ly xzeia miadlpd eiciqgn okl mcew didy - ail dnly - mixegad
ozpei : mx lewa e`xwe (i"xy xviyaii` miptln eax ly) oelgd zgz ianeta cnr'
lrae cy lra lv` xdef dcnly) dcli zg` dy`l mb' : jynda cine ,'! qexewit` ! cneyn
b"yra razpe ,aegxd lr yi` zy` dpef `xw (dnr cgiizpe ,l"pd aerzd cec dyn dlag
cvik ocnr xtqn xg` mewna 412.'z`f lr eizern ciqtde ,dkk lr [miieb ly ze`kxra]
jxek èd o`k sè 413,yaiwr slèe ly zi`zayd ezy`l xdef uiidcetn cec dyn cnil
: zeixr ixeqi` zxtda df cenil
,`pehlà i"xy cec dyn [uiyaii` ozpedi ly] exag `pehl` dt dyre bdp oke
ede`xy crede .dlaw mdnr cnle zetid zeclid miypd mr cgiizdy mqxetnk
,ea dnr `xew diptl xdefd xtq wifgne [yaiwr slèe] r"e zy` iptl cner
`l` cygp mc` oiè 414,[yi` zy`n] `"`n edecygy cnln 'ebe eixg` ehiade
xizdy mpn` 415,[miaie` my oi`y mewn] miaie` `kilc `kid e`yr [ok m`] k"`
416
.ìqdxta zeixr
.ehw sirq ,a"r fi ,[406 dxrd lirl] xteqd ozpedi ziaa ,ocnr) 'd"q onr cnle
xak zrnzyn zipind zexwtdd oial miypl dxez cenil oia ,dil`n zpaenk zqtzpd ,dwifd
zeiptdd e`x .diyexitae c ,b dheq ,dpyna lynl ,zgqpzn ìdy itk ,dnecwd l"fg zxeqnn
.lirl 387 dxrda zeitxbeilaiad
zeiecr mr zayiizn miieb ly ze`kxrl 'dcli dy`'d ly dziipt .`"r `k ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr
dglvda od s`) opic z` eìade ,ianeta ozxitk lr erwedy ,oileta zei`zay miyp lr zenec
.258 dxrd aiaq lirl e`x .inewnd ipletd liv`d ly ehetiyl (zxkip
.219-218 zexrd aiaq lirl dilr e`x
eà cr dyn ixg` ehiade eld` gzt yi` eavpe mrd lk enewi ld`d l` dyn z`vk dide' : it lr
iw oixcdpq ,ilaa eeyd) 'yi` zyà edecygy cnln'k df weqt zyixc lr .(8 bl 'ny) 'dld`d
slèe ly eziaa `ypy zi`zayd dyxca uiidcetn cec dyn lr zfnexnd ezaqd lre ,(`"r
,oihiyd oia ,iwqaeyxie : mb e`x jk lr oeic .`"r fl-a"r el ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr : e`x ,yaiwr
.203-202 'nr
dynl e`pwie" ,rny `z ...e`yr ok m` `l` xaca cygp mc` oi`' : a"r gi ohw cren ,ilaa it lr
èd d`py meyn mzd ! dynn ezy`l `pw cg` lky cnln ...[16 ew 'dz] " 'd yecw oxd`l dpgna
- miaie` dil zi` la` .miaie` dil zilc `l` oxn` `le ...[xacd dyrp d`py meyn - my] cearc
(ceygl) el oi`yk `l` (cygd zreny lr jenql yiy) epxn` `le] `lwl dewt`c èd miaie`
.'[lewd z` eìvedy md miaie`d - miaie` el yiyk la` .miaie`
,205 'nr ,oihiyd oia ,iwqaeyxie lv` àen ; `"r dn ,f"hwz dpehl` ,awria zecr ,ocnr awri
.xewnd yeaiya
[ 243 ]
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412
413
414
415
416
102 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
z`f sè ,miypd axwa dceyg zelirta ocnr miy`n uiyaii` ozpedi z` mb mpn`
la` ,'yi` zyà edecygy cnln'k yxcpd ,'dyn ixg` ehiade' weqtd lr jnzqda
miypd lr liv`dl zpn lr `l` ,xacd dyrp xdef cenil myl `weec e`ly eixacn d`xp
: 'exen' iav izay eiptl dyry jxck ,dgeexae dgnya ycewd gexn
,dlawd jxca zewenr zexzqp cnlnk [uiyaii` ozpedi] eny wgzyi oind xn`
ick ,zelegnae miteza odnr genyl ,miypd mr envr xizqdy gxkddn didy
.dgny jezn `l` lv`p epi`y ,dgexae aexl ycewd gex odilr ritydl lkeiy
my ,iav izay] i"xy u"y xnend èd ,eaxc eax ly enrh epl dlbzp eiykre
[zqpkd ziaa] k"daa zeèypd miypd mr legna cwx xy` ,[awxi miryx
`le ,dyr dtie aeh eixace ynn df ixde .mqxetne rcepk ,xinfà epipr zligza
genyle miypd mr envr xizqdle rxdl siqed mpn` .dnf gex irez cnll `l` à
417
.cala ielba eax dyry dn ,xzqd ziaa odnr
dxyr dpenyd d`nd idlya b`xta mi`zayd ibega miypl dlawe xdef z`xed bdpn lr
cec dynn licadl .q"wza qtcpy ,cec zad` ,ylwlt xfrl` ly exeaign micnl ep`
zrya eizecinlz mr cgiizdl - eizexewne ocnr ly mzecr it lr - bdpy ,uiidcetn
zecbà oiwqere' : mixable miypl szeyne izveaw cenild did b`xtay dnec ,cenild
: oke 418.'mdnr s` zewqere zeayei miypd xy` [... ] xdef xtqae
dyrna cgi [m]'iwqere ,d`nx [wp`xt] awri zlaw renyl mià miype sh
mr mipwf 420,zeleqt mbe mixega 419,d`nvd z` dexd zetq ornl ,d`nh dakxn
xengie iav [izay] iazke ,mixzqna [i"x`] ix` iazk oiyxece oilèy ,mixrp
mixenb miryx xzine ,mixwy dxen [? wp`xt awri] xbtd axdne ,mixng mixng
xy` [? wp`xt dee`] zxwten dpefne ,mixbtl miycg ,eà aexwn miycg xy`
z`fke z`fk zxne` z`f 421,d`nhp ìde dxzqpe dlrap ,zxacn i`n ,zxacn ìd
422
.d`xna izi`x
mià miyp` m` ,mkn lèy ip` dl`y cere' : df leqt bdpn lr ylwlt dgen aeye aey
: oke 423,'? eà dnl she miyp ,cenll
.my ,my
.a"r e ,cec zad` ,ylwlt
.18 hk 'ac
.zifpky` dxada 'zeleza' lr milin wgyn
.105 dxrd lirl e`x
.a"r dk ,cec zad` ,ylwlt
.`"r ek ,my
[ 244 ]
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418
419
420
421
422
423
[ 103
,'d iceq ifx lk zrcl miwqere miayei miwqete `xnba mye ci mdl oi`y mixirv
wegya 425,zeltiz awa mivexe 424,zelw ozrc xy` miyp elit` `l` cer `le
dcnln eli`k (zelbp elit`) dxez ezal cnlnd lk ,l"f exn`y cr ,zellede
miqxdne zeceq milbne l"gx ikled mlek .mdnr s` zewqere zeayei 426,zeltiz
[xnel epevx] l"x ,daiy yi` mr wpei ,dleza mb xega mb mrhde [... ] zeceqid
427
.daiy yi` mr dlezae xega ,cgi iwpei mlek
oiae q"wz zpy oia dgiy' zixebl`d zilikynd dxihqa zexy`zne zexfeg dl` zeiecr
: zppelzn q"wz zpy .ynn dtewz dzeà b`xta dazkpy ,'`"qwz zpy
dnkg ilra miyp` mpn` mè ,mdiyrn z` epikd mixzqna zeax mipy ok
,mdici eglyi [i"x`d - wgvi 'x] i"xd iazkle ,xdefd xtq ecnli ik erci ,diyeze
cenll ,meie mei lka mdl zg` dwg zeawpd mb mixkfd mb ,dlaw ixtqa mwqr lke
oileg zegiyk `l odd miyp ly oileg zegiye ,zexzqp ipipra miizy e` zg` dry
,odineta oilbxen dlawd zelne ,dlawde xdefd gex odilr dgp ik ,miyp x`y ly
.odinecke ,d`zze d`lr `zpky ,àwepe ixkec `xhq 428,zixitq zeln enk
429
'! dy` ita oifx ilb xifg sà adf mfp' : dl daiyn `"qwz zpye
drx cere' : miièapd odixeyika miypd ly zilawd ozepnein z` jxek dxihqd lra
t"r giynd onf zìa zexyane zeàpznd miyp mdl yi ik ,z`fd zk lr ìd daxe dleg
zeceq zelbn ,xeg`l dpèaz xy` zeze` zecibn ,zefeg xy` odize`xne odizenelg
ef jinqn ylwlt xfrl` s` 430.'dklnd ipt z` zezxynd zeleza ,dlaw ixtqa zewenr
xtqn ax ,lirl epi`xy itk ,okè 431.ozeàpzd zè miypl dlawd z`xed z` efl
oeyla eàpzdy miyp lr ,dteq cre zigiynd drepzd ly dini ziy`xn lgd ,zeiecrd
zeycg zeilaw zexez elib s`y yie ,mikex` xdef ixn`n lr dt lra exfg ,xdefd
egnp miypd ly dèapd itwzd mezay mrt `l oiev mpn` 432.ozèap itwzda ze`ltene
.a"r bl zay ,ilaa it lr
.c ,b dheq ,dpyn it lr
.my ,my
.`"r fk ,cec zad` ,ylwlt
.zifpky`d dxada dlind ziibd lr fnxnd zeià ,zexitq
lirl) ze`zaye dlkyd ,qqxe lv` mb àen .12-11 'nr ,`"qwz zpy oiae q"wz zpy oia dgiy
.77 'nr ,(103 dxrd
.24 'nr ,my ,dgiy
.77 ,66 ,64 ,27-24 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x
[ 245 ]
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
104 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
dite` z` mirhdy dn ,odl zirahde dlibxd ozexeal exfg ode ,lilk opexkifn mixacd
zilawd ozxez iyecigl ik xekfl yi ok enk .dzezn`l dgkedk qtzpe ,drtezd ly iqpd
xzep `l - mitc ze`ne zexyr ipt lr ,xteqnd itl ,enyxpy mdn yie - dèapd zrya
,dl` zeiecr ly ozepnidna wtq lihdl ehp mixwegdy èt` `lt lk oi` .cixye xkf lk
wegx dk eppi` xacdy dnec ,ok it lr sè 433.miadlp mipin`n ly dnfeb ixack olhale
xdef zecneld ,zei`zayd miypdy zexyt`d z` sqd lr zegcl daiq lk oi` .zrcd on
dphhvz ,xdefd oeyla dpàpzz - lirl exwqpy zeiecrd lka xen`k - raw jxc dlawe
miyecigl xkf xzep `ly dcaerd .ozèap zerya miyecig ea dpycgz sè ,xdef ixn`n
lk z` elqt ze`zayd icbpzn ixdy ,xyt`d llkn mze` ìven dppi` onya miilaw
mxneyl egxh `ly cala ef `le ,(maih lr ecnr `l ok m` `l`) dxitk ixack diazk
,md s` efpb mcvn mi`zayd .mcinydle mnixgdl ,mfpebl mzleki ahink eyry `l`
zextqd dcxy jkn d`vezk 434.zeticxl daebza mdiazk z` ecinyd s`y yie
,dkxev lk dxxazp cinz `l dixagn zedf sè ,icnl izexixye iwlg gxeà zi`zayd
da dbedp dziidy ,ditxbitcieqtd
jxc lr e` my melira daizkd llba z`fe

zeilaw zexezl izextq xkf lk xcrd lr zedzl oi` ,dl` mi`pza 435.dziy`xn
d`nd jldna zizxzgnd ze`zayd ly dzkirc mr ,cere z`f .miyp myn zei`zay
.zinlqend e` zixvepd ,zicedid dxagd zexbqna dipin`n icixy ernhp ,dxyr ryzd
,oelige divfipxcen ikildz exar m` oia ,zeizxeqnzeipxny eid m` oia ,dl` zexbqn
zcd iiga miypd cnrn l` ze`zayd ly zipktdnd dzeqgiizdl zetzey eid `ly i`ce
`le ,miyp ly zilawd ozèap zexeqnl jxr qgiil zeieyr eid `ly o`kn .miigiynd
dxagd ixfbn lka dlawa weqird on zizbxcdd dbiqpd s` .oxeniya oiipr lk odl did
dwetz lk ly zizextqd dzcixy iiekiqa dlaig dxyr ryzd d`nd jldna zicedid
.zei`zayd zeìapd myn zixyt` zilaw
,zipeieeyd dnbnd xywda wx `l reawl yi miypl dlawde xdefd z`xed z`
zixcbnd dpgadd z` zyhyhne ,cg` cvn mixabd cnrnl miypd cnrn z` dliawnd
zvtd - xzei dtiwne zxg` zi`zay zeipicn ly dxywda s` `l` ,xg` cvn mdipia
mpn` .dle`bd ikildz fexif myl xeaivd zeaky lka ,xdefd xtq cegiiae ,dlawd zexez
zicedid ceqd zxez z` excby ,miwizeed dwixhef`d ibiiqa zybpzn ef zeipicn
lr zxaeb ìd j` 436,giynd zenil cr miaxa dielib z` repnl ecrepe dini ziy`xn
dl` zeiecrl qgiizn ,adlp oin`n xcba zercd lkl eppi`y ,ocnr awri ik m` ,26 dxrd lirl e`x
.27 dxrd lirl e`x .'zn` iyp`' micrd z` dpkne ,dxenb zepivxa
.12-10 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : e`x
.189-188 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : e`x
.388 dxrd lirl e`x
[ 246 ]
433
434
435
436
[ 105
dlawd zeceq z`xed z` zktede ,zewgecd zeigiynd zeitivd gxeka dl` mibiiq
xrp lk' lr ,fib`g dyn ly eize`gn zerehp df xywda 437.oyeninl liaeiy irvn`l
ea `xewe ayeie [... ] miaxd zeyxl ea `veie ecia xdefd xtq qtez ,lkn xqg fgete wix
cenild egipdy' ,mixtekd zrtyday rixzn èd 438.'f"rla zefrell ,shde miypd ipta
ik' cr ,dlbpd cenil mewn z` qteze xzqpd zxez cenil jled ,'zief oxwa ixwird
epwzi `l m` xacd hytziy ikp` `xi ,clepd z` dèxke ,ldwd z`hgn mdl ipyyeg
mi`veid milewlw dnk caln ,minid zixgà ,[melye qg] e"g dxez mdn gkzyzy ,eze`
mze` oiwifgn eidy miyp` [d]'nke dnk mr izxace izi`xy ip` rayp ik .mrd oendl
zlihpe [rny zìxwc] y"wc oic mircei eid `le ,my ilrae dlaw ilra milaewnl oendd
xaca ,lirl eàedy ylwlt xfrl` ly eizeprh s` zefnxn df xywd lr 439.'mici
oibae' : dle`bd z` ìadl zlekid z` xdefd xtql qgii `pnidn ìrx ixdefd xeaigd xak ,recik 437
iptne] ingxa `zelb on dia oewti ,xdfd xtq i`d edi`c ,iigc `pli`n mrhnl l`xyi oicizrc
,b"g ,xdef) '[mingxa zelbd on ea e`vi ,xdefd xtq df èdy ,miigd urn merhl l`xyi micizry
igiyn gzn ly dxieeà z`fe ,dle`bd èa oiae dlawd zeceq ielib oia dwifd jetidl .(a"r ckw
xfbpy dn ik aezk iz`vne' : dngd xe` ,xdefd lr eyexitl dncwda i`lef` mdxa` ixac e`x ,xaeb
`xwi jliè myne ,o"xd zpy melyz cr aevw onfl did ielba zn`d znkga ewqrzi `ly dlrnl
on devn [d]'xivil y"z zpyne .xdefd xtqa wqrzdl dpezp zeyxde ,dxifbd dxzede ,d`xza `xc
jln èal cizr df zekfay xgè ,`pnidn ìrxa `zi`ck ,miphwe milecb miaxa ewqrziy xgaend
zvtd ikildza mely myxb ly epeica eàed mixacd .'lyxzdl ie`x oi` ,xg` zekfa `le giynd
xeca i"x`d zlaw ly dzvetza cegiiae ,(18-17 'nr ,` ,iav izay) cxtq yexib ixg` dlawd
dwifd xaca mely ly eizeriaw lr mpn` .(jliè 52 ,22-18 'nr ,my) zi`zayd drepzl mcwy
: lynl) lci` dyn xrxr ,i"x`d zlaw ly daxd dzvetz xacae ,i"x`d zlawl cxtq yexib oia
ziiraa ycegn oeir - "dgtynn miipye xirn cg`" ' ; 271-267 'nr ,[388 dxrd lirl] dlaw
zlawy ,wiqd qixb a`f sè ,(30-5 'nr ,[o"yz] 44 ,minrt ,'ze`zayde i"x`d zlaw ly dzvetz
dtigc dwtiqy ìd ze`zayd ,daxc` `l` ,zi`zayd dxeyal zeaald z` dxiykd `l i"x`d
zextq aevir') zipìxeld mipewizde zebdpdd zextq zvtdl ,mewn lkne ,i"x`d zlaw zvtdl
ep ,uiaxz ,'zixehqidd ezernyne dxyr rayd d`nae dxyr yyd d`nd dptna zixard zebdpdd
ixyz] 6 ,miipgn ,'dcenill xewnk dlaw ixtq zqtcde zwzrd' ; 572-570 ,563 'nr ,[f"nyz]
xiaq ,`l m` oia ze`zayd zvtda rixkn mxeb i"x`d zlaw dyniy m` oia j` .(206 'nr ,[c"pyz
d`nd jldnae dxyr rayd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna dlawd zvetz z` dnciw ze`zaydy gipdl
rayd d`nd seqn lgd xdefde dlawd zvetzl ze`zayd oia dwifa ycg oeicl .dxyr dpenyd
,qed frea ly exn`n e`x ,miypl elit` mi`zayd ibega xdefd z`xedl zeqgiizd df llkae ,dxyr
.df jxka ,'xdefd xtq zelawzd zecleze ze`zayd'
qgia ezcnr z` dpiy envr fib`g .nx oniq ,`"r fp-a"r ep ,(404 dxrd lirl) minkg zpyn ,fib`g 439
,miilaw mixeaig ly xe`l d`veda lirt wlg lhp sè jnz dligzkln .miaxa dlawd zxez zvtdl
dxitka ezelwzidn d`vezk j` .xecd ly miipgexd eièlgz z` `txz mzvetzy dpen`d jezn
,ezrcn ea xfg ,diazk zvtdl zeadlzda dnzxpe dlawd zxezl dwwfpy ,zi`zayd zigiynd
,ezcnra df jtdnl .zixhef` dxezk dcnrnl dlawd zxfgdl megll lgde ,miilawd eineqxtn lcg
.80-75 'nr ,(401 dxrd lirl) dxitkd zticx ,jailxw : e`x
[ 247 ]
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hxal`hxettx dcr
,'mixrp mr mipwf' ,'sh'd ly s` `l` miypd ly wx `l dlawae xdefa leqtd weqird

mllkae ,zevx` inre mixea ,xnelk ,'miwqete `xnba mye ci mdl oi`y mixirv' oke
zexfeg dl` zeprh 440.dixexryk riwen èd mdipta dlawd zeceq ztiyg z`y ,miypd
ìde ,oird mezy xabd ip` ,izi`x dleg drx cere' : eiazka mixg` zenewna zeritene
miayei miwqete q"ya miìwa mpi`y miyp` ,zx`nn zrxv [miaxd epizepeera] d"era
mipey`x ly dkex` dniyx ìan èd 441.l"f i"x`d iazke xdef xtqa [m]'iwqere zeceb`
iazka xwean `ld weqird z` cgi jxeke ,miaxa ceqd zxez zvtd lr exq`y mipexgè
,mdd minia oe`qa exrq m` ,e`xe mkipir e`y' : zi`zayd dxitkd oeer zè dlawd
wqrn milewlw daxd eprny eppfàe epi`x eppira xy` ,dl`d minia [oky lkn] y"kn
ipin`n enk ,'dl mi`nhn mirx miyp` zeaxzl e`vie mceak exind daxd ,dfd cenl
442
.'dfd cenld wigxdl yi c`n [... ] ình wigy iav izay rxd arezde uwyd
,b`xta `cpl l`wfgi 'xl eazkn z`y ,'`hil yi` l"vf ryedi oa gqt' xegad mb
cec dyny oiivn ,exeaiga ìade ocnr wizrd ,j"wz elqk b"ia bxeandn glypy
mixrpd mixega mr dlaw o`ka cnel' 443,miypl dxez ixzqe xdef dxedy in ,uiidcetn
drtez lr mrfa dgn envr `cpl l`wfgi 'x sè 444.'dnd dxez ipa e`l xy` ,mixrepnd
[m]'iwxet ,ìqdxta dlawd ixtqae xdefd xtqa miwqerd el` lr it` dxg c`n dne' : ef
,mcia dlr `l dfe dfe ,xdefd xtqa [m]'ibdne mitvtvne mxèv lrn zilbp dxez ler
zkn mipind eaxzp epizexeca `l` cer `le .l`xyin zgkzyn dxez [df ici lr] f"ire
445
.'dlawd ixtqe xdefd cenila xcb xecbl ie`x [d]'id ,ình wigy [iav izay] u"yd
iepibl cgein sirq yicwn ,e"hwza aeal ipax cre fixkdy ,mi`zayd lr mxgd mb
lr xzeia zexeng zelabd lihne ,mixtekd ibega zevx` inrl dlawde xdefd z`xed
: ef dxez icenil
qthl mivn`zne ,'d l` zelrl miqxdnd lr xcq xcqle ,xecb xecbl epi`x zipy
e`vie ,miwqetde q"yd cenil meib xg` jilydl ,daeg mnvrl mièx dakxna
lky meye 'd zxez xtq lrn zexwl rci mxhe ,zexezd ixzqa ,zexe` hewll

.a"r 8 ,'dgizt' ,1809 b`xt ,(` wlg ,z"ey) dad`n daeyz ,ylwlt xfrl`
.`"r 9 ,my
eyry axd yeniyd llba xdefd xtq zxewial wrfp envr ocnr .a"r gk ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr
dpehl` ,mixtq zgthn ,ocnr awri : lynl e`x .llka dlawd zextqae ea mi`zayd mixtekd
.cere a"r l ,a"r-`"r a oke ,xryd sc abay 'drvd'd ,g"kwz
,iayz lv` mb àen .cr oniq ,drc dxei ,` wlg ,1776 b`xt ,dcedia rcep z"ey ,`cpl l`wfgi
.53-52 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn
[ 248 ]
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441
442
443
444
445
[ 107
xzqpa fg`le ,zeceqd zxwpa èale zexwl jxcd el oiki ,`xnbe hyt oiadl
xtqa mnvr iwixqe iwea oileze [... ] z`fd dlyknd dzid mcine ,zeci xyra
gka epxfb oka .lwlwle miazk silgdl miyecig mb ,l"f i"x`d iazkae xdefd
miazkd oze` elit` mazk itn cenll mc` meyl dlilgy dlrnl miaezkd zel`d
mda cenliy mc` meyl xenb xeqi` .zerh ila i"x`d iazkn mdy i`cea mirecid
`lny in wx ,lehie èai myd z` lehil dvexd lk `l [... ] dpy mirax`l cr
446
.miwqete q"ya eqxk
dpnn mixcenl cegiiae ,diiqelke`d zeaky lkl dlawd z`xed ly ,df xywdly dnec
dlawe xdef micnlnd mixtekd xaca zerenyd z` s` jiiyl yi ,mpewizk minia
onidn cr mya ,h`hyxald zlidwa 'wizeed' ecinlz ocnr awril geecn jk lr .mixkpl
,mixkpl [xdefd xtqe] d"qe zeceq milbn elld miryxdy ,il cibd' : h`hyiep zlidwn
xak ixde 447.'t"ra ynn oitc dnk xdefd xtq cibdl rcei cg` xyy cr ,zexxyl cegiae
xdefd xtqn miiebl cnln' did dipalà zepexg`d ezelb zepyay xn`p iav izay lr
m` 449.mipin`nd zexeyl etxhvdy miieb mixkfp mipey zexewnae 448,'iwxeh oeyla
ihqilqxaipe` ceqi ly ezegkep lr zeriavn od ixd - xiaq xacde - zn` zerenyd
(zeicedid) miypd z` xxgyn èdy cala ef `l ,df oefg .i`zayd dle`bd oefga wdaen
zixhef`d dxezd icenila lirt wlg lehil odl mb xyt`ne ,ziptebd ozeipin zelabnn
dl` s` dl` ! miiebd z` elit` ef zelirta szyl oekp èdy `l` ,dle`bd zncwn
zetilw oaxeg z` dtevd ,ihqixlewihxtd dle`bd oefgl cebipa z`fe ,mipwzne mipwzin
dxndd ivxzn elit` edefgy itk ,okeza ecklpy dyecwd zevevip xexia mr miiebd
450
.zi`zayd dlawd jxc lr zexvple m`lq`l
,bpyz oniq ,(280 dxrd lirl) qwpt ,oixtliid : eeyde .80-79 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw
.418 'nr
.h"kwz lel` yceg y`x axrn zxbià ,a"r bt ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr
.fib`g dyn ly epeylk ,xbqen xn`na miàen mixacd .41 'nr ,ze`pwd zxez ,ocnr
.717-715 'nr ,a ,iav izay ,l"pd ; 115 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x
,dl dncwy dlawd zextqa mdiyxeyl ,ze`zaya dl` dle`b zepefg ipy ly df cvl df mneiwl
mi`zayde ,mixnend mi`zayd ,envr iav izay ly mzrceza ,zepey ze`qxba ,mzevvexzdle
,qail ; 743 ,737-736 ,719-715 ,687-686 'nr ,a ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,dxndd z` mivxznd
lr ze`xn' ,u"y 'x ; (388 dxrd lirl) 'mfixlewihxt' ,lci` ; 58 ,29 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq
.dkx-akx 'nr ,(g"lyz-`"lyz) (a ,oeei xtq) ai ,zepetq ,'`giyn `klnc `fx
[ 249 ]
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447
448
449
450
108 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
wp`xt awri ly zipeieeyd 'ezgtyn'a .f
cxtpa j` deeya mixabd cnrnl miypd cnrn zlawd - dipt ipy lr zipeieeyd dnbnd
awri ly eipin`n bega dìyl dribn - o`kn zixcbnd dvignd zvixt abè ,o`kn
jxc lr - `haznd inqew oexwirk zeipinecd zqitzy ,wp`xta ea xkip .wp`xt
wtq oiè ,drexte zipxzg ,zizin daiygl eze` dxbn 451dieedd ixeyin lka - dlawd
zecepzd .df oexwir ly eizeketdz aiaq zaaeq llegn èdy zigiynd dktdndy
iqgi lr wx `l zelg mipind ipy oia miqgid zkxrnae zegekd of`na jkn zeywaznd
bidpn èdy zivx`d miqgid zkxrn lr s` `l` ,dizegeke zedel`d megza dawpde xkfd
zkxrnd zpekzna dlek diepa zivx`d zkxrnd ixdy .eipin`n bega miypl mixabd oia
zwif z` zxyt`nd ìd zekxrnd izy ly zipand ozecgè ,da ztwzynd zidel`d
jildz ìy èd zekxrnd ly `lnd ocegià ef dwif ly dyenin 452.odipia dlawdd
.wp`xt ly ezqitz it lr dle`bd
j` ,zilawd zxeqnd on wp`xt aèy zedel`d zegek ly zizind zkxrnd dpan z`
zenc zkxrnd zyael ezrceza .ihxwpiqeici` yeniy mda dyere dilnqa ycgn èd
jeza `vnpd' e` 454,'midel`d iptl cnerd df' 453,'lecbd g`d' cner dy`xay ,dgtyn
oitelgl dpeknd bef za - enewnae dcal mb ,mizrl j` ,mizrl - ecvle 455,'midel`d
,'dlezad' ,'oeiv za' ,'ìd' ,'minyd zkln' 457,'ray za'e 'ày zkln' 456,'dkln'
zeieyi ly aevwe ilnq xtqna cinz swen 'lecbd g`d' 458.cere ,dpeilrd 'dnlrd'
mxebdy ,xac lkl zeliawn zeveaw izyk ziawr zepgaen dl` zeieyi .gek zexizr
mitirq ,oec`d ixac ,lynl e`x .milqte mipa`l elit` zebeecfd zlekie dawpe xkf oin qgiin èd
.1005 ,145
ly dxn`n e`x ,wp`xt zrceza zivx`d zeìvnl zeizind zeieyid mler oia zewecdd zewifd lr
zexigd oefge izc mfilidip ,zihqin ditxbezinehe` : wp`xt awril "oec`d ixac xtq" ' ,xeìl` lgx
.548-471 'nr ,df mixn`n uaew ly ipyd jxka ,'dxethne qezin ly divfilìxk igiynd
.410 sirq ,oec`d ixac
.338 sirq ,my
.410 sirq ,my
.418 sirq ,my
.420 sirq ,my
it lr onf jxe`l wp`xt ly eizeqitz zegztzd z` xfgyl ozipy dcina .oldl d`x ,dl` miiepik lr
,'dklnd' ezy` ecvlyk zkxrnd y`xa cnerd ,'lecbd g`d'y dnec ,oec`d ixac xtqa eizeie`hazd
zlèbd zencl dktdy ,dleki lekd dpeilrd 'dnlr'd e` 'dleza'd befd za iptn mieqn alya dgcp
dzen ixg` ygxzd df jildzy i`ceel aexw .ely eizegek z` mb dkeza drilade ,zifkxnd zidel`d
zexrd aiaq oldl jk lr mihxt cer e`x .daegehqp'va exq`n ztewz seq z`xwl ,dpg ezy` ly
.625-619
[ 250 ]
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
[ 109
,'mig`'k mixcben mixkfd .zeawpe mixkf - opin d`xpd lkk èd odipia licand cigid
'zenlr' oitelgl zepekn ,'zeleza' oiivge 'miyp' oiivgy ,zeawpde ,'mirx'e 'micici'
mig` 12 el yi [... ] mlerl reci epi` midel`d iptl cnerd df ly eny mb' : 'zeig`'e
g`d' ly ivx`d ezenc oa - wp`xt el xgea jkl m`zda 459.'zeleza raye miyp raye
ab` 'zeig`'e 'mig`' dpkn èd mze`y ,eiaxewnn mixabe miyp ly aevw oiipna - 'lecbd
: mipeilrd mzenc ipa oial mpia zizeki`de zipind ,zixtqnd dlawdd znrhd
aezk ik 460,zeig` 14e mig` 12 mkn izeniwde ,mieqn xac mkci lr mixdl izivx
zixara mi`xew z`fd dxitql .dpezgze dpeilr 461dxitq yiy onfn mklv`
xnelk ,mipezgz thierene mipeilr 463thieren izxn` heyt ipè 462Thaira
rayl lrn la` [... ] mixzqpd zenlera zeiekln 7 yi ik .mixrye zezlc
lrny zeiekln ze`xwp dlè ,zepeilr zeklnn ray cer opyi zeklnnd
ok [... ] izecici ,izeig` odl iz`xwe ray miinrt izraw okl [... ] zeieklnl
ig` mya mkl iz`xwe 12 o`k izraw okl ,mig` 12 ele ,il deeyd cg` o`k epyi
464
.irxe
.475 dxrd oldl e`x ,zeig` 14 cbpk mig` 14 oial zeig` 14 cbpk mig` 12 oia dcepzd lr
.sfera dlind o`k driten ipletd xewna
zxecdn'a) mely dipt ly ixard gqepa ,zinx` e` zixar dlin yxetna o`k zywazny it lr s`
dpaeny zipnxbziciid dlind d`xpd lkk ìde ,Thieren dlind driten (izeyxl dcnry 'miipia
ok`y d`xpe ,Thairak dlind driten da zipletd dxecdnd zqxb z` iztcrd .mixry e` zezlc
ìd ,dl`y oniqae ,miixbeqa : z`f dìxw swyn mely dipt gqep elit` .ixewnd cid azk gqep df
,drepza zeniizqn drivdy milind yely lke ,dxhr e` dxez ,exidhl dpeekdy zxryn
,mely dipt ly ixard gqepd zqtcda yeaiy o`k lgy okzii .Thierenk ,xevira `le ,Thairak
zinx`d dlind z` d`xpd lkk ztwyn Thaira dlind .wecal izexytà did `l dci azk z`y
ly miilawd diiepikn ìde ,(xz` lr ezxrda ipletd xicdnd dze` yxit jk ,okè) xry - `rxz
yh`wpen zxecdn meliv qetc] a"kyz milyexi ,mipenx qcxt ,exaecxew dyn : e`x) zekln zxitq
jynda mb zfnxpd ('xry' jxr ,`k wxt ,miiepikd ikxr - bk xry [mipenx qcxt : oldl ; e"qxz
z` mb df oiipna lelkl ezpeeky okziie ,'zeiekln' ray ly ieaix dpnn xfeb wp`xt ik m` ,mixacd
qail ixac e`xe .`"r `px ,b"g ; a"r qx ,a"g) xdefd it lr zeklnl zgzny zelkidd zray
- zexitqd yy z` e` ,(68 dxrd 370 ,146-145 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,df oiiprl eizeiptde
odiiepika od s` zefnxpe (mkxra ,my ,exaecxew) mixry zepeknd ,zeklnl lrny - 'zeevw'd
xexa ,dl` zexitq ly dlibxd zipind ozedfl cebipa ,mewn lkn .mixacd jynda odirav ilnqae
'zeiekln'd lk zelawen my ,mixacd jyndn xazqnk ,oleka reah zekln ly dzeiawp mzegy
.mipezgzde mipeilrd ,mixkfd 'mig`'d on xexiaa zepgaen ode ,wp`xt ly mce xya 'eizeig`'l
iztcrde ,(zezlc) Tren dpiwzd zipnxbd dzxeva dlind o`k driten mely dipt ly ixard gqepa
.xewnd oeyl d`xpd lkk ìdy ,yiciid z` ztwynd ,zipletd dxecdnd zqxb z` aey
[...] icedi zqpk ziaa' el elbzp eay ,melg lr wp`xt xtqn xg` mewna .305 sirq ,oec`d ixac
envr midel` z`n miglyp eppd ,exn` [...] zrc i`lne cgein xdefa mixidfn mdipte [...] micedi 12
[ 251 ]
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460
461
462
463
464
110 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
mipezgzdy myk ynn mipezgzd mzenc ipal miwewf mipeilray 'dgtyn'd ipa
md jk ,mdl mikixv epgp`y myk' : iccdd mpexqg znlyd myl ,mipeilrl miwewf
zeigè mig` mi`xwpd dl` mdil` eèai ik ,jk lr mikneqe mipiznn md .epl mikixv
465
.'ezxev z` dfeg did ik ,envr mvr z` my xikn did cegl cg` lk ,my mziid el [... ]
xy` cg` xac mdl xqg ik [... ] dfd mlerd iyp` mr cg`zdl [... ] miee`zn' mipeilrd
cg`zdl epilre ,jkl mitvn epgp` .mci zgz `vnpy dn xqg eple ,o`k epz` èd
df mipgaen md mpn` ; sebd xcrd èd mipeilrd zeig`de mig`d ly mpexqg 466.'mdnr
èaa wx mybzdl dxen` mdipia zi`lihxrd zixcbnd dpgadd la` ,zeawpe mixkfk dfn
miwewf ,mcvn ,mipezgzd .mipezgza yep` ipa mr ipind beeifd jxc lr ,dle`bd
dl` zegek ly maih .mipeilra mzenc ipa ly miirahlrd mdizegekl miwwezyne
467
: mixg` zenewna xcben èd j` ,eèlna o`k yxtzn eppi`
ik [... ] eply mr mdd mig`de ,myc zeig`d mr eply mig`d mixagzn eid fè
ilral c`n miwwezyn md ik ,cg` miyrp eide ,y`d mpd mde mind eppd epgp`
z` jexr` invra ip`y ,minrt dnk mkl izxn` okl .mdl miwewf epgp` mbe ,seb
gek ilra eid miclep eidy miclid : izpeek dzid z`f .mkizepae mkipal zelelkd
468
.dnly xir zltep dzid mzwrv lewl .mevr
lr èt` rvazi mipezgza ozence mzenc ipa mr mipeilrd zeig`de mig`d ly mcegi`
zepeilrd zeig`de ,zeivx`d zeig`d mr mipeilrd mig`d - alvend ipind beeifd jxc
dz`xwl liaen èdy cala ef `l : wp`xta dlek lk dielz eznybd .miivx`d mig`d mr
zpn lr eizeigpdl wewf mipeilra 'lecbd g`d' s`y `l` ,miivx`d 'eizeig`'e 'eig`' z`
dzid `l dznbecky' dgnyl ìai mcegi` .mipezgzd l` ekxc z` èvnle eleabn uextl
dipèeià mig` il izxga xak ik ,zeidl lkei `l df ,mdl izipr .mig` jl didpy mikqzy ick jil`
midel` ixd : exn` od sè ,zeripve itei mixne` odipte ,miyp dxyr mizy izi`x ipyd cvae [...]
èd .(75 sirq) 'mixabl izipr xy` z` izipr odl mb la` .zeig`l jl zeidl epze` gly envra
`weec xagzdl mzti`y .enegzl idel`d mnegzn uextl migilyd ly mpeiqip z` enelga dgec
zkxrnd mpn` .zekxrnd xcq z` yayl ick da yiy leab zbqd ìd ,ivx`d 'lecbd g`d' ,eil`
z`f miybdl ozleki j` ,(oldl e`x) dle`bd jildz seqa zivx`d mr cg`zdl dxen` zininyd
.zeliawn zekxrn izyk dry itl oneiwa zipzen
.305 sirq ,my
.338 sirq ,my
zvixt ,dbydl ozip epi`y itei ,zblten dnkg ,xeriy el oi`y xyer llek mipeilrd ly mgek
,1023 ,978 ,418 ,377 ,326 mitirq lynl e`x .gvp ixerp - lekl lrne ,onfde mewnd zeleab
.785-780 zexrd aiaq oldl e`xe .daxd cere ,1303 ,3011
lr xeqi`l liaedy èd mipezgze mipeilr oia mibeeifd oefgy zexyt`l .1275 sirq ,oec`d ixac
.89 dxrd lirl e`x ,mipezgza oièyipd
[ 252 ]
465
466
467
468
[ 111
ivx`d wp`xt lye ,mipezgzl oeilrd g`d ly zalvend mzkxaa mzgie ,'mlern
: mipeilrl
ieag dìxad ziy`xn [... ] lecbd g`d eze` lv` `vnp aehd lky mkl xne` ip`
mlera mipkeyd miyp`d mr cg`zdl cinz sèy èd [... ] eizeleaba aehd lk
xac dfi` ixg` scexe rbiizn ip`ye ,dfd mlera o`k izxvepy ilr rcei èd .dfd
jeza `vnp èd m` ,ok it lr sè ,el enk zeigè mig` il mb ik mb el reci .aeh
ìd dvignd ik ,epnr o`k zeidle leabd z` xearl ote`d epnn xvap ,midel`d
eay el zelbl ,ipnn dvr el gley iziid ,minly mig` mz` mziid el .ziy`xan
la` .eizeaygn lceb llba eze` biydl leki epi` envra èd j` ,aeh xac ieag
`l dvigndy ,[aeh xac] eze` zgwl eilr ji` el uriin iziid ,heyt mc` ip`
,mkzè izia z` miizpia xicqn ip` iziid ,eleabn `vei didy cre ,ecra akrz
didy rbxa .ely zeig`de mig`l mb xy` zeze`d lka cievn iziid .zeigè mig`
ik .mlern dzid `l dznbecky ,z`fk dgny zvxet dzid ,izial ezia mr ribn
èd .cxtd ilal ,mdd mig`d mr zeig`de ,odd zeig`d mr micg`zn mig`d eid
469
.mze` jxan iziid ip` ,jtdle ,eipa z` awri jxay itk mkz` jxan did
oiae ,mce xya zeawpl miidel`d mixkfd oia beeifd - 'izial ezia' oia cegi`d zgny
zqtzp ìde ,oweznd mlerd ly ezle`b zgny ìd - mce xya mixkfl zeidel`d zeawpd
zeig`de mig`d : ilawd dle`bd ibeeif qezin ly dheade ziphytd dnybdd jxc lr
xeaig didi ik .oewiz mdl mb ìai dfe ,ezenlya `lnzi xacdy mlek mighea' mipeilrd
jxc didze .myn miyp egwi o`kn mixabde ,dfd mlerdn miyp egwi mde ,dfd mlerd mr
470
.'epil` mdne mdil` epz`n
,mgeka `l j` - mpina dfn df milcapd ,zeig`de mig`d zgtyn ly ipeieeyd dpand
zegekd of`na swzyn ,mipeilray mlrpd mnegz jeza - mcnrnae mdiciwtza
cenll ozip df zegek of`n lr .mipezgzay wp`xt xvga 'zeig`'l 'mig`'d oia ipeieeyd
471
,zizgtynd 'deeg`'d ixèz mvra ,xg` xywda lirl oecp xaky ,yeniyd on
.cgi mb dieedd ixeyin ipya 'lecbd g`'l mzwifa mipind ipy oia oeieeyd lr mifnxnd
.ipletd gqepd it lr milw mipewiza ,410 sirq ,my 469

micd oaenk yi ,yep` ipa mr mil` ly ipind mbeeif lr ,mecwd ilil`d qezinl .418 sirq ,my 470
dpikyd mr beecfde ezy`n yxty ink dyn z` dbivnd ,xdefd zlawa cegiiae ,yxcna ,`xwna
: e`x ,izfrd ozp zxeza ef dqitz ly i`zayd dleblba oeicl .xread dpqd jeza là ybty dryn
.670-666 'nr ,'giyn zrcl' ,miiwl`
oldle ,275-268 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x ,1758/59 zpya dipèeià 'zeig`'de mig`'d zxiga lr 471
.475 dxrd
[ 253 ]
112 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
zgwl dplkez `l'y ,mipeilra 'lecbd g`d' ly ezexnl zetetkd 'zeig`'d lr xn`p jk
mig`l mb oke [... ] ely mlek ,my xy` mixabd lk' : liawnae .'ely olek od ik ,milra
mb lg df avn 472.'oda miynzyn mde ,mdl zexzen' 'ely' miypd ik m` ,'miyp oi` ely
j` ,il` qgia mig` mkpi`' : exvga wp`xt ly ezexnl mitetkd 'zeig`'de 'mig`'d lr
did dti mipezgzay wp`xt xvga 473.'zeigè mig` `xwdl mkilr mknvr oial mkipia
`lde - izxeqnd miqgid mwxn z` diptn zegcl eil` miaxewnd zxeag zwif ly dgek
miypd ly zeizkldde zeizxagd ,zeizgtynd mdizewifn lylzydy - erahn ipeieey
zebefd ly zicrlad ziccdd mzwif mdipia dlhea ,xen`k ,jk .dfl df mixabde
; ezrnynl mixqd mixabde miypd llk lr wp`xt ly ezepc` iptn dzgcpe ,mièypd
mipwfl zexirve mixirv oia ,zeiepte miieptl zeèype mièyp oia lcadd yhyeh jk
.envrlyk mdipia ixcbnd lcadd mb dgnp minieqn mixywdae ,zepwfe
mipeyd miqwhd on micnl ep` 'zeig`'de 'mig`'d xeaiv ly mcnrn zlawd lr
j` deeya mixable miypl - iav izay ezrya ycigy jxck - wp`xt ycigy mipeynde
raxà xgayn ,lynl ,jk 474.mipind ipy oia ixhniq oefi` lr dctwd jez ,cxtpa
lbrna cenrl mlek lr deeive 475,'mig`' ly deey oiipna xga ,dipèeià 'zeig`'d dxyr
.417 sirq ,my
,xdefd it lr ocr ob zelkida mixabl miypd cnrn zlawd mb e`xe .380-379 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x
.352-349 zexrd aiaq lirl dpecpe ,mipind ipy oia dcxtdd zxbqna zygxzn ìd s`y
,okn xg`l miyceg dyingke ,zepey`xd 'zeig`'d raya wp`xt xga ,1758 xanvca 11a ,dligz
ly zilnqd ezernyn lr fnxn èdyk ,zetqep 'zenlr' e` 'zexrp' raya xga ,1759 i`na 10a
,dwipexkd) 'jlnd zian dl zzl zeie`xd zexrpd ray zè' - 9 a xzq`n weqtd zàda xtqnd
myxity itk df xywda ezltkde ray xtqnd ilnq lr cer e`xe .42e 39 mitirq 50-48 'nr
.(645-643 ,595 ,484 zexrd aiaq oldl mb e`x ; 604 ,378 ,377 ,305 mitirq ,oec`d ixac ,wp`xt
jxc zepeknd ,dxyr rax` ly zg` dcigi ickl miypd zeiriay izy ecklzd jliè zr dze`n
sirq 50 'nr ,dwipexkd) 'mig`' xyr mipya xga ,1759 ipeia 6a ,okn xg`l ycegk .'zeig`' raw
zeieyr eidy ,elyn zeilnq zeivìveq` oerh èd j` ,'zeig`'d oiipnl liawn eppi`y xtqn - (43
zedcfdl daxd miilawd eilnq mre ez`y ,i`xwnd awri ipa xyr mipy - wp`xt ly eal z` jeynl
xeìl` ixac mb e`xe ,1158 ,779 mitirq ,oec`d ixac ,lynl e`x) mixg` mixywdae df xywda
e`x ,migilyd xyr mipye eyi mr wp`xt ly ezedcfd lr) eicinlze eyi s` oke ,[452 dxrd lirl]
,1756a xaky wp`xt lr xn`p my ,23 sirq 38 'nr ,dwipexkd ; 1291 sirq ,oec`d ixac lynl
,'inr [iyp`n] xyr mipye zixvepd zcd l` jl` : lecb lewa `xw' ,ycewd gex ly ielib zeawra
,h wxt oldl mb e`x .eyi ly migilyd xyr mipy eipir cbpl ecnry - xicdnd zrvdk - xiaqe
'miipy cer oec`d mdil` sxiv' ,ipeia 8a ,okn xg`l miinei ,mewn lkn .(859-853 zexrd aiaq
mpiipn z` licbd jk .(106 'nr ,dwipexkl gtqpa aey xkfp oiiprde ,43 sirq 52 'nr ,dwipexkd)
mixkfd oia mlyend oefi`d geky dnec .zeveawd izy oia d`ln zixtqn dlawd xvie xyr drax`l
xtqa ik m` ,xyr mipyd lnq ly egek lr xab ,ea zeltewnd zeilnqd zeiernynd lr ,zeawpl
zexrd aiaq lirl lynl e`x) 'mig`' xyr mipyl 'zeig`'d dxyr rax` zelawen oec`d ixac
[ 254 ]
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473
474
475
[ 113
25e ,24 ,23a miypd ,ipeia 10e ,9 ,8a mixabd - mitevx zelile mini dyely jyna
ea etzzydy qwh lr gvip aey ,ileia 14a ,okn xg`l micg` zereay 476.1759 ,ipeia
oze` z` zervand zepgaen zeveaw izyk mixabd xyr draxè miypd dxyr rax`
,lbrna cenrl miypd dxyr rax` lr deeiv axra' : dxeza zg` lk ,deeya zelertd
dyrpy xrya exar mixabde ,ayi envr oec`d .odixeg`n [cenrl] deeiv mixabd lre
exar miypde ,rvnà mixabd ex`yp jk xg` .uega diqdxta did df .miyp izy icia
lbxl ,aeala dpkzyde dipèei`n dlek dxeagd d`viy xg`l 477.'mdicia dyrpy xrya
miypl ecgei ea s`y ,sqep qwh lr wp`xt deeiv ,micedid ibivp oial mpia gekieed
: cxtpa j` liawna zervaznd ,zedf zeniyn mixable
mze` my ,miycg mih`wec xyr mipy elhpae ,zeig`de mig`d mr dlr oec`d
xg` .ely sxegd ilrp z` ulgy xg`l oini lbxa mdilr jxce ,dnixra dligz
,jxc aeye dnixra [mze` my] aey jk xg` ,[mdilr] jxc aeye elbxa [m]xfit jk
lk lr [deeiv] dixg` .ok zeyrl [ycew dxkf] w"f dxiabd lr deeiv jk xg`
; cegl cg` lk ok mb ,mixabd lk lr odixgè ,[ok zeyrl] cegl zg` lk ,miypd
478
.oey`x dyr èdy myk ,bedpl [mdilr deeiv] df xcq itl
ipye ,w"f [ezy`] dl'dpg mr dlleqd lr dlr oec`d' - daegehqp'va mrtde - aeye
,eixg` [edrxa yi`] wifgdl mdl xn` èd .eixg` zeig`de mig`d on miyp izye miyp`
oinin ìdy zg` dlleq lr ,ea egex cer lk ,dke dk minrt dxyr rax` ux jke
'zeig`'l 'mig`'d oia zixhniqd dlawdde ixtqnd oefi`d 479.'dxaxa [dhp]'q [ziiqpk]l
dnk ea ecba `lel zeìvna miiwzn did wp`xt ixacly ,ipeinc qwha mb oirl mixwcfn
: eizeawra xvpzdl maxqa eiaxewnn dnke
dyiyd my iz` mi`vnp eid [daegehqp'va] `lkd zial iribd xg`l mini dyely
xtqn ,'zeig`'d xtqnl cebipay e` ,diaeaxra eyniy miilnqd mixtqnd ipyy okziie ,(464-459
.zeìvna aviizd `l 'mig`'d
zr dzeàe) zepey`xd 'zeig`'d ray eehvp qxna 21a xak ,dyrnl .43 sirq 52 'nr ,dwipexkd
dyly lbrna odilbx lr cenrl' ('mig`'d zveaw `l sè ,diipyd 'zeig`'d ziiriay dxgap `l oiicr
.(40 sirq 50-48 'nr ,my) 'dlile mei ecnr ode ,iying meiae iriax meia ,iyily meia epiid ,mini
,456 mitirq ,oec`d ixac mb e`x - mixabe miyp - zeliawn zeveaw ly zkyenn dcinr iqwhl
.459
miypd dxyr rax` ecrv day ,alvd zìyp zkeldz xeìz mb e`xe .45 sirq 54 'nr ,dwipexkd
sirq 52 'nr ,my) mixabd xeh z` liaene jeeza crevd ,wp`xt ly el`nyne epinin ,mixeh ipya
.(44
.49 sirq 58-56 'nr ,my
.106 sirq 96 'nr ,my
[ 255 ]
476
477
478
479
114 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
iziide [... ] [xvpzdl miaxqnd] eyry dnl enikqd `l xy` miyp yye iz` eidy
yelye mixabd mkn dyelye 480.cinz zayei ìd ea xy` oelgd z` mdl d`xn
ick dcbpk zenxen diipyd sk lr zg` mdiciyk zery 3 jyna micner eid miyp
miyer epiide ,xcga mix`yp eid miypd yelye mixg`d zyelye ,mewna hiadl
481
.zery 24 ,dlilg xfeg jke ,mitlgzn epiid zery 3 xg`le .uegpy dn my
mb 'uegpy dn' ziiyr zfnxn df dxwna ,lirl exèzy miqwhd x`yn licadl ,mpn`
ibeeifa xaecny dnec ixdy ,dl dliawnd miypd zveaw mr mixabd zveaw cegi` lr
dl` oirn mibeeif .mxeza zebef dyely lk - xcga mix`ypd 'zeig`'de 'mig`'d oia deexr
mzenc ipa mr 'zeig`'de 'mig`'d ly alvend mbeeif lr ziqwh dxfgk i`ceea eqtzp
mixkfd oefi` lr dctwdd o`k mb zxkip z`f lkae .mlera 'dnlr'd dlbzzyn mipeilrd
.liawna mipind ipy lr zilkza zedf zeniyn zlhde ,zeawpde
swzyn wp`xt zrceza ihnbicxtd dcnrny ,mipind ipy oia zixhniqd dlawdd
: 'oec`d ixac' xtqa yxetne ipexwr geqip icil dribn ,lirly miqwhd ixeìz lk jezn
dyr dz` : cg`l xen`l mikixv ep` .dawp oinle xkf oinl ,mipind ipyl mikixv ep`'
zeidl mikixv mewn lka ik' : cere 482.'miypl mb oke .df z` lrtz dz` : ipyle ,df z`
zenewnd lkay oeeikn zeigè mig`k mkz` cinrdl izivx ip`' : e` 483,'zeigè mig`
mig` mde ,7e 7 mi`vnp xieeà elit` .lecbd g`d l"pd lv`y itk zeigè mig` mpyi
,zicedid zxeqnd zgz ezeipeieeya xzeg èdy drya da ,df oexwir 484.'zeigè
,mipeyd mdiciwtze ilèhixd mcnrn ,mixabde miypd ly mnewn oia ahid dlicand
l`k miypd xeaivl zeqgiizdd mbc z` dpnn `weec aèye rcena zxeqn dzeà obern
did mdxa`' : ziaihwlewd ezlert zexbqna epnn cxtp j` mixabd xeaivl liawn xeaiv
mz` ok .mnvra ecary xacl mze` ekyne 485,miypd z` dxye ,miyp`d z` xiibn
zeyrl wp`xt ly ezìxwa oi` dxe`kl mpn` 486.'mkizenè mkizea`k eyr mkizeype
dyrnl j` .zea` zxeqn xeniyl dninz zeaiegn meyn `l` 'mkizenè mkizea`' bdpnk
xnelk ,'mnvra ecary xacd' eze` l` mdizepae mdipa z` 'ekyni'y eiyp`n raez èd
lk zwixte ceqid cr zxeqnd rewrw ,mipiiprd xywdn cnlpk ,exwiry 'xac'
xtqe ,zivx`d dzenc zal zkted wp`xt dee`y ,zlèbde zidel`d 'dnlr'l e` 'dleza'l dpeekd
.g wxt oldl e`xe .da weqrl daxn oec`d ixac
.143 sirq ,my
.679 sirq ,my
.687 sirq ,my
.`k ,hl x"xa
[ 256 ]
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
[ 115
,epipec` z` cakl epilr mb ok .mixg` midel` lv` eipec` z` caik awri' : dizexqen
dcxtddy cera 487.'crv ixg` crv ixg` dkilde ,'eke zc lke weg lk zwixt ici lr ? dna
yygn zraep zicedid dxagd zexbqna mixabd xeaivl miypd xeaiv oia zizxeqnd
dxe`kl dpwexzd wp`xt bega zizhiyd mzcxtd 488,zipin dxar
icil ìand rxd xvid
489
xicbdl oi` ,ok it lr sè .raw jxc zeixr ixcb evxtp df bega ixdy ,dzernyn lkn
mixevrn ixqg ,miikxp` zelled iigk exvga wp`xt bidpdy zipind zexwtdd z`
,minieqn zenewna ,minieqn mipnfa cinz raw dxard
iyrn z` ,daxc` 490.zeleabe
,zenieqn zeilnq zeiernyn mdl qgiie ,epevx zexixy it lr ,zenieqn zepekznae
miyrny ,mewn lkn ,xexa 491.ekxc it lr xzei e` zegt minezq mifnxa yxit oze`y
zkxrn ly dzetwzn
`weec mgek z` miaèy - miwdaen miinepihp` miyrn - dl`
midel`' ly ilnxet j` ipxzg ogletl mikted mnvrlyk mde ,xtdl eà mze`y miwegd
ezca 'crv ixg` crv' eipin`n z` jilend ,wp`xt awri èd mgily 'awri'yk ,'mixg`
fixkdy in 492,'mcewn eidy miwegd lk z` qenxl'e 'zc lk' lr xrxrl `viy ink .dycgd
.(452 dxrd lirl) xeìl` e`x ,wp`xt zxez ly df haidl .219 sirq ,my
.109-100 'nr ,(211 dxrd lirl) zeevnde dy`d ,oeqpil` : e`x
,64 sirq 66 'nr ,46 sirq 56-54 'nr ,dwipexkd : lynl e`x ,dl` miyrn ly miyxetn mixeìzl
.106 sirq 96 'nr ,104 sirq 94-92 'nr ,74 sirq 74-72 'nr ,67 sirq 68 'nr
.129 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : e`x ,ef oirn dxcbdl
ibeeifk rcenae `weec ebved mnvr oial 'zeig`'de 'mig`'d oiae 'zeig`'l wp`xt oia mibeeifdy xexa
wp`xt .mdipia miqgid zxcbdk mdl evni`y zizgtynd 'deeg`'d on yexita rnzynk ,deexr
akyl lkez ji` ,zeig` odl `xew dz`yk : ize` el`y ,ogand onfa ,dyxea' : ielba df oiiprl yxcp
okzi ji` .[2 d y"dy] izeg` il igzt : xn` jlnd dnly' : oke ,(375 sirq ,oec`d ixac) '? oz`
daxn ,zegè g`l mixvna efgzdy ,dxye mdxa` zyxt mb .(377 sirq) '? ezeg` `xwz daed`y
,ixyl xn` mdxa`' : inihibl deexr beeif zpigaa èdy beeif ly mbc el zwtqne wp`xt z` wiqrdl
xn`yke .epnn dzgwl leki yi` did `l ,izy` dl `xew did el .[13 ai 'xa it lr] z` izeg` ixn`
xn` `l mdxa` ik ,dnkg ixac mpyi o`k [...] ? mixg` mr akyl dl dyxd eli`k df ,izeg` dl
mixiyd xiya aezkd oekpy enk dcin dzeà oekp z` izeg` `p ixn` .ebidpn ixac `l` envrn xac
liynn xg` mewna .(1236 ,1222 ,796 ,674 ,407 mitirq mb e`xe .614 sirq) 'izeg` il igzt : [2 d]
zgtynn' icb` jln ly exvga mzxtdl exvga 'zeig`'de 'mig`'d oia zeixr ixeqi` zxtd z` wp`xt
,yper lkn epa z` jlnd xhet lyna .eia` zeypn zg` ly dileza z` llig epay ,'ynyd icli
mkl iz`xw ip` mb ok' : wp`xt wiqn o`kn .'jln zeidl èd cizre ,mrd iheytn èd oi`'y dprha
,(452 dxrd lirl) xeìl` ixac e`xe .(722 sirq) 'mc`d x`yk mkz` oecl xyt` iè ,zeigè mig`
eay mler ,zexitqd mler zetwzydk eiaxewn zxeag z` wp`xt zqitzl dwifa z`f lk zyxtnd
oia deexrd iqgia oeicl .xdef ipewizd xn`nk ,'deexr zil `lirl' zpigaa zeixr ibeeif miniiwzn
E. Wolfson, Hebraic and Hellenic : e`x ,xidad xtqa xak zedelà dawpde xkfd zegek
cgeina ,Conceptions of Wisdom in Sefer ha-Bahir, Poetics Today, 19 (1998), pp. 147-173
.163-155 'nr
,192 ,130 ,96 mitirq : lynl e`x .oec`d ixac xtq lk jxe`l zehea zeie`hazd zexyr jk lr yi
.1240 ,977 ,953 ,937 ,890 ,813 ,805 ,803 ,798 ,746 ,735 ,708 ,513 ,450 ,421 ,397
[ 257 ]
487
488
489
490
491
492
116 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
,èd zeend cvn df lk ik ,miwegd z` z`yl leki epi` mikled epgp` eil` xy` mewnd'y
dctwde hlgen zeivl eizeriaz sweza wp`xt ìltn 493,'miigd z`xwl mikled epè
elyn mixzide mixeqi` reawl eziihp mvra 494,miycgd eibdpne eiqwh lr zipwcwc
ilèhix mzeg riahdl - llkke 495,eizeevn lr mixaerd z` dxnega yiprdl ,xiaknl
ixeqi` zxtd iqwhy èd rpnpd on `l ,lirl xen`k .ezaiaqa ygxznd lk lr wdaen
ly zrnyne dxeng dcxtd exvga dbdp mday onf iwxt mr diaeaxra eyniy zeixr
z` qbxet dyn ixeìz odipiae ,zeiecr dnkn xazqny itk ,mipind ipy oia zeyixt
rawp df miig gxe`y gipdl xiaq 496.wp`xt ly ezen ixg` jàpte` xvga miigd gxe`
- ixhniqd oefi`d lr 'zizxeqn'd ezctwd mr ahid ayiizn ède ,ezeevnae eiiga cer
.epicil eribdy eizeie`hazd aexa o`kn 'zeig`'l o`kn 'mig`'d oia - cxtpa j` liawna
zedfd zeniynl eizeieqgiizd lka miypl mixabd oia ,aeye aey ,lican èd jk
iziidyk zenlyd ixg` mikled mziid el' : liawna mipind ipy lr lihdl epevxay
cva miypde cg` cva mz` ,dlile mei xnynd lr cenrl mkilr deevn iziid ,`lka
la` [... ] zeveawl dxeagd z` wlg` [... ] micedid eèaie onfd ribiyk' : oke 497.'ipy
myd z` cearl jxcd z` mkl dxeiy dcedi cg` miy` ,zeigè mig` mziidy ,mkilr
miy` dzeè ,miypè midel` mr dnly ,myd z`xi dy` mb didz ok [... ] mkaal lka
: aeye 498.'mcew izx`zy itk zecin oze` cnlz ìde ,zeig` e`xwp xy` miypd lr
eid ,mieqn cg` mewnl oze` gley iziid [eli`] 499 [... ] dze` ezxyiy miyp izcnrd'
mizxyn mziide ,zepiirn mze`l ,myl mkz` mb gley iziid ok [... ] my xàa zevgex
500
.'miklnd zeypl miypd zè ,mikln l` mkz` zgley dzid ìde ,mkgeka dze`
zetwyn od s` dliawnd zivx`d zeìvnl miizind 'zeig`'de 'mig`'d mler oia zewifd
cera ,miivx`d 'mig`'l ìd miizind 'mig`'d zwifyk ,mipind ipy oia zipctw dpgad
mkl eid [... ] miaeh mz` mziid el' : zeivx`d opin zepal ìd zeizind 'zeig`'d zwify
myn il miìan mziid ,lecbd mgek z` mièx mziide ,mizxyn daxd mr zepenx`
jln èdy lecbd g`d edfe' : aeye 501.'zeig`n zeig` ,mig`n mig` ,milecb zexve`
.805 sirq ,my
.daxd cere ,329 ,327 mitirq ,my : lynl e`x
.88 sirq 80 'nr ,81 sirq 76 'nr ,dwipexkd : e`x ,zewlna dyipr ixeìzl
oia dpigan dpi` zipletd la` .'mze` cnlz ìde' xn`p mely dipt ly dnebxza .434 sirq ,my
xexae ,(ipletd xewna im) o`k ywaznd ,qeaihcd qgia miax iyily seb ly dawpde xkfd zxev
.'zeig` e`xwp xy` miypd' z` xnelk ,'oze`' dpeekdy
.g wxt oldl dilr e`x .zlèbde zidel`d 'dleza'l e` 'dnlr'l aey dpeekd
.801 sirq ,my
[ 258 ]
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
[ 117
lr zeig`d oke ,mkilr miqrek mde ,dwevna md eig` lk eiykr [... ] miklnd
mixabde miypd ehtyp wp`xt awrie dee` ipta oicl mipin`nd zcnrda mb 502.'zeig`d
.cegl miype cegl mixab .dxeagd lk z` oicl ecinrdy dz`x [dee`] dceak' : cxtpa
503
.'miaehd eiyrn z` exxae ,miigl ribdl jixvy cg` lk epc jke .cvdn cnr oec`d
lkn xexiaa ztwzynd dnbnd - mzcxtd jxc lr mipind ipy zlawdy wtq oi`
zipktdn dzeida ,drahn zipxzg dnbn ìd - lirl eàedy mixeìzde zeie`hazdd
df aeliy .dawpl xkfd oia izxeqnd cebipd gzn z` zxnyn ìdy lk mr ,dzeipeieeya
ly dliah mikixv micedid lk' : dxndl wp`xt zìxwa ahid xkip dihaid ipy ly
eidi mlek ,miycg micbaa miyaeln eidi mlek .cal zeawpe cal mixkf ,mixnen
dpgaddyk elit` 504.'[`"xr - .ily zeybcdd] dycg dne`l epzyie ,lecbe ohw ,mieey
milg eixacy oiivl wp`xt gxeh ,llk epnn zywazn dpiè epeic fkxnn dwegx zixcbnd
lkl did oken dipèeià mkz` izcnrdyk ik' : cg`ke liawna miypd lre mixabd lr
did oken' : cere 505.'miypl mb oke mixabl ,mixwi mixac dnk cere ,xzke yeal cg`
xzei hhenzn cg`dy dèx iziid ele [... ] miypd liaya lbc cere ,ez`yl lbc mkprnl
z` mixiy ick ,mnexzi ipyd mby cr ,dn onfl wx ele xacd z` akrn iziid ,ipydn
lk z` siw` [... ] l`d ipxfriyk' : oke 506.'miypd mr mb dxew did df .deeya mlek
didi dfe [wuwen] oiee ipy dfl (oniq) ze`d z` d`x`y in lre ,ipyl cg`n dxeagd
el dzre' : aeye 507.'ze`d z` miypd lre mkilr d`x`y mkl lg`n ip` [... ] zg ilal
[... ] mkizeyp zè mkz` ,ux`d zetpk rax`l mkz` gley iziide ,minly mziid
zxby 508.'a`kn elvpze mkiype mz` eryeeiz ,dpd epze` gly xy` oecà eghazyke
- dxe`kl - elit` ,zeiawrae yxetna miypd zegkepa dxiknd ,ef 'ziaiqelwpi`' oeyl
ocnrn ly idylk dxdad e` miypk odl cgein xqn lk da oi`yk ,ipiipr jxev lk `ll
mihepd ,miizextqd diiehia lk lr zipaxd zxeqna laewnd on ribtna zbxeg ,miypk
,eipica ,eizecina : 'ezexg`' gxeka ea oecl eà ok m` `l` miypd xeaivn mlrzdl
.el micgeind eipiipr x`yae
dnbnd z`hazn ,cxtpa j` deeya milretd ,mixabde miypd cnrn zlawd cvl
lr .wp`xt bega dnvrl ìdyk zixcbnd dvignd zvixta mb zipktdnd zipeieeyd
.964 sirq ,my
.(zipletd dxecdnd it lr ixard gqepd znlyda) 749 sirq ,my
eppi`y sirq - oec`d ixac xtqa 2097 sirq jezn hhvnd ,246 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw
.xehwec oì ly zipletd dxecdna `l sè mely dipt ly ixard dnebxza riten
.687 sirq ,my
.342 sirq ,my
.daxd cere ,1213 sirq ,my mb e`xe ,1170 sirq ,my
[ 259 ]
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
118 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
dcgii oze`y zeizebdpzdd zenxepd zkitda ,mipind oia lcadd ly oeeknd yehyhd
xraac ly ezecr ,lynl ,zcnln ,micxtpd mzlert inegza mixable miypl zxeqnd
eizerqna ey`x zxneyk wp`xt l` dzeelzdy xab icba dyeal dxrp xaca aeglean
zepan zg` dleza mdnre ripexwvp`l xirl eèaie el` oe` ilret lk eklie' : oilet ixra
xney' el zynyn ìdy wp`xt xn` ef dleza lr 509.'xegak xab zlnya zyaeln ,aeal
drx lkn exnyl ,dnipt oilet zpicnl oec`d mr qpkizy' dxn` dnvr ìde ,'bidpne
zeìvna dzenlbzdk dqtzp ef y`x zxney dlezay wtq oi` 510.'rbt lkn eilr obdle
iptn eilr dpibnd ey`x zxney wp`xt d`x da s`y ,dpeilrd zizind dlezad ly
lkae ,(dty) oeyl ila ,aezkl rcei epi`y dxez ila ux`d mr ize` mzi`x' : oilet zepkq
`l ilr dxnyy ìd `lel .[mixvep] minec` mixiyr ceqa izàe oilet z` izxar z`f
wdaen ixab ciwtz - oiefnd xneyd ciwtz z` 511.'ipnn xkf lk dlilg x`yp did
onfn'y ,dpeilrd ziawpd zeyid - 'dnlr'l `weec wp`xt jiiyn - lrt day zeaxza
ixeìzn ez`xyd z` aèy èdy wtq oiè 512,'wypd lk dicia ozip mlerd zìxa
xney' ciwtzl dzpnzpy ink - xdefd xtqa ziawpd zekln zxitq - '`zipexhn'd
lr mb obz ef 'dnlr' 513.èd jexa yecwd ly eizelige epif ilk lk lr dcwtede ,'l`xyi
mipey`xd mziidy ,mixerp cqg mkl xekfl dze` ywa`' : el mzepn`p zekfa eiaxewn
meyl ribdl xyt` i` dnlr ila ik ,xnynl zg` dnlr mkl ozzye ,ixg` zkll
.215 'nr ,(79 dxrd lirl) dicedie divilb ,xexa
jeza ,dpia ixac ,l`hpwxia xaac
ixard dnebxza xqgd) 166 sirq ,oec`d ixac xtq cezn àen ,71 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw
: mely dipt gqepa) 383 sirqe ,(61 'nr ,` ,xehwec oì ly zipletd dxecdna e`xe ,mely dipt ly
'nr ,my ,zipletd dxecdna e`xe ,'zepkqd lk ipta obnl jl didè oilet ly dal l` jz` jl`'
.(105
.'dcia èd wypd lk ik' : 565 sirq mb e`xe .397 sirq ,my
lk `kdn ,`fexk `kln wit`' : x`yd oia xn`p my ,`"r `p-a"r p ,glya zyxt ,a"g ,xdef : e`x
,oizyw ,oitiiqe ,oignex ,dilic oipiif lk `dcia ciwt` .oexqnzi `zipexhnc `cia `klnc oiln
o`kn ,`kln xn` [...] àxw igibn ix`n oepi` lk ,oipa` ,oir` ,oi`xihqw ,oixhqla ,oiaxge ,oivig
`xhp ied z` d`ldle o`kn .jcia àxw igibn ix`n ,ilic oipiif ,jcia xqnz` ilic àxw ,d`ldle
eidi jlnd ixac lk dzrn ,fexk jlnd ìved : mebxzae .'l`xyi xney ,[aizkc èd `cd] c"dd ,il
,mipikq ,mivg ,zezyw ,zeaxg ,mignx : ely oif ilk lk dicia ciwtd .`zipexhnd cia mixqnp
,jlnd xn` [...] mingeld lk ,mipa` ,mivr ,[zkzn ipeixy : ileè] mixvan ,ze`xhqila [ipa`]
,il zxney z` iid d`lde o`kn .jiicia ingele ipif ilk ,jiicil zxqnp ily dnglnd ,d`lde o`kn
dlezad ly df ienic oia wp`xt zrceza zixyt`d dwifd lr .'[4 `kw 'dz] l`xyi xney ,aezkk
oldl e`x ,oilet zenglna dvin` zngelk daegehqp'va 'dxegyd dpecnd' ly dienicl dpeilrd
eyi m` dlezad dixn ly dienicl xdefd ly '`zipexhnd' ienic oia dlawda .576-572 zexrd aiaq
R. Patai, The Hebrew Goddess, New York 1967, : e`x .i`ht l`tx xak oigad idel`d àvd xyk
.575 dxrd oldl ,df oiiprl cer e`xe .pp. 199-203
[ 260 ]
509
510
511
512
513
[ 119
oifd ilk lk ik onfn mzrny ixd' : mzpen` xvew lr mda sfep èd j` 514.'mewn
dfd wypa mkz` dyialn dzid ìdy cr oizndl mkilr did .epzip dicia miizeklnd
515
.'oeixyd z`yl epz`n cak : mkxnà mzaxiq mzè [... ]
ly dzecr it lr .zexg` zeiepncfda mb miyp zexnyna envr z` siwd wp`xt
lerp xcga mipin`nd zxeag ly zlledd zeqpkzdd zrya ,zipletd 'dwipexk'd
miypd mb wp`xt lr ecnr 516,zeaexn zereny eilr evetpy rexi` - oexewvp`la
xryl ozip ,yxetna xn`p eppi` xacdy it lr s` 517.'oec`d lr zekkeqde zexneyd'
lr" : yxetna aezk' : df oiipra fixkd envr wp`xt ixdy ,zeyeng eid y`xd zexneyy
eizepexkifa xtqn qbxet dyn ,okè 519.'axg z`yl ie`x miypl mb [... ] 518"digz jaxg
eicbae ezhin z` liknd ,'yecwd xcgd' l` èanay ,jàpteà zihqiwp`xtd xvgd lr
lr ecnr' - meid zery lka dlitz mewn mipin`nl yniyy xcg - znd wp`xt ly
miaexa zeyenge zepef`n` icbaa zeyeal ,zeti oaexy ,zenlr dnk xnynd
wp`xt ly zxètnd eziieelday epiiv miinewn mipnxb mitiwyn s` 520.'zeaxgae
zexirv miyp mixyr' eza dee` ly dzxkxk z` etiwd ,1791 xanvca 12a ,jàpteà
eqtcp ,1800 xèxata x`niieea xe`l `viy ,ipnxb zr azkae 521,'zepefn`d xnynn
,xira zeipebqqd mdizekeldz ixeìz odae ,jàpteà mihqiwp`xtd lr zeniyx izy
z`f cbpk 522.'odizefg lr sqk zeynye ,zepefn`k zeyeal zexirv miyp zveaw' ellky
cg` z` ,xabk `weec ,envrl lehil - eizenelgn cg` it lr jk - wp`xt s`y
oec`d d`x 523xanaepl iyingd meia' : dyi`d ly miizxeqnd miilèhixd diciwtzn
xpd lbrnd jezae ,lbrna miphw deery zexp 6 dae d`xn eae xcgl izqpkp : enelga
dz` dn ,awri : xnè cg` il` à .mdilr jxale zexpd z` wilcdl izvtg .iriayd

axg xebgz ìd [...] cg` lkl axg xebgz ìd onfd ribiyk' : 826 sirq mb e`xe .492 sirq ,my
.'dpevxa dlriy in lkl
dzqxba ,'dwipexk'd ly 17 sirq jezn mixacd z` ìand ,71 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw
xqg df hxt .oiel lld mbxze xicddy dqxbdn zenewn dnke dnka dpey ìde ,ezeyxl dcnry
.35 dxrd 37 'nra eixac e`xe ,oiel zxecdnay 17 sirqa
.40 fk 'xa
yicii gqepa 278 xeh ,qtcpd ipnxbd gqepa 123 'nr : inebxza ,(92 dxrd lirl) zepexkif ,qbxet
.lcp`n ly ilbp`d enebxza 163 'nre ,xralrb ly
.inebxza ,112 'nr ,(90 dxrd lirl) ihphilind giynd ,lcp`n lv` àen
.inebxza ,106 'nr ,my àen
.1092 sirq ,oec`d ixac : e`x .xywdd it lr ,1784 zpy
[ 261 ]
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
120 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
la` ,jk bedp did mrt : izipr .jxal dilre wilcdl dilr ,dy`l jiiy df ? zeyrl cner
524
.'jxaè wilc` invra ip` eiykr
miyp ,mipin`nd z`wld dyrn mb fnxn wp`xt bega zixcbnd dvignd yehyh lr
: daegehqp'v zcevn lr iqexd xevnd zrya eze` mzyihp lr yperk ,cg`k mixabe
drawp zEwlnd
mpn` 525.'miypk miyp`k ,mlek z` ewlid 1771 zpy xanaepa 18 meia'
dxicp dziid l`xyi zelidwa miyp z`wld j` 526,mixablk miypl aevw yperk dklda
dxaga laewnle bedpl cebipae 527,zifpky`d dxaga - d`xpd lkk - cegiia ,icnl
didy ,dbixg dlertk dqtzp wp`xt iaxewn bega miypd z`wldy wtq oi` .zixvepd
zxeqnd ly hand zcewpn ienq ixcbn leab ziivg meyn - dkldl `l m` dyrnl - da
,'mlek z` ewlid'y migeecnd ,'dwipexk'd ixac gqepn elit` rnzyn xacde ,zicedid
.llk eil`n oaen xacd oiè ,'miypk miyp`k' - minirhne
zlèbd 'dnlr'd .g
dzedf jetid èd wp`xt zrceza zeixcbnd zenxepd zkitdl xzeia ipeviwd iehiad
ly mipey`xd dialya xak ,lirl xen`k ,mpn` .zlèbd giynd zenc ly zipind
sè 528,'oeiv zxyan dy`'d lr efecxw ixaca df daygn oeeik onzqp zi`zayd drepzd
cgei 529,wtq lihdl oi` wp`xt lr zrxknd mzrtyday ,iwipelqa mixnend ibega
igiyn cnrn ,'`zipexhn'd ,ezal s` d`xpd lkke ,dikexa ly ezy` ìd ,'dxiab'l
.1094 sirq ,my

.272-271 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw : mb e`xe .81 sirq 76 'nr ,dwipexkd
èdy mewn lke ,dwel ìd - dwel èdy mewn lk' : d ,fi dìa ixeqi` zekld ,m"anxd lynl e`x
.'miypera dy`l yi` oia yxtd oi`y ,dwel dpi` ìd - dwel epi`
m"anxd ixac lr ,'miypl mihey xeqii izrny `l mlern' : c"a`xd ly drecid ezbyd lynl e`x
zaiig ìdy zek`lnd on dk`ln zeyrln rpnzy dy` lk'y wqet èd my ,i ,`k zeyi` zeklda
wxei eip ,oiiaptl` y"i zxecdn ,i"yx zeaeyz mb e`x .'heya elit` ,dyere dze` oitek ,ozeyrl
milyexi ,cenlzd znizg ixg` oiyperd ,sq` 'y ly jka epeic e`xe .bry oniq ,371 'nr ,b"yz
,miyp zyipr ixywda z"eyd zextqa dpecpd ,dcaerl qgiizn èd my ,75 oniq ,78 'nr ,a"txz
lkk milg ,daeyz zeklda gwexd dgqipy itk ,lwynd zaeyz ly mibltend sebd ixeqii s`y
ewqty eid mpn` .dyi`l zewln zaeyz mixcqn oi`y wiqdl ozip o`kne ,mixabd lr wx d`xpd
,mieal` 'i : lynl e`x) seìp zexar
lr xwirae ,miypl mb ,zewln dllkae ,dxeng ziptbq daeyz
xacdy wtq oi` la` ,(237-230 ,25-24 ,19 'nr ,b"pyz milyexi ,mixeqi zlawe ald zaeyz
drizxa dagxda wqerd xn`n miaezka inr yi .zehrn `l zeiehalzd cilede ,iziirak qtzp
.xg` mewna xe` d`xie ,ziptbqd zeyixtd on ozxcd ly sqep haidk miyp ly oteb zyiprn
.jliè 355 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x
[ 262 ]
524
525
526
527
528
529
[ 121
xacde 530,del`l jtdy giynk ely ecnrnl liawne ezenc z` milynd ,odlyn idel`
,ocnr hwily zeiecrd it lr 531.odizy mda epkzpy dpikyd iiepik mvrn rnzyn
mb mi`zayd eipae uiyaii` ozpedi 'x mr 'miih`neltic' mirbn miiwl 'dxiab'd dtiqed
.dlyn zigiyn zegily zrceza dxecg dziidy gipdl xiaqe 532,dikexa zen xg`l
ebef za ,diifpky`d dxy ly dcnrna xak zfnexn jildzd ly eziy`x ,dyrnl
dzid ezxnd mcew' ,yhxetyy ly ezecr it lry ,iav izay ly zigiynzizeklnd
dwax dpexhn mya znzege ,daeh odl zeyrl mze` zghane dizexag miypl zazek
izay ly igiynd elrtnl dxy ly dzeaiygn hirnd mely myxb mpn` 533.'dklnd
d`liny iaihw` ciwtz lr zegked lk epicia e`vnp `l llk jxca'y dprha ,iav
znizga' ,dizexagl diazkn zè ,'dlra iyrnk lka dzyry `l` ,drepzd zecleza
zhiwp lr dcigi zecrk dpn ,'iav izay ly ebef zal ìapd ozp rawy ileaniqd myd
zak zinvrd dzrcez lr zerenyd on mlrzdl oi` ,ok it lr sè 534.dcvn idylk dnfei
izayl dzerceezd iptl cer d`xpd lkk da dyabzpy drcez ,giynd ly zcreind ebef
dwax ilnqd mya dznizgay dnec ,ok enk 535.mdièyipl dliaedy ìde ,mixvna iav
za dwax oia xexiaa licand 536,izfrd ozp ly ezèap cbpk dienq dqxzd meyn yi
: dpnn dzegpd dzgty ìdy ,zigkepd ezy`l ,'`zipexhn'd giynd zlk ,epax dyn
iexyy mipy e"h meid ik ercie ,oeihanq xdpn [iav izay] xkfpd axd èai ìdd zrae'
b"i 537z"an ìd ,[xk]'fpd axd ly ebef za meid ìde [melyd eilr epax dyn] d"rxn
dgtyde `zipexhn didi gwiy dy`de ,dgty didi dzr el yiy ezyè ,dwax dnye dpy

.309-287 ,264 'nr oldl e`x ,miigiynd befd ipaa miidel`d dawpde xkfd zenybzda oeicl
.385-384 ,378 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`xe .a"r hp ,`"r cl ,zewa`zd xtq ,ocnr : e`x
.146 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely
.5-4 'nr ,iav laep zviv ,yhxetyy : e`xe .147-146 'nr ,my
lr zerenydy gipdl xiaqe ,dligzkln migezn d`xpd lkk eid izfrd ozp oial dpia miqgid
zxez ,ocnr ; 150-148 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely) mdixg`l sè ,dièyip iptl cer zipind dzevixt
ly zilawd ezeciqg z` epiit`y ,iptbqd ipind xqend zeriaz mr eayiizd `l ,(53 'nr ,ze`pwd
eiyrnl rbepd lka ozxneg lr biladl ul`p èd mpn` .(650-640 'nr ,'giyn zrcl' ,miiwl`) ozp
iabl jka dywzdy xryl ozip j` ,miilaw miwenipa dl` miyrn uxzl ftgp sè ,egiyn ly mixfd
,miiwl`) zwgcene dwfg zihexèned dnipa oiihvd iav izayl iyi`d eqgiy mb dn ,giynd zy`
j`) dievx `l dxgzn giynd zyà d`x mieqn drcez xeyinay èd rpnpd on `le ,(670 'nr ,my
G. Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi,
: mb e`x ,dxyl ozp ly ezepier xaca .ezad` lr (zigxkd
.
.540 dxrd oldl mb e`xe .Princeton, NJ 1973, pp. 850-851
ldà miypn' weqtd z` mb zpnqn ,zeaiz iy`xk daezkd ,'zan' dlind ,xicdnd zxrd it lr
.(24 d 'tey) 'jxaz
[ 263 ]
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531
532
533
534
535
536
537
122 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
,dxy 538.'[epinia dxdna opekze dpaz] a"aez milyexin ueg ezeida `zipexhn didi
z` dgece ,dpeilrd zigiynd dlkd zenc z` dnvra drinhn ,dwax mya znzegd
seqa xnelk ,milyexia '`zipexhn'k dlbzzy ,dwax - miypd izy oia ozp ly ezpgad
xac ly eteqa jetdze aeyz j` ,dry itl '`zipexhn' zynynd ,dxye ,dle`bd jildz
xèz - giyn ly ebef za xèz lr zicrlad dzelra z` dnirhn ìd jka .'dgty'l
dtzey dze` dyer èd ixdy ,iav izayl miivx`d dièyip zcaern xzei daxd swynd
mezgl iav izay bdp ezxnd xg`ly mipya ,okè .zedel` ea dyalzpy giynk ecnrnl
xd - xnelk ,'e"k xeh' iepikk yxtzn èd j` ,'iwxeh' ehytk ernyny ,'ekxeh' mya
ède ,e"k dixhniba epiipny ,died my ly (zinxà 'xeh' zlin ly zixard dzliawn)
ezy` dzpkzp jkl liawna .zedel` zbxcl giynd ly ezelrzd lr d`xpd lkk fnxn
xd ,xnelk ,'dk xeh'k yxtzn èd mb j` ,'diiwxeh' eheytk ernyny ,'dkxeh' mya
,cakei s` 539.'dk' iepika dlawd zextqa dzpkzp dpikyd ixdy ,ea zyalzn dpikydy
,c"lza dxy zen ixg` iav izayl d`yipy ,seqelit sqei i`wipelqd mkgd ly eza
mifnxnd ,miilnq miiepika eita dzpkzp ,dpexg`de ziriaxd ezy` d`xpd lkk dziide
daed`de ,dnr zlèb dqcdxzq` ,cec zy` lkin oebk ,idelìgiynd dcnrn lr mlek
- l`xyi zqpk ,xiyd ly zixebl`d ezepyxt it lr ,ìdy ,mixiyd xiy zxeaib
[lde` iypn jxeaz] `"nz dqcd lkin izyè' : dlawa dpikyd ly migikyd diiepikn
dzrcez dbt `l 541,efecxw ly ezecr it lr 540.'iznz izpei izirx izeg` xzq` ìd
`zipexhnd ly iqgid ocnrn zqitzl ilawd rwxd lr .12-11 'nr ,iav laep zviv ,yhxetyy 538
e`x ,(23 l ilyn) 'dzxiab yxiz ik dgtye' weqtd lr yexck zgqpznd ,dle`bae zelba dgtyde
.540 dxrd oldl mb e`xe .a"r frx ,`"r hq ,b"g ,xdef : lynl
,iav izay ,mely : e`xe .exiipit dyn ly ezecr it lr ,96 'nr ,iav izay ipipr ,op`niixt : e`x 539
ceq ,qail ; avx 'nr ,(114 dxrd lirl) edipa ; 101 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,l"pd ; 720-719 'nr ,a
did ieyr 'dkxeh' iepikdy d`xp qail ixacn ik m` ,68 dxrd ,280-279 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d
giyn oia dwifd lr .dpiky zxitql giynk dxiyid ezwifa ,envr iav izayl qgiiznk mb yxtzdl
lr ezxbi` lynl e`x ,izfrd ozp dgqipy itk - ziqlwd dlawd zextqa xak dievnd - dpikyl
.73 dxrde 245-245 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : jeza ,iav izay zxnd
,iav izay ,mely : e`xe .seqelit sqei epzegl iav izay ly ezxbi` jezn ,68 'nr ,my ,op`niixt 540
drcep ìd mi`zayd zxeqna j` ,zexzeq zexeqn yi seqelit sqei 'x za ly dny lr .762 'nr ,a
(c ,oeei xtq) ci ,zepetq ,'seqelit sqei iax ly eza mr iav izay ièyip' ,edipa 'n : e`x .cakeik
eièyip iptl ,`"lza cery a"lz zpyn zxbià xqen izfrd ozp .al-fk 'nr ,(g"lyz-`"lyz)
ick cr mdipia miqgid excxcidyn ,dxy zxnend ezy` z` zipnf yxib ,ef cakeil iav izay ly
zywan dzide ea zxbzn dzidy ,da xabzdy ygpd swez iptn' : miinrt elirxdl dzqipy jk
,oe` lk wicvl dpe` `le ,dxcwa zend mq dkilyd minrt ipyy cr ,dgk ivn`n lka eze` secxl
yxiè ,diicedi dyi`l aey `ypidl ezrca xnb f` .'dyxb df iptne dcxna dcnr [df lk mre] f"kre
`l mdièyipy jk ,diteqa dcera xvw onf jeza dxhtpy) diteqn x`'b`n oxd` 'x ly eza z` el
dxyn eiyexibl qgiiy zilnqd zernynd lr iav izay ly eifnx z` yxtn ozp .(yenin icil eribd
[ 264 ]
[ 123
sweza el `ypidl dzqip ixdy ,iav izayn dzepnl`zd xg`l mb ziyi`d zigiynd
dl deeivy miigiyn zeceq el xeqnl dgihad sè ,eyxeie giynd mewn `lnnk ecnrn
dcnr sè dnfi ,ocnr awri dìady itk ,aiag dyn ly ezecr it lre .eiiga dlra
zk z` dciledy ,iav izay zen ixg` dycg zigiyn zexxerzd dze` ly dfkxna
xg`l v"y ly ezy` zà' : eixac it lr .iwipelqa mixnend mi`zayd axwa dnpecd
sqei znyp da xarzpy dl xnè dlild melga dil` à v"yy dxnè v"y ly ezzin
'b cgein xcga enr dnvr dxibqde mipy e"h oa dig` dgwl miycg dyy xgè ,wicvd
,dxeryk mvr [el]'it` epnn x`yp `le zn didy xrpd lr dxn` `viyke ,zelil 'be mini
enk cin lecb dyrpe ,eze` dwipde xrpdl dclie ,ux`d lk jxck v"y dil` à k"gè
[exkfe eny gni] e"yni v"y ède cecn eia` epiidc ,sqei oa giyn èd jkle ,mcewn didy
542
.'sqein enè
zeienck ozqitz lr cnln mi`zayd migiynd ly mbef zepa lr dl` zexeqn lly
lkk miverp diyxeyy dqitz - lèbd xkfd zenc z` ozeiawpa zenilynd ,zeigiyn
z` jxek èdyk ,zibef drtezk zeigiynd lr fnxn xdefd xak .zilawd zxeqna d`xpd
`zrya' : èal cizrl dixeaibe dle`bd zeaiqpa eixeaibe oencwd `hgd dyrn zeaiqp
,mc` dia `ztzè ,`ndef da lihè `zz`l aixw`c ,dizzè mc`l ìeg èdd miwrc
[jk oibae] k"bae [... ] `nlr lkl `zen mixbe ,dipiba `rx` ihlzè `nlr a`zq` oick
dil enikgie eniwrie ,mc`c `peebk yp xae degc `peebk `zz` izizc cr `nlr `niiw
mc` z` ygp eze` mwiry drya] xnz` `lke ,dilr aikxc èdde `yia ìeg èddl
dllewe mlerd `nhp f` ,mc` ea dztzde 543,dndef da lihde dy`l axwy ,ezyè
dy` èazy cr mlerd miiwzn jk meyne [... ] mlerd lkl zen mxbe ,ellba ux`d
lkde ,eilr akexy ezeè ,rx ygp eze` lr enixrie enwrie ,mc` enk mc` oae ,deg enk
'`zipexhn'd ly dzn` - 'dgty'd on d"awd ly eiyexibk mdenk eiyexib : miycgd eièyiple
- dxy ìd - dgtya .`"r hq ,b"g ,xdefd xn`n it lr ,dpiky e` zekln zxitq ìd ,zidel`d
`xhiqd megza ,xnelk ,ely epi`y mewna] dilic e`lc `xzà beeif zeyrl gxken did' cer lk wac
beecfdl zpn lr dyxbn èd ,dle`bd uw z`xwl ,dzr la` .'[dgtyd ly dnegz èdy ,`xg`
dcnrn lr .mipeilra jlnd ly ecvl dklnk ,dl dìd dnewnl zxfegd ,dzxiab '`zipexhn'a
xzq` enk dpiipr didie ,micedil lecb zlrez z`f dgiw didze' : xn` dycgd ezy` ly igiynd
i"xd cibna `vnpy dn df fnxd didie ,l`rnyi yealn yalzy wx ,dxindl `lye ,yexeeyg`l
milyexi ,a ,i`lef` cec sqei miig iax ,edipa 'n : e`x .w'v`hih sqei 'x ly ininyd cibnd] wqihih
.'l`rnyi yeala yalzzy `zpiky dcizr ,[244 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely ; `vx 'nr ,h"iyz
(dpf ediryi xtq) d ,zepetq ,'eiilix`n` le`y iax ifpbn zei`zay zecerz' ,eiilix`n` '` : e`x
.f dcerz ,cqx-bqx 'nr ,(`"kyz)
.54 'nr ,ze`pwd zxez ,ocnr 542
.eizeliawne `"r enw zay ,ilaa : e`x .l"fg yxcn it lr 543
[ 265 ]
124 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
,szeyna ezllw z` mlerd lr hind - dege mc` - oey`xd befdy myk ynn 544.'[xn`p
oae deg enk dy`' ,igiynd befd md ixd ,mipexg`d mzenc ipa szeyna eze` el`bi ok
545
.'mc` enk mc`
546
- ebef zae ,mc` - oey`xd lèbd .i"x`d ly mileblbd zxeza gezitl dkef df oeirx
,oexg`d lèbd befk ,iteqd mleblbl cr ,zexecd jldna aeye aey milblbzn ,deg
mc` ly ebef zepa izyl .xzeia dkeaqe zakxen mipeyd mdibeeifa mdileblb zyxte
,dxedhd ,diipyd dege ,'mipepf zy`' dpeknd ,zilil ìd ,dpey`xd deg - oey`xd
- `nhd ygpd - dnvr deg ly dbef ipa ipy miliawn ,dnewnn dpey`xd z` dzgcy
beeifa dqpzn milblbznd befd ipan cg` lky o`kn .ipyd ,dlra mcè ,oey`xd dlrea
`lnd ,ipyd ebeeifl xykeie jkcfi ezervnày ,ieb e` ryx bef oa mr ,mebt oey`x
ikildz mikixvn mde ,mixedhd mdibeeifa mb befd ipaa miwac dtilwd icixy j` .xedhde
zexecd lk jxe`l mikxzqnd ,mixedhe mi`nh mibeeif zervnà mitqep oewize jekif
,minlyde minebtd mibeeifd ixefgne ,ef mileblb zlyly .mileblb ly dkex` zlylya
zxeqna ef dzeezedy itk ,dixehqida mi`hazn ,dpnn miaiigznd ,mixedhde mi`nhd
zepey zeigiyn zeienca - oey`xd mc` - lèbd xkfd ly eileblba wx `l ,l"fg
`yipy ,àiwr iax e` ,ray zale libia`l `yipy ,jlnd cec oebk ,miletkd odibeeifa
,zlèbd dawpd ly dileblba s` `l` ,reay àlk za lgxle ryxd qetexqepxeh zy`l
mkyl d`yipy ,d`l za dpic oebk zeienca dpey`xd deg : dligzkln zlvetn dzedfy
za zenca diipyd dege ,jlnd cecle ilnxkd lapl d`yipy ,libia` e` ,aei`le xeng oa
.àiwr iaxl d`yipy ,reay àlk za lgx e` ,jlnd cecl ipyd dbeeifa d`yipy ,ray
zxez ly dzegztzd ialya mcnrn z` drawe ,dl` mixn`n dgzipy ,fexn zipex
: onwlck dwiqne znkqn ,zipìxeld dle`bd
zeienca eileblbl rxì jk ,ebef zae - oey`xd lèbd - oey`xd mc`l rx` xy`
ebef za ,deg dzgcy myk .mbef zepale ,oexg`d giynl cr zepey zeigiyn
.ef iptn ef ly dileblb dpgciz jk ,mipepfd zy` ,dzncew z` mc` ly zizin`d
jk ,ygpd dilr à - mc` - dlraa oey`xd lèbd zy` dzkf mxhay myke
zencd cvl ziyplèbzenc zxiihvn dl` mixacn [... ] 547cizra mb dxwi
.`"r enwa"r dnw ,`"g ,xdef
.669 dxrd oldl e`x ,df xdef xn`na wp`xt awri dyry yeniyl
,fexn zipex ly df `yepa dpeic lr miqqazn ,i"x`d zxeza zigiynd befd za lr oldly mixacd
milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,diteqelitl xehwec xèz zlaw myl xeaig ,'i"x`d zxeza dle`b'
.321-315 'nr ,g"nyz
zy`" el zgwl iav izay z` dliaedy ìd i"x`d zxez ly ef dpad'y zexyt`d lr o`k driavn fexn
.lirl xen`k ,zerenyd eax zipind dzexwtd lry ,dxy diifpky`d ezy` ìd ixd - ' "mipepf
[ 266 ]
544
545
546
547
[ 125
lk : xn`p yxcna [... ] oey`xd mc` z` owzn dfe ,deg z` zpwzn ef .zixabd
jk meyn 548.mc` miiexw cg`k mdipy [... ] mly mc` epi` [... ] dy` el oi`y
zinqewd ytpd s` ik ep` mi`ven jke .dy` `la mly oey`xd mc` did `l
,mc` epiidc [... ] m"c` èd oey`xd mc` mle` .deg ytpne mc` ytpn zakxen
ly eyecig df izrici ahinl .dy` `la mly epi` giynd mb jke 549.giyn ,cec
on ywaznk - zn`d ornl ,ebef za z` mb giynd ly ecvl aivnd ,i"x`d
550
.mièyipd ly mzeaiyga zicedid dpen`d
,dl` zexezn d`xpd lkk zelylzynd ,mi`zayd migiynd ly mbef zepa lr zexeqna
wp`xt awri zrceza llegzdy ixcbnd jtdnd z` mixyand minicwz ze`xl ozip
dl` minicwz mpn` .ezen xg`ly mipya sè ,eini seqa exvg zbdpda swzyde
zervnà m` oia - lèbd xkfd zencl ogaen iawp aikxn ztqed ickl mlek envnhvd
m` oia ,efecxw jxc lr ,zeizind zeigiynd zeieyid ziiriaxa dyi` ly dzllkd
zbxcnl dlrzpe giyn ly eznyp ea dlblbzdy ,xabd ly ebef za zqitz zervnà
jxc lr ,ezenca mybzdy idelìgiynd cnnd z` dnilyne ìd s` znlbnk ,zedel`
,ezeclia xak .df llkn bxg `l ekxc ziy`xa wp`xt mb ,dyrnl .iav izaye dikexa
midel`de ,'midel`d zy`' ,'midel`d za'n zakxenk zedel`d z` qtz ,ezecr it lr
izzp `l .ez` oeyil ezhinl ize` gwl miizpy oa iziidyky il xtq awri icec' : envra
xzeia dlecbd diixal cr xzeia dphwd diixal aeh dlil iz` [xn`l] xnby cr oeyil el
aeh dlil ! midel`d zy` aeh dlil ! midel`d za aeh dlil : iz` xn` jk xg` [... ]
552
,ezy` dpgl wiprdy 'dxiab'd xèz ,ezexbaa mb 551.'oeyil el izzp f` wxe ! midel`d
554
ecvl mipeyne mipey miqwha dzetzzyde 553,exvga dzale dl ecgeiy zeklnd ipepib
.` ,fi x"xa
.324 'nr ,ceqiiwxt ,mely : e`x ,dlawd zextqa eizexewne df oewixhep lr
.321-320 'nr ,(546 dxrd lirl) fexn
.(204 dxrd lirl) zipletd 'dwipexk'd lk jxe`l ,zeiawra ,diepik df
dppi` ezernyny qwh ,eai'bxe'ba 'dkelnd ew' qwh revia zrya ecvl dayi 'dxiab'd ezy` ,lynl
ipa ly mzdl`d lr d`xpd lkk fnxn ,'midel` xeza dxkd'k yxtzn èd j` ,dkxev lk zxeegn
dikexa zk mr eirbna wp`xt rceezd mdil`y ,miitEvd miqwhd z`xyda xvepy okziie ,befd
sirq 50 'nr ,my mb e`x .xicdnd ly 64 dxrde 30 sirq 44-42 'nr ,dwipexkd : e`x .iwipelqa
eai'bxe'bn dziilnte dicli ziieela 'dxiab'd ly dèa z`xwl zibibgd dpekzd zxèzn eay ,41
miypd ray zveawl liawnay dnec ,ok enk .1759 lixtà exvg z` wp`xt oiwzd my ,dipèei`l
ezy`l cri ,(39 sirq 48 'nr ,my) 'el zeig`l oze` cired'e ,dipèeià wp`xt oda xgay zepey`xd
: zizeklnd ebef zak dcnrn lr fnx df xywda .okn xg`l dn onf odilr etqepy miypd ray z`
it lr] jlnd zian dl zzl zeie`xd [zexrpd ray] el`" [z`] ,xzq` lv` enk ,xn` jk ick jeze'
[ 267 ]
548
549
550
551
552
553
126 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
wtq oi` la` ,zidel`d ezeigiynl dtzey mpn` ìdy ,ebef zak dcnrnn mlek exfbp
wx 555.eiaxewn x`yn - xzei s` ileè - zegt `l epevxl dtetk ìde ,ipyn dciwtzy
lgd 557,dzal 'dxiab'd xèz xaredyn 556,1770 xèxata 25a dpg ly dzen ixg`
lr fnxle ,zidel`d 'dnlrd' ly ipey`xd dcnrn lr dycg jxca `hazdl wp`xt
ogletl dliaedy ,ef ziptzy d`xp 558.dee` dlezad ezaa 'dnlr' dze` ly dzenlbzd
jk lr .mipin`nd ibega dax zennezyd dligza dxxer ,wp`xt xvga zlèbd 'dleza'd
,zeixar zeizeà zipnxbe zixar oibexiql daezkd ,zihqiwp`xt zxbi` dcirn
ryzd d`nd ziy`xa e` dxyr dpenyd d`nd seqa ,b`xta d`xpd lkk dxagzpe
ik dpnn [yexita] 'ita xac `le ,dlezadn xac [seqal] jilcpr' : xn`p my 559.dxyr
ìd xy` dlezady ,daygne mc` zrc lr dlr `l xy` ,giynd ìde 560,ìd drex
jif xi` o` cpe` xrdx`t oiif lèb qen dleza ìc xwir qc' : oke 561'! l`bz ìd dxiabd
,aeye 562; '[! feg`l yi dae lèbd zeidl dkixv dlezad mcewn ik èd xwird] ! oihl`d
`hbiiv qhkipxb ìee' : eynnzd mxh dici lr dle`bl zeitivdy jk lr dafk` ly dnipa
rbipri ìf qc ql` j`p [(Fraulein) oiiliext dxiab e` (panna) dpt dxiab] t"b ic jif
wp`xt ly eiepik èd ,yecwd a`d - xh`t rbiliid] t"d xc ìc sie` hfi` [rbiliid] 'd
oldl e`x ,mipy ozeà dclid eza dee` ly izeklnd dcnrnl .(42 sirq 50 'nr ,my) ' "[9 a ,xzq`
.641-640 zexrd aiaq
,46 sirq 54 'nr ,45 sirq 54-52 'nr ,41 sirq 50 'nr ,30 sirq 42 'nr ,dwipexkd : lynl e`x
sirq 74 'nr ,74 sirq 74-72 'nr ,68 ,67 mitirq 68 'nr ,64 sirq 66 'nr ,49 sirq 58-56 'nr
.106 sirq 96 'nr ,78
xegal zepey`xd 'zeig`'d dxyr rax` lr wp`xt deeiv eit lry ,104 sirq 94-92 'nr ,my : lynl
clzy cr ,'meia minrt yye dlil lka minrt ray dnr wqr' el didie ,el ycwezy ,zg` okezn
z`f .jpiipr df oi`' : dtifpa dzgcp j` ,'z`fd dy`d zeidl dywaa' ezy` daibd jk lr .za el
.'za `le mipa jl eidiy zaiig z` eiykre ,jl jiiyy dn xak yi jl .zeig`d zg` zeyrl zaiig
.78 sirq 74 'nr ,my
`l` ,'dxiab'd iepika miypd izyl zeiawra zqgiiznd ,'dwipexk'd on cenll ozip df xarn lr
lr elred mixacdy xexae ,'[ycew dxkf] w"f' xèzd deelzn wp`xt zy` dpgl zeieqgiizdd lkly
'dxiab' dpekn ,daizkd zrya miiga oiicr dziidy ,wp`xt za dee`y cera ,dzen ixg` azkd
sirq 66 'nr ,5 ,3 mitirq 32 'nr cbpk ,cere ,41 sirq 50 'nr ,30 sirq 42 'nr ,my : e`x .mzq
.cere ,66
.656-616 zexrd aiaq oldl jk lr e`x
644 'nr ,my eixac e`xe .650-634 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn) mely xe`l ìvede xicdd zxbi`d z`
.(125 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,l"pd ; 67 dxrd
dee` ly diiepikne ,dlawa dpikyd ly migikyd diiepikn cg` - lgx lr aeqp weqtd .9 hk 'xa
.wp`xt za
.644 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely
.648 'nr - mebxz ; 645 'nr - xewn ,my
[ 268 ]
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
[ 127
dzlib `l cer] ! hk`nrb m`fwxrn se` cpe` hb`fb qrll` 563 [mihqiwp`xtd ipexg` ita
xxer dilre lekd dilr xn` yecwd a`dy dyecwd dze` ìd eli`k dne`na dipt dxiabd
wp`xt awrin zeigiynd zeitivd cwen zhqd lr dl` zeiecrl 564.'[! ald zneyz z`
,wp`xt my yxec ,lynl ,jk .'oec`d ixac xtq'a aexl micde zeliawn yi dee` ezal
,drexk lgx z` x`znd ziy`xan weqtd eze` z` ,eza lr jka fnxn èdy wtq oiè
mzpad `l ji`' : lirl eàedy zxbi`d ixaca dee` 'dxiab'd lr yxetna enya yxcpy
565
.'ìd drexk lgxa aezk ixde .dci lr didz dbdpdd ziy`x ik
d`xpd lkk ,wp`xt ly eznfeiae eiiga cer mwxzdl lgd dee` oglety ,xen`k ,dnec
z`xwle ,dpg 'dxiab'd ezy` zen ixg` ,dxyr dpenyd d`nl mirayd zepy ziy`xa
ixvepd ogletd on ez`xyd z` a`y wtq `ll 566.daegehqp'v zcevna ezedy ztewz seq
did ,'xegy' dpeknd ,ddkd dpweicy ,eyi m` dixn ,dyecwd dlezad ly inewnd
ipile`td xfpnd l` mdipenda lbx iler zexec dfn jyne ,miqp llegl egeka mqxetn
'dyecwd dlezad' ogletl yxetnae ceaka qgiizd wp`xt .dcevnd megzay dxeb dpqì
zidel`d 'dnlr'd l` aizpd z` ea zelbl elikyd `ly lr eiaxewna sfpe ,daegehqp'va
? daekehqp'va dlezad zpenzl enigxe eligca mireye mikln ekli èeyl ike' : zizn`d
qehqixk lr exn`y itk .èd diciae èd dlv` gekd lky md mièx ik ,mkn md minkg
oweic z` 567.'mlerd zeiekln lk diptl erxkie ,dnc`dn ìd mewz ok ,diigzl mw èdy
dn ize` mzl`y `l ji`' : zxzqpd dzedn z` mlbnk qtz ziygend zeìvna dlezad
lkae [... ] eba xac yi ixd ? dpenz jeza dieag daekehqp'va z`vnp dnlrdy yexit
lr 568'? xievn gela zxzzqn dnlrdy dxw dnl ,ize` mzl`y `le mziywd `l z`f
xegyd drava epeinca xywzdl did ieyry ,'dxegyd dpecnd' ,eiepike oweicd ly erav
jln zal dpeilrd 'dnlr'd z` eliynda fnx 569,'dpexqg inia' zilawd zekln zxitq ly
[... ] jlnd oa wx ,xegyd dxer llba dze` xikd `l yi`' : xer zxegy diprevk dfgznd
`l ji` ,mz` mb jk [... ] ? z`fk dxegy mr ligzdl dvex dz` dn : mixyd cg` xn`
.53 dxrd 643 'nr ,my ,mely
.649 'nr - mebxz ; 646-645 'nr - xewn : my
.624-616 zexrd aiaq oldle ,224 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw : e`x
.614 sirq ,my
ìdy ,daed`d lr mixiyd xiy iweqt .c wxt ,mipeebd ikxr - i xry ,mipenx qcxt ,exaecxew : e`x
zepecnd' lr zixvepd zxeqna s` eyxcp ,zekln zxitq lr miyxcpd ,'de`pe dxegy' e` 'zxgxgy'
M. Warner, Alone of All her Sex: The Myth and : e`x .miax zenewna oznbeck yiy ,'zexegyd
the Cult of the Virgin Mary, New York 1983, pp. 274-275; J. Pelikan, Mary Through the
zxitql eyi m` dixn oia zewifd lr .Centuries, New Haven and London 1996, pp. 25-26, 78
.575 dxrd oldl e`x ,zi`zayde zilawd zxeqna zekln
[ 269 ]
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
128 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
jade` ,xen`le ,mdy itk mixacd z` xegyd rava mb xikdle ze`xl al mka did
itk mkiptl ze`xdle zyetgzd z` cixedl ywal jk xg` wxe ,z`y itk mler zadà
,zidel`d 'dnlr'l dxiyi dyib zepwdl dlezad oweic ly egeka ixdy 570.'znà ìdy
my xy` dnlr dze` dzid ,daekehqp'v ztewza zenlya mikled mziid el' : 'zxg`'d
zidel`d 'dnlr'd ly iàvd dienicy èd rpnpd on `l 571.'zxg` dnlrl mkz` dìan
,'cg` lkl axg xebgl' dzlekiae ,'epzp dicia miizeklnd oifd ilk lk'y ,dpeilrd
dienicn s` `l` xdefd xtqa dpikyd iienicn wx `l rtyed 572,y`x xneye obn ynyle
lnqe ,axw zxeaib ,dwize zngelk oilet iagx lka drcepy ,'dxegyd dpecnd' ly
xfpnd lr zihìqed dhiyt jldna ,1430a xak .dklnnd ly zihiletd dzexig
exzep ,uteyy xg`l .oeibita xwcpe axga dlezad oweic rqey ,daegehqp'va xveand
dpqì lr iceeyd xevnd onfa ,1655a .dzxeabl my eìved dlè ,'zewlv' digl lr
z` ztcede ,zyengza migzezd z` zpreh ìdyk ,dnegd lr' dlezad dz`xp ,dxeb
ly eteqa liaedy ,df axwa iceeyd àvd zqeaz 573.'eà epnny oeeikl dxfg aie`d ifbt
mb .ekldna dllegy miqpde dlezad zekfl dtwfp ,yeaikd lern oilet xexgyl xac
ly dpey`xd dwelga eniizqdy ,daegehqp'va wp`xt ly ezedyl zepexg`d miizpya
zegek mr 'dxegyd dpecnd' dzdef ,iqexd yeaikd lig ici lr exq`nn exexgyae oilet
iptl ziteqd mzqeaz cr dxeb dpqì zcevn lr dxeaba epbdy ,xà ly divxctpewd
574
.1772 hqebeà diqex zeàv
dlrnl 'dxegyd dpecnd' ly dpglet fkxna ig ixdy ,wp`xtl zereci eid dl` zexeqn
ly dzincz mr ahid zayiiznd ,zngelk dzinczy gipdl xiaqe ,dpy dxyr mizyn
eizeihpa ahid dalzyde eal z` dzay 575,idel`d àvd xyk zilawd '`zipexhn'd
.370 ,215 sirq ,my mb e`xe .545 sirq ,oec`d ixac
.597 sirq ,my
mebxza àen ,W. Kochowski, Annalium Poloniae Climacter Secundus, Cracow 1688 : jezn
,N. Davies, Gods Playground: A History of Poland, I, Oxford 1981, p. 452 : jeza ilbp`
.inebxza
.520 'nr ,my
,dvin` diiplet zngelk dxiihvpy ,dxeb dpqìa 'dxegyd dpecnd' wx `l .513 dxrd lirl e`x
miaihen dlikd dlek ziniipia inid diiqpkd zxeqna eyi m` dlezad ly dzincz s` `l`
ixn ,owilt : e`x .dilr aqend (10 `l ilyn) 'lig zy`' xèza ekxkpy ,miwdaen miihqixhilin
rpnpd on `l s` .203-202 'nr ,(513 dxrd lirl) zixard dl`d ,i`ht ; 91 'nr ,(569 dxrd lirl)
dzincz aevir lr dligzkln eritydy od eyi m` zngeld dlezad lr dl` zeixvep zexeqny èd
zihqixhilind zinczde xegyd ravd zewif .milaewnd zrceza zekln zxitq ly zihqixhilind
.my ,i`ht e`x ,dl` zewif lly lr .zilawd zekln zxitql eyi m` dixn oia zecigid zewifd opi`
xtqa zexvpl qgid' ,lci` 'n : mb e`x ,dlawa zidel`d dawpd zqitz lr zixvep drtydk ozbvdl
[ 270 ]
570
571
572
573
574
575
[ 129
.ipy cvn ezrceza llegznd ixcbnd jtdnae 576,cg` cvn zeihqixhilinde zeipgekd
ilezwd ixvepd ogletd cwenl miipiad ini jldna dktdy ,eyi m` dyecwd dlezaa
z` wp`xt dèx 577,mriyedle mipin`nd z` oegl dpa gek lr elit` dgeka dairde
,dlezad `weec 578.cgi mb m`lq`de zecdid lr dzlrn ceq zè zexvpd ly dzedn
dawpd zenc - zxzqpde dpeilrd 'dnlr'd l` aizp zynyn ,lek oirl dielbd dzeiawpa
jeza' ely ezenc oa - 'lecbd g`d' lr wp`xt zrceza airdl dlgdy ,zlèbd
`l zcd zxnd ! zexvpd wig l` eipin`n z` liaed ,orh ,jk myl ixde 579.'midel`d
: icedid ogleta 'dleza' ly dxcrdn `l` dywazd
mzleki `l ,zicedid ìdd dbxcna ,èdd avna ik ? mzxvpzd mvra dn myl
ik mirney mz` z`fd zca la` .zqpk zia sà dleza mey ze`xl e` renyl
xezx`mdxa` dvnne siwn oeica `yepl yxcp dpexg`l .90-88 'nr ,(`"nyz) en ,oeiv ,'aiynd
A. Green, Shekhinah, The Virgin Mary, and the Song of Songs: : exwgna ,oixb
,zixara xe` ze`xl cnerd ,Reflections on a Kabbalistic Symbol in its Christian Context
ìvndy lr oixb xezx`l dcez zxiq` ip` .zxtr 'be rny`z 'i ,xpiix '` zkixray 'zerixi' dxcqa
,zip`xn dgtynl clepy ,efecxw mdxa` xaky oiivl ie`xd on .miaezka ecera exeaig z` icil
zewifd lr ahid cnr ,epxeeila zecdil eaeye cxtqn ez`v mxh zixvep zibele`z dlkyd el ykxe
raew èd ,lynl ,jk .eiyexca yxetn iehia odl ozpe ,zilawd zekln zxitql eyi m` dixn oia
,cinz eigaya miaxne ,eyi l` mzwrve mzìxw mzlitz aexa mpn`' : mixvepd zpen` z` exeìza
lv` qtcp) 'dyecwc dpikyd cbpk ìdy ,dil` milltzne dil` mi`xew mbe ,en` mixnl migayne
iyexca dpikyd ly zibeleixnd dqitza oeqtlee ly epeic e`xe .(291 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely
lirl) 'dpikyd ly zeivwexhqpew' exn`na ,iwipelqa dikexa ly ebegn xeaiga mb ileè ,efecxw
.35-29 'nr ,(3 dxrd
.130-129 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : e`x ,dl` eizeihp lr
E. A. Johnson, Marian Devotion in the : e`x ,zilezwd diiqpkd zecleza df jildzl
,Western Church, in: J. Raitt (ed.), Christian Spirituality, London 1984, pp. 392-414
,136-125 'nr ,(569 dxrd lirl) ixn ,owilt : mb e`x .414-413 'nr ,my zitxbeilaiad dniyxde
ixn z` daivdy ,gxfna dnecwd zihpfiad zxeqnd on jildzd zelylzyd lr riavn èd my
'nr ,my : e`x .miitxbepewi`d diiehiaa mbe zibele`zd dzextqa mb ,zicegiie zifkxn dcnra
lnqk dpglet qtzp day ,oileta dyecwd dlezad zenc ly zcgeind dzenvrzdl .104-103
hilydl zexeitit`d dzqipy zilezwd dnxetxd zenbnl cebipa ,zihpze`d zipletd zxeqnd
,` ,(573 dxrd lirl) oilet ly dixehqid ,qieiic : e`x ,ihphqhextd mei`l daebza `nexa dfkxnn
.172-171 'nr
dawpl miegzyn mixvepde' : zexvpl dyecwd dlezad ly dcnrn z` jk qtz efecxw mdxa` xak
dze` mixikfne ,mi`xapd lkl y`x ,dlrn itxy lk lr `zkln ìdy ,`"ix`n mi`xew mdy mixn
xnì `l exag zial mc` qpkday mipwzn eid mixvepd oia cxtqa izeida ik .midel`dn xzei
`l` [èd] icedi `ny wtqd xiqdl [midel`d gazyi = alabado sea Dios] qeic dìy ecà`l`
oi` ,xkfd `l` mixikfn mpi` mil`rnyiae .dix`n jnr dreyid [xnel epevx] l"x d"ìx`n i"a`
.(294 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely lv` qtcp) 'zaygp dawp mda
.309-285 oldl e`x ,'dnlrd'e 'lecbd g`d' iqgi lr
[ 271 ]
576
577
578
579
130 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
z`f lkae ,dleza dppi` ìdy it lr s` ,dlezaa oin`ne dze` `ln elek mlerd
dlezad ixg` ywal ick ,dpd epqpkp jk myl .mditn xq epi` ,dleza ,dfd myd
580
.mlern dze` rci `le ,melk `le dilr rcei epi` elek mlerd lk xy`
: mixkf eid miixehqidd dilèb lky ,zecdid ly dpexqg z` mirhn èd aeye
ceqe 581,xkf oinn did [dyn] mze` dcty df ik ,dnly dzid `l mixvn zìvi
,[iav izay] oey`x ezeè ,cec did ,mkl izxn`y itk 582.dnlrd on à dle`bd
584
,milina ceq lelk did [zecdia] my .miriyen mnvrl e`xwe 583,dawpd ceqn
l` epqpkpe ,ea milin wx xy` cnrnd z` epafr okl .ielb didi [zexvpa] o`ke
dnlrdn dligzn dreyid ik ielba mixne` dte .ixtl aiaqn dtilw ìd xy` zcd
585
.dil` milltzne
z` dìan ìd oi` la` ,zlèbd zidel`d zeyid ly dzeiawpa dxikn zecdid mb mpn`
,dlawa zeiawpd zexitqd iiepik jxc lr xnelk ,'dlin' zpigaa `l` iehia icil xacd
jxc la` .'oey`xd' - iav izay ly zixkfd ezeiyi` lr df swezae ,giynd lr eaqedy
mb' : xabk dzenybzda dle`bl ìadle mlera zelbzdl 'dnlr'd on xvap : dglv `l ef
lr exn` ik zkl ewigxd mipin`nde 586,dxiab - dpiky ,dlin dzeà mipin`n micedid
`ly 587,seba didiy - gexa didy dn ,lkd dlb` ip` .xzqa dawp oinn didy oey`xd

.zixkfd zx`tz zxitq mr zilawd zextqa ddefn èd ,xab ehytk i`xwnd dyn ly ezeid caln
.ekxra ,bi wxt ,miiepikd ikxr - bk xry ,mipenx qcxt ,exaecxew : e`x
,zad - zekln zxitql eilnqe giynd jln oia zilawd dwifd d`xpd lkk zgpen mixacd zizyza
,my : e`x .dpeilrd dawpd ìdy ,m`d - dpia zxitql dle`bd zwif sè ,dpezgzd dawpd ìdy
.'jlnd'e 'jln' mikxrd ,bi wxte ,'dle`b' jxr ,b wxt
mr ddefn èd ,giynd jln mr izxeqnd eiedif sweza la` ,xab oaenk did ehytk i`xwnd cec
mixacd .'dawpd ceqn' èd ef dpigane ,('cec' jxr ,c wxt ,my ,exaecxew) ziawpd zekln zxitq
èd i`wipelqd dikexayk ,wp`xt ly epeyla 'oey`xd' zexicz dpeknd) iav izay lr mb milg
wp`xt .'dawpd ceqn' xabgiyn did èd s`y ,(iyilyd lèbd - wp`xtl encw mdipye ,'ipyd'
znybd z` mdn rpny mbtk miipyd ly mzeiawp ceql dielbd mzexkf oia cebipd z` oga`n
.zigiynd mzegily
.oldl cin e`xe .iehia icil migiynd ly mzeiawp dribn mda wxy ,dlawd ilnq oeyla ,xnelk
Schina - zipletd dxecdnd gqep it lr - 'dxeab dpiky' - mely dipt ly ixard gqepd z` izpwiz
.ixard gqepa dqtcd yeaiy lgy dnece ,sicr d`xpd ,- dama
co : zipletd dxecdnd it lr 'seba dide ,gexa didy dn' qxebd ixard gqepd z` izpwiz o`k s`
.ixard gqepa dqtcd yeaiy lg o`k s`y dnece ,byo w duchu, aby zostao w ciele
[ 272 ]
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
[ 131
did'y ,'oey`x'd lr blbln wp`xt 588.'xexaae ielba d`xi mlerd lk .dqekn xac lk didi
xaca zerenyd lr mb x`yd oia fnxn èdy okziie 589,'dawp oinn didy eilr exnè xab
jka `l` ,eze` lqet èd df mbta `l j` 590.iav izay ly zilèqwqenedd ezelirt
zn`d lr fnxl `l` dti mgek oi`y ,dlawd ilnql lehiaa qgiizn wp`xt .552 sirq ,oec`d ixac 588
èd ,lynl ,jk .ygena dzelbl mewna zn`d z` zenilrnd ,zeaeap 'milin' zpigaa mde ,'xzqa'
,mz`vi epnny mewn eze` jez l` mknvr z` mzklydy mklky lr did dn' : zilawd dlitzl brel
wizrza mpeylk miriten miiepikd ipy] dpikye [zx`tz] z"z ,dl`d zenyd ipy z` ipta mz`xwe
sirq) 'dprn oiè mkizea` zeaè mkizea` xak ewrf jk ? epliaya md dn .[ipletd xewna ifrel
ik il xn` ,dpen`d z` ikcxn 'x il dlibyk' : zi`zayd dzqxba dlawl brel s` ède .(421
wizrza opeylk 'zexitq'e 'zx`tz' zeriten o`k mb] zexitqd oia zx`tz [zxitq]a `vnp midel`d
xi`yde eikxv z` zeyrl jldy okzii ? my `vnp in jl oipn ,eze` izl`y .[ipletd xewna ifrel
lk z` eziigcl jiiyl ozip dilnqe dlawl ililyd eqgi z` .(527 sirq) 'mirexbay rexbd z` my
lr e`x) ceqid cr mzqixdl zepype zexfegd eizeìxwle ,'mcewn eidy' miwegde zezcd ,mixtqd
minieqn miwlgl ezadà dcen èd ik m` ,(852-846 zexrd aiaq oldle ,492 dxrd aiaq lirl jk
lkay izxnè ,xdefd xtqa mixac dnk mkl izi`xd' : envr lr mze` aqd d`xpd lkke ,xdefd ly
l`b in .midel` ? xdeqd zial sqei z` my in : aezk ea xy` wxtd z` xzeia izad` xdefd xtq
,`"g ,uwn zyxt xdefl ezpeek ileè] midel` ? mixvna jlnl eze` dyr in .midel` ? myn eze`
ea xy` xg` wxt ipira og `vny mkl izxn` oke .minec mipipr daxd cere ,[`"r fvw-`"r bvw
li`y lif" : oerny 'x dpr "[? ìd dn ,awri ly ezhipg] ? edi` i`n awric `hipg" ,dl`yd zl`yp
,ize` le`yl mkilr did [...] [a"r px ,`"g ,igie zyxt seq ,my] "[`texd z` l`y jl] ìq`l
ixtq lka jxev epl oi`ye ,ipira og `ven eiwlg lka xdefd lk `ly ,zn`d z` mkl dlbn iziide
ztwzynd dqxbd on zvwna dpeyd ,zipletd dxecdnd zqxb z` o`k iztcrd .1088 sirq) 'dlawd
.(yeaiy mebxza lgy d`xpe ,mely dipt ly dnebxzn
mr giynk ddefnd ,ziawp zenck iav izay ly 'ziqlw'd zi`zayd dqitzd lr .982 sirq ,my 589
; 76 dxrde 557 'nr ,'giyn zrcl' ,miiwl` : e`x ,dpia - dle`bd zxitq mr sè ,zekln zxitq
dxrd ,5 'nr ,(b"pyz) 55 ,minrt ,'ezelb mewnn iav izay z`n zxbi` - "izpen` exaw" ' ,l"pd
zeklne' : ci azkay yecwd zedel`d ceq xeaigd jezn ,df oiipra yxetn xn`n ìan èd my ,4
'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely ; 'u"y `giyn `kln znyp ìd `yicw `klnc diawep ìdy
ly eizexdvd .120 dxrd ,321 'nr ,c"kyz obznx ,zepine dpen` iaizp ,iayz 'i ; 245-244
: mb e`x .oec`d ixac xtq lk jxe`l zepype zexfeg iav izay ly zxzqpd ezeiawp xaca wp`xt
.813 ,609 ,552 ,215 mitirq ,my
zivgna iwipelq inkgn ,aiag dyn ly ezecr z` ìan èd my ,54 'nr ,ze`pwd zxez ,ocnr : e`x 590
yi`n izrny mb' : dxyr dpenyd d`nd dptna milyexil dlry ,dxyr rayd d`nd ly diipyd
envra èd d`xy ji` xnè [...] daeyz dyr k"gè v"y ly dzqd i"r ozc z` exindy oze`n cg`
oewiz èdy xnè ,cg` xrp raxe ey`xa oilitz eid [exkfe eny gni ,iav izayy] e"yni v"yy
gztn' ,edipa 'n : e`x ,ocnr ly exeaiga dxnzypy itk aiag dyn ly ezecr zepnidnl .'lecb
miyben zezcd zeclezae dlawa mixwgn ,'milyexia zi`zayd drepzd lr zecerzd zpadl
ilèqwqenedd beeifd lr .n-dl 'nr ,g"kyz milyexi ,dpy miray el z`lna mely myxbl
dlawa df oiiprl miilawd mifnxd lre ,i`wipelqd dikexa begn mixnend mi`zayd zexeqna
ceq ,qail ; 351-346 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x ,uiyaii` ozpedi 'x ly ebegn zi`zayd
.166-165 ,118-117 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d
[ 273 ]
132 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
dpiè dlrn dpi`y ,`cixb zilnq dxin` - 'milina ceq' `l` dziid `l ezeiawpy
! ezeigiyn zwfgn eze` riwtnd mbtd ìd ezexkf .zizn`d zixkfd ezedn iabl dcixen
dyi` ìdy ,zlèbd dlezad l` eipin`n z` ìadl wp`xt ly ezlekia ,z`f znerl
- iav izay ly ltpd oeiqip zyxt 591.'dy` enk wx didy ,oey`xd eze` enk `l' ,ynn
'fnx' `l` dziid `l - cala lnqe ceq zpigaa ìd dawpl ezwify ,'oey`xd' xkfd
eze` ik mknvra e`xe' : dzedn mvrn dawp ìdy ,'dnlr'd cin dàe zynynnd dle`bl
zegayzae mixiya .dy` xzqa did èdy exn` eilre ,jxc dxenk did ,did xy` oey`x
fnx wx df did ? eiptl erxki miklny mkl oipn .laz ikln lk erxki eiptl ,eilr mzxy
z` 592.'laz ikln lk diptl erxki ji` mkipira e`xz mlerl ìd `vzyk ; igkepd onfl
,aeye aey wp`xt yibcn ,dzedn lka ,ynn ly dyi` zlèbd zeyid ly dzeid gxek
mler - mlerd lr hlzynd dawpd gek ly zxxgqn dbibg zpigaa ody zeie`hazda
: ycgn eze` dpea ìde ,eibiqn xdehy
ici lr .ea uegxl mieqn mewnl dze` gly`y didi uegp z`fd dnlrd dlbzzyk
didi uegp ok enk .mc` lk ly ewlg zpn mdy zepexqgd lk dpnn eltii dvgxd
,ìd ugxz mcew .miyp raye zeleza ray zegkep dpiidz z`fd dvgxd zryay
lr xn`py itk .dnr eidi mig`d on drayy uegp didi oke .od dpvgxz dixgè
elek mlerde ,dze` mizxyn mziid mz` mb ok ,dawp oinn xzqpa didy ,oey`xd
it lr sè ,ielba `l j` ,dawp xzqpa did oey`x eze` .miyp mkpdy oian did
ielbae dy` znà didz z`f j` 593.La Signora vino in Teivel : eilr exn` ok
itk `l .oipa lk okzii `l dicrla .mlerd z` dpaz ìde ,dy` mvrae dy`
594
.di`xil dreyi zywane dlila zkldn dpiky dze`y ,eiykr cr mzxn`y
595
.meid xe`l didi lkd eiykr
on xdhidl dilr mb `di ixdy ,mce xya dyi` zenca dlbzz 'dnlrd'y wtq oi`
: giynd ìd ìd mce xya dyi` dze`y wtq oiè .'mc` lk ly ewlg zpn mdy zepexqgd'
.813 sirq ,my
dpeknd ,'dfd mlerl dà dxiabd' : mely dipt ly dnebxzae .zipletd dxecdnd it lr ,xewna jk
xekf`l .mixnend iwipelq i`zay ly zegayzde zexinfd on zg` jezn hhvn wp`xty dnec .laz
.130 dxrd aiaq lirl e`x ,dl` miazka 'dxeiipiy'd ly liawn
xry ,mipenx qcxt ,exaecxew : e`x .dlawa - zekln zxitq - dpikyd ly diiepikn èd s` dlild
zywane' o`k zqxeb oec`d ixac xtq ly zipletd dxecdnd .ekxra ,ai wxt ,miiepikd ikxr - bk
dlil cera mwze' - zi`xwnd 'lig zy`' ly dgaya oeirxd xewnl dptne ,'di`xil [zywnosc] oefn
.dlild zcin ìdy ,dpikyd lr (a"r gi ,a"g) xdefa zyxcpd ,(15 `l ilyn) 'dzial sxh ozze
[ 274 ]
591
592
593
594
595
[ 133
ik ,mipt meya okzii `l df ? xab èd giyndy zrcd lr zelrdl mzleki dki`
zenlerd lk z` dgpz ìd .zn`d giyn eze` didz xy` ìd .dnlr èd qiqad
ixd ,[iav izay] oey`x eze` lre cec lr xn`py dn 596.xqnp dcia wypd lk ik
: al eniy .xac mey eniiq `l md j` .dil` jxcd z` ze`xdl ick wx eà md
597
.dnipd èlnk erbi `l dceaka j` .ely zcd z` milqgn eiykr
ezexkf lya wx `l ezniyn z` miybdl iav izayn xvap ,wp`xt ly ezqitz it lr
z` leke lekn dxqgd mixkf ly zc ìdy ,m`lq`d megza ezlert awr s` `l` ely
- zexvpl dwif xevile ,df iyew lr xabzdl dqip iav izay mpn` .zlèbd 'dnlr'd oglet
598
.diixvepk dixerpa dkpgzdy ,diiplet dyi`l eièyip zervnà - 'dnlr'l dpnne
dyr xy` ,oey`xd eze` elitè' : dle`bl gzt geztl ick ef dtiwr dwifa did ic `l la`
da did xy` uxà j` [... ] èdd cnrnd z` egztae dyn iweg z` exaya aeh dyrn
eze`n ,oiletn dy` gwl èd mpn` .dnlrl xkf my oi` ik ,xac rval xyt` did `l
oeeknd 'dyrn'a ic `l 599.'my ltp èd mb okle ,dyrn wx did df la` ,[zexvpd] cnrnd
ceq'a ic `l sè ,m`lq`d megza rvazn èd cer lk ezxhn z` ìhgn j` dnlrl
l` dcigid jxcd ; zecdid megza dilr fnxl `l` mgeka oi`y ,'xiy ixac'a e` 'milin
: zirahd dziipqk` ìdy ,zexvpd megzl dielbde d`lnd dqipkd ìd zlèbd 'dnlr'd
: zay lka xn`l mibdep md .erci `l exgy z` xy` xac miywan micedid lk
la` .xiy ixac wx md dl` .melyl jèa ,mixne` dnlrle ,dlk z`xwl icec dkl
jyna ,oey`x eze` dixg` scx ji` .yega da zefgl milczyne miawer epgp`
ely zca la` ,mieqn edyn xxerl ezpeeka did .dnlrd ixg` scx mly dlil
okl .dnlr mey lr xac my rnyp `l ik ,xac mey mixdl xyt` i` [m`lq`d]
jxcl d`lde o`kne ,miptle iptl qpkidl lkeiy mlera mc` mey oiicr did `l
600
.xyt` i` dicrla ik ,dpekpd
,m`lq`d oexqg cbpk ,'ielb y`x' ly zc ìdy ,zexvpd zlrn z` mirhne ay wp`xt
ze`xidle z`vl dlezad lkez `l dpnne ,'y`x ieqik'a zbdepd ,iav izay ly ezxnd zc
zelbzdl xac leki l`rnyi ly ecnrnn ik mzpn`dy ,mklky did dti`' 601: mlerl
dzyre ,oileta h"ze g"z zexfb
ihiltn dziidy ,iav izay ly diifpky`d ezy` ,dxyl ezpeek
.148-147 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,jk lr zexeqn .xfpna dixerp zepy z`
.315 sirq ,my
itlk ceake drpkd ly deegnk (zecdia sè) m`lqà bedpd ,y`xd ieqik z` qtez wp`xty okzii
[ 275 ]
596
597
598
599
600
601
134 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
miicide ,oàxeha miyeag ,miqekn miy`xa - zc dzeày mkipira e`xz ixd ? mlerl
lr dee`ba zepery miicie 602,y`x o`k yiy èd oniqe ,ielb y`xa z`fd zcd j` .dhnl
zegpd ocnrn iepib jezn mrtde - aeye 604.'mlerl xacd `vii o`kn ik rnyn 603,rlvd
miypd z` micaknd ,mixvepd mixabd ly zexia`d iqenip cbpk ,m`lqà miypd ly
`le dil` axwl `l okzii `l l`rnyi lv` : al eniy' : ozevxle ozxyl odilr micnere
dfd cnrna j` .dze` cakn epi` yiè dxiq` dgty ìd dy`d mlv` ik ,dixg` xfgl
,zxab iptl cner èdyk ,lecb oec` elit` idie .zenlrde zexabd zelyen [zexvpa]
welcl mikixv ep` o`k wx 605.ze`ngn dl ìngne cark diptl cner ède ielb ey`x
,dpiky - zekln zxitq mr ddfn èd dze`y ,zidel`d 'dnlr'l mc`d oia dvignk `weec ,miny
xzei xar `l] ibqn `l ryedi axc dixa `ped ax' ditly ,l"fg zxeqnl zrcene dketd dwifa z`fe
,dpikyl meqgn èt` èd y`xd ieqik .'iy`xn dlrnl dpiky : xn` ; y`x ieliba zen` rax` [n
.zexvpa laewnk ,diptl miavipyk exiqdl yiy
.y`x ila mknvr zrc lr zkll mzivx mz`' : wp`xt ly epeyla dpeilrd 'dnlr'd èd 'y`x'd
ìd dleza dze` .[14 a zldw] "ey`xa eipir mkgd" : yxetna aezk .xac mey okzii `l y`x ilae
zxitq ly miwdaend diiepikn eppi` envrl èdyk 'y`x' mpn` .(766 sirq ,oec`d ixac) 'y`xd ìd
mitexivae ,dnkg e` xzk - zepey`xd zexitqd lr fnxn èd llk jxcae ,dlawd zextqa zekln
zwifa `weec cwnzn èd f`y `l` ,ceqie zx`tz zeixkfd zexitql - 'xac y`x'e 'wicv y`x' oebk
,k wxt ,miiepikd ikxr ,mipenx qcxt ,exaecxew : e`x .zekln zxitq mr dl` zexitq ly ocegii
y`x'e ,(a"r al ,gi oewiz ,xdef ipewiz) 'dpit y`x' oebk ,minieqn mitexiva ,ok enk .'y`x' jxr
oebk ,minieqn mixywda cegiiae ,(a"r fpx ,b"g ,xdef ; `"r ep ,a"r dn ,`k oewiz ,my) 'dpyd
ì ,dncwd ,my) 'mi`xapl ziy`x' e` ,(`"r k ,`"g ,xdef) '[mipezgzl y`x] i`zzl y`x' dzeid
ixaca zlèbd 'dnlr'd iedifl ihpeelxd èd df xywdy xexa .'y`x'd ìd zekln zxitq ,(a"r
lkl y`x' ìd s`y ,eyi m` dixnl dzwif lr fnxn s` ède ,'y`x'k dzwfga ef dxitq mr wp`xt
.(578 dxrd lirl) efecxw ly exeìza xak 'mi`xapd
dlawd zextqa ziawpd zekln zxitq ly diiepikn cg` ìd sè ,xabd on dyi`d `ven ìd rlvd
zniy lr mifnxn mixacde ,(dkxra ,gi wxt ,miiepikd ikxr - bk xry ,mipenx qcxt ,exaecxew)
.wp`xt it lr dlek zixvepd zcd zcner dpniqay ,dyià `weec mixvepd ly mghan
ynn ef dcewpa m`lq`l zexvpd oia oigan efecxw s` .1307 sirq mb e`xe .1107 sirq ,oec`d ixac
[...] mixn dawpl miegzyn' mixvepd : (zilkza zepey epine giynd ly ezedf iabl eizepwqn ik m`)
'zaygp dawp mda oi` ,xkfd `l` mixikfn mpi` mil`rnyiae [...] midel`dn xzei dze` mixikfne
'ziawp'k zexvpd zè 'zixkf' zck m`lq`d z` wp`xt ly ebeeiq znerl j` .(578 dxrd lirl)
miifithnd odiyxey oia dketd zixcbn dpgad efecxw oigan ,miypl oqgie opglet i`yen zpigan
m`lq`dy cera ,xkfd l`nqn zlylzyn zexvpd : dtilwd megza m`lq`d lye zexvpd ly
zezcd izy ly zixcbnd
ozqitz lr .dawpd ,zilil mr xdefa xak ddefnd ,ygpd on lylzyn
cegiiae ,34-29 'nr ,(3 dxrd lirl) 'dpikyd ly zeivwexhqpew' ,oeqtlee : e`x ,efecxw iyexca
.63 dxrd ,31 'nr
dixtni`d inegza zekyennd eizeiedy jldna zinlqend dxagd ibdepl rceezd wp`xt
rceezd mdil` - zixvepd ddeabd dxaga mibedpd ,miypd itlk zexia`d ipepibl xy` .zip`n'zerd
oixaa eizexvgae ,daegehqp'va eixebn zepya ddeabd dxenkde dlev`d mr miiyi`d eirbna
.jàpteàe
[ 276 ]
602
603
604
605
[ 135
mewnd ìd cgi mb zecdide m`lq`d lr zexvpd zlrn 606.'ditpk zgz zeqgle dixg`
ielba da zpkeyd ,dyecwd 'dnlr'd ollkae ,miypl dvwn ìdy ianetde caeknd
- 'dnlr'd ollkae - miypd lr dtek m`lq`d ,z`f znerl .dipin`n lk z` dbidpne
: dlawd ilnq ceqa `l` zelbzdl dl zxyt`n dpi` zecdidy cera ,hlgen mipt ieqik
,dqekne sehr lkd did myy ,l`rnyi ly miyrna ebd xy` dl` lk z` lliw oec`d'
oxry zelbn miypde [... ] ielb lkd mec` ly cnrna la` .odipt zeqkn miypd mbe
enk `le .miiebd lv` bedpk ,dnlr myd z` `l` dpikyd my z` xikdl uegp `le [... ]
zeycgzd èaz dpnn ik ,ielba m` ik ,zeiceqa dnlr dlind z` eygly eiykr cr
607
.'mlerd
- zivx`d dzenlbzd mewnl eipin`n z` liaedl wp`xt lr did 'dnlr'd l` ribdl ick
z` micaerd ,mixvepd dyrnk my zeyrle - daegehqp'va dyecwd dlezad oweic
xy` mewnd ,dly mewnd `xwp xy` mewnl epkld epgp` la`' : mdipendae ielba oweicd
didz ìde .dep`vne dze` epywia my ,diptl mieegzyne ,mlerd zivgn zxdep eil`
eilr dztkp daegehqp'va zkyennd ezedyy it lr s` 608.'zenlerd lk z` dbidpn
yxit ,miipletd zepehlyd mrhn xq`ne zelb zxfb
`l` dziid `le ,izexixy gxeà
'dnlr'd l` eipin`n zè eze` axwl dligzkln crepy ,ipevx dyrnk carica dze`
: 'xievn gela' my zxzzqnd zidel`d
dn al miye `v 609,[mrd bdep dn d`xe `v] xac `nr i`n ifg wet ,aezky itk
mzrci mbe .da mixacn xetq oi`l miypè zevx` daxd jk lk 610.zeixad mixne`
yi`d edine .xdeq ziaa xevr oileta did`y 611,aefcxefca cer mkl izxn`y dn
zcd ly libxd diepik dpey`xae y`xa èd 'mec` ly cnrn'd ,df xywda .1195 sirq ,my
mixg` zepeyla j` .'l`rnyi' ,laewnk ,dpeknd m`lq`d zc mr wp`xt znrn dze`y ,zixvepd
z`ven ef 'mec`' zc mpn` .èd ycigy zcgeind 'zrc'l e` 'zc'l 'mec`' zkted eipin`ne wp`xt ly
lr .dpaxegl zxzeg ìd xac ly eteqae ,dl ztteg ìd oi` j` ,zexvpd megza dziipqk` z`
mixwgn ,mely : e`x ,uiyaii` ozpedi ly zi`zayd dlawl eizewif lre gpend ly ef zernyn
.338-337 ,91-90 'nr ,(213 dxrd lirl) uiyai` ozpedi 'x ,xhenlxt ; 65-63 ,57 'nr ,zexewne
: zvwna yaeyn wizrzae ,mpeylk mixacd eàed ipletd xewna .cere ,a"r ci oiaexir ,ilaa
606
607
608
609
Puk haie ma amme daber
zernyn it lr dze` yxtn wp`xty cera ,'bdp' drnyn 'xac' zinx`d dlind : wiecn eppi` mebxzd 610
.zixara 'xac' yxeyd
dipnex leaba ,xhqiipcl mexcny eai'bxe'b e` (Dziurdzowie - zipletd dxecdna) ei'bxe'b ìd 611
wp`xt ddy ,zip`n'zerd zexqiwd ly dpehly megza f` dziidy ,ef xir zeaiaqa .dixbleae
; 194-193 'nr ,ziwp`xtd drepzd zeclezl ,oala : e`x .m`lq`l ezc z` xind mye ,1757a
.29 sirq 42 'nre ,50 dxrd 41-40 'nr ,dwipexkd
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hxal`hxettx dcr
z` invr lr izlaiwy mzvxiz ji` ? daiq lk `ll `lkd ler z` envr lr gwiiy
xaca dne .dzad` ornl iziyr df lk ? dpelz lk `lle ytp zexiqna zewevnd lk
mkìadl lke`y ,izpeekzd mkzaehl ixd ? xign lka myl èal mkl izeevn
612
.diptl
zepncfdd zvngd lr eytp gtn z` zg` `l wp`xt dlib exq`n ztewz xg`ly mipya
xvewa eaifkdy) eipin`ne èd ecnr mda mini mzeà 'dnlr'd ly `lnd dielibl ìadl
mqxetnd dpweice 'dixn dnlrd' ly daexwd dzvigna xnelk ,ynn dixrya (ea mzpen`
: daegehqp'va
mlerd oednzl yealna mkz` yialn iziid ,daekehqp'va iz` minly mziid el
jxa rxek did elek mlerd [... ] mc` ipa iyrn dl` oi` ik mircei eide .elek
rcei ipi` dzre .df yeala mkz` dyiald dixn dnlrd ik mixne` eide ,mkiptl
zelale daekehqp'vl aeyl jixv iziid dil` mkz` ìadl ick .mka dyr` dn
613
! xyt` ji` .mipye mini my
ìd' : 'dnlr'd gekn wp`xt lr dliv`d daegehqp'va oweicl ezaxw mvr ,ok it lr sè
dqekn ìdy it lr s` ,eiykr mbe .zenlerd lk z` bidpdl dcizr ìd .zegekd lk gek
lka ize` dgpne ,gek daxd z`f lka il zpzep ìd ,mcew dze` izxkfdy ìdd i"r
: oke 614.'ikxc
mkl leyn` ? z`f iziyr dnl .daekehqp'vl reqpl dxagd lkle mkl izieeiv ip`
eàyk .dlezadn gek ea didy lqt ely htynd xcga wifgd xy` jln did : lyn
lke .rytn sg ine my` in el zfnex dzid ìde ,lqtl uivn did jlnd ,miyp`
hian jlndy lqt eze`n mià eiyrn lky erci `le ,eznkg lr d`ltzd ux`d
615
.mz` in mipniq il dpzp ìde ,diptl mklek z` izàd ip` mb ok .ea
,ecvl zavipd 'dleza'l hteyk odknd jlnd oia lyna xèznd dlertd seziyy dnec
mzelirt xeìzl dwifa cner ,eipizp oic z` difnxa zvxeg ìde ,lqtk dzenlbzda
oec`d'y drya 'dxeagd z` oicl ecinrdy dz`x'y ,dee` ezae wp`xt ly ztzeynd
iig xtqa jze` meyx` .oica cenrl dkixv ìd oi`' : f` xn` dnvr dilre ,'cvdn cnr
.dny èaz dxeagd lky daekehqp'va izieeiv' : 776 sirq ,my mb e`xe .614 sirq ,oec`d ixac
.'diptl mlek z` ìadl dzid izpeek
.1218 sirq ,my
.406 sirq ,my
.145 sirq ,my
[ 278 ]
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613
614
615
[ 137
xe` wp`xt jtey xg` mewna 616.'miigl ,miigl ,miigl : minrt yely dl exnè .mler
lr dipta miceezn mipin`ndy ,xvgd zhtey zxynl dee` ly diepin zyxt lr
eniyl mkldwn cg` s` izgwl `l' : eyper z` mdn cg` lkl zavew ìde ,mdi`hg
eceezzy ,mkzeg` ,mkilrn izny dee` z` wx .eipta eceezzye mkyiprdl mkilr
ik f` zazek dzid ìdyke [... ] cg` lk zekn yely miizya mkz` yiprzye dipta
wtq oi` ,okè 617.'dicia ozip xacd ik ,oixeg oa xak didy oniq ,eyper z` laiw ipelt
- dxrya zcnerd zidel`d 'dnlr'de daegehqp'vn dpecnd - dyecwd dlezad zency
mipec` dnk ekld daekehqp'va' : dee` dlezad eza mr wp`xt zrceza dbxcda zbfnzn
ipir jez l` hiad èd .c`n repve xyi did mdn cg` .il` eà myn maeya .diqpkl
dyecwd m`d ìd z`f ik xzei daxd izrc lr lawzn ,eixagl xnè [dee`] dxiabd
618
.'el cng oevl j` ik eayg md .zizn`d dlezade
,olek zenlbzdk dee` zqitz ick cr ,efa ef zeiypd zeiencd ly obefin jildzy okzii
daxw xvi d`xpd lkke ,wp`xt ly ipnfd ececial mxby zeaiqp sexivl daebza yabzd
jldnae ,daegehqp'v zcevn lr iqexd xevnd ztewza .eza oial epia dwecde dycg
aex eyhp 619,1772 hqebeà zipletd divxctpewd lig zqeaz cr my ellegzdy zeaxwd
lr mdl glq `ly ,wp`xt ly daxd egex zxenl ,dnglnd cgtn xvgd z` mipin`nd
dtewza 620.'xabe jld oec`d ly eqrk .oec`d z` miyp`d e`x `l dninz dpy' : mzciba
mighan mewnl gly ,sqeie qekex ,mixzepd eipa ipy zè ,awri epae dpg ezy` exhtp ef
.503 dxrd aiaq lirl e`xe ,749 sirq ,my

,wp`xt za dee` ìd ,'mkzeg`' dpeknd ,ef dee`y jka ze`ce oi` mpn` .1155 sirq ,oec`d ixac
zg` - dwqp`xiifi dee`l o`k dpeekdy okzii .'dyecwd dnlrd' e` 'dxiabd' èd libxd diepiky
'nr ,204 dxrd lirl) zipletd dwipexkd ,ok` .dipèeià wp`xt el xgay zeig`d dxyr rax`n
miypd ray zveawa dze` dpen (gtqp 106 'nr ,104-103 mitirq 94-90 'nr ,42 sirq 50
dee`'y xn`p s` (42 sirq 50 'nr) mye ,zepey`xd ray zxiga xg`l ycegk exgapy ,'zetqep'd
zxkfp ef dwqp`xiifi dee` ,z`f znerl .znieqn dxeka zcnrn dzpdpy ,xnelk ,'y`xa dwqp`xiifi
,cala ihxtd dnya `le `lnd dnya ,(749 ,243 mitirq) oec`d ixac xtqa mbe dwipexka mb ,cinz
dzenlbzda m` oia ,zhteyk dnlrd zqitzy i`ceel aexw ,mewn lkn .o`k 'dee`' ly dxekf`k
,mpic z` uexgle dia`jlnd ipizp ly mall ze`xl dzlekiay ,wp`xt dee`k m` oia dlezad lqtk
ypere xky zavewd ,wcv zhteyk zilawd zekln zxitq ly dienicn dz`xyd z` zaèy
zidel`d dawpd z` x`zn xidad xtq xak .ckx 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz : jk lr e`x .mièxal
'ezpekzn lr oicd z`' oecl lkeiy zpn lr ,jlnd dnlyl wiprd d"awdy 'midel` znkg'k dpezgzd
mipniq ,l-hk 'nr ,g"lyz milyexi ,zeilbxn 'x zxecdn ,xidad xtq : e`x .'htyn zeyrl'e
.45-44 mipniq ,143-141 'nr ,c"pyz ql'bp` qel ,qnxa` 'c zxecdn ; fq-cq
.273-269 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw : jk lr e`x
.myperk mipin`nd z`wld zxèzn cenr ezeà 81 sirqae .80 sirq 76 'nr ,dwipexkd
[ 279 ]
616
617
618
619
620
138 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
xevnd ini lk jyna ezvigna dx`yp dee` eza wx 621.my eipin`n zeqga ,dyxeea
iliig icia dtihg zpkql ,dtie dxirv dxrpk ,dtygp s`y dnece ,zeaxwde
zbieqn `ld dzepn`p 622.'dxiabd cbp xyw [... ] exyw 1769 xanaepa'y ,divxctpewd
miqexd llba daekehqp'va dceak dzidyk' : wp`xt ipira dcnrn z` dzpiy dee` ly
zeig` ,mig` ,ipeafr mlek ,iza ,iza : oec`d dil` xn` ,divxctpewd mr zexvd llbae
jxan ip` okl .seqd cr ,`lka izepy lk iz` cgi cnrn zwfgde ,zxzep z` wx .'eke
diiepikn èd 'miypa dtid' iepikd ixde 623.'jznerl oi`k mleke ,miypa dtid iidz ,jze`
cnlz miypa dtidy ick miaehe zenlya mziid `l dnl' : epeyla zidel`d 'dnlr'd ly
xzei daxd did ,mkz` zcnln dnvra dnlrd dzid el ? dipa z` zcnln m`y itk mkz`
: ezghad z` mb jiiyl yi df xywdly dnec 624.'aeh
miti mixcg cixt` .miti mihidxa eze` hdx` ,dti zia dpw` izreyi èaz xy`k
cg` s`l oz` `l .zexwi mipaàe zekln icbaa dze` yial` ,digzy iza ornl
ile` ,cgi micreq didp ,da gny` .epcal ipè ìd ,dz` wx did` ,il` qpkidl
dz` xacè dlile mei cgi dz` ay` ipè ,epz` elkì miiebdn edyin èaiyk
izxaic `l meid cr ik ,epzpen` zlecb z` xikdl lkezy ick ,lkd lr xeviwa
ziaa oia ,dz` `l` cg` s` mr xac` `l èdd onfa la` .zg` dlin elit` dz`
625
.lkd z` xearz ìde ,mc` oa dpnn zeyrl czrzn ip` .jxca oiae
,fnxp dpweice 'dixn dnlr'l dzwif z`xyda 'zizn`d' dlezad mr dee` ly diedif
: zgeecn zipletd 'dwipexk'd .mipin`nd ldw axwa dee` ly dize`pweic zvtda ,lynl
cg` 627: dxiabd ly ze`pweic dyely oiwzdl oec`d dxed 626 [1777] i`na 22 meia'
.271-270 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw ; 79-77 mitirq 74 'nr ,my : e`x
.270-269 'nr ,my ,x``dfiexw ly ezepyxt e`xe .76 sirq 74 'nr ,my ,dwipexkd
zxitq ìd 'miypa dtid' ,zilawd milnqd oeyla .1069 ,1066 mitirq mb e`xe .481 sirq ,my
s` ynzyd wp`xty gipdl xiaqe ,(`"r `r-a"r r ,mixiyd xiy ,xdef) zeklna dlbznd dnkg
.rcena df iepika
ibeeifl dwifae ,dee` ezal wp`xt oia zicrlad daxwd
xaca dl` zeie`hazd xe`l .784 sirq ,my
zexyt` llkn ìvedl oi` ,(491 dxrd lirl e`x) exvga 'zeig`'de 'mig`'d bega bidpdy deexrd
zexeqna yxetna xn`p xacd oi` ik m` ,'dlezad' ezal wp`xt oia deexr iqgi ly mneiw z` s`
.(452 dxrd lirl) xeìl` ly dizexrd df oiiprl e`xe .epicia zeievnd
x``dfiexw zeyxl dcnry dwipexkd zqxb ,(204 dxrd 84 'nr ,dwipexkd) oiel xicdnd ixac it lr
.oixaa wp`xt ayi ef dtewza .epiptly gqepa dxqgd dpyd z` dlikd
xèzd ly excrd sè ,dpg dn` zen xg`l mipy rayk miygxzn mixacd : dee`l dpeekdy wtq oi`
.xexiaa jk lr riavn ,'dwipexkd' jxe`l m`d'dxiab'd ixekf` lk z` oiivnd ,(ycew dxkf) 'w"f'
[ 280 ]
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
[ 139
xg` xìz ze`pweic mze`n cg` z` 628.'dpehl` liaya mixg`d miipyde mig`d liaya
zpekzna hyewn dxiabd oweic'k jàpteà xvgd lr eizepexkifa qbxet dyn jk
629
.'zilez`wd diiqpkd ly mipey milnq' cvl xiwd lr ielz didy ,'dyecwd dlezad
diepik ,'dyecwd m`d' mb mipin`nd ita dzpek ,'dxiabd' ,dee`y xazqn s` eixacn
xvgd fkxna dcnry ef ìde 630,'dyecwd m`d' - ,eyi m` dixn dlezad ly gikyd
oweic mr dipweica ztwzynd dee` ly dbefin jildzy wtq oi` .dpglet cwen dyniye
- 'dnlr'd zenc z` zenlbnk odizy zqitz jezn ,zexvpl dyecwd m`ddlezad
ipweic zpwzd lr deeivy df èd ixdy ,wp`xt iiga cer lgd ,dpeilrd zigiynd zeyid
ribdl elkezy ick [... ] jxcd z` mkl d`xn iziid' : eipin`nl gihad sè ,mzvtde eza
631
.'zelbzdl dcizr ìd day dzenc mlv z` mkl d`xn iziide [... ] dnlr dze` l`
mvr zgkede zxzqpd 'dnlr'd zygndk - 'hxhxet'd - oweicl qgiiy zeaiygd z`
,lcbna zayei dnlrd ,mkl izxn`' : eilyna minrt dnke dnk wp`xt `hia ,dzeìvn
ad`nl zi`xp zeidl dpevxa dleryke .lcbnd z` `le dze` `l ze`xl xyt` i` la`
x`yp èd ,dpenzd z` `ven èdykl ,ède ,dpweic z` oelgdn el zwxef ìd ,dly
mpi` oweicde ,lcbnd ,dnlrdy aeye aey mirhn wp`xt 632.'dnlrd z`vnp myy rceie
,epnlera ziygend zeìvna miniiw md `l` ,mipeilra mii`lihxr zegekl lyn zwfga
! ? ixac z` mzepiad `l ji`' : jxevd ic mdil` wwezyn epi`y inn mixzqp mdy it lr s`
dil` wwezyn èdy dèx ìdy in lke ,dnlr dze` zxzzqn eae lcbn yiy mkl izxn`
ribiy cr fefi `le ,d`vnid mewn z` xikn èd dfa .dzpenz z` el wexfz ,ece`n lka
dpyi ik .zenc` ilr ielba `l` minya e` gexa z`f lk mkl izxtiq `l ipè .dil`
eiykre ,ixacl mzpf`d `l mzè ,hxhxet el mi`xewy xeiv epyie ,lcbn epyie ,dleza
lertle dlezad z` yigndl ,dxe`kl mnecd ,oweicd ly d`ltend ezleki 633.'exrhvz
: mdl dyecwd dlezad ly dpweic gek lr mixvepd ixetiqn s` zxazqn dgeka mlera
xy` cg` mewna .mi`ltp mixac jl d`x` ,xvpzdl jpevxa m` : cg` oec` mrt il xn`'
.96 sirq 84 'nr ,dwipexkd
deeyen ezqxbae) 273 xeh - xralrb ly yicii gqep .inebxza ,(92 dxrd lirl) zepexkif ,qbxet
hnyed qtcpd ipnxbd gqepd on .161 'nr - lcp`n ly ilbp` gqep ; ('dyecwd m`d' oweicl oweicd
dlezad oweicl dee` oweic zèeydn rnzydl dlelrd mixvepa dribtd yygn ile` ,df rhw
.dyecwd
.160 'nr - ilbp` gqep ; 273 xeh - yicii gqep ; a xeh 122 'nr - qtcpd ipnxbd xewnd gqep : my
dxrd ,oec`d ixac) ezy` mebxza xtqd gqepl zehrnd eizexrdn zgà oiivn mely .507 sirq ,my
z` dlbne dlkida zxzqpd daed`d lynl lcbna dnlrd lr wp`xt lyn zaxw z` (255 sirql 2
dxezd zelbzd lr liynn (`"r hv ,a"g) xdefdy lyn ,dzia z` aaeqd daed`l oir sxdl dipt
.diade`l
.1001 sirq ,my
[ 281 ]
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629
630
631
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633
140 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
z` liawdl mz`xwl dtr dpenzd ,mipebd miyp` dny miàyk ,hxhxetd `vnp ea
634
.'exvpzd ciine ,mikxez ipyl `ltd df z` e`xd .mdipt
micnln dee` iptl maviizda mipin`nl eazkedy qwhd ipepib s` `l` oweicd wx `l
,dpeilrd 'dnlr'd zenca dzebfnzd lr mifnxne ,wp`xt xvga izeklnd dcnrn lr
ecrepy ,eipin`nl wp`xt ly eizeigpd x`y oia .zenlerd lka zlyend 'minyd zkln'
hiadl ilane ,jipt lr letiz' : deeiv ,zxzqpd 'dnlr'd mr icizrd ybtnl mxiykdl
j` dilbx z` wyize axwz .il` axw ,xn`z ìd [... ] dnc`d z` wyiz ,dipta dilr
dpde 635.'dci z` wypl lkez f` wxe ! ig` ,jl xn`z ìd' xzei xge`n alya .'dici z` `l
`l' : jàpte`l eèal jenq ,dee` 'dxiabd' mr oey`xd eybtn z` qbxet x`zn ynn jk
itk ,dilbx zetk z` izwyipe ikxa lr izrxk .dxiabd ipta hiadl izfrd
z` mb wypl dkf ,dzaige dpen` z` ykxyn ,xvgd on ezgixa axra wx 636.'izieehvpy
il` à cg` xiyr' : xtiqy ,wp`xt iiga cer deeà ebdp ,xazqn ,jk 637.dci
'dnlr'd lr : cere z`f 638.'dilbx wyple dceak iptl rexkl zeyx ywiae daekehqp'vl
,dzxyl ick qgi zenx zexrpe zexiab ze`vnp dkln lv`y itk' : wp`xt xn` zidel`d
639
.'dze` zezxyn ode ,dkln odn zg` lke ,zedelà ze`vnp dizexrpe dizexiab mb jk
iepik - 'dipe'vèe`d dxiabd ly zephwd zexrpd z`' dzeclia cer cinrd eza lr ixde
zlev`n ,zeèyp miyp s` `l` zecli wx `l odipiae - dee` myd on xfbpd daig
: 'dzedn mvra' dkln da d`x dzewpia xak ,dyrnl 640.zeihqiwp`xtd zegtynd
,iza z` d`x : ivge dpy za f` dzid xy` dceakl xywa oec`d xac qiletewipa onqe`l'
dpd ìd ,`l ,dkln zeidl dizipin ditei llba ik oiaz `ly icke ,dkln ìdy rc
`l oiicr df mcwen alyay dnec ik m` 641,'dkln dzedn mvrae wtq lk ila ,dyrnl
icegiid dcnrn lr ,z`f znerl .zlèbd zidel`d 'dnlr'd ly dizepekz z` dl qgii
oze` z` dl qgiin èdyk xexiaa fnxn èd ,dpeilrd 'dnlr'd zenybzdk ,dzexbaa
el oi`y itei : zedelà dziieel zepae 'dnlr'd z` zepiivnd zeirahlrd zepekzd
sfep èd ,lynl ,jk .zeenl` iige mixerpd yecig gek ,ynyd xdefk xdef ,xeriy
dnvr dnlr dze` dzid' ,eize`xed it lr bedpl ecitwd Ely ,mdl xikfne eipin`na
.1005 sirq ,my
.314 sirq ,my
; ` xeh 123 - a xeh 122 'nr - ipnxbd xewnd gqep : inebxza ,(92 dxrd lirl) zepexkif ,qbxet
.161 'nr - ilbp`d gqepd ; 274 xeh - yicii gqep
.165 'nr - ilbp` gqep ; 280 xeh - yicii gqep ; a xeh 123 'nr - ipnxb gqep : my
.378 sirq ,my
.66 sirq 68-67 'nr ,dwipexkd
.9 sirq ,oec`d ixac
[ 282 ]
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
[ 141
dilr miaagzn mziidy cr ,mcew izxkfdy zecina mibdep mziid .il` eèazy zywan
ywal mkilr deevn iziid [... ] mipt l` mipt dze` ze`xl miie`x mziidy jk ick cr
miptl xdefe ,dpy mixyra mixerp zeycgzd ,mler iig ziy`x : mixac dyely dpnn
yi' : xne` èd zidel`d dnlrd lr zecnerd zeig`d dxyr rax` lre 642.'ynyd xdefk
odyk .odilr lg epi` zeende ,zeig` efl ef ze`xew od .zedel`d jeza oleke ,7 aeye 7
s` biyd `l dly ditei z` wx [... ] 16 zepal zektede mina zevgex 100 libl zeribn
miyp 7 ,xzq` lv` epnfa eidy itk ,dze` ezxyiy miyp izcnrd' : aeye 643.'mlern cg`
[eli`] .lecbd g`d lv` yiy itk ,miyp 7 cere 7 izcnrd ipè 644,jlnd zian dl epzp
iteil 15 zepak dpnn zelere my xàa zevgex eid mieqn cg` mewnl oze` gley iziid
èd liawnae 646.'ynyd xdefk exidfi dnr mi`vnpd lke dnvr ìd' : cere 645.'gekle
,iza z` e`xz zereay dyiy cera ryeei`ykl' : yxetna dee` zxbead eza lr xne`
dee` 647.'ynyd xdefk xdfze dpy 15 zak didze dizepy dpycgzz ji` ,dìxa didzy
dxicpe dtehg dvvd zpigaa ède ,oec`d ixac xtqa myxpy ,melg jk lr dnlg dnvr
648
,dia` dl criy abypd ceriid xaca dihal lr cnln melgd .dly dzrceza llegznl
meia' : dpnybzz dizeitiv lky xy`nd ,`lten ininy owf zencn wefigl ea dkef ìd j`
ig wtqe zn wtq akey owf lra owf izi`x : melg zxabd dnlg 17[84] zpya 64921.9d
: midel`l diced ixac xn` [... ] izybip .il` iyb .xn` ,iptn icgtz lè i`xz l` [... ]
.ynyd xdefk xdfi jiteie jixerp z` iycgz [... ] mipt l` mipt jze`xl izikfy ixy`
650
.'dxirv iyrize jixerp z` iycgz ,ipwcfz ik s` : il dpr ? dig` mipy dnk : izl`y
jilyn èdyk ,zidel`d 'dnlr'd zenca eza ly dzenc zrnhd lr wp`xt fnxn cer
lera mi`yepd ,mipin`nd zcra dee` ly dzelz z` mipeilra 'dnlr'd ly davn lr
.432 sirq ,my
.377 sirq ,my
.9 a xzq` zlibn it lr
.609 sirq ,my
.1024 sirq ,my
dleza ly all rbepe minz yyg - 'yi`l mrt s` `yp` `l ot izyyg'y dcen ìd x`yd oia
èd melgd jix`ze ,[5 sirq 32 'nr ,dwipexkd] 1754 xaehweà dclep dee`) miyely za zpwcfn
sè ,'mlerd zìxan' dl creind dal xigal `ypizy dghada btend ,(1784 xanaep e` xanhtq
cr dleza dx`yp deeè ,olek ecazp dl` zeghad .'zn` zgny' mda gnyze mipa drax` el clz
- dee`y oin`dl dywe ,zeirah zeiyep` zeitiv od dcilde oièyipd zeitivy xexa .dini seq
oefg z` dniptd xac ly eteqay d`xp ik m` ,miizxby dgtyn iigl ddnk `l - dzexirva zegtl
eàedy jàpteà dxvg ixeìz lkn xazqnk ,zigiynd dlezad ciwtz z` dnvr lr dlaiwe dia`
.lirl
.'xanaepa 24 meia' èd jix`zd zipletd dxecdna .mely dipt ly ixard dnebxza jk
[ 283 ]
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643
644
645
646
647
648
649
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142 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
mdn dlaiw `l ,eixacl .mipezgza dikxv lk z` dl wtql mixenè xvgd zlklk

,mixyand eidz mz` ,mkl izxn`' 651: 'zeltyae zeipr'a diexy ìde ,dkxev ic 'dnlr'd
èd ip` xy` il` xnelk 654,mine`l etqìe 653,eyxci miieb eil` 652,oeiv za c`n ilib
,ce`n irah did dfe [... ] mipec`l mkz` zeyrl izivx ip` la` .dilr xenyl dpenn
.mixyl mziide zefeg` miykexe mler zeevw lkn milecb zexve` miìan mziid ik
cvik xtqn èd liawnae 655.'dze` eqpxtzy izayge .zeltyae zeipra ìd eiykre
miwdy itqk xaynn dvlgle eza dee` ly dizeaeg z` rextl eipin`nn miipy lr deeiv
656
.'miziqn' dilr
'dtilw'd zpigaa ìdy ,zexvpl dyecwd dixn dlezad - zeiypd zeiencd ly obefin
zxitq ly dzenybzd ìdy ,daega dpenhd 'dnlr'de 657,eil` dliaene ixtd z` dherd
ìd ìdy ,wp`xt za dlezad dee` - mce xya zg` dyi` zenc ickl - zidel`d zekln
oditl xy` ,zeiecr epicia exzep ,xekfk .mipin`nd zrc lr zelwa lawzp `l ,giynd
zecbpzdl micd yi oec`d ixac xtqa s` 658.riztne dpeyn yecig l`k xacl eqgiizd
,mkperbya mz` milibx jk lk ,mz` mb ok' : dawp oinn giynd zxeya maxwa dxxery
didi giynd ik mzxn` .rbzydl mzgky `l ,[zexvpl] xg` cnrnl mzxaryk elit` ik
mipin`nd ex`yp zexvpl mzxnd ixg` mby xexa 659.'recik zeperby cere ,xkf oinn
wp`xt ly eyecig z` 'lkrl' eywzde ,mda ekpgzdy zicedid daygnd iqetca miieay
,miicedid mibdpnd zxtda eywzdy myk ynn ,zlèbd dnlrd ly dzeigiyn oiipra
dryn ,ok it lr s` 660.'oerby' e` zexar
lrk aeye aey rixzd mda mzewic` lry
dzenc dlgd ,ezaa znlbznd 'dnlr'd ly zidel`d dzeigiyn wp`xtl dycgzpy
,zenexzd zelclcidn d`vezk zepey zetewza wp`xt xvg mdil` drlwpy miitqkd mixaynd lr
.103 sirq 92-90 'nr ,dwipexkd : lynl e`x ,mdn ulgidl eivn`n lre
zeawra d`xpd lkk ,(723 ,713-711 zexrd aiaq oldl lynl) df weqt hhvl daxn wp`xt .9 h 'kf
zixvepd zxeqnd zeawra sè ,(`"r hq ,b"g lynl e`x) zekln zxitq lr eze` aqnd xdefd xtq
dgeka diixar dyi` dzeida `weecy ,eyi m` mixn ìd ,dixn dyecwd dlezad lr eze` daqnd
zixvepd diiqpkl l`xyi ipa ly 'mzxeka' zxard zè dycgde dpyid zixad zetivx z` lnql
ly xzeia migikyd diiepikn èd 'oeiv za' iepikd .(43 ,28 'nr ,[569 dxrd lirl] ixn ,owilt)
.wp`xt ly epeyla dnlrd
sirq) zipletd dxecdnd gqep z` iztcrde ,'eze` eywai minrde' : mely dipt mebxza .10 ì 'yi
.xewnay weqtd z` syegd ,(1245
.h bn 'yi
.1125 sirq ,my
.daiaqe 745 dxrda oldl e`x
.1316 ,977 ,953 ,923 ,887 ,820 ,805 ,477 ,450 ,420 mitirq ,my : lynl e`x
[ 284 ]
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652
653
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655
656
657
658
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660
[ 143
zeyi dze` - 'lecbd g`d' zenc lr mda dairn ìdyk ,dax zexicza 'eixac'a ritedl
dfnixe ,mipeilra ezenc zak ekxc ziy`xa dzpaedy ,dlekileke ziyep`lr zixkf
jxrp `l ,epicil ribdy itk ,oec`d ixac hwly it lr s` .ely ezedelèzeigiyn lr
eizepyl wx `l zekiiyd zexeqn wtq `ll likn èd 661,llk jxèzn epi` eaexe ,zizhiy
lkl `l` ,ehwlpe mixacd enyxp okldnay ,jàpteàe oixaa wp`xt ly zepexg`d
ly dzenvrzd jildze dzrted ziy`x xg` aewrl ozip .zkyennd ezelirt ztewz
jldna d`xpd lkk ,ozeyabzda zencwend eizexez zèeyd jezn ezrceza 'dnlr'd
mipya ,dipèei` ztewz ollkae ,dxyr dpenyd d`nl miyiyde miyingd zepy
,xen`k ,oziy`xy zexezl 662,zizernyn `ven zcewpk zg` `l zxkfpd ,1759-1758
.1772-1770 mipya ,daegehqp'va exq`n ztewz seqa
dxcrd z` oiiv sè ,epefga zlèbd 'dnlr'd zrteday yecigl rcen did envr wp`xt
e` 'jlnd' ly eielibk dle`bd èa z` dfg oiicr f`y ,dipèeià ezay inia ezrcezn
lewa m` ik yà `le gexa `l ,dipèeià minrt dnke dnk mkl izxn`' : cala 'l`d'
jlnd ik fnxd z` oiadl mikixv mziid [... ] jlnd à my ,y`d ixg` ìdy dwc dnnc
ìd z`fy xn`p `le .l`d z` mkl d`x` ip` ,mkl izxn` oke .dpd èal cner
xtq lk jxe`l ,okè 663.[`"xr - .ily dybcdd] mkl ze`xdl izxn` xy` dnlrd
dwifa cnerd ,'lecbd g`'a cwnzn dle`bd jildz oday ,zeax zexez zexeft oec`d ixac
'dkln'l e` 'dleza'l ,'dnlr'ly cera ,wp`xt awri ly ezencl zinihpiè dwecd
jk xg` eqgeiy miciwtz mzeè miirahlr zegek mze` ; xkf lk oda oi` oiicr zidel`d
.envrl èdyk ezenc oa wp`xtl e` 'lecbd g`'l dl` zexeza mlek miqgein ,'dnlr'l
mig`l mkz` izcnrdyk ,f`' ,dipèei` ztewzay eiaxewnl xikfn èd ,lynl ,jk
dpeilrd 'dnlr'd ly dxcrd o`k xkipe 664,'ezia lke èd ,c`n lecbd g`d gny ,zeigè
,diptle dipèei` ztewza yxetna zekexkd zexeqna .elek rexi`d zgnyne 'g`'d zian
g`d' ly ezelbzdl mitvn eipin`ne wp`xt ,daegehqp'v ztewz ly zexeqnl cebipa
à did èd ,lecbd g`d eze` l` mkz` gley iziid eli`' : 'dnlrd' ly efl `le 'lecbd
edfy dèx did mlerd lke ,liin ivg edaeb 665,"jl èai jkln dpd" : aezky itk ,il`
iiga jàpteè oixa zetewzn ,d`xpd lkk ,mlek `veny ,mipeyd cid iazk ly mzkixr zeaiqp lr
dxrd lirl) xehwec oì ,zipletd dxecdnd jxer ly (zilbpà) eixac e`x ,zihqiwp`xtd xvgd
,'zipletl yiciin eileblb - wp`xt awri ly "oec`d ixac xtq" ' ,wexny 'g ; 159-157 'nr ,a ,(89
,ìapl dìxwd ,l"pd : qtcpe ay ; el-bk 'nr ,(d"pyz) ci ,oilet icedi zeclezl sq`n - crlb
.100-87 'nr ,1999 milyexi
.128-109 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw : e`x ,ef dtewz lr
.415 sirq ,my
xywda `weec ìadl ,xen`k ,wp`xt daxd - 'oeiv za c`n ilib' - df weqt ly ezgizt z` .9 h 'kf
[ 285 ]
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662
663
664
665
144 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
d`x` jk ,ynyd z` mièx mkpdy itk ,dipèeià mipin`nl izfxkd eilr [... ] `xep l`
ikln lke' : 'giynd jln' ly zixkfd ezenc dpcer zlèbd zencd 666.'midel`d z` mkl
mr ,xdefd xtq zeawra ,ddefn ìde 667 ,'giynd epkln iptl : exnìe jxa erxki mlerd
daxn enya ezetzey lry ,i`xwnd awri ly ezenc mr sè ,oey`xd mc` ly ezenc
: eizeyxca ez` zedcfdl wp`xt awri
èal jixv mkl .ebiydl leki `l e`hg llba j` .aeh xac oekp did oey`xd mc`l
xac eze`l èaie ,mc` did day dbxcnl ribdl lczydle ,mc` ly ezenca cg`
letii mcgt ik ,z`f dbxcnl eribi ixg` eèaiy dl` lke ,mc` liaya oken didy
: aezky itk ,cia mieqn xac didiy cr mybzi `l df lk j` .ux`d zeig lk lr
.zeigd lr cgt letii ezxfra xy` yealn yeall mb uegp 668? 'ziaa jl yi dn'
oky lk `l .dkxad zlaw ornl wx yeald z` yeall did jixv awri ,e`xz
669
.zeigd lr oehlyd z` ielba qetzl jixvyk ,eiykr
izivx ipè' : dle`bd l` eipin`n z` liaend èd ,'dnlr'd ly dkeeiz `ll ,envr wp`xt
,ipyd ewlga `weec cwnzn èd o`k eliè ,(652 dxrd lirl e`x) 'dnlrd' ly zigiynd dzrted
.xkfd ,igiynd jlnd ly eèa z` xyand
.445 sirq ,my
.2 c a"ln
lre (f wxt) lìpc ly minid zixg` oefg lr d`xpd lkk miqqazn mixacd .518 sirq ,oec`d ixac
dpde] ded dz` yp` xak ìny ippr mr exè' : weqtd yxcp my ,(`"r enw-a"r dnw ,`"g) xdefd
jyndae .[giynd jln df] '`giyn `kln `c' : zernyna (13 f 'pc) '[à mc` oak minyd ippr mr
meyne] mc`c `pebk yp xae ,degc `pebk `zz` izizc cr `nlr `niiw jk oibae' : xn`p mixacd
.(545-544 zexrd aiaq lirl eeyd) '[mc` enk mc` oae ,deg enk dy` èazy cr mlerd miiwzn jk
z` zeca`ne mlera zehleyd zeieklnd rax` ody ,zelecbd zeigd rax` oefg èd lìpca f wxt
zyxc .'mc` oak' èdy df ly eicia oehlyd cwtei f`y ,minid zixg`l cr ,ef xg` efa opehly
zqxb it lr ,'yealn'a) eiyr eig` lr mixrdy in - awri ly ezenc z` dl` mixaca zkxek xdefd
ok` m` .giynd jln ly epnf - èal cizrl `lnd oyenin z` dgce ,eia` zekxal dkf ,(wp`xt
oehlyd z` ielba qetzl' jxevd ,'mc` ly ezenca' lèbd èa ly miaihend aeliy z` wp`xt a`y
yi ,da mixefyd lìpc iweqte xdefd zyxcn 'dkxad zlaw ornl' awri ly ezinxze ,'zeigd lr
ixdy ,zlèbd 'dnlr'd zenc ezrceza dxiihvp `l oiicr ef dtewzay dxaql wefig meyn xaca
za z` s` `l` ,mc` ly ezenc oa èdy giynd z` wx `l okend on el wtql did ieyr xdefd
z` f` xak wp`xt dfg el .'dnlr'd zenc mr dzedfl zelwa did ozipy ,'deg enk dy`' - ebef
èd j` .xdefd ixacay deg zenc zaa dze` dlziy zetvl did ozip ,dawp oinn zlèbd ielib
dnec aeliyl .'mc` ly ezenca èdy cg`'l wx qtzpe ,ziypd zigiynd zencd on oihelgl mlrzn
aiaq oldle ,1291 ,666 mitirq ,my eeyd ,z`f znerl .628 sirq ,my mb e`x ,miaihend mze` ly
md mrtd j` ,ef dyxta xdefd ixacl xkf mda s`y ,wp`xt ixac miàen my ,805-799 zexrd
.'deg zxeva dy`'l zyxetne d`ln zeqgiizd mb milikn
[ 286 ]
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667
668
669
[ 145
xy` mewnl mkìadle ,mc` eil` ltpy mewndn mkìvedle ,minler iigl mkìadl
xreyd' ciwtza ynyne axg xbeg ,'dnlr'd `le ,èd 670.'dny zkll mc`l exn`
qipk` .midel` iptl qpkidl `le axwl yi` leki `l icrla : mkl xne` cere' : 'idel`d
oileta oec`d xn` mixacd mze` z` .qpkii `l ,ea dvx` `ly ine ,eqipkdl dvx`y in lk
,midel`l edyin qipkdl dvx` `l mè ,idel`d xreyd èd ip` : siqed cere .1756 zpya
`ly elit` ,ea xgaè ea dvx` xy` in lke .zeqxt 400 edwxf` ,midel` ea dvxi elit`
itn mzrny ixd' : aeye 671.'eqipki xy` cr opgzè eipt z` dlg` ,midel` ly epevxl
d`x`y izxn` 59 zpya dipèei`l izrbdyke .midel` ly exrey ippdy 1756 zpya cer
672
.'ia xga midel`ye oehlyd ipè gekd ily oiadl mkilr did o`kn .midel` z` mkl
,daegehqp'va zidel`d 'dnlr'd zelbzd z` eipin`nl xyal lgdy dryn ,dpde
mzepiad `l ji`' : ezvignl ribdl did ozip dkxc wxe ,midel`l 'xry'l ìd dktd
ìd ìd ik ? dnlrd z` zelbl uegp mcewy ,midel` z` mkl d`x` ik mkl izxn`yk
673
.'eze` biydle midel`l ribdl xyt` dkxc wx .midel`l xryd ìd ,midel`d iptl
qgiin ,gvp iige mixerpd yecig mllkae ,miirahlr zegek wiprdl zlekid z` mb
il oziiy lecb g` eze`n ywan iziid ok' : cala 'lecbd g`'l ekxc ziy`xa wp`xt
eidi mivrde dnc`d ik ,izeyixc lk z` `lniye ,oilin 3 elceb xy` cg` xd dpzna
`l ,mipyd z` ycgl egeka xy` ,evx`n cg` ayr ywan iziid oke [... ] xedh adfn
ywan iziid ok .mc` iig ly 20d zpyl xifgnd ayr `l` 15 oak jze` dyery dfk
674
.'iprnl z`f dyer did èd [... ] eixerp miycgzn ,da ugexd 100 oa xy` xà epnn
zepale 'dnlr'l dnvr zlekid dze` z` qgiin èd ,jliè daegehqp'v ztewzn eliè
,mler iig ziy`x : mixac dyely dpnn ywal mkilr deevn iziid' : mipeilra dziieel
675
.'ynyd xdefk miptl xdefe ,dpy mixyra mixerpd zeycgzd
ezegily zqitza jtdn lg ,daegehqp'va 'dnlr'd el dzlbzpy dryny ,wtq oi`
itk ,mce xyaa zedel`d zenybzdy el xeegzp f` wx .wp`xt awri ly zigiynd
okziz 676,dibltn dnke dnka zi`zayd drepzd ziy`xn giynd ly ezeiyi` dqtzpy
.955 sirq ,my
midel`l xry l`k envrl wp`xt qgiizn mda s`y ,1124 ,1105 mitirq mb e`xe .958 sirq ,my
.midel` ly exrya mipin`nd z` qipkiy ink e`
mr 'dnlr'd iedif znrhdl ,473-472 zexrd aiaq lirle ,580 sirq ,my mb e`xe .620 sirq ,my
.xry dpeknd zekln zxitq
.818 ,801 ,605 mitirq ,oec`d ixac : mb e`xe ,650-642 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x
jxc lr m` oia (dfe`zet`) zedel` zbxcnl zelrzdd jxc lr m` oia ,ze`zaya giynd zdl`d lr
ceqi zexitql m` oiae zx`tz zxitql dwifa m` oia ,(divpxwpi`) mce xyaa zedel`d zenybzd
[ 287 ]
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
146 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
zegek zwif .ziyep` dawpa miidel`d dawpd zegek ly mzelbzd zervnà wxe j`
ly 'oezgzd' dleab - zekln zxitq ly dzwif cegiiae ,inybd mlerl dawpd
xzei dxiyie zicin dwif ìd - 678giynd znyp ly dzavgn xewn èdy 677,zedel`d
dle`bd oefg oi` ixdy ,dle`bl gztnd ìd ef dwif .xkfd zegek ly mipezgzl mzwifn
eilry megza `weec dfl df miwiyn mde 679,mipezgza mipeilrd ly mbefin oefg `l`
mlera dlbzne znybznd zedel`dy xaca `lt lk èt` oi` .zidel`d dawpd zcwten
seba mybzdl dilry o`kne ,ziawpd dzcina zedel`d ìd igiynd ocird qext mr
elbzi okl .ievin icil dzeiawp èaz ezervnàe ea wxy ,ef dzcin z` leka mèzd
dyecwd dlezad ly iyep`d dielib jxc lr ,ynn ly dyi` zenca dawpd zegek
eèaiy ilan dawpd zegek mifnxp eae ,'dy` enk wx' èdy xab zenca `le 680,zexvpl
mr dxizqa zcnerd ,zinybd ezexkfy ,iav izay - 'oey`xd' jxc lr ,`ln iehia icil
xen`k od ,cala mixab ly zc èdy ,m`lq`l eziipt oke ,zigiynd eznyp zeiawp
ly ziygende ziyi`d dzelbzd ziieeg 681.dle`bd lrtn znybd z` epnn erpny
: wp`xt zrceza drixkne zavrn dieeg dziid daegehqp'va excga zidel`d 'dnlr'd
`l mlern 683.mecà xwirae mlerd jxck 682,"del` dfg` ixyan" : weqtd xac edfe'
,l"pd ; 787-785 ,747-745 ,720-719 ,682-681 ,507 'nr ,a ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,zekln e`
,'oeili`` dnly iax' ,acp ; 186-185 'nr ,oihiyd oia ,iwqaeyxie ; 374-362 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn
,190 ,146-140 ,91-88 ,69 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail ; eky-giy 'nr ,(400 dxrd lirl)
,163-152 ,33 'nr ,(210 dxrd lirl) 'izfrd ozp iazka dpen`d ceq' ,miiwl` ; 180 dxrd 289
.224-222
,mely : e`x ,mipezgzd zenlerl zcgeind dzwif iabl eizeklyde ,zekln zxitq ly df dcnrnl
zpyn ,iayz ; 'dpiky' - ipinyd wxtd lk jxe`l cere ,286-285 ,282-281 ,279 'nr ,ceqiiwxt
.kx 'nr ,` ,xdefd
.589 ,583-582 zexrd lirl e`x
miidel`d 'mig`d' oia 'alven' ipin beeifk ,wp`xt ly dle`bd oefga df befin ly iygend eiehial
.470-465 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x ,mce xya 'mig`'l zeidel`d 'zeig`d' oiae ,mce xya 'zeig`'l
iptebd eneiw cnn z` el dzpwd jkae l`d z` dcliy ,mce xya dyi` - eyi m` dixn ly dcnrnl
,lynl e`x ,zexvpa zidel`d divpxwpi`d zxez ly ipeig aikxn df sweza zynyn ìde ,iyep`
P. Brown, The Body ; 201-200 ,66-65 ,59 ,45 ,15 'nr ,(569 dxrd lirl) dpina dcigid ,xpxee
677
678
679
680
and Society, London 1989, p. 175; C. W. Atkinson, The Oldest Vocation: Christian
Motherhood in the Middle Ages, Ithaca and London 1991, pp. 102, 107-108, 110-11, 115,
.157 ,145 ,130-131 ,65-55 ,52-48 'nr ,(569 dxrd lirl) ixn ,owilt ; 124

.26 hi aei` 682
z` yaynd ,mely dipt ly ixard gqepa weqitd lr zipletd dxecdnay weqitd z` o`k iztcrd 683
,mce xyak ezenlbzda l`d zii`xl oeeknk aeià weqtd z` yxec wp`xty dnec .mixacd okez
.excga 'dnlr'd el dzlbzp ynn jk .zexvpd jxc lr
[ 288 ]
[ 147
z` dl izi`xde ,daekehqp'va ixcga drited ilè .rcep `l dnewne ,yi`l cer dzlbzp
dnlrp zidel` zeyi dze` - 'dnlr'd z` qtz jliè o`kn 684.'mkzence mkizexev
wxe ,dawp oinn gxkda ìdy ,zizn`d l`xyi zlèbk - ynn ziyep`d dzenybzda
,xen`k ,ìd .zilawd zekln zxitq ly miigiynd dizegek lretd l` e`vii dkxce da
ìd 686; 'xg` rava dze` d`xi cg` lk .da mi`vnp mipeebd lk' 685; midel`l 'xry'd
dpd ìd' 689; 'mid zenedz lr mbe ,lka zhley ìd' 688; dpeilrd zhteyde 687,'y`xd'
dcizr ìd 692,zegekd lk gek ìd' 691; 'l`xyi ipa z` bidpz ìde 690,zenlerd lk iig
giyn eze` didz xy` ìd - dnlr èd'y 694,'xwird' ìd 693; 'zenlerd lk z` bidpdl
`zipexhnd ìd ixdy 695; 'xqnp dcia wypd lk ik ,zenlerd lk z` dgpz ìd .zn`d
miiwzi mincd zekity ligzzyk'e 696,d"awd ly oiefnd eàv xy - l`xyi zxney
wp`xt zrceza mincd zekity 698.'dnr dizexrp lke ìd mewz f` 697."xtrn ixrpzd"
fnxe ,zeàe zeynynnd minid zixg` zenglnl ihtilwet` cd zg` dperae zra ìd
ìde ,ygp zkiypa rwap dngxy ,dzcila dywnd dlii`d - ixdefd '`zlii`'d qezinl
iedif ab` ,ea weqrl eaxd mi`zayd ipey`x xaky ,dle`bd ceqe zekln zxitq lnq
699
.dixhniba deeyd mkxr it lr giynd zenc mr - exewna `xg` `xhiqd - ygpd
.673 ,463-462 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x
,exaecxew : e`x .zekln zxitq ly zewdaend dizepekzn ìd ef dpekz s` .847 sirq ,oec`d ixac
.c wxt ,mipeebd ikxr - i xry ,mipenx qcxt
.1140 sirq ,oec`d ixac mb e`xe .602 dxrd aiaq lirl e`x
,a"r elx ,`"r et ,`"g ,xdef : lynl e`x ,zekln zxitql fnxk 'mi' iepikl .605 sirq ,oec`d ixac
.`"r gp ,b"g ; `"r ekx ,a"r ep ,a"g ; a"r fqx
,exaecxew : e`x ,'dpnn milv`pd minlerd lk dign ìd ik ,minlerd ig' zekln zxitq ly diepikl
.'ig' jxr seq ,miiepikd ikxr ,mipenx qcxt
.a"r-`"r kx ,b"g ; a"r evw ,`"g ,xdef : lynl e`x ,'gek' zekln zxitq ly diepikl
.`"r cpw ,`"g ,xdef : lynl e`x ,zekln zxitql fnxk 'xwir' iepikl
.2 aq 'yi
A. Berger, Ayalta - From the Doe in the : e`x ,yxcnd zextqa eiyxeye ,df ixdef aihen lr
Field to the Mother of the Messiahs, Salo Wittmayer Baron Jubilee Volume, English
eileblbae aihend zexewna qail ly epeic e`xe .Section, I, Jer usalem 1974, pp. 209-217
,fexn : e`x ,i"x`d zlawa aihend gezipl .(178-177 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq) mii`zayd
.315-306 'nr ,(546 dxrd lirl) 'i"x`d zxeza dle`b'
[ 289 ]
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
148 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
zengln jey mr ,'mincd zekity ixg`' legzy ,'dnlr'd znewz lr ihtilwet`d epefga
dle`bl dliaend ,zigiynd dzbdpd oia rixknd lcadd z` wp`xt mirhn ,minid zixg`
: 'didy itk zeidl xfg lkd' eixg`y ,iav izay ly ltpd zbdpd oial ,raw ly
,etlrzi mikln ,erbzyi daxde ,mipec` 30,000k ile` ezeni dznewz meia
letii mxyeè mlfn dpzyi èdd meia ik ,dni` aexn miliigd icin letii wypd
,dzyz dxeagde ,min e`vii ,mewz ìdyk ,mincd zekity ixg` ,jk xgè [... ]
[iav izay] oey`xdy mzxn`y itk `l ,hewyz dnglnde 700,dzyi mlerd lke
jixv jk ike .oileta eid [iwvipling
zexfb]
zexvdy cera [dikxeza] zxg` uxà
`l` .didy itk zeidl xfg lkd ? dl`d zexvd lkn d`vi zlrez dfi` ? zepal
o`k la` .ipgex gekl eze` mzktde ,xacd eze` z` zeptdl o`l mkl did `ly
701
.zeèx dpiidz mkipire ,ielba lkd ygxzi
èaz dpnn' 702,'enewie dici lr eryeeiiy mircei mlek'e ,izn`d giynd èt` ìd dnlrd
ze`xl mileki mziid mz`' : ezle`ba ycgn [mlerd] 'gnvi' dpnne 703,'mlerd zeycgzd
704
.'dpnne ,mlerd gnvi epnn xy` mewnd z` mkipira
: xdefa dlii`d zyxtl xkf ìd mlerd z` mieexnd mind oiiprl mincd zekity oiipr zekinq
,d`nx `xeh yixl zwilq ìde ,oeig x`y lk dabl oiypkzn ,`xhnl jixhv` `nlrc `zryae'
bexrz li`k" ,[2 an 'dz] aizkc èd `cd [...] dreb xza dreb zrbe ,`dkxa oia `dyix zthrzè
oick .ìn lr igv `nlre ,eyaiz`c edpdn min iwit` lr ? min iwit` lr i`n ."min iwit` lr
`lw xza `lw ,oilw zn`xe z`rb ,clinl `pnf `hnc oeik ,znizq` zxarz`c `zrya .bexrz
dinet ,oixeh oia izè ,jeyg ixeh ebn àxax ìeig cg wit` oick .dabl oinfe dl rny d"awe [...]
ediè ,`nc witp d`ncw `pnf .ipnf ixz xz` èdda dl jiype izè li` i`d cr ihn ,`xtra `kgln
dryae : enebxze) 'zcileè zgztzè ,ìixeha ic oxira oepi` lk ezye ,ìn witp `pipz `pnf .jigl
oia dy`x zthere ,deab xd y`xl dler ìde ,zeig x`y lk dlv` zetq`p ,xhnl jixv mlerdy
lr [rnyn] dn ."min iwit` lr bxrz li`k" ,aezky èd dfe [...] diirb xg` diirb drebe ,dikxa
,zxarzn ìdy drya .bexrz f` ,minl `nv mlerde ,eyaiizdy mze`n min iwit` lr ? min iwit`
rney d"awde [...] lew xg` lew ,zelew dnixne dreb ìd ,zcll onfd ribny oeeik .znzqp ìd
jgln eit ,mixdd oia à ède ,jyeg ixxd jezn lecb cg` ygp ìven èd f` .dlv` onefne dl
ède ,mc `vei dpey`xd mrta .minrt izy mewn ezeà dze` jyepe àe ,dlii`d ef cr ribn ,xtra
,xdef) (zcleie zgztp ìde ,zezey mixda xy` zendad oze` lke ,min mi`vei diipyd mrta .jgel
.(a"r hnx ,b"g
cr' : xdefa dlii`d zyxtl micd ea s`y ,1255 sirq ,my ,df oiiprl cere .831 sirq ,oec`d ixac
uegp .mc uegp lk mcew ik .mca `lnzn mlerd did ,mlerl `vei mincd zekity ly lewd didy
xewnd gqepa] `zli`d on mcd `vi mcew ,weica mircei mz`y itk .mlerl `vz ìdy iptl mc
.' 'eke jk xgè [1254 sirq ,zipletd dxecdnd e`x .ifrel wizrza ,dpeylk ef dlin driten ipletd
.1023 sirq ,my
.1195 sirq ,my
.849 sirq ,my
[ 290 ]
700
701
702
703
704
[ 149
ybpzdl ,giynd ìdy ,dyià znybznd zedel`k 'dnlr'd zqitz dlki dxe`kl
dzeigiyn lr eifnxy zetvl did ozip s` .envr wp`xt ly zidel`zigiynd ezrceza
dl zriiqn ,zipyn dcnrl edegcie eipin`n axwa ecnrn z` exrxri eza ly zidel`d
jeezn ,exvga ecnrn z` bivd jke ,envra d`x wp`xt .ìd `le .dzcnrn dzegpe
dzelbzd cren cr dnx cia dzeevna mze` bidpnd ,mipin`nl 'dnlr'd oia icrla
cer' : xkfp èd ,oixaa ezay ztewza 705,1784 zpyn zkxèzn ze`hazda .mlekl
zkxrn mpn` 707.'zeyrl izpeekzdy dn mknr zeyrl mipniq il dpzp 706`lka izeida
zedfd - zeletk zeiedf ilrak miqtzp mdipy ixdy ,icnl zakxen dpial epia miqgid
,dry itl zxzqpd zidel`d zedfde ,dee` ezae wp`xt awrik ,oirl dielbd ziyep`d
ipya mildpzn dpial epia miikxxiidd miqgid .'dnlr'le 'lecbd g`'l mzwifa zfnexne
on`pd dcark xiihvn èdy yi : edpynl dletk dwifa cner mdn cg` lke ,mixeyind
[... ] dizecewt z` miiwle da fgìdl gxken ip`' : dizecewt lkl setkd dgilyke
- zepc` oeyl hwep èdy yi j` 708,'dyr` il xn`zy dne ,gily ippd ik mkl izxn`
dze` gly`y didi uegp z`fd dnlrd dlbzzyk' : dizelert z` dl aizkne dilr deevn
dprnl laeq ède envr z` aixwdy ink xèzn èdy yi 709.'ea uegxl mieqn mewnl
ornl ik oibtdl ick ? dn myl ,miqeq dyiyl dnezx dakxn invrl izipw' : ax laq
ziaa df zgz zayl il aehe ,mireyd cg`k miig lr ,df lr mb xzeel oken ip` dzad`
zetzey z` mirhn èdy yi j` 710.'dprnl xq`nl izklde lkd z` izafr [... ] `lkd
: miaxewnd ly mzpen` xvew znyà mixqeine mitcxp mdipy zeida ,mlxeb
aixwde laq èd dnk ercz 711,"jl èai jkln dpd [... ] oeiv za c`n ilib" miiwziyke'
mkl wx xne` ip` "oeiv za c`n ilib" weqtd z`' 712.'zeax dlaq ìd mbe ,envr z`
zlaeq ìd mb .dlecb zexixn dfn il yie ,lke` `l j` ,xn`l xac cer il yie [... ]
lecb dn ercz xacd dlbziyk .mitlrzn mziid dlaq z` mzrci el .milecb mixeqii
dxecdndy cera ,(410 sirq) 'lixtà oey`xa ,1784 zpya' : xn`p mely dipt ly ixard gqepa
.'xaehweà 1a ,1784 zpya' zqxeb zipletd
,ef dtewzl ezpeek o`k s`y gipdl xiaqe ,daegehqp'va exq`n zepyl aeye aey wp`xt qgiizn jk
akiliieea ,oexewvp`la exq`n lr .eiiga mincew mialya mb zexvw zetewzl xq`p ik m`
; 23 ,21-20 ,18-17 mitirq 40-36 'nr ,dwipexkd : e`x ,1756a dpi'vitewae (Wielchowiec)
.73-72 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw
.'miieqn xaca dze` zxyl ick èal izgxked' : 955 sirq mb e`xe .215 sirq ,my
.609 sirq ,my
.635 sirq ,my
.9 h dixkf
[ 291 ]
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
150 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
,ize` mitcexy dcina' : oke 713.'mklky itl xac zeyrl mzivx ik ,mkllba lkde ,dxrv
eltp zxga xy` miyp`d ! d`x : il dxn` mzwlzqdy eiykre' : cere 714.'dze` mb mitcex
miaexw mdipia miqgidy ,mewn lkn ,xexa 715.'dzi` izika ipè dzka ìd ! ecnr `le
`l mlern' : ea wx dwace el j` dlbzn ìd .zicrlae ziccd zelz iqgi mde ,xzeia
zncwn' : oke 716.'daekehqp'va ixcga drited ilè ,rcep `l dnewne yi`l cer dzlbzp
dpnn raep egek lk - ède 717.'dyealn did` ip`y ,invr ia wx dnlrd dwac mlerd
zpzep ìd [... ] dqekn ìdy it lr s` ,eiykr mbe' : cala el dlbn ìdy miielibd one
719
,oiaw ilrad ly mnewn rcei yi` oi`' : oke 718.'ikxc lka ize` dgpne ,gek daxd il
: fixkn èd ok 721,eilr dpibne zxney ìdy myk 720.'mnewn di` il driced dlezad wxe
mze` xiykne dnlrd ipta mipin`nd lr uiln wp`xt 722.'dilr xenyl dpenn èd ip`'
xearz ìd ,"oeiv za c`n ilib" miiwziyk' : mdl mb dlbzz ezekfa wx ; dèa z`xwl
deevn iziid' : oke 723.'ditpk zgz l` dxeagd lk z` lawl dpnn ywa` ipè ,izia ci lr
xak mziid zilbzn dzidy rbxae ,dze` ze`xl mkilr dxev dfiàe xn`l dn mkilr
.566 sirq ,my

.668 sirq ,my
.1118 sirq ,my
.1175 sirq ,my
jxck ,xabk ,eteb ea dnlrd zeyalzdl ezpeeky zexyt`d zrnzyn ef dfxkdn .629 sirq ,my
,oaenk ,zknzp ef zexyt` .i`wipelqd dikexae iav izay ly ixabd mteba xara yalzdl dzqipy
ziawpd dzedf zexnl ,minieqn mi`pza xkfl zktedd ,zekln zxitq ly zipind dzeaiviià
zi`xp ef zexyt` la` .(764 dxrd aiaq oldl e`xe ; kx 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz : e`x) zwdaend
dn`zddi` mbta `weec eincew ly igiynd mbyid z` wp`xt ly ezliqt xe`l zrcd on dwegx
aexw .'dnlr'd ly d`lnd dzelbzd z` drpny ìd ixdy ,zinybd mzexkfl zipgexd mzeiawp oia
aby ja : zqxeb zipletd dxecdnd .mely dipt ly ixard dnebxza yeaiy `l` o`k oi`y i`ceel
.xzei xazqn df gqepe ,'Dpibn did` ip`y [ick]' : xnelk ,by jej strozem
.406 sirq ,my
xdefd ipewiza 'oiaw ilra oepi`n ypxa cga' `lten dyrn xetiqn zlylzyn 'oiawd ilra' zxez
`vei rhiwd' : (g ,e zay) dpynd xn`na mi`zayd zrceza jxkpy ,(jliè `"r bw ,hq oewiz)
dziy`x ef zxeqn .iav izay 'rhiwd' ly miizn`d eicinlz (102) a"w lr dcb`l jtde ,'ely awa
fkxn i`zayl dlblbzd myne ,iwipelqa m`lq`l mixnend mi`zayde dikexa bega d`xpd lkk
mr eirbn jldnae ,iwipelqa ezedy ztewza dze` helwl did ieyr wp`xt awri sè ,dtexi`
miizin mixevil mikted md ezrcezayk ,ely ekxca oiawd ilra zxez z` gzit wp`xt .di`zay
,mely : e`x .mipin`nd ly mixzqpd mdibidpn mde ,mdil` dyibd ceq z` rcei èd wxy ,minlrp
.383-380 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn
.607 sirq ,my
[ 292 ]
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
[ 151
izivx .dil` mkìadl wx izivx' : aeye 724.'rbx ezeà cibdl dn mirceie ici lr mipken
my mix`yp mziid ,dil` mkz` ìan iziid Ele ,xacl jke jk ,zeyrl dn mkz` cnll
eklde mipey`x ia exikdy miyp`d md dl` : xen`l dipta mkilr uilnn iziid .mlerl
725
.'mewn meyl èal xyt` i` dzvlnd `la ik ,d`ld mkilr dvilnn dzid ìde ,ixg`
ly zicrlad dzbdpde bltend dgek lr wp`xt ly eizeie`hazd rtyl cebipa
dlrp fegn ly eneiw lr 'd`ld mkilr dvilnn dzid ìd'y ezghad zfnxn ,'dnlr'd
zbven mlera 'dnlr'd zelbzdy yi ,okè 726.mipin`nd ly iteqd mcri èdy ,dfegnn
zelbzdl jxc qelit zpigaa `l` dppi` dzenybzd ; dle`bd jildza izlgzd alyk
ède ,wp`xt ly zexge`nd eizexeza mb mrtl mrtn ritedl siqend ,'lecbd g`d'
: dle`bd zilkz èd èd mlera dieliby ,dnlrpe ddeab zidel` dbxcnk oda xiihvn
mziid el [... ] dfd mlerl èal lecb g` eze` lkei `l ,dly mewndn `vz `l ìdy cr'
minly mziid el' : aeye 727.'riten èd s` did ,mlera dzlbzp ìd ik el mixyan
l` mkz` gelyl leki iziide ,dil` exywzzy ,diptl mkz` ìan iziid ,daekehqp'va
jln èd xy` lecb g` eze` l` mkz` ìadl gekd dl' : oke 728.'xn`py itk ,lecbd g`d
z` mkl ze`xdl mkl izghady itk ,ea zefgl lkez dxeagd lky ick [... ] miklnd
xyt` i` dicrla' : cere 729'.'eke 'eke zecardn ,zeendn ,lkdn mictp mziid .midel`
zeyrl uegp dn cOll
dkixv ìd' : aeye 730.'eil` zybl xyt` iè midel` z` ywal
g`d'y yi ,z`f znerl 731.'envrae eceaka midel` l` jk xgè ,xacd eze`l ribdl ick
eiptl dlbzn ,epexqg z` dnilyn ,eilr deevn ìde ,'dnlr'd iptl jxa rxek envr 'lecbd
eilr deevn dzid ìd' : zlgeind zilkzd ìd dly dzelbzdy dnece ,'lecbd dnya'
[... ] 732el xqg xy` xacd z` df znerl el zpzep dzide ,o`k xqg xy` xacd z` ìadl
.456 sirq ,my

.565 sirq ,my
oey`xd xryd ìd ik ,zeklna ligzdl lkd cizr ik' : yxetna z`f xne` èd ,580 sirqa ,mye
.'d`ld ribdl xyt` i` ,dil` miqpkp `l m` oke ,mlekn dkenpde dpexg`d dbxcna e` ,qpkidl
.604 sirq ,my
.1023 sirq ,my
.441 sirq ,my
.516 sirq ,my
.711 sirq ,my
cera ,mipeilrd ly xic`d irahlrd mgek èd ,oezgzd mlera xnelk ,'o`k xqg xy` xacd'
aiaq lirl e`x df oiiprl) sebd èd - mipeilray eziilntle lecbd g`l - 'el xqg xy` xacd'y
iptebd epexqg z` zwtqnd ìd 'dnlr'd icka `le .(785-775 zexrd aiaq oldle ,468-466 zexrd
dxiyi dwif ìd dawpk df mlerl dzwife ,inybd mlera dzlbzde dnicwd ixdy ,'lecbd g`d' ly
.wdaend dnegz sebd megz zeida ,elyn dwecde
[ 293 ]
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
152 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
: oke 733.'mkipta zxzzqn dzid `l mrt sè ,gvpl mkipia dlbzn dzid ìde
.rbx ezeà cibdl dn mirceie ,ici lr mipken xak mziid ,zilbzn dzidy rbxae
cin jled iziid ipè [... ] dnewnn dff `le mkiptn zxzzqn cer dzid `l ìde
xy` dixcgl epze` dliaene ,dny z` mkl dlbn dzid ìde ,dci z` gwele dil`
mziid mzè [... ] diptl micner mziid mzè ,miayei epiid ìde ip` .epl oziz
iziid [... ] mkipta cenrl leki did `l yiè ,zhlgen zexigle mler iigl miribn
ik .dny jke mlera eiykr dzlbzd ìdy ricedl ,lecbd g`l dxeyad z` gley
dny z` ik ,rcii diiepik z` wxe ,rci `l dny z` ,ecia gekd lky it lr s`
eig` zieela epil` cin àe ,dlecb dgny gny did èd .cg` s` rci `l lecbd
èd ceak dfi` mièxe micner mziid mzè ,dipta jxa rxek did èd .eizeigè
734
.mkl dyer
xeyina zxazqn dzelbzda 'dnlr'd ly iqgid dcnrn lr wp`xt ixaca ef zeipy
dwifd ixtk dyxtl ozip ibelekiqtd xeyina .cg`k izind xeyinae ibelekiqtd
- 'dxiab'e 'dkln' ìd dee` ,cg` cvn ixdy .eza dee` oial epia zakxend zizgtynd
cwen exvga zynyn ìd df swezae ,zlèbd zidel`d 'dnlr'd ly mce xya dzenlbzd
xfeg - 'lecbd g`d' ly iyep`d ezenc oa - èdy cera ,zeigiynd zeitivde ogletd
mze` xiykne mipin`nd axwa dzxeya z` uitnd ,dgilye dpkeq `l` eppi`y xidvne
dti mpn` ,ryi zxqg dxrp - ezeqg zae eza `l` ìd oi` ,xg` cvn j` .iteqd dielibl
,xirv liba dn`n znziiznd ,otec i`vei zepexyik zlleyne icnl dxea d`xpd lkk j`
,dia` zeevna d`xpd lkk - dleza zx`yp la` 735,milibx dgtyn iigle oièyipl ddnk
dzrcez zè dzenc z` avrnd èd .leka eizengbae ea dielze ezhilyl dpezp ìde
xacle 'dlile mei' dz` zayl ,'dti ziaa' dz` xbzqdl gihand ,xen`k ,èd ; zigiynd
,mc` oa dpnn zeyrl [... ] epzpen` zlecb z` xikdl lkezy ick ,lkd lr xeviwa' dz`
lr zklyen ,dipt itelig lk lr ,ezal a`d oia dwifdy dnec 736.'lkd z` xearz ìde
izind xeyina ,jkl sqep j` .mipeilra miidel`d mzenc ipa ly iqgid mcnrn itelig
zegek ly mcnrna dreahd zeipyd on 'lecbd g`'de 'dnlr'd iqgia zeipyd zlylzyn
zi`zayd dlawae llka dlawd zextqa ,miidel`d xkfd zegekl mqgia cegiiae ,dawpd
zxitq) 'dpeilr dpiky'l dawpd zegek ly mlevit mvra iehia icil dà ef zeipy .hxta
g`d ielibl jxcd qelitk dnlrd ly dielib xeìz mr cg` svxa miriten mixacd .604 sirq ,my
.(731-726 zexrd aiaq lirl) lecbd
.456 sirq ,my
.daiaqe 648 dxrda lirl e`x
.625 dxrd aiaq lirl e`xe ,784 sirq ,oec`d ixac
[ 294 ]
733
734
735
736
[ 153
ìd z`y xziae 737,dlawd ziy`xa xak (zekln zxitq) 'dpezgz dpiky'e (dpia
dbexic zeketdzae ,dnvrl ìdyk zekln zxitq ly jtktdd drah oeità z`hazn
.dle`bd ikildz ly dwinpicd on wlgk zexitqd zkxrna
dze` dpkne ,rxe aeh zrcd url zekln zxitq z` xdefd dncn jtktdd drah lya
jtdzne dpzyny mewn] ahl yiane yial ahne `peebl `peebn jtdzne ipzync xz`'
zktdznd 738,zktdznd axg ixw` `c lre [... ] [aehl rxne rxl aehne ,oeebl oeebn
,`lka ìd zktdzn ,àxwl mlyn ,`picl ingxn ,yial ahn ,`c `xhql `c `xhqn
df cvn zktdznd ,zktdznd axg `xwp ok lre] 739rxe aeh zrcd ure ,aizkc ,rxe ah
: aezkk ,rxe aeh ,lka ìd zktdzn ,dnglnl melyn ,oicl mingxn ,rxl aehn ,df cvl
dnka ztwzyn zekln zxitq ly micbepnd dirah oia ef dpgad 740.'[rxe aeh zrcd ure
.miizyl dzenc z` lvtn èd oday ,(oleka `l ik m`) wp`xt ly 'dnlr'd zexezn
zcner ìdyk ,zidel`d dawpd ly rxd drah z` znlbn - 'dxf'd dyi`d - zg`d
sè ,'aehd jxcn xqd' mc`d z` dzyxa dlitn ,`xg` `xhiqd zegekl dwecd dwifa
zlèbde ytpd z`yn ìd - aehd zenlbzd - diipyd eliè .jk lr eze` zxqiin
.dkezl miltep xy` zyxd ìd ìd mc`d ixg` ztcex xy` dxf dy` dze`' : zizn`d
741
.'dlva zeqgl dvxpy z`f ìd dixg` mixfgne dprnl milczyn epgp`y dnlrd la`
'`zipexhn'd - dzxiab mewna mlera zlyend dgtyd ìd 'drx'd zekln zxitq
742
: dnewnn dgtyd z` gicze ,wp`xt ly ereiqa aexwa dlbzzy ,daehde zizn`d
mixcge .dixcgl eze` dqipkn ìde ,el miaxe` cin aehd jxcn xq mc`yk j`
mevl mkz` dzzit ìd .micwex mixgàe ,minv cgà ,mizey cgà ,my mipey
jk xgè ,dil` miyp`d z` zkyen ìd 743.dz`xia wegd z` opyle ,df cnrna
G. Scholem, Origins of the Kabbalah, Princeton, NJ ; 291-287 'nr ,ceqiiwxt ,mely : e`x 737
1987, pp. 178-180
.24 b 'xa
.9 a 'xa
,xdefd zpyn ,iayz : e`x ,ziawpd zekln zxitq ly df oeit`l .daxd cere ,a"r akx ,`"g ,xdef
.302-297 'nr ,ceqiiwxt ,mely ; kx-hix 'nr ,`
.540 ,538 zexrd lirl e`x ,eizexewne dzxiabe dgtyd ienicl
xnelk ,icedid 'cnrn'd jxc lr wegd oepiyae zeneva mipin`nd z` dzlykdl ezpeeky dnec
aeye aey eipin`na wp`xt sfp ,zexvpl mzliah zexnl ,ea mzcnzd lry ,icedid ogletd ilbxdl
,miixvepd diiezitl mzeprid lr mze` giken èdy okzii s` ik m` ,(660 dxrd aiaq lirl e`xe)
`l` crep `l dnegzl 'mzqipk' dyrn lky ,diwegae zilezwd zcd zeneva xzi zewacl xnelk
dnk yexita qgiizn èd jkl .minid zixgà zezcd lk ly opaxeg oefgn wlgk ,zian mrwrwl
,zexvpzd dze` jez l` qpkidl xacd ozip il ik' : lirl miàend eixac jynda lynl ,minrt dnke
.(397 sirq ,oec`d ixac) 'dk cr eidy miwegde mihtynd lk z` aixgdl lkd z` xeayl
[ 295 ]
738
739
740
741
742
743
154 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
mkl izxn`y edfe ,dzxiab z` dyxiy dgtyd ìd .mzyprda dnvra zwqer
ìddy onfa ea zxzzqn ìde ,dlecb dwevna ìd mb zizin`d dnlrd : mcew
dexiki `ly ,dlii` zxev zyael ìd ,minrtl dlbzn ìd mè .oehlyd z` dqtz
,oehlyd z` qetzz zxg`dy onfay ahid zrcei dgty dze` .znà ìdy itk
zìxa onfn [... ] diipyd cbpk zg`d z` dyr midel` [... ] letiz letp ìd
dl` lke .dpnn mià xrvde ae`knde dwevnd lk ,wypd lk dicia ozip mlerd
cg` èd xy` ,zeend l` lv` xzeia daed`d dpd ìd [... ] my eltp ,eltpy
xga èd .mixvn ila ìd dil` ezad` 744.mlerd z` mibidpnd mil`d zyelyn
.mlera zeievnd zezin ipin lk lre xrvd lr ,miilegd mia`kd lr dze` mye da
drxd dy`d z`f ,dxfd dy`d z`f : dl mi`xew ,dicia on`p ewyp lky oeikn
lecbe c`n aeh xac da yi ,ok it lr sè ,zeizgzd le`y dpd ìd .zeenn dxnd
jk ici lr `l` dfd xacd l` axwzdl xyt` iè ,dkeza da oenhd xac ,c`n
.(dliah) zexvpzdd l` dxitqd ,dpezgzd zlcd dpd ìd .dkez l` miqpkpy
,dil` axwzdl milecbd miyp`d lk eqip ,lecb xac da oenh ik z`f mrcia ,okl
eiykr cr 745 [... ] ixtd lr zxneyd dtilwk dpd ìd ik ,dkez l` eqpkp `l j`
z`f j` ,lgx mya z`xwp ìd .dicia lkd ik lka zhlyd dklnd d`xwp ìd
,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : e`xe .891 ,163 ,98 mitirq ,oec`d ixac : mb e`x ,dl` mil` dyely lr 744
.54 'nr
ìde ,'c`n lecbe c`n aeh xac' daega zpnehd ,'drxd' e` 'dxfd dy`d' z` ddfn èdy dnec 745
,dpezgzd zlcd' ìdy ,zexvpl dyecwd dixn dlezad mr ,'ixtd lr zxneyd dtilw' zpigaa
èd jk lr .zizn`d zlèbd ,'dnlrd' l` ribdl ick dkezl qpkidl yie ,'zexvpzdd l` dxitqd
.zigvpd dlezad dl mi`xewy e`xz mknvra .ixtl zncew dtilwdy reci' : xg` mewna mb fnxn
.driyend ìd ìd ik dilr mixne` .eegzyie erxki diptl minyd zkln dpd ìd ik dilr mixne`
ez` dccp .dgepn mewn dl did `le ,[eyi dpa ,d`xpd lkk] ez` cgia zlaeq dzid ìd dlgzda
dnicwn xy` ìd ìd .[(15-13 a izn it lr dxeyad) dycgd zixaa xteqnk] mixvnl ez` dgxae
zkln' .(917 sirq ,oec`d ixac) 'ux` ikln lk erxki eiptl xyè ,mlerl z`vl cner xy` ixtd z`
,[569 dxrd lirl] ixn ,owilt) zixvepd zxeqna eyi m` dlezad ly migikyd diienicn èd 'minyd
dcigid ,xpxee ; 410-405 'nr ,[577 dxrd lirl] 'dixn oglet' ,oeqpe'b ; 151 ,147 ,140 ,109 'nr
,18 f dinxia miweqtl df ienic ly ezwif lr zedzl mewn yie ,( [103-11 'nr ,569 dxrd lirl]
`xwnd inebxz aex j` ,'minyd zk[`]ln' mda d`xwe dpzin zixard dxeqndy ,25 ,19-18 cn
mxywda ik m` ,xewnay 'dklnd' z` oekp l` mda midfn ,zixvepd zxeqnd z` epifdy ,minecwd
zebdd mr zipexwr zetivx o`k yi .qe`n ilil` ogletk 'minyd zkln' ly dpglet lqtp i`xwnd
,mely) izn`d giynd ly eztilw z` ixvepd eyia d`x izfrd ozp xak ixdy ,dziy`xn zi`zayd
`l` ,(bn 'nr ,c"yz milyexi ,giyn zeawra ,mely 'b jeza ,mipipzd yexc ; 127-126 'nr ,my
m` dixn - zeawpd lr ,iav izaye eyi ,mixkfd oiay ixtde dtilwd zwif zaqen wp`xt ixacay
.zizn`d zlèbd 'dnlr'de eyi
[ 296 ]
[ 155
z` ,ycwnd iza ipy z` zepal dziqd ìd 746,dipa lr dkan dilr aezk xy`
dyrn z` envra qxed dnly did el .mze` daixgd dnvrae ,ipyd zè oey`xd
zklny it lr s` .ig dide ,aehd xacd z` biyn dide dzyxn xxgzyn did ,eici
dbxca dzegte dy` ìd ik ,miig el zzl dcia did `l ,jk lr el driced ày
iig dl wiprdl dleki dzid ,dfd mlera dy` iptl dlbzn dzid ìd El .xabn
j` ,aeh xac eqtz ik eayge ,mieqn xaca ewifgd cece oxd` ,dyn mb 747.minler
axwzd `l oiicr ik ,eltp okl ,dwifgdl dpyeyd z` mdl dpzpy ìd .dpnn à df
748
.zizin`d dpyeyl cg` s`
zkxrn jeza dcnrn z` mb zktdn zekln zxitq ,odil` dwifae dirah zeketdzl sqep
s` ef dqitze ,dy`xl zkxrnd zizgzn dziilra mivnzn dle`bd ikildz .zexitqd
qext z` dncn dlawd zextq .'lecbd g`d'e 'dnlr'd iqgia zecepza ztwzyn ìd
zextqa zekln zxitq - zi`xwnd lgx z` wp`xt bivn mixg` mixywd dnka mb .15 `l 'xi 746
zlèbl dzefgzd dtygp jkae ,'jxca dzn'y dzenc zak `l` ynn 'zlèbd dnlr'k `l - zilawd
eìydy zinxzd ièyipa wx `l lley jledy ink i`xwnd awri z` bivn èd ,m`zda .zizn`d
ray jcar` : awri el dpr f` wxe' : eytp z`yn lgxl eièyip mvra s` `l` ,d`l dzeg`l oal
xacd dì m`d ? jxca dzn ìd jk xgè .dcra care exac z` miiw mbe .dphwd jza lgxa mipy
dnlr ixg` scx èdy mkl dper iziid ,ize` mzl`y el ? zenl dlelry dnlr ixg` secxi èdy
iptl zcner ìde ,mlerd lk ielz da xy` zizin`d ly dzenca ,dzid dzenca wx z`fe ,zizin`
.(370 ,132 ,92 mitirq mb e`xe .107 sirq ,oec`d ixac) 'midel`d
lr zlaewnd dqitzd z` ztwynd ,xabl dyi`d ly ziqgid dzezigp xaca ,ef driztn driaw 747
znwennd ,zekln zxitq ly - dherina ìdyk - zegpd dcnrn z` sè) mipind oia zegekd iqgi
mihepd ,'oec`d ixac' lk jxe`l wp`xt ixac gexn dxe`kl zbxeg ,(zexitqd zkxrn zizgza
miwdaend eizeze`n cg`k ,mipind ipy cnrn zèeydl mixzege zlèbd dawpd ly dgeka biltdl
lr didy mirhdl ick dyi`d ly dzezigtl wwfp èdy dnec ,df xywda j` .dle`bd ocir ly
dxwy itk - `le ,'dfd mlera dy` iptl' `weec zelbzdl - zidel`d 'dnlr'd ìd - 'ày zkln'
zkln' : ef dn`zdi` lr cere .dzcin z` znèz dppi` ezciny ,xabd ,dnly iptl - dixehqida
jlnd icin zrahd z` lawn dnly did el [...] jlnd mzeg dilre zrah dnlyl dpzp ày
aiaq) lirl xen`k .(331 sirq) 'zxab cin zrahd z` laiw èd j` .mini jix`n did ,oey`xd
ly dawp ìdy ,dyi`l wxe j` dgek èlna zelbzdl 'dnlr'd ly dzlekia ,(681-676 zexrd
wp`xt ixac oia dxizq oi` ,ef dpigan .dizegek z` helwl dxiyk ìde ,dzpekzna dieyrd ,ynn
zekln zxitql zlèbd dawpd ly dxiyid dzwif lre ,mce xya dawp èdy giynd lr eixacl o`k
dqitzd z` ztwynd ,dyi`d zepba ztqep dbixg ze`hazdl .dzenybzd ìdy ,dèlina
zay inlyexi) zeend z` zeyep`d lr dhindy ,deg `hgn lylzynk miypd rah lr zizxeqnd
eze` dgpfy eipin`n zxeag lr wp`xt xnxnzn my ,156 sirq ,oec`d ixac e`x ,(g ,fi x"xa ; e ,a
mix`yp eid el' : (iqexd yeaikd lig icia dzlitp iptl daegehqp'va exvg zyihpl ezpeeky d`xpe)
dy`d ik [...] melk lertl xyt` i` miyp mr j` .rax` e` yely miypdne ,4 e` 3 zegtl mkn
.'mlera miigl ìadl dvex ipè ,mlerl zend z` dìad
.397 sirq ,oec`d ixac 748
[ 297 ]
156 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
ly diiepikn ìd zayd 749.'àd mler oirn'l denic l"fg xaky ,zayd qextl dle`bd
zayd - dpeilrd dawpd lr zfnxn ìde ,dpezgzd zidel`d dawpd - zekln zxitq
megza zekln ly dcnrn 750.dle`bde zexigd zxitq ,dpia zxitq ìd zibelehkq`d
: raw jxca jtdzi zibelehkq`d zayae ,irx` gxeà zireayd zaya jtdzn zexitqd
zegpd dnewnn dler ìd ,epiidc ,dzelbn daye rxd zegek ly mzfig`n zxxgzyn ìd
z` helwl ,dilrny xkfd zexitq mr cgiizdl ick zeliv`d mler ly oezgzd eleaba
`wlq oick ,`zay l`rc oeik' : xdefd z`f x`zn ,lynl ,jk 751.oda bfnzdle ozeig rty
f` ,zayd zqpkpy oeeik] deba oixinh edlke `lirl `cg`zè `xhrzè dcewp ìdd
(dilrny zexitqd) mleke ,dlrnl zfg`pe zxhrzne (zekln) dcewp dze` dler
dawpa zllkzn ,zekln - dpezgzd dawpd zxabzn df avna 752.'[dkeza mipenh
753
.zedelày xzeia zedeabd xkfd zebxcna dbeeifl cr dnr dlrzne ,dpia - dpeilrd
- 'oiawep oiin'd - dawpd zegek zexabzda giyn zeni mipiit`zn i"x`d zlawa mb
milrn dl` zegek .i"x`d oeyla 'xirfc àwep' sevxt ìd ,dpezgzd zekln zxitqa
,ey`xa dl creind dnewna dze` miaivne ,zedel`d leab dvwa dzbxcn ltyn dze`
754
.miidel`d dawpde xkfd ly - deey dnewae mipt l` mipt - mlyd mbeeif ynnzn f`y
ikildz meza zizxitqd dikxxiidd zkitd aihenl ìd s` dwwfp zi`zayd dlawd
,i"x`de xdefd zlawn miae`yd migpena ,izfrd ozp qgiizn ,lynl ,jk .dle`bd
xaeb df avna 755.'dlra zxhr'k my dzxzkde xkfd y`x l` zidel`d dawpd ziilrl
l"zrl' : ynyd xe`l dnecnd ,xkfd gekl deezyn ède ,dpald xe`l dnecnd ,dgek
.`"r gn ,`"g ,xdef : mb e`xe .a"r fp zekxa ,ilaa 749
'nr ,(324 dxrd lirl) zayd ,bxeaqpib : e`x ,ziqlwd dlawd zextqa zibelehkq`d zaya oeicl 750
.134 ,100-95
E. R. Wolfson, Coronation of ; bvz 'nr ,a ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz ; 116-115 ,74 'nr ,my : e`x 751
the Sabbath Bride: Kabbalistic Myth and the Ritual of Androgynisation, Journal of
Jewish Thought and Philosophy, 6 (1997), pp. 301-343
.`"r cx ,a"g ,xdef 752

zxitq ly dziilr ìya xnelk ,zayd zxzkda o`k s` dèx ,my ,oeqtlee .a"r d ,my mb e`x .my 753
e`xe) dawpk ogaend dneiw oca` ick cr xkfa dzellkzd z` ,idel`d xkfd mr zcgiiznd zekln
,wp`xt zrceza jildzd qtzp jk `l ,`l m` oia eixac miwcev m` oia .(3 dxrd lirl ,oeqtlee
yenink dzervnà dle`bd zeynnzd z` dfege ,'dnlr'd ly dzeiawp z` aeye aey mirhnd
.dieedd ixeyin lka ahid zpgaend zipind zeibefd
Y. Jacobson, The Aspect of the Feminine in the ; 224 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : jk lr e`x 754
and J. Dan (eds), Gershom Scholems Major Trends in
Lurianic Kabbalah, in: P. Schafer
dawpd gek zexabzda hxetn oeicl .Jewish Mysticism: 50 Years After, Tubingen
1993, p. 252
zxeza dle`b' ,fexn : e`x ,dzegztzd ialy lka i"x`d ly dle`bd zxez it lr zigiynd zaya
.254-240 ,226-208 ,176-171 ,151-146 ,127-119 'nr ,(546 dxrd lirl) 'i"x`d
.'dlra zxhr lig zy`' : 4 ai ilyn 755
[ 298 ]
[ 157
,dlra zxhr ceqa [cg]` xzka miayei mikln 'a ,dpald gek xabei [... ] [èal cizrl]
miizray exe` ztqez xg` `l` eiykr el yiy xe`k `le dngd xe`k dpald xe` dide
,giynd dlbzpyn ,dzry ezqitz lr jnzqda 756.'dngd xe`k dpald xe` didi f` [... ]
,'mipevigd oia dpiky uevip oi`' xak ,xnelk ,'zay axr' ly avna zenlerd miiexy
zxhr ceqa zekln didze mixe`nd ehytzie mixacd exxazi [myd zxfra] d"a eppnfae'
mikiiy mpi`'y ,i"x`d ly dlitzd zepeekn lecgl mipin`nl izfrd ozp `xew ,'dlra
leg dyrn dyery inl dnece ,xg` oteà md zenlerdy zeida ,df eppnfa llk
dikxxiidd zkitd aihen xe`l ezxbià ozp ixac z` mely myxb yxit xake 757.'zaya
: dle`bd èaa zizxitqd
mb dzrn mdl yiy ixd ,zetilwa dpiky ly uevip cer oiè ,epwez zenlerd m`
i"x`d zepeeke ,dle`ba ielib icil ày ycgd wegl mi`znd xg` xcqe cnrn
xcdle 'dlkd z` hywl' `l` dpi` dzrn dpeekd lk [... ] ozernyn z` zeca`n
`l cer mpn` [... ] epnn dnw xaky dzelb xtrn dzelrdl `l la` ,dpikyd z`
mlerd mè ; ribd zay axr la` ,dìxaa 'zay' cer oi` : ynn ef dtewzl eprbd
weg el yiy ,zay axrl dzr dnec èd ixd ,legd zenil dnec did eiykr cr
z` zelrdl dkixv dlitz lk .llk mixacd z` aaxrl oiè ,elyn dpeeke dlitz
dnewnl zeliv`d mlera dpezgzd dbxcnd on zeklnd zxitq e` dpikyd
cizrl la` ,d"awd z`xwpd zx`tzd zxitqn dhnl zcner ìd dzr .izin`d
zbxca `l` ('dpikyd ly dlra') dnvr zx`tzd zbxca wx `l dnewn èal
dpikyd ly ef dilr mi`xew milaewnde ; xzkd ìdy ,xzeia ddeabd dxitqd
758
.'dlra zxhr ceqa dilr'
- dpey`xd dxitql - zekln - dpexg`d dxitqd oia zewifd z` mirhn efecxw mdxa` mb
dzkitde zeklnd ziilr mr ,dle`bd jildz meza miizyd ly ocegii z` dteve 759,xzk
ozpedi 'x ly ebegl mikiiyd zi`zayd dlawd iazka 760.idel`d xkfd y`xa 'dxhr'l
761
beg - uiyaii`
,dkxev lk dxxazp mxh ik m` zgken wp`xt beg oial epia daxwdy
.ehw-ciw 'nr ,(745 dxrd lirl) giyn zeawra ,mely jeza ,dxepnd yexc ,izfrd ozp
.8 'nr ,iav laep zviv ,yhxetyy : jeza ,mixvna iaili'b sqei l`txl izfrd ozp zxbi`
.225 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely
zeivwexhqpew' ,oeqtlee jeza ,oeqtlee heil` zxecdn ,dpikyd yexc ,efecxw mdxa` : lynl e`x
.daxd cere ,122-121 ,97-96 'nr ,(3 dxrd lirl) 'dpikyd ly
ezqitzl sqep xeyi` ,xen`k ,ea dèx èd ik m` ,df aihenl exn`n aex z` yicwn (my) oeqtlee
.575 dxrd lirl e`x .ogaend dneiw oca` ick cr ea dzellkzdk xkfd y`xl dawpd ziilr z`
dpen`d ceq ,qail cegiiae ,338 ,169 'nr ,(213 dxrd lirl) uiyai` ozpedi 'x ,xhenlxt : e`x
.193 ,147-143 ,97-96 ,89 ,87-86 ,77 'nr ,zi`zayd
[ 299 ]
756
757
758
759
760
761
158 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
dawpd zxitq - 'd`lir `zpiky'l dwifa z`fe ,miipycg mibyena df aihen gqpzn
idel`'l lrn l` 'dlra zxhr lig zy`' ceqa èal cizrl dlrzzy ,dpia ,dpeilrd
xkfd zxitqa dlbzn e` okey èdyk ,mlrpde abypd '`yicw `wizr' sevxt - 'l`xyi
lrny seq oi`d megz jeza dawpl xkfd oia beeifd dvnzn ef dlawa 762.zx`tz
dawpdyk ,onvr oial zeixkf zepiga izy oia beeifk xiihvn èdy yie ,zeieliv`l
lkn 763.seq oiày 'yxey'd zpiga l` 'l`xyi idel`' zpiga zkiynl oeizit j` zynyn
,miidel`d dawpde xkfd ly iqgid mavna zecepzd xaca ,ef dkex` zilaw zxeqn ,mewn
s` zeieyr ,dle`bd ikildz seq z`xwl dawpd ly dzelrzde ifkxnd dcnrn zqitze
mii`lihxrd mzenc ipa - 'dnlr'de 'lecbd g`d' ly mzlrn itelig lr xe` jetyl od
xiyknd ,dxac dyere dpkeq èdy ,xen`k ,yi : mipezgza ezae wp`xt ly mipeilra
ely eielibl rwxwd z` dxiykn dieliba ìdy yie ,dèlina dzelbzdl mlerd z`
.dnlrpd eznew xeriy èlna
z` mb zekln zxitq zktdn dizeketdz x`y oia ,zilawd zxeqnd it lr : cere z`f
ziaiqt dawp ìd ,d`nehd zegekl dzwifa sè ,dilrny zexitql dqgia mpn` : dpin
j` ,dkezl ewxedy zegekd lelkn z` helwl `l` dzlekia oiè dlyn melk dl oi`y
: idel`d rtyd z` mkezl wixend iaihw` xkf zpigaa ìd mipezgzd zenlerl dqgia
zpnfn ìdy onfay èd jke .dawp mizrle xkf èd mizrly ,j`ln ìd [zekln] efe'
zekxa zpnfn ìd jk dawpl zekxa onfnd xkfk ,xkf z`xwpe xkf ìd f` mlerl zekxa
zxaern ìdy dawpk ,dawp z`xwp ìd f` mlerd lr oica zcner ìdy onfae .mlerl
zxitq ly zixcbnd dzedf zeketdz 764.'dawp z`xwp ìd fè ,oicd on z`lnzn ìd jk
itk ,xkf oinn giynd zencn dle`bd zeitiv zhqdl gzt wp`xtl zegzetd od zekln
,'dnlr'd ly zigiynd dzenc xarl ,cinzne f`n zicedid zxeqna dxiihvd efy
zxeqnd xak mpn` .dee` dlezad ezaa znlbzne mixvepl dyecwd dlezaa zfnexnd
iawp cnn dzpwd ,zekln zxitql cec oa giyn znyp ly dzwif z` drawy ,zilawd
eileblb lka iyep` xab ea dz`x oiicr j` ,oexg`d lèbd ly zixkfd ezencl ogaen
ea yiy lèb xab mewna : zipktdn j` zipeibd dpwqn o`kn wiqn wp`xt .miixehqidd
`weec ileè ,da yi mpn`y - 'dleza' e` 'dnlr' - zlèb dyi` aivn èd dawp zpiga
zidel`d dawpd ,zekln zxitq dzeida j` ,zxveide dlirtd xkfd zpigan ,dzeilezaa
df zexvei jetid .iyep`d igiynd dieliba s` dawpk gxkda znybzn ìd ,zwdaend
,xnegde sebd megzl dawpk zekln ly dzwif : dle`bd ikildz meciw z` ahid zxyn
.123 ,115 'nr ,my ,qail ; 96 'nr ,my ,xhenlxt : e`x 762
.123 'nr ,my ,qail 763
.kx 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz ly zixarl enebxza ,`"r alx ,`"g ,xdef 764
[ 300 ]
[ 159
zexiyknd od ,df megza mirehpd mipezgzd zenlerd lka dzhilye 765,dawpd megz
,df lrtn ixdy .ihqiwp`xtd dle`bd lrtn znybdl ,dyi`k dzenlbzda `weec ,dze`
xe`l'e 'ielba' ,'znà' 766,'xexaae ielba' zidel`d dawpd z` syeg èdy cala ef `l
dle`bd ilrtn lka dk cr dze` exizqdy ,'ieqik'le 'dlil'l ,'fnx'l cebipa z`fe) 'meid
- dawpd ly dnegza `weec ezeygxzda oiihvn s` èdy `l` 767,(elyky miixkfd
ipgexd e` ilèhwlhpi`d xeyina `le ,ygenae ixnega ,ivxà ,ynna xnelk ,'seba'
lrtn ly zi`lihxrd ezeipgexa ribtna lflfn wp`xt .xkfd megz èdy ,xzqpd
gek'l mipin`nd zrceza jtde ,zinybd zeìvna lykpy lrtn - i`zayd dle`bd
`ly `l` ,didy itk zeidl xfg lkd ? dl`d zexvd lkn d`vi zlrez dfi`' : cala 'ipgex
epefg lr ,z`f znerl 768.'ipgex gekl eze` mzktde ,xacd eze` z` zeptdl o`l mkl did
769
.'zenc` ilr ielba `l` minya e` gexa z`f lk mkl izxtiq `l ipè' : xne` èd ely
zenybzd oefg èd wp`xt ly igiynd epefg ; dle`b dppi` 'minya' e` 'gexa' dle`bd
,'zenc` ilr' ribtna ìd zeygxzdd zxife 770,'seba didiy - gexa didy dn' : gexd
cg` jln' : ely enegza mybzdl leki eppi`y 'gexd mler'a `le ,'dfd mlerd' jeza
epevxay dfa fnx èd .epex` lr dnc` mr wy ezen ixg` eniyiy deeiv 771 [Khan]
gexay dn lk gxken dfd mleray mkl xne` ipè .zeiptebl gexd mler z` silgdl
772
.'d`xpd xac mièxy itk e`xi ornl ,sebl slgzdl
,gexd megz mr ddefnd ,xkfl cebipa ,df megzl - zidel`d dawpd dllkae - dawpd zwif lr
.214 dxrd lirl e`x ,dxevd e` dnypd
.831 sirq mb e`xe .609 sirq ,my
.831 sirq ,my
.1001 sirq ,my
.587 dxrd lirl e`xe .552 sirq ,my
Khan mewna (ox eze`) ow Ran zqxeb zipletd dxecdnd .mely dipt ly ixard dnebxza jk
'ox' mezqd mya dèx ,xnelk ,'izfrd ozp' - zinzq dxrda zyxtne ,(ixard mebxza 'cg` jln')
.dàd dxrda e`xe .ozp 'x - o"x zeaizd iy`x z`
lr xacl mileki mz` ji`' : eipin`na wp`xt sfep my ,564 sirq mb e`xe .548 sirq ,oec`d ixac
mi`vnp mz`y xrekn mewna dfk lecb xac xikfdl xyt` ike ? [idel`d xkfd xa` zxitq] ceqi eze`
.mely dipt ly dnebxza jk .4 b 'kf] eilrn mièvd micbad exiqd : yxetna aezk did ? eiykr ea
dl 'xa) 'mkizlny
etilgde exdhd'
- Zdejm towja zwalana szate
: zqxeb zipletd dxecdnd
s` xeywd ,7 al ziy`xan weqt àen ,563 ,mcewd sirqay mb dn ,xzei zxazqn ef dqxbe - (2
did okle ,mieqn mewna mze` miyl epeekzdy rnyn .[eig` eiyrl awri oia miqgid zyxta èd
lra jk lk mewn did `l df my ik s` ,enewna dti yealle zxreknd ezeqk z` mcew xiqdl eilr
.ezeigdl leki dcaln ine ,èd ig xac : ceqi dlind la` .eil` mkìadl dvex ip`y mewnd enk jxr
zny ,znd ceqia erbii mè .miznd ziigz didz ceqid ici lr .minlerl digie diigzl mewi dicia
migikyd diiepikn èdy] wicvd .[9 h 'kf] èd ryepe wicv ,aezky dn dfe .digi ciin ,mipy iptl
jixv èd .zgyend seba zeidl leki `l df j` .ax onf jyna laq ik ryeeidl cner [ceqi zxitq ly
[ 301 ]
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
160 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
ibega dgeexe ,l"fg zextqa xak dizeceqiy ,dkex`d zibelehkq`d zxeqnd cbpk
zitehe` ìd m` oia - dle`bd z`hazn ditl xy` ,miipiad ini f`n milaewne miteqelit
zpgxd df llkae ,dzpgxda e` zinybd zeìvnd zlkyda - ziaihxehqx ìd m` oia
exwira èd ely dle`bd oefg : o`k s` zexveid z` wp`xt jted 773,miindad eixvie sebd
dxecdnd ,aeye] Khand xn`y itk `l .z`f dbxcnl ribdl lk mcew uegpe ,mc` zbxcl ribdl
zeinyb dyri etebn ,daxc` ; zeinyb dyri egexny ,[oldl e`xe ,'Ran eze`' o`k zqxeb zipletd
oky lk `l zeinybne zeinyb zeipgexn dyri' : qxebd ,mely dipt ly dnebxz gqep z` izpwiz]
z duchownego cielesne zrobi, ale z cielesnego : zipletd dxecdnd zqxb it lr 'zeinyb
ze
dne ,lecb xzei df qeq lvè ? mx oecè jln ipta zelbzdl xyt` ike .[dopiero cielesne zrobic
zenlera xzzqn èd cer lky ,idel`d xkfd xai` ly ezenybzdl o`k oreh wp`xty dnec .'? jka
ziigzl mewie mybzi xnelk ,èd s` dlbzi dnlrd ly dielib mre ,znk aeyg èd miipgexd
xe`l eyxtl yiy dnec df xywda .oec`d ixac xtqa daxd riten 'mc` zbxcn' byend .minler
s` mzi`x `le ,mc` df dn cer mircei mkpi`yk ceqi lr xacl efirz ji`' : 585 sirqa ea yeniyd
eay ,588 sirq ,my mb e`xe) 'mlera miici `le miilbx oiè y`x oi` eiykr cr ! ? ely dbxcna yi`
d`xpd lkk ìd 'mc` zbxcn' .(xqg `xapy ,oey`xd mc`l ,le`bd ,'mlyd' mc`d z` wp`xt deeyn
dipt zqxb oia lcadl xy` .dixai`dizexitq lk lr ,ziyep`d dzenybzda zidel`d dnewd èln
- ozp 'x xnelk ,o"x rnyna Ran - zipletd dxecdnd zqxbl - hily ,jln rnyna Khan - mely
dqxbd ìd odn efi` rixkdl dyw ,izeyxl cnr `ly ,ipletd cid azk ly zycegn dwica `ll
àedy itk ,izfrd ozp - ozp 'x - o"x - ox iedifd z` eil`n oaenk lawl oi` ,mewn lkn .dpekpd
ozp ly miccea mixekfà
`l` wpxt ixaca izlwzp `l iav izayl cebipa .zipletd dxecdna
ozp' : 39 oniq ,oec`d ixac ,lynl ,e`x) o"x zeaizd iy`xa `le 'ozp' enya dpekn èd mye ,izfrd
ezxeaw mewn ,ditewq xira] my iziidyke' : 40 oniq ,my oke ,'ìap zpiga oey`xd lv` didy ,cg`
eze`'l miqgeind mixacd ,mewn lkn .('ozp zexew z` dpwf dy` il dxtq 1754 zpya [izfrd ozp ly
izfrd ozp ly eizexeza icin iedifl mipzip mpi` Khan `le 'ox' ìd dpekpd dìxwd ok` m`) 'ox
xèzy 'ozp 'x' eze`l dpeekd ileè .(ci azka oiicr oaexy ,eizexez lelkn iptl cnr `l ik m`)
wp`xt awril deelzdy inke ,wp`xt awri ly eia` ly eaxk (1200 sirq) oec`d ixaca xg` mewna
xywa cnry ,wize i`zay ozp 'x eze` did d`xpd lkk .1753a ,eièyipl jenq iwipelql erqna
'nr ,dwipexkd : e`x) zipletd 'dwipexk'a s` minrt dnk xkfp ède ,mixnend iwipelq i`zay mr
.(xz` lr xicdnd zexrde ,8 sirq 34 'nr ,['xeeird ozp iax' dpekn èd my] 7 ,4 mitirq 32
ozne `yn `le diaxe dixt `le dizy `le dlik` `l ea oi` àd mlerd' : `"r fi zekxa ,ilaa : e`x 773
z` efgie : [11 ck 'ny] xn`py ,dpikyd eifn mipdpe mdiy`xa mdizexhre oiayei miwicv `l` [...]
D. Winston. Philo and : lynl e`x ,ef zxeqn ly mipey miiehiaa oeicl .'ezyie elkìe midl`d
ly giynd' ,qail 'i ; the Rabbis on Sex and the Body, Poetics Today, 19 (1998), pp. 41-62
l`xyia igiynd oeirxd ,(jxer) m`x 'y : jeza ,'i`gei xa oerny 'x ly zigiynd ezencl : xdefd
,lci` ; 174-172 'nr ,a"nyz milyexi ,mely myxbl dpy mipeny z`ln lbxl oeir mei inia zlèb zelirt ly miqetc' ,l"pd ; 125-65 'nr ,(128 dxrd lirl) miigiyn mi`wihqin
B. Safran, ; 263-254 'nr ,(325 dxrd lirl) dibelehkqè zeigiyn ,(jxer) qxa jeza ,'miipiad
Rabbi Azriel and Nahmanides: Two Views of the Fall of Man, in: I. Twersky (ed.),
Rabbi Moses Nahmanides (Ramban): Explorations in His Religious and Literary Virtuosity,
oia ,'izfrd ozp ly zi`zayd dibeleìzd' ,iwqaeyxie ; Cambridge, MA 1983, pp. 75-106
.220-210 'nr ,my ,'izfrd ozp ixacn - zipgexd dad`d lr' ,l"pd ; 183 'nr ,oihiyd
[ 302 ]
[ 161
eixac it lr ,xekfk 774.zidel`d zeìvnd ly dzenybzd df llkae ,gexd znybd oefg

miwwezyn mde ,mipezgzay miiyep`d mzenc ipal mipeilra 'zeig`'de 'mig`'d miwewf
oniqa èt` cenrz dle`bd 775.sebd oexqg ,lecbd mpexqg z` milydl ick cinz mdil`
ipind mbeeif jxc lr z`fe ,mipeilrd 'zeig`'de 'mig`'d ly i`lihxrd mneiw znybd
mipeilrd oia zewwcfdd mpn` 776.mipezgza mdl miliawn 'seb ilra' mr 'alven'd
zervnà mdly mpexqg z` milydl miwwezyn mipezgzd sè ,ziccd ìd mipezgzl
ly mpexqg z` wp`xt xicbn eixaca zenewn dnka ,okè .mipeilrd mr dle`bd ibeeif
ly sebd oexqg mr ezenir mvrn ywaznd oexqigd ,'dnyp'd oexqgk mipezgzd
: mipeilrd
dikexae iav izay] ipye oey`x eze`l elit` ,dnyp oi` mlera mc` meyl
,dnyp dzid `l mdl mb ,mlerd icenrl ,zea`l mbe ,dnyp dzid `l [i`wipelqd
eidi f` .cg` mewn cerne ,envra midel` ici lr `l` ozpidl dleki dnypd oi` ik
mlerd seqn zetvl lkeie ,crl miiw didi el dnyp xy` lke ,`niiw ipa minlerd
dyely el exqg 777mc`d zìxaa ik [... ] xzeie xzei mrt lke ,mlerd seq cre
oi` zn`d idel`l ik micnl ep` dfn [... ] meiw oi` oexqg yiy mewnae ,mixac
`xay df ik ,eiykr cr milkd lk miklede mixayp okl 778.zigkepd dìxaa wlg
xyt` i` okl [... ] mixedh xzeie miti xzei e`viy ick ,mze` xay envra mze`
mewnl mkz` ìadl izivx ip` .eiykr èdy itk ltye qb seba dnyp didzy
779
.dnypd z` lawl gek mkl didiy ornl mkz` xdhle mkz` uegxl ick
'zeidel` zeienybzd `ln eleky jildz'k zihqiwp`xtd dle`bd lr mely ly eizexrd mb e`x
zeìvna lertl sèyd ,'ivx`' oefgk wp`xt ly igiynd epefg zqitzl .(51 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn)
H. Levine, Frankism as Worldly : e`x ,epnfe enewn ly zihxwpewd zilklkde zipicnd
.300-283 'nr ,(754 dxrd lirl) oce xty : jeza ,Messianism
jlnd'e 'ày zkln' mixèzn my ,416 sirq ,oec`d ixac : mb e`x .468-466 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x
zkln .'micngpe minirp' mdy 'dfd mlerd ipaa' ax wyg miwyegk mipeilray mnegza 'dly lecbd
'cebxt'd z` dzvg ,dfd mlerd on dthgpy ,mce xya dxrp dpzna idel`d dbef oal zpzep ày
dxenzk .'dfd meid cr' jlnd lr daiag ìd f`ne ,gvp ixerpl dzkf ,mipezgzl mipeilrd oia uvegd
xab mr xeaig miiwl lkezy ick cebxt eze` z` xearl gek dl oziiy' jlnd on ày zkln dywia
jk .dvignl xarn l` dze` xiariy ,ely mig`dn cg` z` dnr gly dze` ezadà .dfd mlerdn
.'lka dvtg z` dyr ède ,jlnd dnlyl dribd
przy : zipletd dxecdnd gqep it lr izpwize ,'mc`d zbxcn lv`' o`k qxeb mely dipt ly dnebxz
774
775
776
777
stworzeniu Adama
: e`xe .980 ,637 ,586 ,205 mitirq ,oec`d ixac : mb e`x ,wp`xt zxeza ef 'zihqepb' dqitz lr 778
.58 ,54 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely
.578 sirq ,oec`d ixac 779
[ 303 ]
162 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
ipye ,erahn idel`d sebd oexqgl èt` liawn ezìxan mcà dnypd oexqg
mc`d seba dnyp ozii mybznde dlbznd 'zn`d idel`' : dle`bd èaa e`lnzi zepexqgd
mypend sebd ly ef dqitz .gvp iigl dzrn dkfie 'ezelty'ne 'ezeqb'n xdehy sebd zeinybd ly zizxeqnd dqitzd z` lekiak znèz ezle`ba ezeqbn xdehy sebk
iahew oia zenird ly milibxd eipkzl cebipae ,dyrnly `l` .èal cizrl zpgxend
,mipezgzd ly mpexqg lr eizeie`hazd ziaxna ,o`kn zipgexde o`kn ziptebd dieedd
,mipeilrd ly xic`d irahlrd mgek - gekd oexqgl `l` wp`xt oeekn gexd oexqgl `l
ur xewrl ick zegtl witqnd gek' : mihea miipxnege miipteb mibyena `weec xiihvnd
edenky oehly gek [... ] zeieklnd ixzk zè dfd mlerd aeh lk z` [... ] eiyxey lr
geka rvazdl ieyr didy ,`lten rqn x`zn èd xg` mewnae 780.'mlera did `l cer
mixacn mziid ezè ,adfd mc` iptl mkz` cinrn iziid' eteqae ,mipeilrd on ykxpy
elek èd o`k j` 781,adf ly y`x wx my xy` x`vpckeap lv` enk `l ,mipt l` mipt
mr rbnd ixt 782.'myn mixfeg mziid xfene cgein gek dfià mièx mziide .xedh adf
: xnegde sebd zegek ly `weec xeriy oi`l dnvrd èd mipeilrd
,meil mly xey elke` geke ,xzeie dn` miyely edaeb [... ] myn xefgiyke
lr zepli`d lecb z` xewrl egeka ; 20 e` 18 libl epevx itk eil` exfgi eixerpe
elit` ,mpevx itk zexve` mdl zeidl elki [... ] xeriy oi` eizexve`le ,eiyxey
dyelyd mzeè ,myn miyp` dyely mipzep eide ,mdl mipzip eid mihwec 10000
mei mei migwel eide ,xve`d z` miny eid xdd jezae ,xd oir sxdk miniwn eid
xdd z` xewrl lbeqn iziide ,mixeey dray gekk did igeke .jxevd itl eìvedl
`l oiicry lceba ,zexwi mipa` ok mb il miìan eid ; eiyxey lr xzeia lecbd
70 jxeà xyb zepal dl` zyely lr deevn iziid df mr cgie ,dfd mlera d`xp
783
.cin mw did df lke ,oilin
'ezgtyn'e 'lecbd g`d' l` eiykr xak mze` gley did ,jkl mixyk eiaxewn eid wx eli`
mièx eid [mipeilrd 'mig`'d] mdde ,eil` mikled mkn miipy e` cg` did el' : mipeilray
dl` ik ,mkl mipzip eid mkiiee`n lke ,my`x l` mkz` miìan eid ,mig` mda mixikne
gek ea did `l wyp meye ,xreyn izla xyere ,gek ,dnew ,iteie dnkg ,mler iig md
elit` 784.'dl`d zegekd lkn wiprdl elki mdig`l mb la` mprnl wx `le .mka rebtl
.305 sirq ,my
.32 a 'pc : e`x
.309 sirq ,my
.467 dxrda zetqepd zeiptdde ,468-467 zexrd aiaq lirl eeyde .326 sirq ,my
[ 304 ]
780
781
782
783
784
[ 163
eteb zpgxda z`hazn dppi` - dnebtd ezìxa oexqg ielin - mc`l dnypd zwprd
lk' : zeend lr zexabzdd zervnà z`fe ,xeriy oi`l ewefiga xwira `l` epecirae
`xaidl ie`x didi mc`de onfd èaiyk wx .reaw eppi` xac mey .oexqga iexy mlerd
enk igvp mc`d didi èdd onfae ,dycg dnyp epnn elawi f` ,envr midel` ici lr
785
.'envr midel`
dibele`ci`d' z` s` jiiyl ozip df dle`b oefg ly dheade zinybd ezeipgekl
l`xyi ux`l zizxeqnd zigiynd dwifd on zwzpznd ,wp`xt ly 'zihqilìxehixhd
z` oke ,`vnpay oilet ly ipicnd dnegza `weec zcwnzn ìde ,zpgxend e` dwegxd
`l 786.eixwgna mely myxb riavd odizy lry ,dl deelznd zihqixhilind dnbnd
zervnà zihxwpewd zeìvnd ieair ìdy dle`ba `l` ,o`k xaecn zihqin dle`ba
sebd zleki z` `weec minivrnd mibyena zgqpzn ìde ,dkeza minybznd gexd zegek
xic` gekl ,gvp ixerpl dkef - cg`k zeawpe mixkf - le`bd icedid : xnegd rty zè
znc` ,eznc` lr dngln iqiqkha on`znd ,wyp yeng àv yi` èd ; blten xyerle
dxezy wtq oi`' : ihqiwp`xtd dle`bd oefg ly dhead ezeinyba mely oigad xake ! oilet
xzeie zihixwpew xzei ,day dlilya elit` zeìvnl daexw xzei dzid wp`xt ly ef
xaecn xak o`k .iav izay zxnd ixg`y xecd ly zihqind ze`zayd on zi`xt sè dqb
l`xyi oehly ly melg ,mi`kecnde miiprd zenelg ,àve axg lr ,dlynne adf lr
787
.'xyere dlecbl elriy
zg`d .wp`xt ly zigiynd 'dnlr'd zxez zizyza zegpen zeipktdn zenbn izy
mixabde miypd cnrn zèeyda d`hazdy ,miizxeqnd xcbnd zeleabn dbixgd ìd
dryn 788.eziy`xn i`zayd dle`bd oefg ly miipexwrd eipiit`nn dceqia ìde ,ebega
miypd ixeaiv zlawd jxc lr m` oia - zeawpde mixkfd ly ineiwd mcnrn deezydy
dpezpd ,dpey`xd dìxad zxcben mda s`y ,637 ,586 ,578 mitirq mb e`xe .205 sirq ,my
eilr s`y ,rxe ixwy l` `xead l`d zeidl dgked ynynd oexqg - dnebt e` dxqg dìxak ,zeenl
mc`d dkfi ,mc`l dnyp wipriy ,aehde izn`d l`d zelbzd mr wx .dle`bd èaa zenl xfbp envra
.eidel`k gvp iiga
.130-129 ,122-121 ,48 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : e`x
dle`bd zqitz z` cinrnd ,(15 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq) qail ixac mr eeyde ,133 'nr ,my
ikiynne iav izay ly dxwira zizpen`zipgexd mzqitz mr cg` ipexwr svxa wp`xt awri ly
zle`b mpn` .l`xyi mr ly zihxwpewzihiletd dle`bl fnx s` da `ven epiè ,mixnend ekxc
ueaiw lr 'zeihilet'd zeigiynd zexeqnd mr zayiizn dppi` wp`xt ly ekxc it lr l`xyi mr
,zihxwpewzipicn dle`b ìd oiicr la` ,l`xyi uxà giynd jln ly ezekln oepike zeielb
dle`bd zeitiv eafkpyn wx .dpen`de zedel`d megza `le zinybd zeìvnd xeyina `hazzy
,mzecdia ex`ypy eipin`n icixy ly mdiazkn xazqnd it lr ,wp`xt ly ezen ixg` zeniybnd
.qail zprhk ,ipgexd xeyind l` epefg hqed
.f-e miwxt lirl e`x
[ 305 ]
785
786
787
788
164 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
lekn mdipia zixcbnd dvignd lehia jxc lr m` oia ,cxtpa j` deeya dfl df mixabde
oinn zigiynd dnlrd zenca xkf oinn lèbd ly ezenc zxndl gzt s` gztp - leke
zeygxzd - gexd zenybzdk `weec dle`bd zqitz ìd diipyd dnbnd .dawp
lrn ddefnd megza xnelk ,sebae dfd mlera ,zixnegd zeìvnd xeyina zllegznd
dpecnd oglet z`xyda dpey`xae y`xa lgy ,df zenbn sexiv .dawpd mr lekl
ly zixvepd ezaiaq mr mixg` mirbn zrtyda avrzd ileè ,daegehqp'va dxegyd
ogletl dbxcda liaede ,ezrceza zlèbd 'dnlr'd zenc z` ciledy èd 789,wp`xt
- dlezak dcnrn swezae ,dyi` dzeid sweza `weec .dee` dlezad eza aiaq mwxznd
790
idel`d xkfd zegek zhilwl gezt èdy o`kne ,iyep`d xkfd on yext dteby in
ìde ,dzenybzda zidel`d dawpd ìd ìd - mipezgzde mipeilrd ly 'alven'd mbeeifa
giynd ogletae ,df zenbn aeliya yi .izn`de oexg`d lèbd ,l`xyi giyn gxkda
ixdy .zi`zayd divpxwpi`d zxeza yecig meyn s` ,epnn lylzynd dyi` zenca
izfrd ozp ly mzxez igeqipa z`y xziae ,envr iav izay zrceza - dziy`xn xak
ekxc ikiynne miigiynd eileblbn dnke dnk ly mzqitza oky lk `le ,eicinlzn dnke
giynd dlrzd - mixgè ,uiyaii` ozpedi oa slee ,i`wipelqd dikexa - iav izay ly
xkfd zexitqa ezen ixg` ezebfnzda xnelk ,dfe`zet`d
jxc lr wx `l zedel` zbxcnl

791
lr mb `l` ,zekln ,dawpd zxitqa - mwlg zxaqk - sè ,zx`tz e` ceqi ,idel`d
zedel` zpigaa ède ,eiiga xak dl` zexitq eteba eyalzdy ink ,divpxwpi`d jxc
zedel`k giynd zqitz ly ef zipeviw dqxby it lr s` 792.ynn mce xya znyben
on dnk s` `l` zigiynd drepzd icbpzn z` wx `l dnnewe xwira dxitkl daygp
zedel`dy dxiaqd zexyt`d z` daega dpnh ìd ,efecxw gqepa mipeznd mi`zayd
zxezn licadl ixdy .miiyep` dawpe xkfk ,dzeibefa dlbzz znybznd zigiynd
weex ipin` xkf - cg`k idel`de iyep`d xeyina - dfkxnay ,zixvepd divpxwpi`d
,zilawd zicedid zxeqnd rwxw lr zi`zayd divpxwpi`d zxez dgnv 793,yexte
daiaqa mixg` minxeb lr .576-566 zexrd aiaq lirl e`x ,'dxegyd dpecnd' oglet zrtyd lr
.h wxt oldl e`x ,zixvepd
yxty epax dynk ,raw jxc odn eyxt m` oia - mdizeypn miyextd miwicvd eqtzpy jxck
iavna zecceazd e` micecp zetewza ,zipnf m` oia ,xread dpqa l`d el dlbpy xg`l ezy`n
.zidel`d dawpd - dpikyd mr itelgd mbeeifl miieptk - dxdhe dyecw
dpen`d ceq ,qail : e`x ,ze`zayae dlawa giynd zenc ly zepeyd zeizxitqd zewifa oeicl
.29 dxrd ,305-304 'nr ,zi`zayd
.676 ,400 zexrd lirl e`x
dzeida `weec ,eyi m` dixn ixdy ,zixvepd divpxwpi`d zxez ly ziphyt dbvd ,oaenk ,idef
divpxwpi`d zxeza ipeig aikxn zynyn ,dyi` dzeidn zlylzynd sebd l` dzwifae ,dyi`
izy oia ziqiqad dpgadd jxevl dti ef ziphyt dbvd ,z`f mr .(689 dxrd lirl e`x) zixvepd
.zeizcd zexeqnd
[ 306 ]
789
790
791
792
793
[ 165
digiyn .dawpe xkf zepiga zedelà s` dpigade ,ziyep`d zipind zeibefd z` daiigy
mdizeypy èd `lt `le ,mièyp mixab mlekk maex eid zi`zayd drepzd ly miidel`d
icil dribd `l ef dnbny `l` 794.mzeiyià cnn eze`l zetzeyk eqtzp mzia zepae
- mi`zayd migiynd ly mbef zepa cnrn .mzxeza izhiy iehial dzkf `le ievin
ywaznk ,odilra cnrnl ipyn d`xpd lkk did - epicil eribdy zeiecrd it lr zegtl
ezeà miiwd xcqd z` rwrwl `vi `l mdn yi` ixde .elrt okezay zcde dxagd ixcqn
ezenybzda idel`d xkfd - èd .wp`xt ly ipktdnd epefg z` oiit`nd i`xt hdl
dciwtz z` jexr oi`l mivrde yxetna xicbdy oey`xd did - ziyep`d zigiynd
`le dlezad ezal dwifa `weec z`fe ,znybznd zidel`d dawpd ly i`nvrd igiynd
à `l dgeky ink dini seq cr dqtzp zeiecrd lk it lry ,zirahd ebef za - ezy`l
zeibefd zqitza eincew jxcn wp`xt dhq `l ekxc ziy`xa ,lirl xen`k .epnn `l` dl
miigiyn zegek qgii `l - exvga dzekln ipepib lk s` lr - 'dxiab'd ezy`l .zigiynd
795
.envr aiaq xviy ogletd fkxna dnvr zekfa Dcinrd `ly i`cee ,dlyn miidel`
ala cinrd f` wx .dzen ixg` wx ezrceza dyabzp ziawpd zidel`d zenybzdd zxez
zenlerd z` l`bzy ìd dawpd - dzrn .ezaa znlbznd zigiynd 'dnlr'd z` epefg
zy`k dcnrn sweza igiynd lrtnl dtzeyk wx `le ,dnvr zekfae dly dgeka
zeygxzdd zxif fkxna zlèbd dawpd z` dcinrn dxe`kly ,ef ziptz .giynd
`l` ,dawpd zenybzda idel`d xkfd ly ezenybzd zxnd zpigaa dppi` ,zigiynd
ixdy .dzeibef èlna znybznd zigiynd zedel`d ly dzqitz zygnd dyrnl ìd
dbef oak eixaca ritedl xen`k siqen - mipeilra wp`xt ly ezenc oa - 'lecbd g`d'
abype mlrp xkfk m` oia ,dlrtnl riiqnd ipyn szeyk m` oia ,zlèbd 'dnlr'd ly
,jk oiae jk oia .ely eielibl mlerd z` xiykdl ick `l` à `l inybd dieliby ,dpnn
epiid ìde ip` ik' : igiynd lrtnl mi`ln mitzey mzenybzda miidel`d dawpde xkfd
jeza dz` ayei iziid `lkdn iz`v zrae' : e` 796.'dgen oiè ,dny mkz` miìan
[... ] jlp xy` lka miktyp eid adfd mr sqkde ,dyxeel miqpkp epiide [... ] dakxnd
ìd - znybznd zigiynd zedel`d ly dzeibef 797.'zeklnd qk lr miayei epiid epgpè
zxeqnn yxetna zwpei s` - dlawa zipinecd zedel`d zqitzn zywaznd dpwqnd
df bef .dege mc` 'oebk' mdy ,befd ly zigiynd mzelbzd mr mlerd l`bii ditl ,xdefd
befd dyrn z` epwzi mznxera ; `xg` `xhiqd zegek - ygpd lr mixrdle 'mwrl' crep
oibae' : eypere ipencwd `hgd zllw z` mlerd lr hinde ygpd icia 'mwer'y ,oey`xd
.g wxt z` gzetd oeicd lirl e`x
.1118 sirq ,my
[ 307 ]
794
795
796
797
166 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
dil enikgie eniwrie ,mc`c `peebk ypxae degc `peebk `zz` izizc cr `nlr `niiw ok
,jk 799.eixaca minrt dnke dnk df xdef xn`n hhvn wp`xt 798.'`yia ìeg èddl
dxwnae ,xyid jxca zkll `l xnelk ,ygp iyrn'k zigiynd ekxc z` x`zn èd ,lynl
dyè mc` zxeva mc` èai `ly cr : df edfe .ìd dnkg zexyi izla mikxca dkild ,df
zexbià mb 800.'ygp eze` cbpk ,dnkga ,dxyi `l jxca ekli md mb .deg zxeva
micedil e`xw odae ,1800 zpya mipin`nd evitdy ,(dnec` eica zeazkpd) 'zenec`'d
[yec]'wd oec`dy' : df xdef xn`n riten 801,'mec` ly dyecwd zc'l mdizeawra qpkidl
[dyec]'wd zca zn` jxca epze` jiledy ède [... ] 802`lekc `nily awri èdy ,eply
dpnfd wx did df lk ik ,xiryl jld `le [... ] z`fd zra xnb `l la` [... ] mec` ly
lekd zenly (èdy) awri] ìinei seqa edlekc `nily awri jliy ji` jxcd zexedl
ède 803,`leka mily d`xza ,mily d`ncw ,awri awri ,xdefa xèank [minid seqa
`zzè mc`c `peebk [yp xa] p"a iziic cr ,xdefa [aezky enk] y"nk ,lkd xenbi
ixac aex 804.'eikxca zkll miaiiegn epgpè .'eke dil enikgie eniwrie ,degc `peebk
libxk - fnxnd ,ixdefde i`xwnd - 'oey`x'd awri ly ezenc aiaq miaaeq zxbi`d
j` .lekd zenly ,'aiag oexg`d' awri èd ,wp`xt awri lr - mihqiwp`xtd miazka
cere 805'zn `l i`ceea'y da xn`p ik m` ,ezen xg`l mipy ryzk dvtede dazkp zxbi`d
eza my`xae eicli zyely jàpteà exvg z` eldip dtewz dzeà .'lkd xenbi'e aeyi
seqa zigiynd mzeibefl oeekn df xdef xn`ny wtq oiè ,igiynd ogletd cwen - dee`
.669 ,545-544 zexrd aiaq lirl e`xe .`"r enw-a"r dnw ,`"g ,xdef
.669 dxrd lirl e`x
.607 dxrd lirl e`x ,wp`xt zxeza df byen lr
gaeynd] `lkc enily èdc ,ded awri oda`c ogayez : ìig iax xn`' : `"r bk ,a"g ,xdefd it lr
.'[lkd zenily èdy ,awri did zeaày
xyaz` `zydc ,mily `l d`ncw ,mily d`xza ,[3 en 'xa] "awri awri" ' : `"r glw ,`"g ,xdef
oey`xde mly ipyd ,(eny ly letkd xekf`l dpeekd) awri awri] '`zpiky dilr z`xye ,sqeia
.[dpikyd eilr dzxye ,(ig ecery) sqei lr xyazp dzr ik ,mly epi`
par les Frankistes icia dpey`xl dqtcp zxbi`d
[N.] Porges, Texte de la lettre adressee
juives de Boheme,
,aux communautes
Revue des etudes

juives, 29 (1894), pp. 285-286
.65-63 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely lv` ,dyxtzpe ,dwlga dàede
,opgei iax xn`' : a"r d ziprz ,ilaa it lr .64 'nr ,my ,mely gqep ; 285 'nr ,qbxet zxecdn : my
`xwn ,dil xn` ? ìxaw exawe ìhpg ehpge ìpctq ectq icka ike ,dil xn` .zn `l epia` awri
zè wegxn jriyen ippd ik l`xyi zgz lè 'd m`p awri icar `xiz l` dzè" ,xn`py ,yxec ip`
,`xnbl cebipa .'miiga èd s` - miiga erxf dn .erxfl èd yiwn .(10 l 'xi) "miay ux`n jrxf
wp`xt awriy oerhl zxbi`d zpeeka wtq oi` ,dhytk awri ly ezen zcaer z` dyigkn dppi`y
z` ltxrl jàpteà xvgd zepeiqip lr .iteqd eielib onf èa cr mlrp mzqd on `l` ynn zn `l
.102 dxrd lirl e`x ,wp`xt ly ezen zcaer
[ 308 ]
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
[ 167
,eza ìd ,dee` dawpde ,'mc`c `peebk' èdy ,wp`xt awri xnelk ,awri xkfd ly minid
.'degc `peebk' ìdy
zeiqexd zezikde wp`xt : 'midel`d m`' .h

,zeipebx` - zenieqn zelawd lr zg` `l eriavd h"yrad ly eceqin zeciqgd ixweg
eyxty zezikd oial ziciqgd drepzd oia - zeipeirx sè zeihqixelwlet ,zeilèhix
diipyd zivgna da lgy ('lewq`x') belitd zeawra ziqexd ziqwecezxe`d diiqpkd on
dpenyd d`nd jldna ehyte elvtzd ,eaxzd dl` zezik 806.dxyr rayd d`nd ly
bltd zezik cegiia - owlge ,ziqexd zexqiwd ly mixki`d ziiqelkeà xwira ,dxyr
- ('ivaetetfiia') 'mixnkd illeyn' epkzpe ziqwecezxe`d dxenka exikd `ly ,ilwicxd
.cg`k iziiqpkde igxf`d oehlyl ozepierae zeipeviwd zeinepihp`d odizeihpa ercep
odibltn dnk eyhp odn d`vezky ,zeticx ly zxyxya o`kcl dzqip ziqexd dlynnd
ly mci byidn wgxd ,zexqiwd ly leabd ixef`l ehlnpe diqex oetva m`ven zefegn z`
T. Ysander, Studien zum bestschen
.
Hasidismus
in seiner religionsgeschichtlichen : e`x 806
.
Sonderart, Uppsala 1933, pp. 372-392; Y. Eliach, The Russian Dissenting Sects and
Their Influence on Israel Baal Shem Tov, Founder of Hasidism, Proceedings of the
American Academy for Jewish Research, 36 (1968), pp. 57-83; B. D. Weinryb, The Jews of
epeic e`xe .(oilet icedi : oldl) Poland, Philadelphia 1973, pp. 237-238, 272-273, 375, note 4
(82 'nr ,my) onqex .84-81 'nr ,1999 milyexi ,zeciqgd ycgn h"yrad ,onqex 'n ly mkqnd
ezenc' exn`na eixacl dptne ,zezikl zeciqgd zwif lr miriavnd oia mely myxb z` s` dpen
: dxdad miperh mixacd .(294 'nr ,eba mixac ,mely) 'aehmylra l`xyi 'x ly zixehqidd
zxg` zihqin zk lkl e` zeyxetd zeiqexd zezikl zeciqgd ly zixyt` dwifl qgiizn eppi` mely
zxeqna mecw cqen - ('mipwf'd) 'ivx`hq'd cqenl iciqgd zewicvd cqen oia daexwd dlawdl `l`
dpenyd d`nd zivgnn lgd diqexa zycegn zexxerzdl dkfy ,zigxfnd diiqpkd ly zixifpd
zeihqin zeihpe dnfixk ilra ,micigi ly drteza `l` dheqe zyxet zka xaecn oi` .dxyr
dcaerd lr mb riavd mely .mzaiaql miipgex mixen miynynd ,eizinre h"yrad znbeck
drap epnny xef`d md ,ezexirva h"yrad cceazd mday ,diaclen fegna miihtxwd mixddy
ly eaeya wx d`xpd lkk dlgd ef zexxerzdy `l` ,diqexa drtezd ly dycgd zexxerzdd
ezerwzyde ,oeeiay qez` xd ixfpna ezxykd zepyn ,iwqaew'vilee iqi`t iqexd xifpd ,dllegn
T. : lynl e`x .1760a h"yrad zen ixg` ,1763a ziaclend (Niamzu - evnìp ìd) unìpa
Ware, The Orthodox Church, Harmondsworth, Middlesex 1964, pp. 129-130; S.
Bolshakoff, Russian Mystics, Kalamazoo 1977, pp. 79-98; I. Smolitsch, Russisches
,[388 dxrd lirl] dlaw) lci` oiivy dlawdd mb .Monchtum, Amsterdam 1978, pp. 488-489
zihhqw`zièapd dwihwxtd oial h"yrad ly zerecid dnypd zeilr oia (137 dxrd 338 'nr
(my) onqex dptn dilè ,diaclenay miihtxwd mixda dreci dziidy ,sebd on dnypd zìvi ly
ly dkex` zxeqnl `l` zeyxetd zeiqwecezxe`d zezikd zrtezl llk dxeyw dppi` ,df xywda
.df xefà mitykn e` miinnr mi`txn oia zelaewn eidy zewipkh
[ 309 ]
168 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
xef` ezeà - oilet gxfnmexca cegiiae ,dpi`xweà mb erwzyd x`yd oia .zepehlyd
mixwegd 807.ziciqgd drepzd ly dzelirt ziy`x zpnzqn mday dtewz dzeàe
z` s` elrd zeiqexd zezikl zeciqgd ly dpeince zitxbe`bd dzaxw lr eriavdy
llk jxca erpnp j` ,ozrtydn edyn helwl miieyr eid eizinre h"yrady dxrydd
cigid oeiqipd .miiccd mirbn lr zeyxetn zeiecr xcrda ,df oiipra zexnqn reawln
dppi`y oeyla xwgna jxted h"yrad lr dxiyi zizzik drtyd gikedl dk cr dyrpy
808
.mipt ipyl zrnzyn
,zihqiwp`xtd drepzd iabl dgkedl ozip ziciqgd drepzd iabl gked `ly dn ,dpde
mb dn 809,zeciqgd icqiin elrt mday mixef`d mzeàe dtewzd dzeà dlrt ìd s`y
oi`l ax miipebx`de miiqwhd diiehia lr wp`xt ly ezpynle zeiqexd zezikl szeyndy
mb mixen` mixacde 810,ziciqgd drepzd ziy`xle dl`d zezikl szeynd on jexr
.miypd cnrnl dwifa xwirae
ezeyxl cnry gqepd - oec`d ixac xtq ly xzeia `lnd ipletd gqepd lr eqqazda
A. Maude, A Peculiar People: The Doukhobors, London : e`x ,dl` zezik lr zetiwn zexiwql 807
1905; K. K. Grass, Die russischen Sekten, I-II, Leipzig 1907 (1966 reprint); F. C.
Conybeare, Russian Dissenters (Harvard Theological Studies, 10), Cambridge, MA
1921; S. Bolshakoff, Russian Nonconformity, Philadelphia 1950; A. I. Klibanov, History
of Religious Sectarianism in Russia, Oxford 1982; M. Cherniasky, The Old Believers and
the New Religion, Slavic Review, 25 (1966), pp. 1-39; D. W. Treadgold, The Peasant
and Religion, in: W. S. Vucinich (ed.), The Peasant in Nineteenth-Century Russia,
,cen : dn`zda ,oldl) Stanford 1986, pp. 72-107; N. Tsakni, La Russie sectaire, Paris 1888
,clebcxh ; dixehqid ,aepailw ; zeinxetpewoep ,sewylea ; miqex miyxet ,xaipew ; dpeyn mr

.(zizzikd diqex ,ip`wv ; 'xki`d'
.(806 dxrd lirl) jìl` ly h"yrad lr ozrtyde zeyxetd zerepzd lr xkfpd dxn`na xaecn 808
B. D. Weinryb, ; 37 dxrd ,362 'nr ,igiynd oeirxd ,mely : e`x dfd xn`nd lr zxewial
Reappraisals in Jewish History, Salo Wittmayer Baron Jubilee Volume, II - English
lirl) eizeiptde onqex ly enekiq e`xe .Section, Jer usalem 1974, Appendix, pp. 971-974
.84-82 'nr ,(806 dxrd

mfiwp`xtde ze`zayd ifkxny dcaerd lr riavn ,xe` d`x `l oiicry xn`na ,xaliq l`kin mpn` 809
jkn wiqn ède ,df xefà eiig jldna h"yrad ddy e` xwia mday zenewnd mr epnp `l dileceta
ly zitxbe`b dtitg dziid `l ,xwgna zlaewnd driawl cebipae ,onfde mewnd zekinq zexnly
e`x) ux` lag ezeà ozrtyd inegza ewlgzpy dnec ,daxc` `l` zerepzd izy oia ynn
mvr lr zxrxrn dppi` ef dpgad la` .(67 dxrd 82 'nr ,my ,onqex ly df oiiprl ezeqgiizd
.zerepzd izy ly opnfe onewn zekinq
.zeyxetd zeiqexd zezikl ,ebege wp`xt cegiiae ,oilet i`zay oia dwifa mb mixwegd epigad xake 810
'nr ,oilet icedi ,aixpiie ; 128-127 ,119 ,106-105 ,51-50 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : e`x
K. S. Davidowicz, Jakob ; 30 dxrd ,378-377 ,4 dxrd ,375-374 ,248 ,243-242 ,238-237
Frank, der Messias aus dem Ghetto, Franfurt am Mein 1998, pp. 115, 117
[ 310 ]
[ 169
zec` lr wp`xt xtq ok dpd' : x``dfiexw xcpqkl` azek 811,epicil ribd `le ezrya
zg` dy` ik ,xtqi mb ,"(zkd ipa) mivee`tilitd
miayei my mewn" ,cg` xtkl erqn

zepzn mrd dl ìad mbe ,dy`d iptl dvx` mit` ltp dny à xy` yi` lke ,mda dlyn
z` xidapy ie`xd on ,ef zecr it lr da cwnznd ogletle dyi`l dptp mxha 812.'aexl
,zkxèzn dppi` enya zàend zecrd .df xywdl wp`xt ly ezwif zè izzikd dxywd
wp`xt ly ezedy ztewza xaecny xryn x``dfiexw .xkfp eppi` xtkd ly enewin sè
lr dipnex mexcay [Giurgevo] eai'bxei'b e` [Giurgiu] ei'bxe'b ìd) 'èerfcxefc'a
exewia z` jxek ède ,1757 zpya (dik`lèe f` `xwpy xefà xnelk 813,dixblea leab
dpeknd ixezqin mc` - zkd iy`xn cg` mr miaexwd eiqgia ivaetilitd xtka
ileia jxrpy gekieed èd ,aeal gekie ly ipletd cerizd it lr (Malivda) '`ceeil`n'
`ceeil`n xèzn miipletd zexewna 814.micedid ibivpl mihqiwp`xtd oia 1759 hqebe`
okzii ik m` ,815,'zeilezwd z` eilr laiwe ay dzre' ,ialqeaxtixvep didy ink df
,(zi`zayd zxeqna sè) zetecxd zezikd axwa laewnk ,zefgzd `l` ef dziid `ly
zipletdy ,`ceeil`n 816.ipxzg oexwirl dryd jxevn izcd deeqnd ueni` z` ektdy
cvd ixaecn cg` did ,(da ehly `ly ,eiyp` ziaxne wp`xtl cebipa) en` zty dziid
zefixfae d`pw gexa uitne wp`xt ixac z` yxtne xàn'k xèze ,gekieea ihqiwp`xtd
,1760 xèpia ,okn xg`l micg` miyceg la` 817.'micedid oia wp`xt zxez z` dxizi
my' ,dyxeea diiqpkd zepehly ipta dxiwgl mixnend eipin`n zxeage wp`xt epnefyn
likdl daxn minyè zeper lethie ,xebihw dyrp df xebipqe ,`ceeil`n oec`d mb did
,migecne èy ze`yn ezcr iyp`l dxen wp`xt ik ,zeze` eizeze` my ,ezcre wp`xt lr
818
.'mileblba dpen`d mb mdipiae ,diqpkd l` mixf mifnxe zeceq ixac ,edze oe` zenfn
wigl xfg ile` .okxev lk zexexa opi` xebhwl xebpqn `ceeil`n jtd oday zeaiqpd
`l zeilezwl mihqiwp`xtd zxndy el dlbzpyne ,minzae znà zilezwd diiqpkd
dlaw ,mely ; 159-157 'nr ,(89 dxrd lirl) ezxecdn ly a jxk seqa ipletd xicdnd ixac e`x
.1 dxrd 87 'nr ,(661 dxrd lirl) 'oec`d ixac xtq' ,wexny ; 306-305 'nr ,(127 dxrd lirl)
.3 dxrd ,(452 dxrd lirl) df jxka xeìl` ly dnekiq mb e`xe
.125 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw
.611 dxrd lirl e`x
zeclezl ,oala : e`x ,ekldna micedid lr mihqiwp`xtd elilrdy mcd zlilre ,aeal gekie lr
.266-209 'nr ,ziwp`xtd drepzd
.208 ,201 'nr ,my
.836 dxrd aiaq oldl e`x
,202-201 'nr ,ziwp`xtd drepzd zeclezl ,oala : mb e`xe .124 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw
.225 ,208 ,206
.175 'nr ,my ,x``dfiexw
[ 311 ]
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
170 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
,mewn lkn 819.dpyiddycgd ezc mya mze` swz ,zizzikd mzecdil deeqn `l` dziid
ipehp` mya dlev` oa ,iplet owztxd mr '`ceeil`n' z` zedfl gilvd x``dfiexw
zixvepd zkd y`xl idie ,iig`lè zpicnl `vie ,dy`l xk` za `yp'y ,iwqaew`qew
ik ,z`fd zkd ipa oia lew xiard ok ixgè ,mipetilit e` 820mivl`n`dà mya d`xwpd
hhvn mixacd jynda 821.'`ceeil`n enye ,oekizd mia xy` oei ii`n cgà lyen èd
.df iwqee`w`qq`w did dnxn zenifn axe zrc ax yi`" ' : ipletd exewnn x``dfiexw
ixtq" zè ycwd iazk z` rci mb ,zinexd dtyd zè ziqexd dtyd z` ahid rci èd
cenlza miwifgnd zk ipa aeall eà xy`k idie ,[diiqpkd zea`] "miyecwd zea`d
zzl iaeald seyiaikx`d ipt z` xgyie ,mkeza `ceeil`n mb à f` ,cenlzd icbpzne
822
.' "micedid mr ielba gkezdl oeiyx el
ik m` ,xexiaa zedfl dyw o`k zxkfpd zivaetilitd zkd ìd 'zipetilit'd zkd z`
dnec .lirl exkfpy ziqwecezxe`d diiqpkd on zeyxetd zezikd zgà xaecny wtq oi`
,aetilit elipc my lr - 823aixpiie xryny itk - ile` ,df mya epkzp zezikd on dnky
micg` miblt elylzyd dpnny 824,mihqiilkd zk ly dxyr rayd d`nd oa dcqiin
ly dxe`kl xzeqd mpeit` mb fnxn ef zexyt` lr 825.dxyr dpenyd d`nd jldna
,cnrn ilty mixki` zkk mixiihvn md wp`xt ixaca : mipey zexewna mivaetilitd
ltye zegp dcnrny zc - zecdia zipywrd mzewac lr eipin`n bega eztifp ab` z`fe
laiwy zexbi` lr qqaznd ,ocnr awri ixacn ,z`f znerl 826.zkd cnrnn elit`
'ipeei' xtk ly zipendd zexiibzdd xaca zereny odae ,aeal gekie zeawra oilet ipaxn
: 'miblten mixiyre milecb mixgeq' mb mdipia yiy dler ,dik`lèe fegna (iqwecezxe`)
ea mipin`nd micedid zxnd z` mcwiy deewza dligzkln wp`xta jnz `ceeil`ny xryn oala
.(202-201 'nr ,ziwp`xtd drepzd zeclezl) zilezwd zcl
e`x) mihqiilkd zk ly diiepikn cg` èd - 'l`d icaer' - 'ivlenebea' epiid ,'ivl`n`dà' iepikd
.df iepika dzpkzp mihqiilkd on dlylzydy - 'miqxeqnd' - ivtewqd zk sè ,(824 dxrd oldl
.849 ,845 'nr ,a ; 487 ,485 'nr ,` ,(807 dxrd lirl) q`xb : e`x
.125 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw
A. Darewski, Pamietniki
Jozefa
Kossakowskiego, jezn ,aeleweq ly ixard enebxza ,my
819
820
821
822
biskupa Inflanckigo, Warsaw 1891, p. 53
.30 dxrd 378-377 'nr ,oilet icedi ,aixpiie

ly eileblb z` mnvra e`xy zkd ixag lk epkzp eay ,'hqixk' ,eyi ly eiepikn lylzyn myd
dziidy miheya zinvrd dtlvdd my lr ,hey rnyna 'hqiilk' dbdpe jk xg` yazyp j` ,eyi
.zka dbedp
,tilit xifpd dcqiin my lr 'ivaetilit' e` 'mipetilit' dpeknd ,zxg` zipeviw zk lr mb reci la`
mirayk mr dtxya ca`zde dxyr dpenyd d`nd zivgna diqex ly miipetvd dizefegna lrty
,clebcxh ; 78-77 'nr ,zeinxetpewoep ,sewylea : e`x .dlynnd zeticxl daebza eipin`nn
.156-155 'nr ,miqex miyxet ,xaipew ; 88-87 'nr ,'xki`d'
.4 dxrd ,374 'nr ,oilet icedi ,aixpiie
[ 312 ]
823
824
825
826
[ 171
zg` zn` exnè ,`knq ipa ixab dnk izyxce z`f mb xewgl iztqed z`f mre
mi`xwp eiayeie `piixwe` ux`l aexw èdd fegnde .mlera mqxtle aezkl ozp
enk ,etilit eny didy ixvepd igelyn cg` xg` miqgiizny ipnecnk .eivtilit
mda mixikne mirceid extqe .dnecke xipq`neh ,ixriaewì zk mixg` mi`xwpy
mixiibznd dl` egihady exnè .miblten mixiyre milecb mixgeq mda yi ik
zcl miyp` ze`n dnk mzpicn iypè mdixagn miax cer èal micizry l"pd
827
.zecdi
sè ,zrcd on dwegx mivaetilitd ly mny `ven xaca ocnr ly ezxryd mpn`
icedi axway xexa la` 828,lecb wtqa zelhen zkd ipan ze`n zexiibzd lr zerenyd
cnrn izegp mixki` dl` eid m` oia ,mivaetilitd zkl wp`xt oia dwifd drcep oilet
caln ,envr wp`xty mb xexa 829.'miblten mixiyre milecb mixgeq' mb mnr epnp m` oia
dn ztewzl miaexwd eiqgi calne ,ezecr it lr xwia eay ivaetilitd xtkd mr eirbn
zezikd zegkepl ahid rcen did ,dik`lèea zivaetilitd zkd iy`xn - `ceeil`n mr
s` `l` zeia`lqzeiqwecezxe`d zezikd wx `l odipiae ,ezaiaqa elrty zeaxd
zepen`d lk' : fixkn èd 'eixac'n cgà .ipnxb `venn mihphqhext mixbdn zezik
830
mihedxrdde mipetilitd elitè ,zixvepzinex zcl qpkl zekixv [... ] zene`de
.a"r ct ,'xqen hay' ,yeny xtq ,ocnr
diiqpkd zepehlyl zkd iyp` ly mzecbpzd z` : dpadià zerenyd xewny xryn aixpiie
zerenya yiy okzii la` ,(4 dxrd ,375 'nr ,oilet icedi) zecdil diihpk micedid eyxit dxenkle
mibdpn mdl evni` - 'algd izey' - 'mip`welen'd lynl odipia ,zezikd on dnk : zn` ly oirxb
.'iwipheaeq' epkzpe zicedid zayd z` exny s` mwlge ,miicedid zexykd ipicn miae`yd minieqn
oep ,sewylea ; 92-91 'nr ,'xki`d' ,clebcxh : lynl e`x ,'zecdiizn'd zeiqexd zezikd lr
,325-324 ,291 'nr ,miqex miyxet ,xaipew ; 45 'nr ,dixehqid ,aepailw ; 105 'nr ,zeinxetpew
.331-330
mixki` da mixagy zg` zka `l` 'ivaetilit' zepeknd zepey zezik izya `l xaecny okzii
zivgnd jldna etxhvd ,zixtkd diiqelkeà dziy`xy ,lynl ,zihqiilkd zkl .cgi mb mixgeqe
: e`x .mixiyr mb mdipia eide ,miipexir dk`ln ilrae mixgeq dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly dpey`xd
oiivn èd ea 361 'nr ,my ,xaipew ; 58-57 ,51-50 'nr ,my ,aepailw ; 96 'nr ,my ,clebcxh
eid ,miaiig e`vnpe 1733a deewqena mzxitk lr ehtypy zihqiilkd zkd ipan 300k jezny
dllk zipwelend zkd s` .(zexifpe mixifpk excbed x`yd) dk`ln ilrae mixgeq 50e mixki` 100
.154-155 'nr ,my ,aepailw : e`x .micin` miipexir mixgeq mbe miixtk mixki` mb dziy`xn
zpya eayiizd eay ,hedpxd ipeqwqd xtkd my lr (Herrnhuter) 'xhedpxd' dpeknd zka xaecn
F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone : e`x .'miiaxend mig`d' zihphqhextd zkd ixag 1722
(eds), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, London 1974, Herrnhut (p. 643),
dcnry d`xpe ,zixpeiqind dzelirta drcep zkd .and Moravian Brothers (pp. 938-939)
ceq ,qail : e`x .zexvpl mihepk dl e`xpy ,uiyaii` ozpedi ly ebegn mi`zay mr znieqn dwifa
.116 dxrde 110-109 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely ; 237-212 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d
[ 313 ]
827
828
829
830
172 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
minenr micd ,zerici ixay `l` opi` dl` zeiecry it lr s` 832.'dnecke 831mihipen`de
wp`xt oia dxiyie ziynn dwif lr riavdl ick z`f lka oda yi ,zeltxern zerenye
,xzeia zebixgd eizeiexfn dnk ly oxewn lr riavdl dieyrd dwif - zeyxetd zezikl
gex' e` dxwnd ixt ,dnvrl ìdyk drtezd rahn ìdy dlawdd zwif xcbn z`vei ìde
elrt mpn`y ,diìape ze`zayd ixen mze` lkn wp`xt z` zcgiin ef dwif .cala 'onfd
,siwr e` xiyi - rbn lk lr rcep `l j` ,zeyxetd zeiqexd zezikd ly ozrtyd inegza
.oldl xeegziy itk ,mpial opia - ipeirx e` iyi`
z` egce ziqwecezxe`d diiqpkd on ozrya eyxty ,zeipeviwd zeiqexd zezikd oze`
mibdpna ecgiizd owlge ,miax mibltl xen`k elvtzd ,leke lekn diqwhe dzxenk
dpeknd zka bedp didy ,miypde mixabd qexiq oebk ,odiiepik z` odl epwdy mipeyn
'iwip`xhq' dzpkzpy zkd ly miwqet izlad micecpd iig e` 833,(mixnqn) 'ivtewq'
dziidy ,`gqtd bgl mincewd ziprzd ini mirax` ztewza algd ziizy e` 834,(miceep)
eid zezikd ziaxn ,z`f mr cgi .cere 835,(algd izey) 'ip`welen' dpeknd zkl zcgein
zeaiqpn elylzyd mwlgay ,dbdpde oebx` iqetcle miizc zepexwr dnkl zetzey
izzikd dpand mvrl miipiite` mwlge ,mitzeynd miixehqidd odiyxeye ozyixt
ozticx sweza odilr dztkpy zei`ygd on d`vezk yabzpy dpan - elrt ezxbqnay
mb szeyn dl` zezikl szeynd on daxdy dcaerl ygkzdl oi` .zepehlyd icia
.dxyr dpenyd d`nd jldna miipeviwd miizzikd dileblba cegiia ,zi`zayd drepzl
zezikd oial dtewz dzeà oilet i`zay oia daexwd dlawddy mely myxb xird xake
ly zexyt`d z` (zaiign dppi` ik m`) zrcd lr dlrn mzepkya elrty zeihnfikqd
: zertyde mirbn
divnxetxd zezikn zg` ìd s` ,(Mennonites) mihipepnd zkl d`xpd lkk ezpeek 831
epn ,icpledd dcqiin my lr diexw ìde ,zihqihtap`d zkd on dlylzydy ,zihphqhextd
dzìxwl (wqpcb) bivpc iayez mihipepnd eprp dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly mipenyd zepya .qpeniq
.dleaba migep zelgpzd i`pze zenc` mixfl drivdy ,diipyd dpixzw ,diqex zixqiw ly
.dpi`xwe` mdipiae ,ziqexd zexqiwd ly migzetn `ld dizefegnn dnka f` eayiizd mihipepnd
M. Rowe, Russian Resurrection, London 1994, p. 183; S. Durasoff, The Russian : jk lr e`x
Protestants: Evangelicals in the Soviet Union 1944-1964, Rutherford 1969, pp. 30-34; J.
Urry, None But Saints: The Transformation of Mennonite Life in Russia 1789-1889,
Winnipeg 1989, pp. 51-62
eribd `ly oec`d ixac xtqa mitirqd cg` jezn ,246 'nr ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw lv` àen
.epicil
,zizzikd diqex ,ipw`v ; 94-92 'nr ,zeinxetpewoep ,sewylea : mb e`xe ,820 dxrd lirl e`x
.370-363 'nr ,miqex miyxet ,xaipew ; 79-76 'nr
; 88 'nr ,'xki`d' ,clebcxh ; 62-41 'nr ,my ,ipw`v ; 80-78 'nr ,my ,sewylea : lynl e`x
.164-156 'nr ,miqex miyxet ,xaipew
.91 'nr ,my ,clebcxh ; 159-150 'nr ,my ,ipw`v ; 105 'nr ,my ,sewylea : lynl e`x
[ 314 ]
832
833
834
835
[ 173
oiae mi`zayd mipin`nd oia rbn ly zexyt`d z` mb oeayga o`k ìadl yi

lecbd cexitd ixg` `weec ax fera dpi`xweà egztzdy ,zeiqexd zezikd
ly zepey`xd mipyay ,dcaerd on mlrzdl oi` [... ] zia`lqea`xtd diiqpka
c`n aexwd ,ihqinepihp` gexjld zelra zezik gztzdl eligzd g"id d`nd
.c`n dreci dpi`xweàe diqexa mzrtyde ,mipeviwd mi`zayd ly mgexjldl
mzxez lk z` elaiw dilecet iyp`ye ,zeixwn od elld zeliawndy okzii
zenega mivxt o`k evxtp `ly epl aexri ine gexd jxc rcei in la` ,iwipelqn
egitq mbe zi`zayd mb ,zezikd izy ixd ? zepeyd zecrd oia elicady
,xzeia z`f dpigan daeygd 'mihqilk'd zk enk) 'lewq`x'd ly ihqinepihp`d
.mdizezc ly dwih`nbecd z` ixnbl eafr ,(df gexjldl dcigid dzid `l ik s`
zxezn zwzepnd zenc èd ,elld zezikd iìapn cg` lk ède ,'igd qehqixk'd
zxacn ycewd gexy mc` lk o`k .giynd lr zipeeid diiqpkd ly mibele`zd
mzq oia zeleabde ,ycg 'mc`l`'l aygp zizzik dcrl fkxn ède epexb jezn
o`k mb .md s` mi`zayl dxw oke .miyhyhine mikled 'mc`l`' oiae ìap
ly dycg zeyalzd ,lèbd znypn ycg uevip bidpne ìap lka ze`xl eligzd
labenizla mfil`peiven` ly lb liaen zezikd izya [... ] eleblb e` iav izay
zxev mb znieqn dcina zenec odizyae ,mibidpn ly dbxcl miheyt miyp`
miypd sexiv ,ih`hqk`d cewixd [... ] mipin`nd ly miiceqd miqwhde oebx`d
rcepyn fer xzia ewfgzpy ,zeticxd [... ] epnn aeyg wlgk dnif iyrne ,qwhl
dxizi zeiceql my mbe dt mb enxb [... ] o`k hapy zexwtdd rxf lr miaxa
836
.ziqep` zelitkn zraepd dibelekiqtle
s` ozip .zetl`ne zeaexw od ipi`xweìpletd xywda mely dpny zelawdd lk ,okè
zkd ly miwdaend dipniqn èdy ,ihtilwetìbelehkq`d gznd z` opiipnl siqedl
zelawd la` 838.zeyxetd zeiqexd zezikd ziaxna mb xxyy 837,zi`zayd zigiynd
.119 'nr mb e`xe ,106-105 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely 836
,dziy`xk deedd irexi` z` yxtl ozipy e` ,daexw minid zixg`y dyegzd z`hazn ,lynl ,jk 837
ly dlila' ; (75 sirq ,oec`d ixac) 'minid zixg` dlgd 1783 zpya' : wp`xt awri ly ezxeza
dizyd oa` dzeè .mlera dnglnd zlgzd lr izrnyyk genyl mkilr did : oec`d xn` ipeil 17d
aehd xacd z` mircei mziid el' ; (811 sirq) 'zelbzdle z`vl ligzz ,mlerd lk mewi dilr xy`
mziid ,iperae dwevna mipezp ep` ik mè ,84 ipeil 21 ,20 ,19 minid zyely jyna o`k dyrp xy`
.(827 sirq) 'mlerl `vii dn mircei mziid ik ,dgny aexn mipny mikled
iziiqpkd belita e`xy ,zeyxetd zezikd ziaxna zihtilwet`d dxiee`de ibelehkq`d gznd lr 838
z` - x`vde ziqwecezxe`d diiqpkd - mditcexae ,minid zixg` zengln zligz z` diqexa
,aepailw ; 89 ,85-83 'nr ,'xki`d' ,clebcxh : lynl e`x ,eigilye hqixkihp`d zenlbzd
.158 'nr ,miqex miyxet ,xaipew ; 51 'nr ,dixehqid
[ 315 ]
174 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
ly diblt lk lr `l` dileceta zizzikd ze`zayd lr wx `l zelg olekk oaex dl`

mi`zayd miìapd wx `l ixde .cg`k zxnende zizxzgndzicedid ,zi`zayd drepzd
oebk ,mindeade miaxend ,mifpky`d s` `l` ,j`ln miig e` sxev liyrdk ,mipletd
zevxà micxtqd oke ,slee epae uiyaii` ozpedi ,uihqext ilaiil ,h`hypfii`n ikcxn
dnpecd zka ekxc ikiynne ,i`wipelqd dikexa ,efecxw mdxa`k ,owlade hpeeld
elrzd mwlg zegtle ,zeigiyn zepiga mb mda yiy miìapk mlek eqtzp ,zxnend
bidpnd ly ezqitz z` xyt`y
zeleabd yehyh 839.'mc`l`' èdy giyn zbxcnl
mipype mixfegd eiielib svxe ,envr iav izaya eziy`x znyben zedel`k igiynd
zebidpn mbc lr zipevig drtyd ly dzexiaq z` yilgn ìd xyà zizzikd ze`zaya
ig xywa recik ecnr dileceta ze`zayd ivitn .dilecet i`zay oia `weec df zigiyn
,iwipelqa zxnend dnpecd zk mr cegiiae ,oilet zeleabl uegn mii`zay mipin`n mr
z` ìvedl ,z`f cbpk 840.mbidpn dikexa ly ezedelèzeigiyna dpen`d dgeex my
zeiqexd zezikd oial dilecet i`zay oia idylk dwif lr xac rcep `l - wp`xt awri
qetihe ,dllkk zi`zayd drepza l`dgiyndìapd qetihy èt` dnec .zeyxetd
zihqiilkd zka zycgznd ziyep`d ezenlbzda ixvepd l`d - 'igd qehqixk'd
x`y iabl mb mixen` mixacd .miliawn zigiyn zebidpn inbc `l` mpi` - 841diblte
miyp` elit` dlrnd mfilpeiven`d lb ,ihqinepihp`d gexdjld : mely dpny zelawdd
miqwhd ,i`ygd oebx`d ,zeihhqw`d zertezd ,mibidpne miìap zbxcl miheyt
miygxznd dnif iyrn lr zerenyd eizeawrae ,qwhl miypd sexiv elitè ,miiceqd
o`kn zeiqexd zezikd zrtez ly mitzeynd miptd ieez md dl` lk - 842ezxbqna
mixywda lirl mda eplwzp xaky ,dl` mieez la` .o`kn zizzikd ze`zayde
xiaq .mxewn my `ly i`ceE ,dileceta zipeviwd ze`zayl miicegii mpi` 843,mixg`
lkle ,miip`n'zerd difkxnn zizxzgnd ze`zayd zvtd mr oiletl eàeiy gipdl èt`
mcwl zlekid z` zeyxetd zeia`lqd zezika dliawnd mzepnzqdl qgiil ozip xzeid
zizzik drtyd ly zexyt`d z` oeayga ìadl s` yi .oilet i`zay lr mzelawzd z`
,icedid dxywda ze`zayd - dileceta zeizzikd zertezd izy lr zi`nvr zinlqen
dlki ef oebk drtyd .cxtpa j` liawna - ixvepd mxywda miqwecezxe`d miyxetde
zexqiwl dgteqy dnvr dilecetn e` ,ip`n'zerd owlad zevx`n dpi`xwe`l xecgl
.119 ,112 ,110 ,108 ,105-98 ,83 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : e`x
,345-340 ,278 ,274-273 'nr ,miqex miyxet ,xaipew ; 95 ,93 'nr ,'xki`d' ,clebcxh : lynl e`x
,120-118 ,99-98 'nr ,dpeyn mr ,cen ; 70 ,46 'nr ,dixehqid ,aepailw ; 368 ,359 ,357 ,349
.85-83 'nr ,zeinxetpewoep ,sewylea ; 131-129
.lirl 807 dxrda zeiptdd e`x ,zeyxetd zeiqwecezxe`d zezika egeexy ,dl` zertez lelkn lr
.b wxt seq lirl lynl e`x
[ 316 ]
839
840
841
842
843
[ 175
ieaik' qwh ly ezvetz lynl driavn jk lr .1699 zpyl 1672 zpy oia zip`n'zerd
zkl myn lblbzde ,iy`hwad i`ygd lèhixa d`xpd lkk exewny ,ihqìbxe`d 'zexpd
ielz izla gxeà crezn ède 844,dipèeià wp`xt awril s` dpnne ,iwipelqa dnpecd
845
.zihqiilkd zkl dwifa mb
ozwfgn oriwtdl zeieyrd zeiecr lk epicia oi`y ,dl`d zelawdd llyn licadl
epi`x `ly ,zexeze miqwh ,mibdpn dnka ebege wp`xt awri micgiizn ,cala zelawdk
z` mi`ven md z`f cbpke ,dizevetze dipt ieaix lr ze`zayd iblt lka mznbeck
aeye aey wp`xt `xew ,lynl ,jk .zeyxetd zeiqexd zezika zewiecnd mdizeliawn
oira mzi`x' : mditc oiay miznd miwegd lk zwignle mipyid mixtqd lk leqigl
miwegde mixtqd lky mzpad `l dkiè .miwizrd mixtqd z` xeknl mkl izieeivy
xnelk ,min ila div ux` l` èal uegpy ,mkl reci z`f mb' : oke 846; 'qxg ilkk exayii
ixtq lka jxev llk epl oi`' : aeye 848,'dpzgyiz olek zexezd lk' : cere 847; 'dxez ila
xiip oebk ,wegn lkd dpde inelga izi`xy ,onfn mkl izxn` `l ike' : oke 849,'dlawd
dxf ef dìxw 850.'wegn zeidl lkd jixv ok ,eic eilr miktey jk xgè eilr miazeky
`l ixdy ,wp`xt awri ly zi`zayd ezxeqnl s` `l` zicedid ezxeqnl wx `l xzeia
elit` ,daxc` .zecdid ly diwegle dizexezl ,diazkl zi`zayd drepzd dqgiizd jk
,zeipyxt zeegn llk jxca eid xzeia zerextd zeinep`d e` zeinepihp`d dizeegn
laewnk ,epber oiicr j` ,dkldl micbepn mpn` eidy ,miaezk iyexit lr eqqazp xnelk
,dycg dxez ly dnecwd dqitza elzp xzeid lkle ,azkay idel`d ieliba ,zexec dfn
setk eppi`y mler mzrca mi`zayd elrd m` wtq ik m` ,mixzide mixeqi` zlehp
,mday miipeviwd elit` ,mi`zayd .didzy lkk dketd ,idylk dxez ly dpehlyl
zextqd jk lr cirze ,mnvr miycewnd miazkl zizxeqnd dwifd z` ewzip `l mlern
,mihqiilkd zk ly dcqiin lr ,dpde .myxcn izan d`viy dtprd zipyxtde zipyxcd
xteqn - ecaln xg` oiè ezenybzda l`d èdy envr lr fixkdy in - aetilit elipc
lk z` zlhan opiipna diipyde ,elyn zeycg zeevn dxyr mizy eipin`nl ozpy
zerya eipin`n ly zeiphpetqd mdizeie`hazd uaew .el encwy miazkde zexezd
miielibk qtzpe ,(dpeid xtq) 'dpiaelew dbipw' dpkzpy ,miihhqw`d miièapd mditwzd
.204 dxrd lirl e`x
.91-90 'nr ,zeinxetpewoep ,sewylea ; 353 'nr ,miqex miyxet ,xaipew : lynl e`x
dxecdnd it lr izpwize ,'meyd ztilwk' : xn`p mely dipt ly dnebxza .421 sirq ,oec`d ixac
.jak garncarska skor upa : zqxebd zipletd
.454 sirq ,my
.803 sirq ,my
.1088 sirq ,my
.daxd cere ,798 sirq ,my
[ 317 ]
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
176 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
.zeznd zezin`d - dpyide dycgd zixad z` silgdl à ,'dig'd ycewd gex ly miycg
mixtqd lk z` aetilit elipc sq` diiqpkd ly ycewd iazk z` eziigc zygnd myl
dpnzqd zixeaegecd zkd ibidpn oia mb 851.dbleed xdpl mze` jilyde ,eci byida eidy
852
.'mizn'k mipyid mixtqd z` riwedle ycewd iazk ly mzeknq z` zegcl dnbnd
zeiqexd zezikd on dnka dhewp dziidy zipeviw dcnr oia ef driztn dwify dnec
zeiecr epicia yi dl` zezik mr eirbn lry ,wp`xt ly zicegiid ezcnr oial zeyxetd
.drtyd da ze`xl ozipe cala dlawdd xcbn zbxeg ,zeyxetn
,cg`k i`zayd exywdae icedid exywda xzeia bixg ède ,wp`xt dyry sqep dyrn
xyr mipy ly miepin èd ,zeyxetd zezikd axwa xzeia daexw dliawn el yi la`
'migily' epkzpe 853,dipèeià cer df ciwtzl exgapy ,eiaxewnn 'mig`'d md ,'migily'
xyr mipye ixvepd eyi mr wp`xt ly zyxetnde zrcend ezedcfd jezn (milehqet`)
xy`k zeyrl izrca did dn mkl dlb` eiykr' : dycgd zixad zxeqn it lr eigily
eid mkizeny .mig`l mkz` izcnrdy e`x mlek .dyxeel aealn dpey`xd mrta izà
.rahd xcbl uegn xy` miyrna izlgzdy mzi`x 854.mrt eidy migilyd zenyk
xird zeaegxa izrqp jke ,ipyd iptl cg` ,zlgfnd iptl miqeq dyely mezxl izieeiv
mig`de ,eyi èd ip` ,ip` : izipr ? dyer dz` dn : ize` el`y .mireyd cg`k zizeklnd
.ze`zayd zecleza micwz dl oi` eigilye eyi mr ef oebk zedcfd 855.'migilyd md ily
irexi` lr opew ly egeeic it lr .eyi itlk icnl iaeig qgi ezrya dlib iav izay mpn`
zqpkd ziaa zaya qpkzdy xeaivd ipta `xw iav izay ,xinfià e"kz zpy
xtqna eqipkdl dqp` cer ip` ? dk ea mzllrzd ik ixvepd eyi dyr dn' : ifbehxetd
,dixehqid ,aepailw ; 99-98 'nr ,dpeyn mr ,cen ; 358 ,351 'nr ,miqex miyxet ,xaipew : e`x
.84-83 'nr ,zeinxetpewoep ,sewylea ; 152 ,49 'nr
.118 'nr ,my ,cen : e`x
.475 dxrd lirl e`x
zenyd ,okè .miycg zenya miepike 'mig`'d xyr mipy zxiga lr zgeecn zipletd 'dwipexk'd
zpy ileia 6 meia' : eyi ly migilyd zenyn dnke dnk millek axr ezeà wp`xt mdl wiprdy
deeiv ele ,dyn iax : el mig`l dl` miyp` xyr mipya oec`d xga axr zeptl [1759 l"v] 1758
laiw ède ,iwvipiinqih awri ; xheit myd z` laiw èd [s`]e ,iwqaeaewri ; xheit mya èxwl
laiw iwqaep`niy awri ; iinelezxà myd z` laiw ède ,iwqaekyxiieef ; lecbd awri myd z`
; y`wel myd z` laiw df[e] ,iwqaelee wqivp`xt : mde ,miipy ecnr rvnà ; ohwd awri myd z`
.(43 sirq 52-50 'nr ,dwipexkd) 'eke 'yeìzn mya `xwp df[e] [ycew exkf] w"f iwqayeh`n ecile
it lr ,mely dipt ly dnebxza xqga dweld ,ixard gqepd z` iznlyd .1291 sirq ,oec`d ixac
Jacub : oke ,475 dxrd lirl mb e`xe .1290 sirqd ly extqn mye ,zipletd dxecdnd
J. Doktor,
Frank: A Jewish Heresiarch and His Messianic Doctrine, Acta Poloniae Historica, 76
(1997), pp. 54-56
[ 318 ]
851
852
853
854
855
[ 177
- iav izayl - giyn ly eztilw - eyi oia znieqn dwif raw s` izfrd ozpe 856,'miìapd
mipye i`zayd giynd ly dxiyid zedcfdl cr wgxnd ax o`kn la` 857.igiynd ixtd
zxdvd s` mpn` 858.wp`xt jxc lr ,eigily xyr mipye ixvepd eyi mr 'eig`' xyr
ziplflfd dprha wp`xt dbiiqn mixacd jynda : zipxzg dxdvdk dlbzn ef zedcfd
micedi ici lr bxdp dn iptn ik' ,izn`d l`dgiynd zeidl did leki `l ixehqidd eyiy
,xnelk ,izn`d 'eyi' èd èd wp`xt awriy ìd jkn zywaznd dpwqnd j` ? 'edenk
: rexfd gek ipta mipiqg eigily xyr mipy sè ,dbixdl ozip eppi`y l`dgiynd èd
zeqitzl oi` ,xen`k 859.'mkilr xabzdl mgeka did `l dyxeea xy` miliigd lk'
xzeia zeaexw zeliawn mdl yi la` ,zizzikd ze`zaya rxe g` dl` miyrnle
d`nl oexg`d raxa zixeaegecd zkd ibidpnn cg` : zeihnfikqd zeizzikd zexbqna
- wp`xt ly exec oa didy ,(Hilarion Pobirokhin) oikexiaet oeixlid - dxyr dpenyd
,àe ynynnd oicd meia oeilr htey ynyl cnerd midel`d oa èdy envr lr fixkd
ilee`q s` eyr ok .eyi ly eigily zpekzna migilymicinlz xyr mipy el dpine
[Sabellius] Kapoustin) oihqetw
mb .eixg` miàd eiyxeie ,enewn `lnn ,(Savely
,aetilit elipc ly enewn `lnne ipgexd eyxei - (Suslov) aelqeq 'uiaiiqenih oèei`
z`lna zedel` zbxcnl dlrzd ,eyi ly ycgd eleblbk fxked - zihqiilkd zkd cqiin
zxeqn it lr .eizexez z` evitdy migily xyr mipy el dpine ,dpy zgè miyely el
.56 'nr ,èey zeitiv ,opew
.745 dxrd lirl e`x
uiwa ,dfra miepina migilyd xyr mipye eyil iav izay ienicl fnexn micwz ze`xl ile` ozip
my ,milyexil eziilr z`xwl eziieel ipa ynyl giynd el xgay minkgd xyr mipy ly ,d"kz
xyt`y okzii ok enk .(195-194 ,` ,iav izay ,mely) ziad xd xz` lr oaxw aixwdl ezrca did
mcxhqn`) 'meie mei lkl dìxwd oewiz' ly xryd sc len qtcpy zyegpd gezit z` mb jk yxtl
: e`x ,ezpenz) dpy dzeà zeax zexecdna evtede ,izfrd ozp jxry daeyzd ipewizn - (e"kz
ogley l` zeaiqn zeienc dxyr yely ze`xp dpenzd ly oezgzd dwlga .(434 'nr len ,a ,my
- xètne lecb `qik lr daeyi ,x`yd on dlecb ezenc - giynd iav izay d`xpd lkk ode ,lebr
xyr mipy z` ,(435 'nr ,my) mely ly eyexit it lr ,mibviin mde ,eicinlz xyr mipya swend
[546 'nr len] dpenz dze` zxzeka ,Sabbatai Sevi
,extq ly zilbp`d dxecdna) .l`xyi ihay
.
xtqn ixdy ,yeaiy o`k lg i`ceea .mihayd zxyr ibivp md ogleyd l` miaiqndy dn meyn xn`p
on `l (.oekpd yexitd eae ,526 'nr mb e`xe .dxyr zg` `le dxyr yely xexiaa èd zeiencd
zxeqnd on s` dz`xyd z` zaèy eicinlz xyr mipya swend giynd zpenzy èd rpnpd
md s` mifnxnd ,eigily xyr mipye eyi lr ,xzeia miaexn miitxbepewi`d diiehiay ,zixvepd
`k opgei oefg : lynl e`x) mdil` zyxetn dwifa micner mde ,l`xyi ihay xyr mipy lr mxtqna
eziieel ipa minkgd xyr mipya eìap ozp z` e` giynd z` zekxekd zetqep zereny lr .(15-12
,610 ,600 ,529 'nr ,a ; 2 dxrd ,181 'nr ,` ,my ,mely : e`x ,mihayd xyr mipy z` milnqnd
.49 dxrd ,218 'nr ,zilbp`d dxecdna sqepd xnegde ,709
[ 319 ]
856
857
858
859
178 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
mwe 'e meia dailva aelqeq zned ziqwecezxe`d diiqpkd iy`xe x`vd zeevna ,zkd
eyin elit` zeyrl licbd ,xnelk ,mikex`d eiig jldna miinrt zegtl '` meia diigzl
860
.ixehqidd
bidpdy ddenzd zilèhixd ditxbeìxekde ,lbrna zkyennd dcinrd iqwh s`
,mipeyn miqwh - mixabl miypd oia zixhniq dlawde dcxtd jez ebega wp`xt
i`ygd 'zexpd ieaik' qwh gexa dnif iqwh d`xpd lkk mpi`y ,'uega diqdxta' mikxrpd
à oec`d ixac xtqa sè 861,zipletd 'dwipexk'a exnzyp mdixeìze ,lirl xkfpy
zeaexw zeliawn mdl yi la` ,epl drecid zi`zayd zxeqna mznbeck oi` - 862mxkf
xpeiqind - ilbp` siwyn xìz ,lynl ,jk .zeyxetd zeiqexd zezikd ibdpna
cgà exewiaa dtv eay ixeaegec qwh - (Stephen Grellet) hlxb oaihq ixwiieewd
eqpkzde mdizan e`vi xtkd iayez lk : dxyr ryzd d`nd ziy`xa zkd ly dixtkn
miypd ,mbidpn d`xpd lkk didy owf mc` aiaq lbrna ecnrp my .dlecb dagx lr
etxhvd miypde ,xenfna dgvte dpwf dyi` daviizd owfd cvl .el`nyn mixabde epinin
.dciw el xifgd owfde ,owfd iptl dwenr dciw cwe mixabd cg` ybip onf xg`l .dzxiyl
.dciw mdl exifgd miypd sè ,miypd lkl cgi ecwe mdipy ept fè ,minrt yely eyr jk
cwe aey dpt jk xgè ,el deezyde xfg eziieel oae ,lbrnd fkxna enewnl ay owfd
; lbrnd fkxnay owfl ewype df xg` dfa mixabd lk eybip f` .mixabl odixgè ,miypl
eybip miypd eniiqyk ; dxeza zg` lk ,od s` el ewype miypd eybip mixabd eniiqyk
xg` efa el ewyp od sè zexrpd eybip md eniiqyke ,df xg` dfa owfl ewype mixrpd
wtq oi` la` ,wp`xt ly mipeynd eiqwh ihxt z` mitteg qwhd ihxt lk `l mpn` 863.ef
elki ,eizerqna dtv i`ceel aexw mday ,dl` oebk miqwh .steg mze` dgpnd oexwirdy
bidpdy miqwhd ly myecigl ìadle 864 ,wp`xt ly zeihqilèhixd eizeihp z` zextdl
.exvga
zeleabn wp`xt bxg ,exvga mipind ipy oia miqgile ,dyi`d cnrnl dwifa mb
,xzeia mixfd eiyecigy dxrydl miilbx yie ,dizevetz lka zi`zayd zxeqnd
eycgzp ,zeyxetd zeiqexd zezika milaewn eidy mibdpl dax daxw miaexwd
`lnd oteziy ,izzikd oebx`d zexbqna mixabde miypd cnrn zèeyd mpn` .oz`xyda
mitxhvnd zkipga e`liny ifkxnd ciwtzd ,eiqwhae miipgexd eiiga miypd ly
mr ,cen ; 84-83 'nr ,zeinxetpewoep ,sewylea ; 359 ,273 'nr ,miqex miyxet ,xaipew : e`x
.131 ,118 ,99-98 'nr ,dpeyn
.459 ,456 mitirq ,oec`d ixac e`x
.143 'nr ,dpeyn mr ,cen : e`x
[ 320 ]
860
861
862
863
864
[ 179
zetzeynd zepekzd on md ,xen`k ,dl` lk - ozèapa d`lnd dxkdde ,eizexeyl

mewn èt` oi` dl` zepekz iabl 865.dziy`xn ze`zayle zeyxetd zeiqexd zezikl
eiyecign cg` la` .zipevig zizzik drtyd wp`xt lr dlrty gipdl jxev oiè
zegtl - lihdy xeqi`d èd - cgi mb i`zayde icedid xywda xf rhp - xzeia midenzd
mipniq yi ,lirl orhpy itk ,mpn` 866.oièyipd lr - okl mcew cer ileè ,jàpteà
zipin zexwtd mr zeiptbq zenbn cinzne f`n da ealzydy ,zi`zayd drepzdy jkl
- minieqn zeleaba mb m` - dxikdy ,zizxeqnd zixcbnd dvignd z` dvxt ,zilèhix
ozeyixt jxr z` leke lekn dlly j` ,oeilr izcixqen jxrk zixabd zipind zeyixta
lr migeeicde ,'zeweex' zei`zay zeìap lr zeiecrd ixay la` 867.miypd ly zipind
zipind zeyixtd z`xed lr xwire llk micnln mpi` ,zelezae zexrp ly ozeàpzd
raw jxc dbedp dziid `l zeyixtdy i`cee ,mi`zayd ibega ilqxaipe` oexwirk miypl
zei`zayd zexbqna etweza llk jxca x`yp oièyipd cqen .elek i`zayd xeaiva
dzpwdy ìd cqend ly ezetwz
`weecy ,zeipin zexara
rcena uxtp ik m` ,zeizzikd
zc - zilezwd zcd elit` .mi`zayd ly mztwyd it lr ,zizcd ozernyn z` odl
zixabde ziypd zexifpd cqenl ceak ly mewn xeny day - eipin`ne wp`xt ly mzxnd
ziyep`llk zxbqnk oièyipa dxikd ixdy ,df oeeika d`xyd wtql dlki `l ,cg`k
mixabd oia dxengd dcxtdd s` lr ,jàpteà wp`xt ly exvgy xexa sè ,dievx
cqen lehia ,z`f cbpk .ixifp miig gxe` miiwl dt`y `le dniiw `l ,dzxbqna miypl
diiqpkd on yxetd ilwicxd bltd ly xzeia miwdaend eipiit`nn cg` èd oièyipd
aex .ohyd zgilyk dxenkd z` dgcy ,'ivaetetfiia' dpeknd bltd - ziqwecezxe`d
,zixeaegecd ,zivtewqd ,zihqiilkd - df bltn zelylzynd zeyxetd zezikd
ly eizeiexfl miixyt` d`xyd zexewnk lirl exkfpy zezikd x`ye zivaetilitd
: dxenkd on ozewzpzd ly dxiyi d`vezk xeng xeqià oièyipd lr exq` - wp`xt
.oièyipd mllkae ,miixvepd mihpnxwqd lk z` miiwl xyt` did `l mixnk xcrda
zynynnd minid zixg`l zeitivde ,iziiqpkd belitl deelzpy ihtilwet`d gznd
zipind zeyixtd zaeg zlhde oièyipd xeqi` ly ipeviwd oexztl dligz eliaed ,dàe
ly ziteqd ezqadl cr dxzepy dxvwd dtewzk qtzpy dn jynl ,lekd lr
cenrl zezikd egilvd `l ,dtewzd dkx`zdy lkk ,mipyd jldna j` .hqixkihp`d
'nr ,d wxt ,miqex miyxet ,xaipew : lynl e`x ,dl` zezika miypd cnrn lr ef gexa oeicl 865
; 243-242 ,240-239 ,154-153 ,144-143 ,73 ,49 'nr ,zizzikd diqex ,ipw`v ; 213-189
miwxta lirl oeicd lk e`x ,zi`zayd zxeqna miypd cnrnl xy` .94-93 'nr ,'xki`d' ,clebcxh
.(249-143 'nr) e-`
.oaiaqe 90-89 zexrd lirl e`x 866
[ 321 ]
180 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
zeyixt ,oièyipd zxbqnl uegn zipin zeibef : mixg` zepexzt odl e`vnpe ,ef dxnega
oièyipd xcrda oind iig ziira ,mewn lkn .dnecke dyext zeibef ,oir zi`xnl zipin
dpenyd d`nd lk jldna ea ehalzd onvr zezikdy ,zwelgna iepy `yepl dktd
zezgyen zexbqn oda e`xy ,zepehlyde diiqpkd icia epiba etcxpe ,dxyr
lr xeqi`d zlhda mb ,ez`xyd z` wp`xt a`y o`kny èd rpnpd on `l 868.zexwtene
,dyrnl .eipin`n axwa 'zeig`'de 'mig`'d oia miipind mirbnd zbdpda mbe oièyipd
,lynl ,mixeaegecd : zizzik d`xyda xegal did ieyr 'zeig`'e 'mig`' miiepika elit`
zizgtynd dikxxiidd z` oeekna eyhyhe ,zkd ixag lk ly mcnrn oeieeya elbcy
mix`za yeniyd z` exq` ,mdiclil mixede mdizeypl milra iqgia llk jxca zxxeyd
869
.befd ipa oia 'zeg`'e 'g`' miiepikd z` mnewna ebidpde ,'dyi`'e 'lra'
zedel`d zcin - zlèbd 'dnlr'd zxez èd wp`xt ly xzeia xfde lecbd eyecig
zal ,ezen ixg` z`y xziae ,zepexg`d eizepya dktdy ,dee` ezaa znybznd ziypd
zeceqi lr riavdl xen`k ozip mpn` 870.exvga ogletd cwene zidel`zigiynd ebef
zqitz dà wp`xtl dncwy zi`zayd zxeqna sè ,ef dxez ly minieqn miilaw
,`ln gezitl dzkf wp`xt ly ezpyna wx la` ,dn iehia icil zigiynd zeibefd
wp`xt .i`zay micwz lk mdl oi`y miianet mildpae xetq oi`l miyxetn migeqipa
dxegyd dpecnd oweic ly ilezwd ogleta zlèbd 'dnlr'd zxez z` xen`k jxk envr
eizeybcd la` .llka zixvepd zxeqna eyi m` dixn ogletae ,hxta daegehqp'va
zxzzqnd 'dnlr'd ly ,ygenae dfd mlera ,ziynnd dzelbzd lr zepype zexfegd
ixcbn wtq `ll mibxeg ,ef zidel` zenybzd mr ,mce xya eza ,dee` ly diedife ,oweica
mdy drya da ,eyi m` dixn ly - iqwecezxe`d sè ilezwd - inyxd ixvepd ogletd
dpnzqp dl` zezika .zeyxetd zeiqexd zezikl dwif ly zexyt`d lr miriavn
za ,eyi ly dycgd ezenlbzdk qtzpd ,ipgexd bidpnd cvl aivdl dnbnd oziy`xn
,'zeyext'd zezika zexwtdd iig lr zerenyde ,df `yepa zehalzdd ,oièyipd cqen ziigc lr 868
,my) 358 ,351 'nr oke ,219-189 'nr ,'oièyipd zl`y'- d wxt ,miqex miyxet ,xaipew : e`x
mizy oiipna ziyiyd deevnk oièyipd lr xeqi`d ,xaipew ly zilbp`l enebxza ,riten ,363 'nra
Marry not. He : eipin`nl ,mihqiilkd zk cqiin ,aetilit elipc ozpy zeycgd zeevnd dxyr
that is married shall live with his wife as with his sister, as is declared in the old
,(my) 'xki`d' ,clebcxh ; (scriptures. Let the unwedded wed not, the wedded separate
,87 'nr (dcqiin my lr diexwd) ivaiiqectd zk lr ,87-86 'nr ('mitegd ipkey') ivxenetd zk lr
,78-77 'nr ,zeinxetpewoep ,sewylea ; 94 'nr ,mihqiilkd zk lr ,88 'nr ,ivaetilitd zk lr
,101-98 'nr ,dpeyn mr ,cen ; 240-239 'nr ,zizzikd diqex ,ipw`v ; 94-92 ,88-87 ,84-83
.126-125
.133 'nr ,my ,cen ; 143 'nr ,my ,ipw`v : e`x 869
.g wxt lirl e`x 870
[ 322 ]
[ 181
dpekne ,eyi m` dixn ly dycgd dzenlbzdk zqtzp ìde ,ezy` llk jxca dppi`y ,bef
,maeyii zenewn lka mii`nvr mi`za mipbxe`n eidy ,mihqiilkd axwa .'midel`d m`'
eqtzp mdipye ,ely 'midel`d m`' ecvle ig 'eyi' {'dpitq' dpeknd) `z lk y`xa cnr
on dlylzydy ,zivtewqd zkd ibidpn mb 871.idel`d zeknqd xewne ycewd gex ilrak
zedel`d ly zibef zelbzdk mlek eqtzp ,dpebx` iqetca dl dznce zihqiilkd zkd
cg` z` x`zn xaipew ik m` ,ecvl 'midel`d m`'e igd 'eyi' - znybznd zigiynd
miwlegnd ,mixag sl`k dpn 1770 zpyay ,dawqenl mexcn dleh fegna ,mdifkxnn
Akulina) daepèei` dpilew` dpwfd - zg` 'midel` m`' olek y`xae ,'zepitq' dnkl
z` dbidpde ,dlyn ig 'eyi' dl `vnp `l dtewz dzeày ,([Aquilina] Ivanova
dxeag lr dylge ,miièapd dixeyika drcep ìd .dnvr zegeka dnx cia dipin`n
'midel` m`' ly dzxiga qwh z` x`zn ipw`v 872.zkd ipan zeìape miìap ly dnly
ekfe dèapd geka epgipy ,(zeqxeqnde cyd zezexk) zeivtewqd zelezad oian dycg
sweza 'minyd zkln'e 'midel`d m`' dpekn ìd dciwtzl dzpnzpyn .dvxrdle ceakl
,aexl zepzn zkd ipa dilr mitirxn dry dze`n .eyi m` ,dyecwd dlezad mr diedif
ly dpglet xeìz mr ahid zayiizn ef dpenz 873.zepn`pae drpkda dze` mizxyne
gipdl xiaqe 874,ezecr it lr wp`xt xwia eay ivaetilitd xtka 'zlyen'd dyi`d
ezniyn zcwtdl mb .miaexnd eizerqna zg` `l da lwzpe ,ahid drtezd z` xikdy
dzleki ahink ezen xg`l dciwtz lera d`ypy ,dee` eza icia `weec zigiynd
zka .el zxkend zizzikd zeìvnd on ez`xyd z` ae`yl wp`xt did ieyr ,zlabend
a`n wx `l ,znybznd zidel`d dzpekzna ,dyexia dbdpdd dxar ,lynl ,zixeaegecd
s` 875.drtyde gek zeax zebidpn zeyxeid zepad oia eide ,ezal a`n s` `l` epal
dziid dieyr 876,mdi`hg lr dipta miceezn mipin`ndy ,xvgd zhteyl dee` ly diepin
ebdp ,lynl ,mihqiilkd ly 'mdizepitq' lka : zyxetd zizzikd zxeqnd on a`yidl
877
.ebef za 'midel`d m`' e` mbidpn 'eyi' iptl mdi`hg lr zeceezdl mipin`nd
eirbn lre ,ezaiaqa zezikd ieaixl wp`xt ly ezercen lr epiciay zei`xd xe`l
myky zexyt`d z` lhal oi` ,odn zg` mr zegtl znieqn dtewz jxe`l mixiyid
,sewylea ; 93 'nr ,'xki`d' ,clebcxh ; 359 ,357 ,349 ,345-344 ,341 'nr ,miyxet ,xaipew : e`x
.99-98 'nr ,dpeyn mr ,cen ; 73 'nr ,zizzikd diqex ,ipw`v ; 84 'nr ,zeinxetpewoep
'nr ,my e`x .mbidpdl miidel` bef ipa mivtewql e`vnp aey miàd zexeca .363 'nr ,my ,xaipew
.368 ,366
.84-83 'nr ,zizzikd diqex ,ipw`v : e`x
.150 'nr ,dpeyn mr ,cen ; 90 'nr ,'xki`d' ,clebcxh : e`x
.356 'nr ,miyxet ,xaipew : e`x
[ 323 ]
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
182 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
a`yy myke 878,mixnend iwipelq i`zay jeeiza miinlqenmiizzik mibdpn hlwy

zepen` mb ezxeza aliy ok 879,daegehqp'va dxegyd dpecnd ogletn zilezw d`xyd
z` oiit`nd mfihxwpiqd ixdy .rbna à onry zeia`lqd zezika mxewny mibdpne
zgz zezcde zepen`d lk befinl ezìxwe ,wp`xt zxeza eìyl ribn llkk ze`zayd
cr olek zqixdl dxizgd rahn ly ipyd ecv `l` dppi` 880zilezwd diiqpkd deeqn
881
.ekxc it lr ceqid
mekiq .i
xkidd ieezn cg` did miypd zle`b oefgy lilra xkip lirl exwqpy zeiecrd lelknn
zenbn izy eziy`xn evvexzd df oefga .dneiw zepy lk jxe`l ze`zayd ly miwdaend
xeaivk oze` zpnfne mixabl miypd z` dliawnd ,zipeieeyd dnbnd ìd zg`d .zecbepn
dcxtdd lr dcitwda zipxny ef dnbn .izcd ogleta lirt wlg lehil envr ipta
miypd zcxtd : ineiwd mcnrn z` dzeeyda zipktdn ìd j` ,mipind ipy oia zizxeqnd
èlnl zeylete sebde xnegd ixcbn zevlgp od ; ipgexd ogek z` dnivrn mixabd on
miypd zìxw oebk zenfeil cran ztwzyn zipeieeyd dnbnd .zizcd dlertd agxn
,ezxzkdl jenq iav izay miiwy mixable miypl micxtpd j` midfd miqwhd ,dxezl
eizeyxc ,mipin`nd zeyp axwa ezy` dxy ly zi`nvrd zigiynd dzlert lr mifnxd
,cxtpa miypl xdefd z`xed ,'miyp ly zqpkd ziaa' eyxcpy ciqgd dcedi 'x ly
xryl ozip .mdipia zixhniq dlawd zxivi ab` wp`xt awri xvga mipind zcxtde
zewicvd miypd z` mgzy ,xdefd xtqa 'ocr ob xcq' oebk zexeqnn dpefip ef dnbny
dyibd z` (! mik`lnd lr elitè) mixkfd miwicvd lr swez lka xqè ,odizevigna
.dlitzde ipeird cenild ixry z` dgeexl odipta gzt j` ,odil`
,mb ,dkldde zxeqnd ler zwixtl zxzegd ,zipihxaild dnbnd ìd diipyd dnbnd
qiqa lr mipind ipy oia miqgid z` zppekn ef dnbn .zeyi`d iqgi megza ,xwira ileè
.204 dxrd lirl e`x
.g wxt lirl e`x
; (130 sirq ,oec`d ixac) 'zezcd lk zè miwegd lk z` lhal icka wx oiletl izà' : lynl e`x
lk zwixt ici lr ? dna ,epipec` z` cakl epilr mb jk .mixg` midl` lv` ,eipec` z` caik awri'
zecdid] dipye dpey`x dze` elit` ,eiykr cr xy` zezcd lk' ; (219 sirq) ' 'eke zc lke weg
,dzenz oa ur ly mitpr wx od ik ,rcbidl jixv lkd od ,uelg zepa mkl eid xy` [m`lq`de
,ilaa] "zepinl zekln jtdzz cr" : mklv` aezky edfe ,miyaiizn md mitprd z` mixnefyke
[zeieklnd lk] olek xnelk ,[ipletd xewna wizrza epeylk àen .`"r fv oixcdpq ; a"r hn dheq
.daxd cere ,(708 sirq) 'ercbi
[ 324 ]
878
879
880
881
[ 183
dzqipke zeevnd lehia ,rxd xvid zbixd lr zeiyxcn zexeqnn dpefip ìd .ycg
dxezn xarna zepcd zeilawd zexeqnd on oke ,èal cizrl dycg dxez ly dtwezl
dnbnd .miigd ur zxez - zeliv`c dxezl ,rxe aeh zrcd ur mr ddefnd ,dìxac
ekxc z` epiit`y ,zeixr ixcb zvixt lr mifnxnd miyrn zxeya z`hazn zipihxaild
,mipin`n zeyp mre eizeyexb mr ezecgiizd : dziy`xn hrnk iav izay ly zigiynd
j` minezq mikxvl eicia ecwtedy zeleza lr zerenyd ,oic it lr el zexeq` oleky
,zeixr ixeqi` zxtdl mi`xewd mixn`n likdy 'mezgd qikd' zyxt ,deexra miceyg
dxezl mzetitk z` yigndl ehp ekxc ikiynne iav izay ly eiyxei s` .dlà `veike
.zeixr ixeqi` zxtda lekl lrn zeliv`c
izy zeynyn ,opew ly ezecra dxnzypy itk ,miypl iav izay ly dxiyid eziipta
,odilral ocearyn oxxgyl ,odixeqiin miypd z` le`bl gihan èd : diaeaxra zenbnd
ezxdvdn j` .cala zipeieeyd dxeyad zrnzyn o`kn .mxye`l oxye` z` zeeydle
xexiaa zrnzyn ,'oey`xd mc` ly e`hg z` lha ornl' ày ,mixacd jynda cin
,mixzidde mixeqi`d zxez ,zrcd ur zxez lehial ìd dpeekd : zipihxaild dxeyad
dwifae ,ynn jk .epewiz mr dzwfgn drwtede ,mc` `hg ly eihra dtwezl dqpkpy
'x ,ze`zayd ly rayend daie` ilawd fnxd z` yxtn ,zeixr ixeqi` lehial dxiyi
,eixacl ,ìd iav izay zelbzd mr owez oey`xd mc` ly e`hgy dpen`d .fib`g dyn
z` miycwn sè mixiykn md ozervnà ; epnf i`zay oia zegeex zeqitz izyn zg`
`l aheny 'drx dpen`'e 'miryxd ztveg' `xew èd dl` zecnrl .ipind dxard
dyrn
owzp xak mdly lèbnd u"yd zìaay xg`n' : 'xie`d z` ytrl `ly ick' oda jix`dl
z` xizdl d`vi ez`n dycg dxez ,zleqtd jezn lke`d xxape ,dege oey`xd mc` oer
lkde ,dkxal dllwd dzide ,zaexrz cer o`k oi` `dc xeqi` zaexrz ipin lke zeixrd
882
.'dcerql owezn
dàyn ,ef dktdne ,zi`zayd ziypd dktdnd ly dzkirc ceq oenh o`ky dnec
zrtez ixdy .dziy`xa dqpxtzd dpnn ziypd dèapd zxeqnl s` uw dny ,dvwl
,oi`n yi yecig zpigaa dziid `l iav izay ly ezeigiynl dwifa zeàpznd miypd
lkk milylzyn drtezd ly diyxey .cala zixkpd daiaqd zrtydn drap `l sè
zeaxern z` dxiabdy ,yexibl mipey`xd zexeca zixai`d ziqep`d dieedd on d`xpd
zeìap ly lhean `l xtqn odizexeyn dniwd sè ,i`ygd icedid ogleta miypd
dl` miyp ly zièapd ozelirt oia znieqn zetivx dziidy gipdl xiaq .zeigiyn
jldna dwfg zixai` drtydl etygpy ,hpeelde l`xyi ux` zelidwa dliawnd drtezl
zeitivd sgca daeyzl zetihne zeàpzn ,zefeg miyp elrt odae ,dxyr yyd d`nd
.349 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely lv` àen ,c"rz oecpel ,miryet xay ,fib`g dyn 882
[ 325 ]
184 ]
hxal`hxettx dcr
zelirty dcaerd mvrn cenll ozip drtezd ly dzetivx lr .zewgecd zeigiynd

drtezk l`hie miig 'x ly ezrc lr dlawzd - ziaiqphpiè zianet zelirt - miypd
,miàpznd mixabd ly dliawnd mzelirt oial dpia lcad oi`y ,zilkza zirah
uxzl jxev lk dèx èd oi` : df oiipra ezwizyn dler zegtl jk .envr èd mllkae
zeìap oze`y wiqdl ozip o`kn .dzepin` z` biiql e` ezaiaqa miypd zèap z`
,dxyr rayd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna giynd zelbzdl odipenda eprpy ,zei`zay
miypd mr cg` svxa zecner ,dwfg ziqep` drtyda dieex daiaqa od s` elrte
zelidwa dxyr rayd d`nd ziy`xae dxyr yyd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna zeàpznd
zealzyn ellde ,l`hie miig 'xl zepeifgd xtqa exèzy itk ,wynce milyexi ,ztv
yyd d`nd dptna dixai` iqep` zelidwa ,xen`k ,eziy`xy ziypd dèapd svxa
zrepzk dziy`xn lgd ,ze`zayd ly dneiw ztewz lk jyna xted `l df svx 883.dxyr
mda s`y ,dxyr ryzd d`nd ziy`xa mipeepznd miizzikd dileblba dlke mipend
ze`xl oi`y dnec .zipgletd zelirta `lne ifkxn wlg elhpe àpzdl miypd etiqed
,dpy ze`n yelyn dlrnl jxe`l mipey mixywda dniiwzdy zxeqn `l` df svxa
oirk zxeqnn zetvl did ozip .dzvetz zefegn lka zi`zayd drepza dìyl dribde
difkxnn dnk mpn` .ìd `le .dcizr z` gihadl ick jxevd ic miwenr miyxey dkzy ef
ryzd d`nd jldna divtiqpnè oelig ,dlkyd ikildz exar drepzd ly miiaxrnd
dpen`d xaynle zcd iig zexbqn zexxetzdl xac ly eteqa enxby mikildz - dxyr
dxez ,dnvrl ìdyk zilawd dxezd on zxaebd drizxd s` dzeelzp jkl .zizxeqnd
mr midefnd zihqilpeivxd daiygd iqetc mr dayiizd `le ,zi`zayd dxitka dkxkpy
- cg`k zixabde ziypd - zihqind zeigiynd dziid dl` mi`pza .mikildz mze`
.dilkl zcren
,zizzikd ze`zayd dkrc mday mixef` mzeàe dtewz dzeà ,dtexi` gxfna la`
ly zilawd dzyxenl dtzey dziidy drepz - mipend zrepzl ziciqgd drepzd dktd
aiaq dlek zaaeqd ,ziciqgd dxezd .dzbdpd iqetcn dnk dl dlbiq sè ,ze`zayd
'y`x'd ly ezwif zeaiyg z` yxetna dyibcd ,eipin`n xeaive ihnfixkd bidpnd iqgi
ly izxeqnd onegz - ivx`d ,inybd mlera dz`x xnelk ,ipendd 'seb'l ipgexd
dwtiq jka .idel`d rtyd z` dilr jeynl yiy ,zipeige zifkxn dlert zxif - miypd
cnrn zeey zexagk miypd zhilwl xzeia dgep zipeirx zxbqn dxe`kl zeciqgd
mibidpnd zaihgl elit` ogtql dlki zipexwre ,'miipend'd miciqgd - 'seb'd zaihga
ly miizxeqnd dcind ipwa ecn`p `le ,iphpetq gxeà etygp mdixeyiky ,miipgexd
,dtevx ziyp zihqin zelirtk dl` ziyp dèap zertez lelkn zxcbd lr dxekad zekf 883
zcear iwxtn cgà jk lr cnry ,zeig sqeil zkiiy ,dneiwn dnlrzd zicedid ditxbeixehqiddy
.aexwa xe` ze`xl cnerd ,(207-202 'nr ,147 dxrd lirl) ely hxehwecd
[ 326 ]
[ 185
jk ; dizexeyn miypd llk z` zeciqgd dwigxd ok it lr s` .ddeab zipxez dlkyd

d`nd ly oaxegde zeipeligd ixaynl cr - okn xg`l sè ,mipey`xd dizexeca zegtl
zexeqnd it lr ,xekfk : cere z`f .zipgexd dzelirt ileya miypd z` dxized - mixyrd
zcr daiaq fkxl dzqipy dyext dyi` - xinceln dlezad lr dt lray zexge`nd
ziciqgd zebidpnde ,dfr zecbpzd drtezd dxxer ,dnvr zegeka dlyn miciqg
zeipgexd odizeihp itlk zeciqgd ly zililyd dzcnry dnec .d`kcl dftgp 'zinyx'd
ly zipebx`de zipeirxd zkxrna oalyl zelwa did ozipy zeihp ,miyp ly zeihqind
xabd oia zirahd miciwtzd zwelg lr zizxeqnd dtwydd xcbn zbxeg ,drepzd
envr zekfa lirte qiebn iciqg xeaivk miypd ziigcy dxrydl mewn yi .dyi`l
.zizzikd ze`zayd zexbqna 'zeipgex' miyp ly zifkxnd ozelirt xkfn dlylzyp
.mnvrl mdyk miipgexd odixeyik x`ye ièapd ogek zlily lya `weec e`l z`fe
zipin zexwtd - zeixr ixcb zvixt iptn dcxg ly wenr rwyn xi`yd i`zayd oeiqipd
.miiypd gexd zegekl xexc ozn mr drceza dkxkpy
[ 327 ]
mii`zay mixiy ly ycg uaew

oehpt oepi sqei
`
`l okle ,ipxcend ocird cr zeipye zeiceq iig zinlqen daiaqa eig dnpecd zk iyp`
.iniptd mpglet ikxc lr cgeinae ,miizcd mdibdpn lr xac hrnk ipevigd mlerd rci
miebd oial mdipia oiè' ,l`xyi llkn e`viy mixnen mda e`x iwipelqa micedid mdipky
d`nd zligzae dxyr ryzd d`nd idlya wx .aexwn mxikdl eywia `le 2,'yxtd mey
,cg`k zigxfne ziaxrn dlkyd ilra ,miinewn micedi mixweg eligzd mixyrd
.àgida ecxyy mzecdi zevevip z` zelble zkd zrteza oiiprzdl
extqa .mdixezqn dhrn z` seygl egilvdy mixwegd icigi oia did qip`fex dnly
xwia (1915) d"rxzd a` ycegay xtqn èd 'mcwd zevxàe diwxeza micedid zexew'
ci iazke mixtq dnka shga my oiire iwipelqa mi`zayd ly xzqpd mdifpb ziaa
l`xyi zxeqnl mzwif zetivx ly mipniqd cg` .mdibeql mzniyx z` jxre ,mzextqn
,dxyr ryzd d`nd seq cr d`xpk ,ixard azka eynzyd oiicr mdy dcaerd èd
zeidl dtiqedy ,zicxtqd dtyd z` mbe zikxezd dtyd z` ihpet wizrza eazke
: zicxtqd dtya miaezkd dl` z` cegiia xikfn qip`fex cid iazk oia .mdita dxeby
1
miyp` icilr exaegy mrh ibt mixiy llek ,cg` oiprn mixltnqk` mirax`k
mdy ,mipin`nd z` mixikfn mleke ,mixxeynd mr zekiiy lk mdl oi`y ,miheyt
izay gaya - mday micg` : iav izay giynd zìae ,miizn` xzeid micedid
ikxce ,ikxezd ogld t"r mze` xiyl yiy [ogld : l"v] ogd meyx mlekle ,iav
G. Scholem, The Crypto-Jewish Sect of the Donmeh

(Sabbatians) in : e`x dnpecd lr
,my e`x ,ditxbeilaia .Turkey, The Messianic Idea in Judaism, London 1971, pp. 142-166
.355-353 'nr
.c oniq ,e"qwz iwipel`y ,drc dxei ,mind zexà ,i'bp`y 'i
2]
oehpt oepi sqei
eide mzltz ziaa mcreezda mze` mixnfn eid dl`d mixiydy oin`dl dhep
3
.mdiy`xl xrvnl e` mixagd lkl miwlgn
o`fel dfegl m`zda ,oeeil dikxez oia oiqelke` itelig lbxl ipgexd mfkxn lhazd xy`k
exftzd md .mikxezd migxf`d x`y mr iwipelq z` mi`zayd zk ipa eafr ,1923 ilein
xg`n .oihelgl ceai`l dkld zizextqd mzyxeny yyg dide dikxez lk ipt lr
,zikxezd dxaga ixnbl lleazdl ehilgdy ,mipin`nd on micigi zeax `l zeiepncfday
miccea miqxhpewe zexiip mye dt elbzp ,micedid mdipkyl miizcd mdiazk z` exqn
dnk seq`l ,xinfi` ayez i`wipelq likyn ,oehea lìxab cia dlr jk .zkd iazkn
i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd zial okn xg`l mxz mze`y ,mii`zay miqxhpew
ipirl dliby ,i`zayd zelitzd xeciq z` mely myxb 'text mqxt mdit lr .milyexia
4
.mpglet zedn z` dpey`xd mrta mixwegd
mii`zay miazk dnk biydl iavoa wgvi gilvd b"yz lelà xinfià exewia zra
minly miqxhpew ipy dlib x`yd oia .iwipelq i`vei mihiltd ipa icia exnzydy
`ly zei`zay zegayze zexiy ly hewli miliknd ,igxfn iaiqxew ixar azka miaezk
z` mqxtl ixri mdxaè mely myxb zvra hlged dvx` eaey ixg` .f` cr ercep
ly zizcd daygnd iqteh lr mivitn mdy aeygd xe`d lya mèlna miqxhpewd
mbxze wizrd yìh` dyn ,xtql èan azk iavoa wgvi .zixiyd dzxeva mi`zayd
ie`xd on 5.izebdd mpkez z` xìa mely myxbe ,zicxtqd dtya eid maexy ,mixiyd z`
eliè ,oey`xd qxhpewd ixiy z` wx likn 'mi`zayd ly zegayze zexiy xtq'y oiivl
mqxet `l oiicr ,ixar mebxz mr cgi qetcl oked mpn`y ,ipyd qxhpewd ly cid azk
.dtiwn al zneyzl dkf `l f`ne
zè milikn mdy mixiyd aih z` ,cid iazk ipy z` xìz yìh` ,xtql dncwda
hlged (dtye azk xwira) miinipte (dkixke xiip enk) miipevig mipeixhixw itl .mzty
oey`xd qxhpewa .dxyr dpenyd d`nd seq - dtewzd dze`l mikiiy miqxhpewd ipyy
,micenr 178 ea yi .mipey mixiy 239 (` uaew oldl ; iavoa oekn ziixtq ,2270 i"k)
oey`x hana mxa ,ikxezd oepbqdn rtyene ce`n setv azkd .n"q 10 21 mlceby
101 (a uaew oldl ; my ,2271 i"k) ipyd qxhpewa .iaxr azka miaezk mixiydy dncp
maex ,miqxhpewd ipya mixiyd 344 oian .n"q 11 25 eitc lcebe ,(105 dyrnl) mixiy
.475 'nr ,d"vxz-c"vxz ìteq ,c ,mcwd zevxàe diwxeza micedid zexew ,qip`fex 'y
,my ; 408-394 ,312-298 'nr ,(`"yz) gi ,xtq zixw ,'xinfà dnpecd ly zeltzd xcq' ,mely 'b
.64-58 'nr ,(a"yz) hi
g"yz aia`lz ,iavoa 'i èan ,mely 'be yìh` 'n mixicdn ,mi`zayd ly zegayze zexiy xtq
.(zegayze zexiy : oldl)
[ 330 ]
3
4
5
[3
mzvwn ,zinxàe zixara miaipe minly miza mda mivaeyne zicxtq miaezk mlekk
xiye ,zikxeza mipenft e` miza mye dt mialeyn mzvwna .mzenlya zixar miaezk
.zikxeza elek aezk cg`
.mii`zay mixiy ly ci iazk ly miqxhpew ipy cer miievn iavoa oekn ziixtqa
mlceby ,mitc 104 ea yie ,mixiy 161 (b uaew oldl .2272 i"k) miqxhpewd cgà
mixiyd .xac aezk `l 103-93 mitcae ,mipiiprd okez md 3-1 mitc .n"q 12 24
,zikxeza zexzek mi`yep mdn dnk .zen`wnd itl mixceqne zepey miicia miaezk
xxeynd z`n miax mixiy df qxhpewa .(a30 sc) 'ixil` lealea iliw ilii` yep' : lynl
ea yie ,mixiy 306 (c uaew oldl .2273 i"k) ipyd qxhpewa 6.daeh ield dcedi i`zayd
ifx jlen' : zeiaxr zeizeà milrad my meyx ` sca .n"q 12 21 mlceby mitc 159
mb .dnecè daedf eica xie`n ,xry èd `9 sc ,mipiipr okez md 8-1 mitc .'icpt`
sca .zikxeza zexzek hrn yi .daeh ield dcedi z`n md mixiyd on miax df qxhpewa
.'ixih ic` b qihi` `ci iciy d`dniid lecew idaiy' : ikxez oenft mr xiy yi a126
iavoa oekn ziixtqa xen`k meid mixenyd ,dl`d miqxhpewa izpiir ezrya
i`ceel aexw .mixiydn dnk ly mpkez zè dkixkde azkd z` iptl iznyxe ,milyexia
dziid zlaewnd dxrydd .ezrya qip`fex d`xy zexaegd beqn md dl`d miqxhpewdy
mlerd ly ixnbl zxg` dpita iziliby cr ,mlera ef zextq ly micigid micixyd mdy
.ef dxryd zxzeqd zilbz
ikcxn jxry ,cxèexd zhiqxaipe` ziixtqa mixenyd miixar ci iazk ly belhwa
i"k) epicla mii`zay mixiy ly sqe` mdipia ,i`zay xewnn mihixt ipy mixkfp ,xvlb
oi` milyexia i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd zia ly ci iazk inelvzl oekna 7.(80
ipirn dnmeyn mlrp df qxhpew .iavoa oekn ziixtqa wx `l` ,df ci azk ly melvz
zhiqxaipe`l izpnfed 1989 zpya .yi` ea wqr `l il reciy dnk cre ,mixwegd
cid azka oiirl ick my ixewia z` izlvipe ,l"f iwqxah wgvi 'text znfeia cxèexd
ynn ,i`zay oèeic ly sqep wzer èd 80 i"ky èvnl izrzted .epwpw lr zedzle
`l` ,ce`n minec dkixkde hnxetdy cala ef `l .iavoa wgvi dliby mipèeicd beqn
dze`n mleky wtq lk oiè ,xinfi`n eàedy cid iazk ly dfl ddf hrnk azkd mb
c-b ,zepetq ,'epipec` ic y`ltpew' ,yìh` 'n : e`x .enqxet xak b uaewn mixiy dnk
'nr ,(g"iyz) f ,zxagn ,'ifpky` `hana i`zay heit' ,l"pd ; elwz-dkwz 'nr ,(k"yz-h"iyz)
'nr ,(h"iyz) b ,mre hay ,'i`zay ci azka "divxwele qepiwxh" dqpnexd' ,l"pd ; 177-176
.101-97
M. Glatzer, Hebrew Manuscripts in the Houghton Library of the Harvard College Library,
dtya xdefd ly mebxz èd (79 i"k) xg`d cid azk .Cambridge, MA 1975, p. 24, Ms. 80
ecinlz ,l`dyr qxev dyn icia azkp gqepd ,a400 sca oetelewd itl .mi`zayd yeniyl zicxtqd
.(oldl e`xe) xlqw xeqtext zeyxa èd mb did ,al zneyzl ie`xd ,df ci azk .daeh dcedi 'x ly
[ 331 ]
4]
oehpt oepi sqei
wacend zilbp`d dtya wzt ly ezecr zwfgn z`fd dgpdd z` .xewnd eze`ne dtewzd
: e`ven lr ricend ,cid azk zkixkl
This book, written with Hebrew characters, was given to my father Dr.
Gerhard Kessler, professor of sociology at the university of Istanbul from
1933 to 1950, by one of his students who was a Donmeh,

i.e. descended from
the followers of Shabbatai Zevi, the pseudo-Messiah who embraced Islam
in the 17th century. This book was submitted in 1953 to the orthodox chief
rabbi of Turkey who, after cursory examination, said that it contained
poetry on Donmeh
religious subjects in Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino). This
book is given to the Harvard College Library by Hans T. Kessler B.A., New
York, Oct. 1957.
`venn xeqtext ,xlqw cxdxbl i`zay `venn hpcehq xqn cid azk z` ,ef zecr itl
mxz ezen xg`l .1950-1933 mipya leaphqi` zhiqxaipeà dibeleiveq cnily ipnxb
mixacd jynda `xwiiy ,df ci azk .cxèexd ziixtql cid azk z` ,xlqw 'h qpd ,epa
uaewa .dk cr mirecid mixiyd ivaew oian lecbd èdy oeeikn ce`n aeyg ,'d uaew'
mixteq ipy icia ,scd ixar ipyn miaezk 281 mkezny ,(n"q 11 24 mlceb) mitc 307
,a34 mitca .ikxez azkl oey`x hana ce`n dnecd ,setv iaiqxew ixar azka ,zegtl
xve` ynn ,mixiy 680 likn uaewd .ynn ikxez azka zexrd yi s` 236 ,207 ,`91
mixiyl mewn exi`yd mixteqdy d`xp .miwix 189 j` ,mixtqn 869 ea mineyx .mela
.cizra qxhpewa lelkl epeekzdy
.xinfi`n iavoa ìady cid iazk ipya miievn mwlge ,mireci izla mixiyd lk `l
lkn .a uaew ixiy 105 oian 25e ,` uaew ixiy 244 oian 33 zegtl mi`vnp 80 i"ka
elit` ,mixiy ly jk lk ax xtqn liknd xg` oèeic e` uaew epl reci `l dk cr ,mewn
dl` mixiyy dcaerd ici lr zyxtzn ef drtez .dlawd mdilr dritydy mitqe`d oia
zi`zayd drepzd ziy`xa xaky mircei ep` .zeizxeqnd zelitzd ly onewn z` e`lin
cenll ozip jk .ezxev dziid dn mircei eppi` ik m` ,zkd ogleta aeyg mewn heitd yak
mi`zayd bega dxiee`d z` xìzy ,mcxhyn` yi` ,sqei oa mely 'x ly eazknn
: el` milina 1665 zpy idlya
miheite mipenft mixewe zqpkd ziaa zexp zwlcdae dgnya miaxn mei lk dfra
zeklnxzk xbezd jlnd ozi mipt lk lr dpihphqewl jldy giyndy migehae
8
.geka `le liga `l ey`xa
.137 'nr ,c"iyz milyexi ,iayz 'i zxecdn ,iav laep zviv xtq ,yhxetyy awri
[ 332 ]
[5
zeiecr yi ,dxezd zìxw enk ,mdicren izaa zeizxeqn zeipglet zertez xcrda
miphiit zegkepe ,ipxcend ocird cr mi`zayd zceara aeyg mewn qetzl siqed heitdy
9
.'cke ,dlin zixa ,zepezg ,zeieel ,zelitz : zkd iqwh lka dyexc dziid
a
mixiy ly xzeia lecbd sqe`d xen`k èdy ,(d uaew) dfd ycgd xewnd jnq lr
xg`n .z`fd dxiyd ly miycg mihaid dnk hiladl eppevxa ,dk cr dlbzdy mii`zay
epkez xeìzae zenieqn zecewp zbvda wtzqp ,dtiwn dxiwq o`k zzln drixid dxvwy
.ely miibele`z mihaide ycgd uaewd ly
bedpk ,zen`wnd it lr xceqn ,mipiipr okez ievn ,`35 sc cr `23 sc ,d uaewa
dwiqend ly zakxend dxevd ,xnelk ,'livt'l zewlegn zen`wnd .mipèeica
okeza zexkfpd zen`wnd od dl` .avwd oievn mb minrtle ,zipexvgd zip`n'zerd
,ipiqeg ,o`xiy` ,(dxyr yyd d`ndn m`wn) axhiwey ,w`yr ,izìa : df mipiipr
,dkiq ,w`cgxit ,w`xr'be` ,w`xr ,x`wih ,x`wipihqia ,àiq ,è`p ,xiiden
,hq`x ,xed`n ,seie`p ,o`dtq` ,xàf`x` ,x`wif`y ,ì`nhq`x ,'be` ,mfe`
.dbec ,x`wf`bg ,mbr ,f`bg ,xhqen ,w`cifey ,cpedp
miabr ixiy ,xnelk ,'z`lif`b' draye mixyr ly dxcq dà mipiiprd okez zligza
.dlern izextq oepbq ilra miifexgcg miza dray cr dying ipa
mya ze`xwpd ,` uaewa mb zeritend ,zeaexnd zexzekl al miyl ce`n ie`x
) 'ir`nq'
dlind .(ilahi) 'id`l`' e` (106 ,101 ,93 ,72 ,40 mixiya ,lynl) (sema=
mei axra reay lk jexrl miyieexcd ebdpy miipgexd mihxvpewd z` zpiivn 'ir`nq'
zinnrd dxiyd z` oiivnd ipkzd ikxezd gpend ìd 'id`l`' dlind .mdly 'dkz'a iyiy
dl` mipnp xzeia minecwd id`l` ixiy mr .dldwna xwira ,qwhd jldna drnyedy
10
.miy`hwad ly dl` mixge`nd oiae ,(1320a zn) ixni` qpei ly
aexw .mixiyd revia jxc lr mihxt epl zwtqn mipiiprd okeza zen`wnd zniyx
dnbec d`xp oldle ,miyieexcd ixcqna bedpd z` mipin`nd ewig mdiqwhay i`ceel
itl e` ,cig` m`wn itl mdizetqà miheitd z` exy md .ef dgpd zwfgnd zwdaen
.menryd zpkq z` bitdl ick zelif`ba ehyiw oze`y ,zen`wn xefgn
milina ligzn xiyd .(` wlg ,gtqp e`x) ` uaewa 231 xiyl al miyl ie`x df xywda
/ èd micinlz zeywa) 'ed mixne` miciqg / ed micinl`z ic zey`wia' : zeixard
J. Nehama, Histoire des Israelites
de Salonique, VI-VII, Thessalonique 1978, p. 593 : e`x

W. Feldman, Music of the Ottoman Court, Berlin 1996 : e`x dl` migpen lr cer
[ 333 ]
9
10
6]
oehpt oepi sqei
zniizqn dwqt lke ,(èd) 'ed' dlina miniizqn xiyd iza lk .(èd mixne` miciqg
xk'cd qwha xzeia uetpd oenftd edf ,recik .'ed dli` id`li` `l' : ziaxrd dlenxeta
dxeva xyed èdy i`ceel aexw .aeye aey 'ed' dlind lre eilr mixfeg mde miyieexcd ly
.dnpecd bega ef
icqiinl oexkif ini oebk ,zecgein zeiepncfda mb dl` miqwh jexrl ebdp mitEvd
d uaew mb gztp dfl dneca .'ieapl` celenl`' - cngen ly zcled meia e` xcqnd
weica ,iav izay ly ezcled meil ,xnelk ,'sixy celen'l miycwend mixiy draxà
11
.mitEvd lv` dbedpd clenl zcgein dibxehill liawna
ihp`w' `xwpd crene bg ixiyl ycwend xecn d uaewa yi ,zen`wnl dwelgd caln
.micgein miniae mibga ernyedy miheitd z` likn ède ,(574-561 mixiy) 'micren ic
: xzid oia
dxepin ic ihp`w 563
jxay in aà dryz ic ihp`w 564
12
dceriy ic ihp`w 567 ,565
13
exixcew ic ihp`w 566
14
yihx`w ic dpyd y`x ic ihp`w 568
oli` ic dpyd y`x ic ihp`w 569
15
oli` ic dpyd y`x ic ihp`w 570
16
zaha dxyr ic ihp`w 571
zaha dxyr ic dfin ic ihp`w 572
17
aà 'h [icxtqd `hand itl ,dgny] dgpey ic ihp`w 574
a uaewa ,(133 xiy) ` uaewa yi ,elqka f"ha lgy ,zkd ly mixet bg ceakl mixiy
.'eppec` ic mixet ixaey' : (`21 sc) c uaewae 18,(83e 16 mixiy)
.(a16 sc) c uaewae (11 xiy) ` uaewa mb riten 'sixy celen' xiyd
.yakd bga dkxrpy dcerql dpeekd ile`
mxiaefek mya zi`zayd zxeqna rcepd ,yakd bg lr xiy e` ,yakd bg zcerql dpeekd d`xpk
Nouveaux documents sur Sabbata : e`x .xcà a"ka lg ède ,(Kuzu Bayrami)
A. Galante,
mixiyn dpey df xiy .Sevi: organisation et us et coutumes de ses adeptes, Istanbul 1933, p. 50
.143-142 ,47-46 'nr ,zegayze zexiya enqxete ` uaewa miritend 143e 22
ix ehl` li`` xàl` oew qen`bicpa' : milina ligzn xiyd .oeeiqa c"ia lgy gnvd bg èd
.'xàixbpi`
.` uaewa 227 xiyl liawn
.`22 sc ,c uaew : eeyde .zaha dxyrl xiy èd mb a uaewa 13 xiy
.`59 sc ,139 xiy ,b uaew ; 233 xiy ,` uaew : eeyd
.136 'nr ,zegayze zexiy ; 45-44 'nr ,(13 dxrd lirl) ihp`l`b : e`x
[ 334 ]
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
[7
mirecid mixg` miqxhpewa enk `l` zixar `l sè zikxez dpi` mixiyd zty ,xen`k
miaipa uaeyn ,cgein icxtqicedi hwlìca exaeg mixiyd ly rixknd aexd ,epl
exaeg mixiyd oian mihrny it lr s` .xfen ihpet wizrza ewzredy ,miinxè miixar
mizaa wecd aeliy mialeynd ,zixara miax mixehe zeax milin mda yi ,ynn zixara
aex ,mi`zayd ibega zixard dtyd zricia dcixi dlg onfd jynay xg`n .zicxtqa
zeaxy oiiprn .zeixar milink ozedfl dyw minrtly cr jk lk zeyaeyn dl`d milind
miaezkd mixiyd oia .dle`be zexitq oebk ,miigiyn e` miilaw migpen od dl`d milindn
: d uaewa miàd mixiyd oebk ,iqlwd xèhxtxdn mixiy dnk mipnp mzenlya zixara
seygnd oaela fepbd xe` 17
19
.agxd xeaiva lawzpy (1697-1620) zekf dyn 'x laewnd ohiit z`n ilaw oepnid edf
opkezy zepey`xd zetexhqd yely wx ewzred ,(137 xiy) ` uaewa mb enk ,df gqepa
.iav izay ciwtzl fnx oda e`xy mi`zayd ikxev z` xzeia mld
lcbi 28
geka `p` 29
21
mler oec` 30
20
ceak dlbi' ,dx`'bp l`xyi 'x ly exiy z` mivawa mi`ven eppi` ,drztdd daxnl
mixiy yi ,z`f znerl 22.iav izay ly ezelbzdl dxeya mi`zayd e`x eay ,'jzekln
zeqpnexd oebk ,zeicedi `ld zeicxtqd zeqpnexd ly xèhxtxd on migewld zicxtqa
23
,(153 xiy ,my) 'divxwele qepiwxh' ,(152 xiy ,b uaew) 'dlicblc' zewizrd
opew qnez ihphqhextd xnekd ixacl .(302 xiy ,d uaew ; 93 xiy ,a uaew) 'dclviln'e
dziid dqpnexd ,xinfià micpledd zexiya didy iav izay ly epnf oa ,(Coenen)
24
.zihqin zernyn da d`xy ,iav izay lr cgeina daiag
ite` ilra mivawa llkp df xiy .1945 ,` ze` ,d"txz wxei eip ,heitde dxiyd xve` ,oefciec 'i
,d"vwz iwipelq ,zevg oewz ; 14 'nr ,f"pwz iwipelq ,zezaye g"xl dlitz zia xeciq : oebk ,ilaw
.a xry ,a"vz `hyew ,oeiv ixry ; 27 'nr
ceq èdy ,df xiya lelkd zeize` a"n oa myl i`zay yexit ozepd ,56 xiy ,` uaew mb eeyd
.`18 sc ,c uaew : mb eeyd .giynd
lirl) mely : e`x .i`zayd xeciqa mb mi`vnp (cgein igiyn gqepa) 'mler oec`'e 'lcbi' mixiyd
.('l`cbi') a22 sc ,('m`le` oec`') `18 sc ,c uaew : eeyde .401 ,397 'nr ,(4 dxrd
'y zkixra ,xdivcleb i"i ceakl oexkf 'q ,'mi`zayd ita dx`'bp l`xyi ly xiy' ,mely 'b : e`x
dx`'bp l`xyi 'x ly heit : jzekln ceak dlbi' ,iqexq '` ; 44-41 'nr ,1948 hqtcea ,` ,xbpiel
.379-361 'nr ,(b"pyz) aq ,uiaxz ,'eipgle mi`zayd ita
.107 ,45 mixiy ,(25 dxrd oldl) l"pd ; (6 dxrd lirl) dqpnexd ,yìh` : e`x
.324 'nr ,f"iyz aia`lz ,` ,eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay ,mely 'b : epiir
[ 335 ]
19
20
21
22
23
24
8]
oehpt oepi sqei
,epini cr dikxeza micxtqd ita dpey zvw gqepa dxnzypy ,'dclviln' dqpnexd
: dilihqwn mecw miabr xiy dxewna dziid
xdpd zty l` izcxa
xqiwd ly eza ef
dvgx ea
ditrtr zywk
.dxya algn gve
xdd y`x l` izelra

dclviln z` izybt
ugxnd on dà xy`
dipt zewidan axgk
dizezty mibenl`k
yi df xiyl ,ab` 25.mqxety gqepdn zvwna dpey mii`zayd mivawa xnzypy gqepd
xiyd .eiilix`n` '` Fnqxte iwipelqn dnpecd ly ci iazk oia dlbzpy ,ixar gqep mb
myd z` miaikxn mizad iy`x .'ipiki mdxa` 'xl mipenftd xtqn'
: zxzekd z` `yep
uiln' : milind z` likn oenftd .eply uaewdn mixiy mb ile` mikiiy eil`y ,mdxa`
26
.dnlrd my ly milin wgyn ,'`c l`
zikxezd dtya miaezk mixiy ly ax xtqn d uaewa èvnl izitiv ,dyrnl
: ef dtya md dyely wx eixiy 680 oian j` ,mzenlya
ia`p'b x`cp`'b giyn 27
. cihanedar cenabi
masiah
mlerd hily èd giyn

o`d'b iaed id`y iid yìc`hti` dp`y fia 214
Biz uftadeyiz
ey Sah-i hubb-i cehan
mlerd ly aehd jlnd ! ied .micareyn ep` jl
.(oldl e`xe) ` uaewa 40 xiyl liawn .àà iwle'g iy`hwad xxeynd ly xiy
ipiy d`n ii` lepew icaiy 525
ey mah seni
sevdi gonul
! gxi ,jl dwyg ytpd
.83-82 'nr ,f"hyz milyexi ,zicxtqzicedia mr ixiye zeqpnex : icxtq exiqpnex ,yìh` 'n 25
A. Hemsi, Cancionero sefaradi, Jer usalem 1995, pp. 70-71; Obras completas de R.
Menendez
Pidal, vol. IX, Romancero hispanico, II, Madrid 1968, pp. 222-226: Un romance
de Sabbatai Cevi
.dnx 'nr ,(`"kyz) d ,zepetq ,'eiilix`n` le`y iax ifpbn zei`zay zecerz' ,eiilix`n` '` 26
[ 336 ]
[9
epzp `le ,zibxehil dtyk zicxtqd dtyl eqgiizd oiicr dnpecd zk iyp`y okzii
mixiya mialeyn mye dty oiivl ie`x mpn` .miizcd mdiqwhl xecgl zikxezd dtyl
miaezk mixeh dyely eay ,àd xiyak ,zikxezd dtya mipenft e` minly miza
: (a uaewa 10 xiyle ` uaewa 56 xiyl liawn) zicxtqa x`yde zikxeza
oiha`gen micpiti` oiclic ipexic f`nw'b 78
Cikmaz der uni dil den efendim muhabbetin
ial wnern zwqet dpi` ,ipec` ,jil` izad`
: zikxeza eaex oexg`d ziad .ìapd ozp 'x ceakl xiy

395
vari iman
can icinde
hey omr
umun
canan olan
eylesin bu zaman aman efendim el aman

tesar uf
o`le` o`p'b icpi'bi` o`'b o`ni` ix`'a oenexne` iid

o`n`li` micpiti` o`n` o`nif ea oiy ilii` 'tixyih
dnypa aed`d yi ,dpen`d èd iig xyer
witqn ,ipec` ,onfd lvp
.a uaewa 63 xiyl liawn

: zikxeza mixeh dying df xiya .mil`r id`y le` 399
Ol sah-i alim
kildi cihane
yakti barcigim etti behane
affet gunahim
gel benim canim
kil kil tirikum bu bendi cani
refuah cani
david ben yisay
ip`d'b icli'wnil`r id`y le`

ip`gia ihci` mike'bxi'a ihwì
ip`'b mpia lib mg`pib hi` s`r
ip`'b icpiaea mewixih liw liw
ip`'b `retix iyi oia cec
uxà mlerd jln edyr
,dxfen dzid ,izenc sxy
,iytp ièa ,ipeerl glq
,iytp [? ] ièa ,ièa
iytpl dètx iyi oa cec
[ 337 ]
10 ]
oehpt oepi sqei

.miwy`r ipep'bn ipia dad` ic oii 480
yayin di ahabah beni mecnun-i aciqim
lky xqg ade`l ipktd dad`d oii
,4) lirl epxkfdy dl` caln ,mzenlya e` mwlga ,zikxeza mixiy dray ` uaewa
.(151e 56 ,40
zixara x`yde zikxeza zexey rax`) xeclew ilyà oiailicp` in`xin 132
.(zicxtqae
guldur

meram-i andelibin basli
dpyeyd ìd xinfd zxhn
.(zicxtqa x`yd ,zikxeza oenftde zexey izy) oiyp`d'b idey id`y oiy 135
sen sahin sahi cihansin
mlerd ikln jln jpd
.(zicxtqa x`yde zikxeza zexey yng) xic icpia winii` dp`y lic 144
dil sana eymik [?] bendedir
jcar èd .. ald
: zikxeza mixeh mixiy dyelya ,63 xiy lr sqep ,a uaewa

- ipeylzlz xiy jeza ievn) xihd`y ifin ilne'b xicxì xi'a i'biliiea 11
.(zixara mixeh mb liknd
sahdir
Boylece
bir yardir cumlemize
eplekl epkln èd ,aed` èd [? ] d
: zikxeza mixeh ipy 30

oiy oiy o`p'b ix'bi` o`'b mip`pi'b iid
oiy oiy wil`n il`ni'b xiailiy in ia
27
.'dlihten ,mii`lihten ,mii`lihten' : zikxeza oenftd mbe
hey cenanim can icre
cenansin sen
sin sen
bi misli bir cemal-i malik
54 xiyl zxzekk mb riten (dgilq) 'mi`lihten' ogld .mqxetn xiy ly zxzek idefy gipn ip` 27
.dhigd mr zrcd ur z` ddfnd oiiprn xiy edf .a uaewa
[ 338 ]
[ 11
iznyp zaed` jpd izaed` jpd

jkeza xy` iteid zlra
: zikxezd dtya [daeh] 'dcedi' xagnd my mr dnizgd 46

ix`f icinci` dcedii
ix`cihdi` 'bid ic`nl`w
ixà oiyilii` cin`d xin
Yehudah! etmedi zari

kalmadi hic iktidari
merhamet eyle sen bari
zernc lifd `l èd dcedi
mnewzdl gk el x`yp `le
eilr mgx zegtl
lr ef zeaxz ly dzrtyd herin lr zikxeza mixiyd ly mvnevnd mxtqnn wiqp l`

dzidy dtwydd wefigl dxic` dnexz mixn d uaew df megza `weec .zi`zayd dxiyd
lecb xtqn ,gxfnd ixiya bedpk .mpnf za zikxezd dwiqena dtiwn drici mi`zayl
.ikxez xiy dfi` ly (incipit) ogld eidy ,zikxezd dtya zexzek mi`yep miheit ly
xiyd akxed eilry ixewnd ikxezd ogld z` e` dpibpnd z` zepiivn dl` zexzek
.(768 ,732 mixiy) 'lew' e` 'oebip' zixard dlina oievn df ogl minrtl .icxtqd
yelyn zegt `l ea yi ik ,belewiqenl mela xve` deedn d uaewy yibcdl epilr
zxkdl wx `l dxzi zeaiyg zrcep el` zexzekl .ef jxca mipievnd mixiy ze`n
oia egeexy dwiqend ibeq zricil mb `l` dtewzd dze` ly zikxezd dwiqend
,meldi 'ie dfhih '` ly mxtqa eixry egztp xaky xwgn ly agxp megz .mi`zayd
28
.ely oèeica dx`'bp l`xyi 'x ixiy z` zeelnd zeikxezd zexzekl ycwend
mixagnl mb mireci eid dx`'bp inia mibedp eidy mipglen miikxez mixiy dnk ,ab`
lrn daezkd ,(ribd uiwd dgztp dpyeyd) Guller

acildi
geldi yaz ,lynl .mi`zayd
29
,mxa .dx`'bp lv` 'epit wegy f` `lni' : xiyl dnbecd dzid ,` uaewa 155 xiy
fel exanel` di' : ycgd ocird zevvepzda xaecn (zicxtqd dtya) i`zayd eleblba
xniiz` `l .(daed` ,miwicvl dceak dxe` dxi`d dpd) 'dc`n` miwicv qel` ,dc`xpe`
lr miqqean mixiy dnky dlbn zillk dxiwq j` ,zikxez dwiqenl dgnen zeidl
èdy ,iwipelq dtw ,iwipelq) 'wip`ly dedw ,wip`ly' : 503 xiy oebk ,zeinnr zepibpn
A. Tietze and Y. Yahalom, Ottoman Melodies Hebrew Hymns: A 16th Century : e`x
Cross-Cultural Adventure (Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica, XLIII), Budapest 1995
28
.168 xiy ,my 29
[ 339 ]
12 ]
oehpt oepi sqei
dn xe`l ,z`f znerl .(dxyrryzd d`nd zligza uetp didy mipcwx micli xiy
èd .miyieexcd ixcqn ly xèhxtxdn ietvk gewl mixiydn cakp wlg ,lirl epi`xy
: oebk ,dad`d èd m`yepy mixiy dnk iabl oicd
lv` jtdy mqxetn dad` xetiq lr qqean df xiy .`lil x`lec xey ipep'bn 96
.zidel`d dad`d ly dixebl`l mitevd
Leyla
Mecnuni surduler
! `liln oep'bn ewigxd
oiwiy`r ix`p oia micilwìi micpì 349
Yandim yakildim ben nar-i asikin

yà izad`zp iztxype izadlzp
mip`fey dl oiwy`r oipiy 415
Senin askinla
suzanim
jzadà xrea ip`
il` iid wy`r iid inq'b 831

hay e[a]li
cismi hay ask
? `le ade` sebd oi`
mix`lb`x dpii dl oiwy`r 835
askinla
yanar aglarim
jzadà iziekp
.'o`liwy`r xi'a i'bip' ogld z` `yep a uaewa 1 xiy mb

ilan
nice bir ask
dad` efià
,(ef jxca mcwznd) 'agen'e (zipgexd jxca ligznd) 'wy`r' milindy al miyl ie`x
.miy`hwad zxez ly miipiite` migpen od ,dl` mixiya ze`vnpd
sqe`d zxiwgn miraepd mihxtd lkl qpkidl zexyt` il oi` ef dxiwq zxbqna
zpiiprn dl`y .cizra xwgnl miizy e` dl`y z`lrda mrtd wtzqdl ipevxae ,ycgd
haidd m`d .okezde dxevd zpigan ikxezd xewnl icxtqd hqwhd ly dwifd zxcbd ìd
mb idylk jxca evni` ile` e` ,mi`zayd z` oiipry èd ikxezd mbcd ly ilwiqend
xg` xewnn oldl epàdy dnbecd iabl oicd èd .miixewnd mixiyd ly mzxeve mpkez
.(c sirq ,gtqp)
[ 340 ]
[ 13
.iewigl xewnd oia zililv daxw oiivl xyt` mixiy dnk iabl ,ef ze`x zcewpn
zxzekd ,214 xiy ,` uaewa : ikxezd xiyd lr akxen i`zayd xiyd ,zexg` milina
ipkz l`] irma beni senden yaradan) 'o`c`xìi oicpiy ipia dnxii`' ìd zikxezd
'dbcpia q`xiy d'bxic dcp`' milina ligzn xiyd zicxtqa eliè ,( [iirvtn zen` ot
xiy ok enk .ipxev iewig yi ,okezd iewig o`k oi`y it lr s` .(jexa didz jl mixyin)
milina ligznd ikxez xiy lr qqean ,'meci` j`ln ewexiciy mecid dicih cigi di' ,271
sastim
dk`lnd z` iziyr] kurdum isi

kaldim) 'micl`w mihy`y iyi` mecxew'
ogld itl xyed 'izin` lèb uy j`' ,318 xiy : ziyily dnbece .( [mdcp izx`ype
.( [jxcd z` mixaer lila] aksam

olur yollari) 'ix`lei xele` m`yw`' ly ikxezd
mezg enyy 30,daeh ield dcedi 'xl hxt ,mixiyd ixagn iabl zewiecn zerici epl oi`
xaig ,daiyi y`x'k xèzn èd ` uaewa 182 xiya .'daeh' zxeva mdn lecb wlg lrn
ecinlz did daeh 31.'cngn iav ly exack zn` zpen` yxcy oeyla cneln ,dxiy daxd
lr xac mircei ep` oi` .l`dyr dyn 'x ly eax did envr èd eliè ,gp oa dyn 'x ly
uetpd icxtqd myd ly enebxz èd 'daeh'y okzii 32.dyn did mnyy dl` miyi` ipy
gipdl dhp mb mely .ze`zayd zxeza dpikyd byen mr exyw oiba xgap ède ,'epèa'
.icpt` yiexc èd inlqend enyy
ixtn miax mixiy milikn exwgp xaky mivawd zynge ,dxet xxeyn did daeh dcedi
mb èd .ze`zayd gex itl zenezq zefinxa mirteyn miilaw mibyena mixecgd ,ehr
dnqxet ,zeixr ixeqi` lehia lr dpbd azk mvra ìdy ,eizeyxcn zgè ,oyxc did
dakyd ixiy ly cgeina ax xtqn xaig èd 33.u"y dwaxe ekln wgvi ici lr ezrya
.miibelexwp mixiy e`
zicxtqa dpiw xhtpd ceakl xaig mkgd j` ,la`d xq`p mpn` zi`zayd dpen`d itl
ly enyl fnex xxeyndy bedp zikxezd dxiya 34.xhtpd ziaa dhind iptl mlwcy
zeny z` myxe daeh dcedi bdp jke ,eixiy ly ziteqd dtexhqd zligza xhtpd
zenya mieeln miicedid mdizenya mixkfpd mixhtpd .zeiteqd zetexhqa mixhtpd
mineyx ,dl` dakyd ixiy ly ax xtqn lrn ,b uaewa .icxtqd bdpnd itl dgtynd
829 ; oeyia`b cngn 724 ; oeyiab oiq dh 208 : oebk ,mixhtpd ly miinlqend mdizeny
,'daeh iel dcedi iax i`zayd ohiitdn dxez zgnyl dlitze heit' ,yìh` 'n : e`x ,daeh dcedi lr
.nw-gkw 'nr ,(f"iyz) ` ,zepetq
.99 'nr ,my : mb e`x .170 'nr ,zegayze zexiy
.408 xiy ,b uaewa xkfpd daiyid y`x ,ozp dyn 'x ile` èd oey`xd
'nr ,(k"yz-h"iyz) c-b ,zepetq ,'daeh iel dcedil "jljl" yexit' ,(mixicdn) u"y 'xe ekln 'i
.`kwzblz
.592 'nr ,(9 dxrd lirl) dngp : e`x
[ 341 ]
30
31
32
33
34
14 ]
oehpt oepi sqei
476 ,229 ; oiic cng` oa milq 227 ; cng` inq` xia ithven inq` xia xiy : oeyiab y`g
; `b` cngn 408 ,293 ; icpt` dfnd 472 ,292 ; icpt` onzr 231 ; icpt` `b` wi'b midxa`
xep 330 ; iyitw xeniz 319 ; `b` ivzxn 314 ; ehqex zfr sihl 313 ; oehxw lirnq` 304
aei` 519 ; o`nzr ilr 497 ; `b` onzr 462 ; x`lifiw onzr 333 ; `b` oin` 332 ; icpt`
witez 625 ; `y`t ilr cingn 624 ; `thven zrtx 601 ; ixw lirnq` 520 ; `b` `thven
icpt` l`ca` 683 ; yea`b icpt` cng` oa oqg 634 ; icpt` `vix oa oiq dh 630 ; `b`
zrtx 763 ; ifpky` dcedi 746 ; mixqw xia : o`d'b -i-d`y oidy ic`w 684 ; mixiw
zrtx 834 ; icpt` znvr 833 ; ildi` yea`b o`nzr 832 ; ile oa ilr yiexc 827 ; icpt`
841 35; iyini[x]w lil'k `y`t 838 ; ild` iwey 864 ; ild` cng` 836 ; ildi` icpt`
36
.iyinixiw dbeg lirnq` 866 ; ifpky` dnly 852 ; iyinixiw yeaeb sihl
,dpiwa mixkfp miixard mdizenyy ,mixhtpd ly miinlqend mdizeny md dl`
.zkd iyp` zexewl mipiiprn dl` mihxte
: 396 xiyn ueg mixg` mixagn zeny iz`vn `le mipewihqexw` izytig `l oiicr
enyy ,(1720 xhtp) eqex dikexa èdy okzii .àà o`nzrl 'icpia ic m`b m`b'
zcrn dcxtpy x`lyw`x`wd zk ly bidpn did èd 37.àà o`nzr did inlqend
.ef dnbnl jiiy did eply mixiyd uaew lray okziie ,milxinf`d
z` gzity ,(1680-1643) izfrd ozp èd ,ìapd ozp ax xkfp ,395 xiya ,d uaewa
xiy mb .a uaewa 62 xiyl liawn df xiy .zi`zayd drepzd ly zibele`zd dpynd
,daiyid y`x ozp dyn 'x xkfp 408 xiya .'dxeya ozp ,ozp ax' eceakl èd ` uaewa 155
d`xpk èd cinlzd ilifxa ,a uaewa 80 xiya 38.daeh dcedi 'x ly eax mr ddf èd ile`
.wgvi 'x ly ecinlz ,aey xkfp 407 xiya 39.ilifxa mdxa` 'x
dzy) 'u"y dwy` ipep'bn ,iaia dxeb` dagd ic oiiìi' milina ligznd ,480 xiya
mdxa` l`kin] èd' : xn`p - zikxeza ipyd ziad ,ab` - (u"y zad` dleg ,dad`d oii
.a uaewa 40 xiyl liawn df xiy .'enixt lènyk `le epipec` z` ahid riced [efecxw
yi ,my mely myxb xirdy itk 40.efecxw mdxa` ceakl xiy èd ` uaewa 34 xiy mb
cinlzk seqelit sqei 'xe oihpxelt dnly 'x mr cgi dniyxa xkfpd ,oiqinixw cec 'x i`v`vn ile`
; 129-128 'nr ,(`"yz) e ,oeiv ,'iwipel`ya mi`zayd y`x dikexa' ,mely 'b : e`x .ozp 'x ly
.661 'nr ,a ,iav izay ,l"pd
.oec` - 'xin' xèzd sexiva ,a92 sc ,c uaewa mb riten df my
,86 'nr ,(b"iyz) a ,zxagn ,'àà o`nqr èd eqex dikexa ly ezedfe ezencl' ,eklen 'i : e`x
.202-181 ,147-119 'nr ,(35 dxrd lirl) 'iwipel`ya mi`zayd y`x dikexa' ,mely ; 99-97
.oipiyinh`t oicàà onqe`l ycwend ,117 xiy ,a77 sc ,c uaew : eeyd
.31 dxrd lirl e`x
.136 ,22 'nr ,zegayze zexiy
.56 'nr ,my
[ 342 ]
35
36
37
38
39
40
[ 15
elit` aygpy ,efecxw mdxa` itlk dl` mixiya zraend ziaeigd dkxrdd lr `ltzdl
`l` mixnend mr dpnp `ly cala ef `ly xg`n ,ze`zayd zxeza mixt` oa giynl
.mda mglp elit`
,126 mixiy .196 xiy ,'xcplw' oebk ,mitEv mixagnl miqgein d uaewa mixiy dnk
.(` uaewa 178 xiyl liawn 209 xiy) ifìp if`b mya xxeynl mikiiy 209 ,208 ,207
izay ly epnf oa ,ixvn ifìp mqxetnd ihqind xxeynd z` ef zeiyià ze`xl ozip m`d
ihxt my epi` if`b ,recik 41.eybtp mvra miyi`d ipyy dnpecd axwa zxeqn yi ? iav
.m`lq`d zaehl mglpd z` oiivl lekie `weec
iwle'ga xaecn d`xpke ,iwle'g mya xxeyn z`n zikxeza mly xiy lirl ephhiv
aewà il`g ixd`f' - àà iwle'gl qgeind xiy ly zxzek `yep 847 xiy mb .àà
èd ,` uaewa 40 xiy ,r`nq zxzek `yepd mipepnidd cg` mb .'icxit xia lgec inzi`
Biz sana uftadeyiz

ey sah-i: zidel`d dad`d `yep lr xacnd zikxeza xiy
,mlerd ly aehd jlnd ! ied ,micareyn ep` jl) hubb-i cihan, rahmedip asiklarin
xaky itk .dpexg`d dtexhqa driten eny znizge ,iwle'g xaigy ,(jiade` lr mgx
zpya letepìxcà zny ,àà iwle'g ,df mya reci iy`hwa xxeyn yi ,mely xird
qgein d uaewa xg` xiy ik ,ea xaecny i`ceel aexw 42.dxitql 1898 ,dx'bdl 1316
dtewzl cid iazk jexìzl oeixhixw epl zwtqn ef dcaer ,ab` .àà iwle'gl yxetna
dtewzay zcnln mb ìd ; dxyr ryzd d`nd seql xnelk ,mcew xreyy dnn zxge`n
dl` mixiy wizrdl etiqed mdy xg`n .ixard azka mi`zayd ehly oiicr zxge`n dk
zicxtqd oeyld cvn od mliaya zernyn ilra cinz eid mdy gipdl yi ,dxzi zepn`pa
.ilawde ihqind mpkez cvn od
o`k wtzq` ,xg` mewna mixiyd okez lr zagxp dxiwq ìadl opekzn ip`y zeid
dpigan mle` ,dlern ihzq` jxr ilra elld mixiyd oi` zizextq dpigany xneè
zextq lka xzeia miixhef`d mixiyd dl`y xn`p m` mifbp `l .mpina micigi md zizebd
miliawn mdl èvnl dywy cr ,miihqin milnqe miilaw mifnx miieyr mlek lk .l`xyi
oebk ,zi`zayd dpen`d ixwir z` oaenk mda miybet ep` .o"gd zxiy itca elit`
43
,'`zepnidn ixyw zlz' mi`xwpd ,dpeilrd zeliv`d zegek ly zyleynd zeìvnd
,dycgd dxezd z` mixneyd ,mixnendye ,dyn zxez z` lhia iav izayy dpen`d
mixiyd ly dwinrnd mzebd lr byen zzl ick .miizn`d micedid md md ,cqg zxez
.dnbeck sl`n xiy ,b wlg ,gtqpa epàd ,ze`zayd zxez lr zzzyend
P. B. Fenton, Shabbetay Seb and his Muslim Contemporary Muhammad an- : e`x
, Approaches to Judaism in Medieval Times, III (1988), pp. 81-88
Niyaz
41
.62-61 'nr ,zegayze zexiy 42

.ilr ,cngen ,dll` : yeliy oirn yi miy`hwad zpenà mby oiivl yi ,ab` 43
[ 343 ]
16 ]
oehpt oepi sqei

gtqp
mixgap mixiy
231 xiy ,` uaew : `
'ed `l` d`l` `l - ed' ziaxra xfeg oenfta miniizqnd dyingn cg` zia o`k izàd
oiè ,mitevd ly xk'cd ibeg lr xzeia zeaiagd zelenxetd zg` idef .(ezla del` oi`)
ici lr xyed xfegd oenftde ,miyieexcd ly r`nqd axwa bedpd itl rvea df xiyy wtq
liawn èdy - 'miad` micec' - iyingd xeha aipl al miyl ie`x 44.mitzzynd lk
z` oiivl mda eynzyd mitevdy ,'oiwy`r oiagen' ziaxrn migewld miikxezd migpenl
.xcqnd ixag zebxc
[mebxz]
[xewn]
èd
èd
èd
èd
èd
èd
micinlz zeywa
mixne` miciqg
ziid dpey`xay reci
epia` mdxa` z`
mi`xew miad` micec
ezla del` oi`
ed
ed
ed
ed
ed
ed
micinl`z ic zey`wia
mixne` miciqg
zii` xinixt oi` oii'a`y
epia` mdxa`
o`nìi mia`d` micec
dli` id`li` `l
45
17 xiy ,a uaew .ixehqid xiy : a
u"y
lièb exhyèn lic q`xhic ecp`xiìi` o`'a min`g`g

li` yi` dpigiy dl iw epiwl`n
oiia xet i` iix exhyèn ic oiia xet yi` oiia xet i`
u"y
u"y
u"y
u"y
u"y
lic q`xhic o`'ai` yeceh diixice'b ic oeaix miyiy

iix ic dciè` oi` iw dpièa dn`'t ey iè't ehp`h
xi``xh` dx`cp`n el etey el iw yic iix li` iw
lipi` efet dpigiy eiiy`l`t lic dc`xhp`l`
li`` ehp`'ail iy iix li` dhxièt dlic dc`xhp`l`
.df oenft milikn a uaewa 103e 102 mixiy mb 44

,yìh` 'n : e`x .iavoa wgvi z`n ixehqid xaqd mr cgi a uaewn dpey`xl xiyd z` mqxt yìh` 45
ly ixehqidd dpkezl' ,iavoa 'i ; 9 'nr ,(c"iyz) h zxaeg ,a jxk ,gxfnd cd ,'zi`zay dqpnex'
.my ,my ,'zi`zayd dqpnexd
[ 344 ]

u"y
u"y
u"y
u"y
u"y
u"y
u"y
u"y
u"y
mz mz mz
[ 17
oiiap`h 46xen`y ey li` i` dyi'a`w eyic dweh ehiw

lipew oìi`'a 47i'bit`w diic l` itile` efi`
xi``xh` dx`cp`n el ihiapew oe` dxiifi` il
iix lic dnihyi` dwet i` dhpièw dwet dxiifi` il
oiiap`h oili'tih yel i` e'bit eypi` xèf eneh
li`xyi xet ecp`fà`xh dxeb` dhy` yiypehyi` ic
lifi` dpigiy dl i` dx`w ey yenìi'a ehyixt
lipi` iixw iw yeceh i` dhixt y`nl` dhpihpew iy
lièb yi` u"y dpe`` yen`bic yeceh
[mebxz]
u"y
lèb oec`d ixg` ,oexg milrn minkg

,edpd èd dpikyd ik ,epkln
daehle ,epkln zaehl ,èd daehle
u"y
eixg` edp mlek l`xyin èax miyy
u"y
eipf`l jlnd cr aehd erny did dk
u"y
eil` eìad glyi ,jlnl rcep df j` ik
u"y
eilr dpiky dgp ,oenx`d l` eèaa
u"y
eiptl jlnd mw ,xryl eqpkida
u"y
eilr xy` deextd mbe ey`x lrn sipv xiqd
u"y
enr ekli ,i'bit`w ciwtz `lin zxgnl
u"y
eil` eìad glyi ,dzyn el yri dyr
u"y
ekln ceak - hrn mb ,hrn j` z`f aiygd
u"y
enr mb oilitzd zè ,ewiga xdef xtq gwl
u"y
èd lret l`xyi ornl dzr cr f`n
u"y
èd cg dpikyde eipt dfgp dxdna
u"y
ea oin`nd lke gnyi dxn dnyp
u"y
epd dpd lèb u"y : xn`p eplek cgi
mz mz mz
B. de Meynard, : e`x .iwipelqa micxtqd inkg yeall ebdpy dpicr deexta zctexn dnilb
Dictionnaire turc-francais,
II, Paris 1886, p. 976
.ohleyd oenxà sqd xney : eyexite ,ezxnd lbxl iav izayl ozipy ceakd xèz - kapici basi
[ 345 ]
46
47
18 ]
oehpt oepi sqei
xiy ,a uaew : b
97
cinlzk rcep df mya yi` .l`dyr dyn ,zkd ixagn cg` lr dpiw èd df xiy ,dyrnl
e`x) ecia aezkd xdefl icxtq mebxz ly gqep yi cxèexd ziixtqae ,daeh dcedi 'x ly
xiyd .dipal miycwen miibelexwp mixiy dnke ,mi`zayd oia dreci ef dgtyn .(lirl
,dtilw zqixd oeirxa `l` ,oexg`d ziaa wx xkfp enyy ,xhtpd igaya cwnzn epi`
dld .(1682-1617) ipikid mdxa` i`zayd xxeynde oyxcd zxezn reci ihqin byen
orh èd .iav izay zxnd z` eiazka wnpl dqipy ,`hyewa mixnend ibidpnn cg` did
lawzn - xagnd 48.dìxad xewn ceqa uerp eznyp yxeye dqixd gek mlbn giyndy
ea oi`y xe`'e 'daygn ly xe`' mibyena ynzyn mb - daeh dcedi 'x èdy zrcd lr
yxey weliq ici lr dyrp iteqd oewizd 49.izfrd ozp zxezl miipiite` mdy ,'daygn
50
.dl`d micbepnd minxebd ipy cegiè qxdd
xewn
ecpe't ehixwiy qi` li` d'a`y`g`n ea oii`y xe`
ecpen lipi` ii` iwel exebi't` diili` oew i`
ecpii'aey dhyi` ixtpiiy d'a`y`g`n lipi` ii` ep i`
eceh lic eiitiyixt ip e'a`wip li`` ii` ep iw
iav izay qi` li` xific` ipii'a gèwia
iè` ipigì li` ic x`wexic qi` iw g`'aih iy
iri'aix dtiliw oi` x`bel eyic eyà` i`
iid dl x`yl` dx`t ce'afin qel` ewixic iw
lièb exhyièn qi` iw aehd oihiid m`b
lipew ehpe'b` iy iw d'a`y`g`n ea oii`y xe`
lipi` epi'a ecpèw eceh e'aec` iy lipew i`
liin li` enew qiylec ien qehixwiy qehyi`
A. Danon, Etudes
sabbatiennes, Paris 1910, p. 4 : e`x .eizeyxc z` mqxt oepc
48
xiy ,zegayze zexiy : mb eeyd .159-157 'nr ,o"yz milyexi ,oihiyd oia ,iwqaeyxie 'g : e`x 49
.3 dxrd ,138 'nr ,136
.182-181 'nr ,my ,iwqaeyxie 50
[ 346 ]
[ 19
dn`yip ey i` dnl` ey diiy w`f`g cipi'a w`f`g

dn`l't dl i` df`xa dlpew ec`bit` diiy iw
dnìiy li`` li``y` iyen x``p qi` li` i`
dnl` ey q`ci'a q`lic le'ax` li`` dx`h` iy
mebxz
`zwinr ceq èd ,'daygn ea oi`y xe`'
.epyi mleray dn xvi èd dnre
dilra cinz èd ,daygn ea oiè
.dlgzd `le seq `l ,llk ea oi` ik
.iav izay epd èd ,xnel à 'geka'
.ipikid on izrny qexdl èdy erah
51
ziriax dtilwa ,enewnn cxie
52
.mixdl 'dd z` ,zeevnd z` qxd ik

.eplèb èd ik ,'aehd ozi 'd mb'
,eil` xagzd xy` ,daygn ea oi`y xe`

edkezl à xy`k ,lkd owiz ezè
.enpd yaca miwezn ,dl` zeceq
eznype eytp `dz wfg ! eèa ! wfg
.èd wac `di dzadlye zlgba
.eny l`dyr dyn xrp epcer ède
.eytp dxexv `dz miigd ura
dx`'bp l`xyi 'x lv` ixard eliawne iyhwa xiy : c

ly drtyd inyx èvnl ozip i`zayd heita wx `ly ze`xdl ef zepncfd lvpl ipevxa
zixard dxiyl qipkd dx`bp l`xyi 'xy reci .l`xyi zxiy lr ziy`hwad zextqd
xxeynd ède ,zikxezdziaxrd zizpen`d dwiqendne dxiydn ertyedy zeycg zexev
.124 'nr ,118 xiy ; 105 'nr ,90 xiy ,zegayze zexiy : e`x .dbep ztilw ìd ziriaxd dtilwd 51
.169 'nr ,180 xiy ,my : e`x ,dtilwd zqixd lr
.138 'nr ,136 xiy ,my : e`x ,zeevnd zqixd lr 52
[ 347 ]
20 ]
oehpt oepi sqei
53
.mieleend miyieexcd mb eyry itk ,zen`wnd xcq itl ely oèeicd z` wligy oey`xd
ly ziyilyd dxecdna .eiheit ly ax xtqnl miikxez e` miiaxr mipgl wiprd mb èd
ikxezd ogld meyx eilrny ,'ligez l` ryi' exiy riten 'l`xyi zexinf' dx`'bp oèeic
'` eqip dx`'bp ixiy ly izeaxzd rwxl ycwend mxtqa 54.'ilii` ixay lekpeiib liib'
xeh ef zxzeka e`x md .xxeynd ly miizextqd zexewnd z` zedfl meldi 'ie dfhih
m`wnay l`ca` o`hley xit ikxezd xxeynd ly (itev oepnid) 'qtp' ly dlgzdn gewld
o`hley xit 55.( / // / ) 'lnxd' lwynae 'ipiqg'
enyy ,'miwicvd jln' iig 56.xzeia milecbd miihqind mixxeynd cg` did l`ca`
xètnd onileq ztewza ige qeeiq xefà clep èd .dcbà mihel ,xcig d'beg did izn`d
bxedl `ved èd .miy`hwad ly iqwecexhdde ixletetd xcqnl jiiy dide (1566-1520)
miy`hwad .xirqd èdy izxagdizcd cxnd meyn mirax` liba jxra 1560a
mi`xwpd eixiy z` mixy mde ,milecbd mixxeynd zray oia eze` mipene eze` mivixrn
l`xyi ly exiy mr 57ely oèeica ep`vny xiyd zèeyd .miizcd mdiqwh zrya 'qtp'
: eèlna dx`'bp ly ixard exiy dpd dligz .ce`n driztn dx`'bp
,liga cleq al ligez ig l` ryi
.ew ,liga cleq al
,oeiv lr dhi oeilr ig l` cer ik
.ew oeiv lr dhi
.dkg l` zect dkcpe xayp al ['ft]
,yeyl aeyz cer uevxe weyr al
yeyl aeyz cer
.ig l` zreyie zecge zgnya f`k
; iy-y 'nr ,(p' 'yz) c ,zeteq` ,'ycewd zxnf avrn dx`'b`p l`xyi iax' ,iqexq '` : e`x 53
Najara,
un poete
` hebreu
P. B. Fenton, Israel
au carrefour de la mystique musulmane,
Dedale,
11-12 (2000), pp. 638-644
ze` ,(19 dxrd lirl) oefciec : eeyd .92 'nr ,` wlg ,1599 divpe ,l`xyi zexinf ,dx`'bp l`xyi 54
zexinf ,dx`b`p l`xyi ; 139 'nr ,1856 oilxa ,dceard icenr ,dhedqcpl 'l ; 4162 xtqn ,i
.127-126 'nr ,av 'qn ,e' 'yz aia`lz ,axegqixt 'i zxecdn ,l`xyi
xit myd zgz qwcpià riten epi` df xtqn .148 'qn ,111 'nr ,(28 dxrd lirl) meldie dfhih 55
.207 'nr ,l`ca` ohleq
,eixiy ly zeax zexecdn yi .Ibrahim Aslanoglu, Pir Sultan Abdallar, Istanbul 1984 : e`x 56
: mb e`x .P. Boratav and A. Golpinarli

(eds.), Pir Sultan Abdal, Istanbul 1943 : oebk
I. Melikoff,
Hadji Bektach: Un mythe et ses avatars, Leiden 1998, pp. 175-178, 230-234
.352-351 'nr ,my ,elbep`lq` 57
[ 348 ]
[ 21
,lly `venk llne` aal gny

.ax lly `venk
,jaix z` l` ik javr lk z` gkye
.ax jaix z` l` ik
,lrx jez ipz lrz mbe ze`tx
.sq lrx jez ipz
,dbez onf ik dbeprd iytp
.sq dbez onf ik
,xeì jil` xe`p xic` l` m`
.xv xeì jil`
,zepezyr axn zepebi l` jl dn
.xv zepezyr axn
,srf z` jl dn srie d`kp al
.xq srf z` jl dn
,diay ler jnn dililr ax m`
.xq diay ler jnn
58
ikxezd xiyd
sabr eyle katlan bu cevre,
Gel gonul
guldur
ur
Elbet seni aglatan

bir gun
bu haneye,
Niceler kondu goctu
guldur
ur.
Elbet seni aglatan

bir gun
Gitti yoldaslarim
deyu aglama,
oduna daglama,
Cigercigim
ask
Heyif oldu dey u yanup aglama,
guldur
ur.
Elbet seni aglatan

bir gun
.127-126 'nr ,av 'qn ,(54 dxrd lirl) axegqixt zxecdn ,l`xyi zexinf ,dx`b`p 58
[ 349 ]
22 ]
oehpt oepi sqei
yollar da sana ayandir,

Gittigin
Cevrin kime ise lutfin

anadir,
Erler, ile evliya ya beyandir,
guldur
ur.
Elbet seni aglatan

bir gun
Gitti goremedim
mihr-u vefayi,
olan ceker
Asik
cevr u cefayi,
zevk u sefayi,
Kelb rakib sursun
guldur
ur.
Elbet seni aglatan

bir gun
Pir Sultan Abdal>im bunda bir hal var,
yokla ki ustunde

Ozunu
yol var,
Seni kim aglati

var ana yalvar,
guldur
ur.
Elbet seni aglatan

bir gun
[mebxz]
,df a`k laq ,ligede ial èa
,jwigvi mei ,jikan ok`
.ef dxicn erqp fè ,eay dnk aeyg
.jwigvi mei ,jikan ok` ['ft]
.mixagd mdl ekld ik dkaz l`
! dad`d y` iptn dpriz l` ohwd ial ie`
! lag : jxneà xrhvdn lecg
.jl zereci jled dz` oday mikxcd
.cqg xewn ,mxeb lkn ,jia`k
.miwicvle milikynl xexa df
.dpen`d yny izi`x `le rqp
,iepire ae`kn leaql ad`nd lr
.delye bper `vni alk eaixiy ine
[ 350 ]
[ 23
.zewiacd ìd izxhn ,l`ca` ohley xit ip`

.dil` dliaend jxcd `vne jytp oega
.eppgl jl ,jikady in
itevd xiyd ogln rtyed wx `l dx`'bp l`xyi 'xy xxazn dl`d mixiyd ipy zèeydn
,mixeh drax` mixiyd ipya ,izextqd dpand zpigan .epkezne edpann mb `l` dfd
dcina ziyteg dxeva ziwlg dn`zd yi ,mpkez zpigan .xfegd oenftd mllkae
dxiya uetp `yep èdy ,ezreyil lgiind xaypd ald iae`kn lr xaecn mdipyay
'zihxt zelrtzd' itevd byendn mlrzn dx`'bp l`xyi 'x mle` .zihqind zikxezd
diitivd : eilr aiagd `yepd z` ea `hane miaxd zeyx l` xiyd xiv z` xiarne (hal)
eizerici
okidn j` ziaxr xaic dx`'bp ,(1555 jxra .p) wync cili .llkd zle`bl
eizericiy gipdl yi ? dlynnl miaexw minvnevn mibega wx zgeex dziidy zikxeza
zilwiqend zxeqnd ixney ilecb oiay mb reci .`cixb dxiy iqwptn ehwlp ef dtya
oi`y oiivl ie`x seqal .miinlqend mixiyd z` cnl mdny gipdl ozipe ,miyieexcd epnp
oglk ozep èd .eixg` xeca igy ,dx`'bp ipira og `vny o`hleq xit ly cigid xiyd df
o`hleq xit ly 'qtp'd zlgzd idefy okzii .'iy`hwa ibg' xiyd z` 59'dirx dti' exiyl
60
.ef zxzek `yepd
,zeywae mipenft ,eyp`b sqei 'x lv` riten xiyd .123 'nr ,(55 dxrd lirl) meldie dfhih 59
.eyp`bl df xiy qgiin 3365 i ,(19 dxrd lirl) oeqciec .59 'nr ,c"yeng
mixxeynn ertyed dx`'bp ly mixg` mixiyy dcaerl al zneyz aqdl mb xyt` .104 oèeic 60
iwàe (330e 267 ,178 ,125 ,110 ,66 'nr ,meldie dfhih) (1407 xhtp) iniqp oebk ,mixg` miihqin
'qn xiy ly zxzekd mb eeyd .(280 ,222 ,208 ,197 ,181 ,115 ,96 ,92 ,13 'nr ,my) (1600 xhtp)
.(itEv wicv) xitd zad` xiq`l izktdp `le : epiid ,'ixit iwyr ip' 225
[ 351 ]
zi`zayd migayd zextq zxcbd

qixb a`f
did xyt` ,epzxag lr eneyix riahd zeripvd mzeg oiicryk ,dpy miyelyk iptl
,cg` cg` mixdep ,epnr ixirv ytp aevir lre xrepd jepig lr micxgd ,miyiyw ze`xl
frde sivgdy oereayd ,'dfd mlerd' z` evitdy mipezird ipkec l` ,dèx oià lekiake
zexidna dl` da elrlry zeadlzdd ; dnexir dyi` zpenz hrnk zxaeg lka qitcdl
daexn dcina dxikfn ,'darez' xihtdle dpenzd z` dwiwyae szga ze`xl ick ,oezira
yigndl ,dixeaib igay meyxle èxwl zi`zayd drepzd iaixin wlg ly mzeadlzd z`
enqwed dnk cr eprpkyl miyn ilane ,dicde` lye ef drepz ly dpelw z` lkl lekiak
wizrdy zeiecrd 'iqteh' zrax` z` `xewd lk .dil` ekynpe dle`bd zxeyan mnvr md
lr cenriy ick ,hwlnd zecr ,ezecrl wwcfi `l ,'ze`pwd zxez' extql ocnr awri 'x
jqg `l ocnr 1.ocnr ly ezeigiyn lr qail dcedi ly dtid exn`nl `l mbe ,okezn jk
: ik extq gzta reawln envr
mr diqgie zi`zayd migayd zextq zeclez lk ie`xk xxal z`f znvnevn zxbqna lke` `l
o`k .ziciqgd migayd zextql dixyw enk ,dxyr dpenyd d`na mihqiwp`xtd lv` dizexexb
xg`l mipey`xd zexecae iav izay inia z`fd zextqd ly dpiipre daih x`zl oeiqipa wtzq`
'h"yrad igay' mr qetca dpey`xl dritend ,ziciqgd migayd zextqy oiiv` wx .ezc xindy
znerle ,dxyr ryzd d`nd ziy`xay mipnfd iepiy ly drtyd xak da yi ,(d"rwz hqet`w)
ixeaib lr zxewiae diqwltx ixetiq da yi ,zi`zayde zipìxeld cgeinae ,zncewd migayd zextq
ezivde icedid ly ipgexd ehixtzl eqpkpy miycg mibyen ly oeylae aevira zertyd ,zeciqgd
? eafk xetiqd ahin mpn`d' ,qixb 'f : e`x miizpia .jix`dl mewn o`k oiè ,miazeke mixtqn oeinc
; 94-91 'nr cgeinae ,94-85 'nr ,(q"yz sxeg) 44 ,zrc ,'zeciqgd zecleza migayd zextq mewn
xweg ly elegknl oeixehqidd ly migzpnd oikq oia - h"yrad ly zixehqidd ezenc' ,l"pd
.my 84-76 zexrde ,442-436 'nr ,(2000) 5 ,dlaw ,'zextqd
.165-122 'nr ,(m"yz) hn ,uiaxz ,'ze`zayl eqgie oicnr awri 'x ly ezeigiyn' ,qail 'i : e`x
.421-396 ,211-198 'nr ,d"pyz milyexi ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,l"pd : qtcpe ay
2]
qixb a`f
ecirdy dn yigkdl xyt` i`y rahd jxca did `l dyrnd df znà ik rcil yi
exqny mler iciqg dnde dxexa dricie di`x icr minid ozeà mler ilecb eilr
dxezd zneg xval 'd zxnyn exnye mdicia zwfgend l`xyi zpen` lr mytp
2
.dreyie dle`b oevx zr f` didy wtq oi` okl .mirehd oa` zegnle
xagn lk' zaiign 'epizenewna bedpd oepbqd zxbqn'y ,jk lr qail rixzd xak mpn`
zebeqd xwgny orhè fr` z`f lkae 3,'exwgn `yep xara gpfed dnk cr dxdvda geztl
xtqd zeclez ,ezellka agxd `yepdy myk ,eileziga oiicr l`xyi zextqa zeizextqd
.ce`n gpfen ok` ,zebeqd ibck mibc cer ea yiy qepiiwe`d èdy ,ezelawzde icedid
aih z` oiit`l mixweg eyry zepeiqipd z` zerav` dnk lr xetql xyt`y dxwn df oi`
.mi`xewd ldw lv` ozelawzde ozvtd ,ozaizk jxc ,izextqd obeq ,exwgy zecerzd
,lyeke ccea oeiqip èd 'zeciqgd zeclez' extql gtqpa z`f zeyrl aepaec ly epeiqip
,mely myxb 'text ,df llka ze`zayde ,dlawd ixweg lecb mpn` 4.jk lr izxrd xake
mda dyry mipeyne mipey mixeaigl mipeiv aivdl ezaizk ly jelidd jxca gxh
extqa jk .mda rbpy zexewnd zxewiaa eiaezk miiq `l` gzt `l la` ,yeniy
5
.'eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay' ilhpnepend
.dzxcdda weqr ip`y ,ileky` f"` ,exec oa ly ezcear z` oiivl yi df xywda `weec
zeigiynd zerepzd' dlecbd ezcear jezay ipyd jxkd èdy ,iav izay lr jxkd gzta
maihl mipey`x mieew hhxyl dqip ileky` ,cala oey`xd jxkd qtcp dpnny ,'l`xyia
,(extq zixgà eixg` melyk) ei`xewl xqn ,dnbecl ,jk .mda ynzydy zexewnd ly
: lr miqqean ,'ze`pwd zxez' xkfpd extqa ocnr ìady zeiecrd iqteh zrax`y
,xfer x"a ail ,mcxhynà ifpky`d zqpkd zia yny ly yiciia zepexkif .`
onlf icia ievnd ,xewnd ly ci azk epiciae ,mcaire zixarl mnbxz ocnry
fkxn z`veda zipeylec dxecdna xe` d`x miizpiay ci azk .(xfy) aeyaex
6
.xfy onlf
.2 'nr ,l"xz aeal ,ze`pwd zxez xtq ,ocnr awri : e`x
.581 'nr ,(d"pyz) cq ,uiaxz ,'dkld xtqk xdefd' ,qail 'i : e`x
aia`lz ,wvewn lcpn mgpn cre h"yrad on zeciqgd ziy`xa xetiqe xteq xtq ,qixb 'f : e`x
.2 dxrd 110 ,17 'nr ,a"pyz
'nr ,(iav izay : oldl) d"lyz aia`lz ,2eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay ,mely 'b : e`x
'nr ,(c"pyz) 6 ,miipgn ,'dcenill xewnk dlaw ixtq zqtcde zwzrd' ,qixb 'f : mb e`x .842-829
.206-205
,[g"rz-`"rz mcxhyn` ,iav izay oet bpeaiixya] iav izay iyrn xetiq ,xfer x"a ail : e`x
,(h"lyz) cp ,xtq zixw ,iwqpìpxeh 'g : e`x ,dxecdnd lr zxewia .1978 milyexi ,xfy 'f zxecdn
L. Fuks, Sabbatianism in Amsterdam in the Beginning of the : e`x ok enk .167-161 'nr
[ 354 ]
2
3
4
5
[3
yi ocnr lv` ik oiiv mely .(Coenen) opew ihphqhextd xnekd ly exetiq .a

7
.reci `l xewnn zetqez
xeviw lra ,oiihytr lkin lìgi 'x did ewizrny ,iwpew mdxa` ly exetiq .b
mgl ocnrky ,fib`g dyn ly zexrd etqep ik xird mely .recid d"ly
.mi`zaya
iyiy xn`n ,` wlg ,'diaeh dyrn' extq gzta `texd u"k diaeh ixac .c
divpe ipaxy ,'l`xyi ipal oexkf' qxhpewd z` mb llekd ,(f"qz dìvipie)
zecr zlaw eae qtcen oelr ly eneyix cer siqed mely .g"kz zpya eqitcd
milyexi ipaxn ,aiag oa dyn 'x itn mipin`nd lre iav izay lr zexeqne
8
.f"id d`nd ly diipyd zivgna
ikxc ,yeniy oda eyry zeizextqd zebeqd z` oiit`l eqip `l melye ileky` ,z`f mr
.ozelawzde ozvtd ,ozaizk
exkfpy zeiecrd iqteh z` mi`lnn dl` ; migay zizextqd dbeqa o`k xcbzp ep`
dbeql zkiizyn ,mlerd zextqak ,l`xyi zextqa ef dbeq .'ze`pwd zxez' xtqn lirl
,zeig`zebeq jeza zyletne jezl zylet ìde ,ditxbeibd f"rla ,miyecw iig
zextq ly dizeipaz .rqn ipnei mllkae ,mipneie zepexkif ,ditxbeiaehe`de ditxbeiad
miizextq dxearz ilka cgein e` sqep orhnk e` ,mitevx dyrn ixetiqk migayd
9
,zitexi`d zextqa dlaepd ceqine ceqiil dze` eliaed ,rqn ipnei e` zexbi`k ,mixg`
zextqa miliyany ,miixlehqit`d mipnexd f"rla ,miazkna mipnexd mb enk
xetiqa mziy`xy ,iwqx`witd onexd f"rla ,zerqnd ipnexe 10,g"id d`na zitexi`d
xtqa mkynd 11,'qnxeh yi` eixql iig' ,f"hd d`nd zivgn oa xvwd inipep`d rqnd
18th Century: Some Reflections on Leib ben Ozers and his Work, Studia Rosenthaliana,
,qqxe 'y : e`x cer .ilbp` xivwz el sqepy zicpleda xn`n - vol. 14, no. 1 (1980), pp. 20-28
.30-28 'nr ,g"nyz milyexi ,wa`n ly eizeclez : ze`zaye dlkyd

ly ezenca elbzdy itk micedid ly èey zeitiv ,opew 'z : ixar mebxza xe` eiykr d`x xtqd 7
.g"pyz milyexi ,oltw 'i : zexrde èan ; ilèny 'è xia`b`l `"` : zicpledn mebxz ,iav izay
,edipa 'n : e`x ,iwpew mdxa`l xyà .830 'nr ,iav izay ,mely ; g wxt ,ileky` f"` ci azk 8
'nr ,(b"iyz hay) (bvw) d zxaeg ,al jxk ,ipiq ,'lìxa dcedi iaxl iwpew mdxa` iax zexb`'
.hiy-y
qixb : e`x ,migay dbeqd lr .17-12 'nr ,f"kyz aia`lz ,3xetiqd zepn` ,bxacleb 'l : e`x 9
.ztqep ditxbeilaia mye ,96-90 zexrd ,122-120 ,35 'nr ,(4 dxrd lirl)
igay zvtd siqedl yi my aezkd lr .81-80 zexrd ,118-117 ,32-31 'nr ,my ,qixb : e`x 10
lkl .'wicv ogea'e 'oixinh dlbn' eixtqa lxt sqei dyry miazkna onex oirna zixih`q miciqg
zegztzda mipeir : eyxeye xetiq ,'lxt sqei ly dxih`qd zehiy' ,qqxe 'y : e`x ,dagxda oiiprd
.45-9 'nr ,`"lyz obznx ,zixard dfextd
miig : xac zixgè zexrd ,zicxtqn mebxz ,eizeglvde eize`lz qnxeh yi` eixql iig : e`x 11
[ 355 ]
4]
qixb a`f
mipy ryzke 12,f"id d`nd ziy`xa qtcpy ,qhpèexql 'dhegiw oec' ,zexecl ritydy
qcpn m`pxt zerqn' ,zixarl mbxez `l meid cry ,zifbehxeta edxgzn uetp eixg`
yi` q`la li'f ly eize`wztxd' ztxva mler zlidzl ekf g"id d`nae 13,'ehpit
15
.bpiclit ixpd z`n 'qpe'b mez zexew' dilbpà eixgè 14,'f`ql dpxol` z`n 'dpìhpq
micea`d mihayd zxyrl mirebrbde l`xyi zelidw mre l` xyw yetig eplv` eliè
.mlera liihle xezl gepn ixqg miplhae mipwztxd ,miliihn ekiled oeihanql xarny
cvl ,'digzt 'x ly eaeaq'e 'dlcehn oinipa 'x zerqn' xetiq miipiad inia evetp mdn
onex ly daizkl eyabzp recik dl` .dle`b iytgn ibibde diyxece dcb` ilra zeiyrn
,'iyilyd oinipa zerqn'a mixtq xken ilcpn icia wx eahina oey`x iwqx`wit
`xwp recne .micea`d mihayd zxyr z` ytgl oaenk e`vi lixcpqe oinipa eixeaiby
,gkyp meidy xtq mey lr ,xpfelw sqei xak gikedy itk ? 'iyilyd oinipa zerqn'
micea`d mihayd zxyr z` ytigy ,oinipa sqei l`xyi 'x èd ,'ipyd oinipa zerqn'
oinipa zerqnl mi`xewd zrceza sxhvde 16,h"id d`na zixarae ziztxva uetp extqe
.dlcehn oinipa 'x ,oey`xd
lh : xac zixgè mebxz ,eize`lze eizexew qnxeh yi` eixql iig ; g"kyz aia`lz ,diàxa`
.1554 zpya dlwlà dqtcpy dnlyd dxecdnd itl ìd ef dxecdn .g"pyz aia`lz ,oxwovip
yi` heyiw oec : wilìa p"g ly xvewnd enebxze eceaira zexecdn daxda zixara uetp did xtqd 12
oec ,dxcie`q
qhpèexq
dc 'n : e`x ,icxtqd xewnd on `ln mebxz .j"yz aia`lz ,6`ypnl

aia`lz ,ovipoxw 'h : dkixre mixiyd mebxz ; e`cpl 'le e`cpliwqiexwq 'a : mebxz ,dhegiw
.zevegp zexrd xtqd sebae xac zixg` e`cpl qièl siqed ipyd jxkd seqa .1994
Mendez Pinto, Peregrinacam de Fernam Mendez Pinto, Lisboa 1614 : e`x 13
enebxz .Fernao
Mendes Pinto, The Travels of Mendes Pinto, ed. and tr. R. D. Catz, : e`x ,zilbp`l
Fernao
Chicago 1989
,weqa ecir : xac zixgè zexrd ,mebxz ,dpìhpq dc q`la li'f ly eize`wztxd ,'f`ql dpxol` 14
yi` oixhxh ,dcec qpetl` ly extq xzeia recie ce`n zixletet ef dbeq ztxva .d"pyz aia`lz
dxecdn dpey`xd mrta zixarl mbxzl miiq weqa .1966 aia`lz ,le`y oa dyn : mebxz ,oewqxh
ceqid .f"hd d`na azkp reciky ,dlAx
z`n 'lèxbhpte dèhpbxb zelilr' ly zxrene d`ln
onfd ipa ly mdizerce mdizepen` sewiya el dlecb zeaiygy xeaiga ipyd hegk xaer iwqx`witd
L. Febvre, The Problem of Unbelief in the ly dwinrnd ezcear e`x jk lr .zcl mqgi cgeinae
,dyrnl .Sixteenth Century: The Religion of Rablais, tr. B. Gottlib, Cambridge, MA 1982
ifkxn mewn iwqx`witd ceqil `vnp ,'cicpw' ,g"id d`nd oa ,xhlee ly ixih`qdizebdd extqa mb
A. Vartanian, On Cultivating Ones Garden, in: D. : e`x .ezlilr aevire xtqd zipaza
.Hollier (ed.), A New Histsory of French Literature, Cambridge, MA 1989, pp. 465-471
dixehqidd f"rla ,zercde zepen`d zeclezl eznexze Febvre ly l"pd exwgn lr zycegn dkxrd
S. Kinser, The Problem of Belief , ibid., pp. 958-966 : e`x ,zilhpnd
.f"kyz milyexi ,aelicpn `"` : èan ; itqk '` : zexrde mebxz ,qpe'b mez zexew ,bpiclit ixpd 15
.(h"ixz wil) 'l`xyi irqn xtq'k 'cibnd' jxer oecxeb cec mebxzae ziztxva xe` d`x dpey`xl 16
oiivl yi .369-368 'nr ,h"iyz milyexi ,e ,dycgd zixard zextqd ly dixehqid ,xpfelw 'i : e`x
[ 356 ]
[5
giynd oky ,epnn lylzydy iwqx`witd onexd lè rqnd onei l` mpigl iztgqp `l
miqp ,dìlt iyrn ,zepbe gay ixetiq mdixgè mzè eccp izfrd ozp eìape iav izay
zvtda mdilrp zeileqe mdini eliay miccep miìapae migikena mb ewacp dl` .zeiexfe
zneyze ,mireci 18uihqext e` uipqext dlaile 17j`ln miig 'xk miyp` .giynd zxeya
19
.ifpky` ikcxn 'x ecinlzle ebieex mdxa` 'xl mb dpzip al
mzelirte mdiig xwir ,izfrd ozpe iav izayk ,mwlgy ,zextq ixeaiba xaecny oeeik
mdiig ,ifpky` ikcxne ebieex mdxa` ,uipqext dlail ,j`ln miigk ,mwlge ,gxfna
.mzaiaqa zicedi `ld zillkd migayd zextq aevira ,oaenk ,aygzdl yi ,axrna
exared daxd minrt gxfnd on mixeaib ly mdigaye mdiyrny dcaerd zkaqn oeicd z`
20
.jtdle ,axrnd on mixqen icia eazkpe eaver ,dt lra
on mziilre micea`d mihayd zxyra zepiiprzdde ,dnxz xecd gex mb ,wtq oi`
.'jxcd zvitw' mya iwqx`wit xvw xetiqa egek dqip èd mby ,oecxeb ail dcedi èd ,b"li z`
ly dixehqid ,xpfelw 'i ; 148 'nr ,f"yz aia`lz ,zixard zextqa dlaepd ,xpfelw `"i : e`x
,miipiad inia mixiizde mirqepd iqetih lr .449 'nr ,c"iyz milyexi ,c ,dycgd zixard zextqd
M. Wade-Labarge, Medieval Travelers2, New York and London 1983 : e`x
; 174-168 'nr ,(e"yz) ì ,oeiv ,'j`ln miig 'x z`n zxb`' ,mely 'b : e`x ,ezxeya lre eizece` lr
milyexi ,dileblbe ze`zayd zeclezl zexewne mixwgn ,'oileta zi`zayd drepzd' ,l"pd
j`ln miig 'x ly zei`zayd lr ztvn ifpky` dil` iax zeiecr' ,edipa 'n ; 108-100 'nr ,c"lyz
,xfer x"a ail : e`x ,zeiecrde zerenyd lr .71-67 'nr ,(`"lyz) i ,l`xyi ux` ,'ciqg dcedi 'xe
,qail 'i : xicdd ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely 'b ; 198-190 'nr ,(7 dxrd lirl) iav izay iyrn xetiq
.757 'nr ,ekxra gztna ,a"pyz aia`lz
ìapd - "mler ceqi wicv" xtq xagn' ,qail 'i : e`xe .188-169 'nr ,my ,xfer x"a ail : e`x
,l"pd : jeza qtcpe ay ; 173-159 'nr ,(h"lyz-g"lyz) 3-2 ,zrc ,'uipqext ilail 'x i`zayd
,'mler ceqi wicv' xtq ,uipqext ly extq lr .76-70 'nr ,(1 dxrd lirl) zi`zayd dpen`d ceq
'i : e`x .exagn in rci `l oiicr f` la` ,i`zay xtqdy giked eay ,okl mcew xn`n qail azk
: jeza qtcpe ay ; 120-73 'nr ,(g"lyz) 1 ,zrc ,'i`zay qezin - "mler ceqi wicv" xtq' ,qail
.69-53 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq
i`zayd ly eizenelg ,l"pd ; 808 'nr ,'mdxa` ebieex' jxra ,gztna ,a ,iav izay ,mely : e`x
,ebieex mdxa` 'x ly ecinlz ifpky` ikcxn 'x ly zenelgd qwpt xac lr : ifpky` ikcxn 'x
yi' ,obiealpvw qgpt ly ditxbeiaeheà mb mixkfp miipydy f` rci `l mely .u"xgz milyexi
zr mybty (e oniq ,my) cirn qgpt 'x .cxetqweà - sxbehe` - cigi ci azka dievnd ,'oiligpn
lr cnr iayz .'mdxa` ly`' mya xdefl ikcxn 'x yexit z` qitcdl ick eribd myl ,`cxita edy
c-b ,zepetq ,'n"z-d"lz zepyn ebieex mdxa` iaxl `tex xi`n iax zexb`' exn`nl gtqpa jk
milyexi ,a ,dizegelye dlaw ixwg ,l"pd : qtcpe ay ; lw-hkw 'nr ,(xfy xtq) (k"yz-h"iyz)
,oiligpn yi ,obiealpvw qgpt : e`x .d`ltp dxecdna xtqd qtcp miizpia .332-331 'nr ,b"pyz
.dr-cr 'nr ,my e`x ,lirl zxèznd dyibtd lr .e"nyz milyexi ,clrt c"i zxecdn
.m`lq`d zevxà migeexd miwicvd igay z` ziphxtd dpigale ditxbeilaial siqedl yiy o`kn
I. Goldziher, Veneration of Saints in Islam, Muslim Studies, II, London 1971, pp. : e`x
275-341
[ 357 ]
17
18
19
20
6]
qixb a`f
ipiite` iàv yeal dlaiwe ,micedi oeinc daidld milyexi z` xxgyl ick xacnd
zexbi` l` zetr zerenye migay ,zeiyrn etq`y ,mixvep miigiyn mipin`n igeeica
,odiazek ly aeygd mcnrn lre zexbi`d ly oaih lr ,recik .evitdy dlenrzd
eny mby enk 22,mely myxb od 21iwqplie ikcxn od ecnr xak ,qeix`xiq xhit bele`zk
cgein xeaig azky ,mcxhqn`n l`xyi oa dypnk xeca lecb qpxt ly ezeaxernl al
23
.df oiipra 'l`xyi dewn'
onexl eyabzp ,azkae dt lra mipey milka evetpy migaye zeiyrny dxwn df oi`
iwipel`y) epic`la zg` ,h"id d`na zexecdn dxyr yya zegtl zixara uetpy
ely dpynd zxzeky ,'iav zerxe`n' mya ,(qetc zpy dxqg) yiciia zgè ,(`"lxz
dleah ,zipax zixeiv oeyla ziwqx`wit zizextq dxivi oin ède ,'zenelg ixetiq'
oey`xd eqetce inipep` exagn df xtq .dtexi` gxfna dlkydd ziy`x ly wc ahexa
.(oldl e`xe) c"rwz zpya
èd df xtqy ixri d`xd xak j` ,1804 bxanl ,jkl mcew oey`x qetc yi dxe`kl
iè mixtqd zgxad myl jk xg` mipy zexyr aeala e` èewl`fa etiefy mixtqdn
c"vwz zpya aeala qtcp d`xpky ,siefnd qetcde oey`xd qetcd .qkn e` qn melyz
,epiidc ,'iaxrn' envr `xewd xagn ly zedbd ,miqetcd x`yk `ly ,millek ,(1834)
oiay zenglna bdep edf ik eaeha ipxird ifpky` lèny .dwixt` oetv - axbndn
xg` mewn ipak zefgzdl ,mixg` l`xyi ipen` inely e` ,miciqgd mdiaixil milikyn
ecinlz ,uxdpxhy ozp 'xl qgeiy ,'zeàv 'd z`pw' xtqa jk .miwgxna mzecr zelzle
,dwixt` oetv ,epiidc ,axrn ux`n ci azka exewny aezk exryae ,alqxan ongp 'x ly
1804 zpyn 'iav zerxe`n' qteha myx mely .l`xyi ux`n opaxc gily icia ribdy
mr deezyd `l j` oey`x qetcn qteh milyexia d`xy oiive ,siefn èd ik ezeyxay
yxcnd zia ziixtqa eiykr `vnp df qteh .eci zgzn hnyede xignd lr mixtqd xken
aexa ehnyedy ,'iaxrn' ly zedbddn ueg ik ,ce`n aeyg qteh edf .wxei eipa mipaxl
oiive ifpky` lèny `vn ,xen`k ,aeala siefnd qetcd z` ìvedle ,miàd miqetcd
i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd ziaay zixard ditxbeilaiad lrtn zqhxka
gn mitcd ehnyed ,dpey`xd dxecdnd z` ìvedl ,zexecdnd x`y lkay ,milyexia
24
.`"r bp-a"r
,(a"iyz) fi ,oeiv ,'e"kz-d"kz zepya zi`zayd drepzd lr miilbp` miqxhpew 'c' ,iwqplie 'n
.172-150 'nr
.284-266 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely
.197-9 'nr ,h"nyz aia`lz ,l`xyi oa dypn ,onxec 'n : e`x
dpey`xd dxecdnd ly qitcnd èd - dti l`xyi 'x c"ag yi` qetca c"rwz hqet`w oey`xd eqetc
qetcd edf) c"vwz bxanl ,d"rwz hqet`w : qtcp jk xg` - (d"rwz hqet`w) 'h"yrad igay' ly
oievi .j"xz xinehi'f ,x"z dyxè ,[h"vwz] bxaqbipw ,g"vwz bxaqbipw ,g"vwz dyxè ,(siefnd
[ 358 ]
21
22
23
24
[7
,eilr jenql xyt`y ixehqid jnqn zpiga epi`y xeaigk exht melyy oiivl oiiprn
,migayd ehlwpy ote`d ly bviin ea d`x `weec ileky` eliè 25,ehhvn epi` ok lre
ie`xk df xtq wcap `l dk cr .yeniy ea dyr okle ,mdiyrne drepzd ixeaib zeclezk
mixnega ynzyd dnk yigndl ick mdiaixie mi`zayd ly miixetiqd zexewnd znerl
.ealn dca dnke mcaire mxfgn ,mincew
oiipr did diaixilk da mitzeyl xy`k ,dkkye dxrqy drepza mixacn ep`y oeeik
zeiecr hwll dyw ,ezc xind dgiyny rbxd onl cgeina ,zianet zegtl ,dl ygkzdl
miade` ly zecerze zeiecr jeza llkidl ekf migayd `weec ,z`f mr .dilr zeaezk
igay odae zexbi` evitd mipìxel milaewny myk ynn ,cere z`f .cg`k miaieè
edipa mpn` .mi`zay eyr mb jk 26,zebdpde mipewizl sqep ,mzxeage e"gxd ,i"x`d
èd ,aezk xewn lr eknqp ,i"x`d igay z` evitdy ,uipfxcn lnily 'x zexbi`y xaeq
,d"pyz-c"pyz milyexi ,a-` ,ixard xtqd xve` ,cxbepie 'i it lr èd df itxbeilaia meyix ik
cer zeievn milyexia i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd zia sqeà .cala 1863a zeqtcd cr ribnd
èd epic`la xtqd meyix .o"xz my ,b"nxz `yxèe ,`"lxz my ,d"kxz bxanl : zexecdn rax`
mixtqd zia sqeà `vnp ef dxecdnn wzer .`"iyz aia`lz ,mixtq cwr zia ,bxacixt c"g it lr
ayg (220 'nr ,[6 dxrd lirl] ze`zaye dlkyd) qqxe .milyexia i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld
wcva yibxde xtqd z` xìz èd .seifd lr rci `l oiicre xzeia dnecwd ìd 1804 zxecdny
mihewil' ,ixri '` : e`x ,miteifd oiipra .(226-220 'nr ,my) ilikyn izextq aevirl eixywa
'nr ,(y"z) fi ,xtq zixw ,'aeala yip`f`x zicedi zipaxd ly dqetczia : el ,miitxbeilaia
.46 'qn 108 'nr ,my - epxtq lre ,97 'nr ,my e`x ,èewl`fae aeala mixtq iteif lr .108-95
`l oiicry ixn`na zizeaxzd dixehqida mnewne dl` mitiefn mixtq lr izazky dn e`x cer
History of Print in the Nineteenth Century as a Source for the History of the : mqxtzd
,d"nyz milyexi ,l`xyi ifpb ,aelcei 'i : e`x ,'iav zerxe`n' xtqd lr .Hasidic Movement
,1757 'qn 263 'nr ,my e`x ,zeàv 'd z`pw xtq lr .my ztqep ditxbeilaiae ,1277 'qn 205 'nr
zhxetn zeqgiizd eae sqep xn`n qtcp ,xn`nd zdbd jeza ,dpexg`l .my ztqep ditxbeilaiae
igaya zewace weaic' ,wxn 'v : e`x .'h"yrad igay' zkixr lr ezrtydle 'iav zerxe`n'l
lhxa 'i ,sq` 'c ,qwh` 'r : jeza ,'zeciqgd ziy`xa oerbiyd ly dibelepneptl zexrd : h"yrad
milyexi ,iwqplie ikcxn ly exkfl ycwen mixwgn uaew : miciqg ilbrna ,(mikxer) xpiix 'è
.274-269 'nr ,q"yz
zxrdk ,zexewn lr zexrd xtqd gzta `vni ,R 5035 ,mely sqeày siefnd qteha oiirnd ik m` 25
xwira dnecd ipikid `"x ly "qik" lr xetiq' : (a"r f) ipikid mdxa` ly exetiq lr ,my ,ddinzd
,u"y 'xe ekln 'i : qetca e`x ,okè .'! dnpecd lv` jl jl 't lr i"ka `vnpd xetiql ely aihend
; anz-`nz 'nr ,(xfy xtq=) (k"yz-h"iyz) c-b ,zepetq ,'daeh iel dcedil "jl jl" yexit'
my azek cer .iz-hz 'nr ,my ,'zei`zayd zezikd zg` ly zipgexd dzencl' ,u"y 'x : eeyde
wiplrqn [! jk] seqilet sqei mkgd laewn za cakei dnye c`n [! jk] ziti dleza' xekf` lr mely
.'dnpecd zxeqna mb' : '(a"r bk)
zextq ,qixb 'f ; 314-309 ,90-41 'nr ,f"kyz milyexi ,i"x`d zeclez ,(xicdn) edipa 'n : e`x 26
,my 42 dxrde 11-10 'nr ,o"yz milyexi ,h"yrad ly eiciqg iiga dnewne dizeclez ,zebdpdd
.91-80 'nr
[ 359 ]
8]
qixb a`f
lk epl oiè 27,zizxewia dxecdna edipa xicdd eze`y 'i"x`d zeclez' ly cid azk
lkae .ozp eìape iav izay igay ly edylk izeknq izextq xewn did ok`y dgked
`weec dzehytzde drepzd zegztzd lr zizextqd zecra yi ifkxn mewn ,z`f
mii`zay ci iazka dvlnd `vn ik oiiv xak melyy ,aeyg mewnd jk ick cr .migayl
eiepik - eced mexi epkln eppec`] d"xin` igaya xtqiy in lk' ditly ,ìapd ozp itn
,h"yrad iciqgl zexiyi ribd o`kny ayge ,'dakxn dyrna wqerk ,[iav izay ly
igay' zqtcdl mcew uetp df mbzty izgked ipè 28.'h"yrad igay' zncwda xteqnk
dyrna wqerk miwicv igaya xtqiy in lk' : erawy ,l"fgl qgeink ,'h"yrad
29
.'dakxn
eidy xxazn ? exared zeizextq zexev eliàe ,azka mii`zay migay evetp ji`
ediryi icia dpwpe dlbzp eqwpty ,ebieex mdxa`k ,etq`y 'zereny' mnvrl eazky
ly eziaa miaye mixaerd zniyxe ,mixvw migaye zepexkif ihewil mqxt epnne ,dpf
lr yye adlzn epi` envr èdy ,ei`xewl dpf xiaqd dniyxd gzta 30.ebieex mdxa`
,xwand ze`zay lr zi`ce di`x oi`y mewn lka ok lre ,miycg mi`zay ly 'miielb'
dpf ly exn`n ileya miievn dineyixy ,mely ly ezng xxer jka .dfkk eze` dpn `l
gqepl dl` migay deeyd xy`k ,dpf ly eixac owize edipa à eixg` .etqeà ievnd
31
.eicinlze (j"axd) odk oinipa 'x icia xzei uetpe ci iazka wzredy migay
zrxkn drtyd ,wcva ,oiive j"axde ebieex iqwpta mdibeql migayd z` oiin edipa
miqwpta mpkeze mii`zayd migayd aevir lr 'i"x`d igay'ay miaihene zeipaz ly
`l` ,migay cenile mixetiq hewila exvr `l ifpky` ikcxn ecinlze ebieex la` .dl`
xazqn ,ok m` 32.mpexzt zaizka el xfr ebieex exene eizenelg z` azk mb ifpky`
itn oia mixiyi zenelgk oia ,mzvtde mzniyxl ilk mb md migay i`yepk zenelgy
.my ,edipa 27
28
G. Scholem, The Neutralization of the Messianic Element in Early Hasidism, : e`x

idem, The Messianic Idea in : jeza qtcpe ay ; JJS, XX (1969-1970), p. 51 and notes 44-45
Judaism, New York 1971, pp. 198-199, notes 44-45
dxrde 376 'nr ,(m"yz) dp ,xtq zixw ,['jygpd xe`d' ,cbn 'n ly extq lr zxewia] qixb 'f : e`x
.27 dxrd 255 'nr ,(26 dxrd lirl) zebdpdd zextq ,l"pd ; my 24
xtq=) (k"yz-h"iyz) c-b ,zepetq ,'ebieex mdxa` iax ly eqwpta iav izay ipiipr' ,dpf 'i : e`x
,'h"pz-h"lz zepya ebieex mdxa` iax ly eziaa miaye mixaer' ,l"pd ; hq-`n 'nr ,(xfy
.dvx-frx 'nr ,(`"kyz) (dpf xtq) d ,zepetq
mdxa` iaxe odkd oinipa iax ly mdiqwptn zei`zay zereny' ,edipa 'n : e`x ,oey`x meqxt
,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,l"pd : e`x ,milw miiepiyae ; `r-h 'nr ,(b"lyz) ` ,l`kin ,'ebieex
.dkwz-hnz 'nr ,( [g"lyz-`"lyz] c ,oeei xtq ; ci ,zepetq) b"lyz milyexi
.(19 dxrd lirl) ifpky` ikcxn 'x i`zayd ly eizenelg ,mely : e`x
[ 360 ]
29
30
31
32
[9
ly ekxc ikiynn mr 33.jliè f"hd d`nd onl reci ipefg izextq xiykn èdy ,cibn
34
.ipikid mdxa` mb zi`zayd drepza dpnii ely 'zepeifg xtq'a mlegk e"gx
dl` .ezxeyae giynd ly mirayen micdeè miade` ly miazkl yi envrl mewn
meqxtl dkfy xtq ,'l`xyi ipal oexkf' mya ,Fvx`n
oeyxb oa jexa 'x icia mlerl eày
,iwpew mdxa` 'x icin yi dl`k mitqep zepexkife 35,op`nixt oexd` icia epinia sqep
lgd mixf iazkl elblbzdy zexeqnl cg` cvn ,dèeydl mipzip dl` mb .lirl xkfpy
,xg` cvne 36,dèxwdldc iztxvd ly efe ,lirl xkfpy opew ihphqhextd xneka
dyne ocnr awrik mixge`ne ,yhxetyy awri 'xk ,onfd ipa mdn ,miaixi ixacl
37
.fib`g
z`xwl jxrp ely 'iav laep zviv xtq'y zenqxetnd on ixd ,yhxetyy awril xyà
miiepiy eae xeviwk wx `l` ,exagn inia qetcl ribd `l mlern la` ,g"kza xak meqxt
azkn eliè 38.xvwnd zeadlzd `lle xagnd ugla dyrpy xeviw ,mihxte zecerza
op`nixt zwzrd el e`vnp eplfnly ,oiihyt` ci azk ,ca`y cg` wzer cxy ixewnd cid
ze`xl ozip xtqk xe`l iayz Fìvedyk .zipwiicd uxèey dixkf zwzrde zyaeynd
,yhxetyy ly dywe dxn zxewia jez zexbiè miazMn
migayd zexeqn ea ealey ji`
'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,izfrd ozpe ipikid mdxa`k ,mitqep mi`zayl eidy micibn lr 33
'nr ,my : e`x ,mixg` miyp`l eidy mitqep micibn lr .792 ,634 ,624 ,217 ,178 ,171 ,135-134
d`na zecibnd zrtez lr .(ebieex mdxa`l) 789-788 ,(xev oa sqeil) 773-771 ,(ield oinipal) 138
.e"pyz milyexi ,oxev 'i : mebxz ,laewne dkld lra : ex`w sqei 'x ,iwqaelaxe i"vx : e`x ,f"hd
sqei ,edipa 'n : mb e`x .'mixyin cibn' extqn recid ,jexr oglyd lra ly cibnd lr my e`xe
,oeei xtq) ì ,zepetq ,'wvhih sqei 'x ly cibnd' ,mely 'b ; aiz-`vy 'nr ,`"pyz milyexi ,ixiga
ly cibnd' ,edipa 'n : e`x ,g"id d`na l"gnx ly cibnd lr .aiw-fq 'nr ,(g"lyz-`"lyz) (`
zixwgn dcear dvegp oiicr ik oievi .ely-fvx 'nr ,(`"kyz) (dpf xtq) d ,zepetq ,'l"gnx
,`xnbd ixetiqa lew zepae mifexka lgd ,minyd on zelewd z` oiit`l ick zixehqide zizextq
dagxda eiykr azk eilry ,'zelkidd iwxt' seqa xkfpd dxezd xyk mixye mik`lna jynd
M. Swartz, Scholastic Magic: Ritual and Revelation in Early Jewish Mysticism, Princeton,
.mda epxaicy micibna dlke ,NJ 1997
.33 dxrda lirl xkfpd 34

.64-43 'nr ,b"rxz oilxa ,iav izay ipipr ,(xicdn) op`nixt '` 35
Chevalier de La Croix, Memoires
du sieur de La Croix contenans diverses relations : e`x 36
tres-curieuses
de lEmpire ottoman... 2, II, Paris 1684, pp. 259-398
E. Carlebach, The Pursuit of Heresy: Rabbi Moses Hagiz and the : e`x ,fib`g dyn lr
Sabbatian Controversies, New York 1990
37
lr .en-bi 'nr ,èan ,c"iyz milyexi ,iayz 'i zxecdn ,iav laep zviv xtq ,yhxetyy awri 38
zi`zayd drepzd cbp qenletd llegn : yhxetyy awri iax ,lìen '` : e`x ,yhxetyy yi`d
M. Goldish, Rabbi Jacob Sasportas: ; a"pyz milyexi ,dkldd oehly ornl eiwa`ne
Defender of Torah Authority in an Age of Change, M.A. Thesis, The Hebrew
University, Jer usalem 1991
[ 361 ]
10 ]
qixb a`f
dywd eite`l mb `l` ,zi`lp izla zn` zticxl wx `l wcva Dxyw iayzy zxewia
39
.eiwa`n ixywd it lr ,cg`k micicie miaie` ,miyp` itlk enrh dpiyy yi`d ly
ezeiyw yxiy ,ocnr awri ,xzei xge`nd ,xg`d xeaibl yhxetyy dnec ,oaenk ,jka
eqetc èd ,zeizextqd eizengln myl cgein qetc miwdl ul`pe ,iav mkgd ,eia`n
jk xgè ci azka zewzrd onvrl zecner 'iav laep zviv' beqn miazk cvl .dpehlà
40
.onxad n"` mqxty zexbi`k ,migay ly zeteq` odae zexbi` ly qetca
zllekd ,dxiyl yi dkeza cgein mewn .migayd zextq zniizqn `l jka j`
ly zexrd ziieela yìh` dyn ìved gayd zxiyn mly xtq .mipey mipinn zegayz
ozeeydl yi dl` 42.zeycg zegayze zexiy zelere zetv mrt icne 41,mely myxb
oirn deednd 43,qiqp`xt lèpnre awri mig`d ly 'gcen iav' dxivia zizxewia dxiyl
icia migaya yeniyk ,ezlily cvn dxiya gayd sewiyl ilk èdy cbp lwyn
.dfexta ocnre yhxetyy
44
,xacd wegx oiicr j` ,cg` qetxewl migayd i`vn lk z` seq`l uilnd edipa mpn`
iyrn mzeà zexfge miiepiy ,zeielitk hrn `l yi ,lirl xdaede mbcedy itk oky
zexewn mitv mb mrt icn .miaixi e` micici hrn
,mzvtd ly zepeyd zeipaza gay
45
.iav oa oeknl eribdy eiilix`n` le`y ly cid iazk sqeà enk ,miycg
.hk-bk 'nr ,èan ,my ,iayz
,'zi`zayd drepzd oiipra miazkn ihewil' : a ,'ze`zayd cbp qenletd zeclezl' ,onxad n"`
.ehx-fx 'nr ,(`"yz) a zxaeg ,(bi) b xtq ,dycg dxcq ,ci lr uaew
'b : mixeìae zexrd ; yìh` 'n : cid azkn mebxze dwzrd ,mi`zayd ly zegayze zexiy xtq
miyl yi o`k .g"yz aia`lz ,iavoa 'i : cid iazke iwipel`ya mi`zayd zk lr dncwd ; mely
.ihqin xeaib zenc zehhxyne zeavrnd zegayzl cgeina al
xtq=) (k"yz-h"iyz) c-b ,zepetq ,'qxtn ci azka ze`zayd lr zecerze miheit' ,edipa 'n : e`x
'nr ,(c"yz zekeq) h oeilib ,a jxk ,gxfnd cd ,'zi`zay dqpnex' ,yìh` 'n ; ck-h 'nr ,(xfy
,yìh` 'n : e`x cer .8 'nr ,my ,'zi`zayd dqpnexd ly ixehqidd dpkezl' ,iavoa 'i zxrde ,8
ic y`ltpew' ,l"pd ; 177-176 'nr ,(g"iyz lel`) f ,zxagn ,'ifpky` `hana i`zay heit'
zecerz' ,eiilix`n` '` ; elwz-dkwz 'nr ,(xfy xtq) (k"yz-h"iyz) c-b ,zepetq ,'epipec`
cegii xiy .hnx-flx 'nr ,(`"kyz) (dpf xtq) d ,zepetq ,'eiilix`n` le`y iax ifpbn zei`zay
'nr ,dkw oniq ,(e"lyz oqip) (gv) ai zxaeg ,g dpy ,dxez xe` : e`x ,yecwd i"x`l qgeiy ,i`zay
.dqz-hpz
lk ,dep 't : eeyde .136-101 'nr ,(d"nxz) ` ,ci lr uaew ,'gcen iav' ,qiqp`xt lèpnre awri
.132-104 'nr ,h"kyz milyexi ,yiqp`xt awri ixiy
,`vnpy sqep ycg ci azky oiivn èd my ,gi 'nr ,(31 dxrd lirl) 'zei`zay zereny' ,edipa : e`x
mixetiq e`xe .1807 oniq ,iav oa oekna eiykr xeny ,iletixhn oetlk mdxa` iaxl 'miwicv dyrn'
,'m`cxhyn`n `pcpa` `hyew ic mdxa` ci azka mii`zay mixetiq' ,ik`ln 'v `vny mitqep
.171-167 'nr ,(h"lyz) gn ,uiaxz
(k"yz-h"iyz) c-b ,zepetq ,'efecx`w ly zeitxbeiaehe` zexb`' ,eiilix`n` 'è ekln x"i : e`x
.crx-flx 'nr ,(42 dxrd lirl) eiilix`n` ; `nx-btw 'nr ,(xfy xtq)
[ 362 ]
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
[ 11
.zi`zayd dibele`zae yexca gayd ly eaeliye ezrtyd ède aeyg oiipr cer xzep
yexc'a iccd` zeaaxern zipìxel ceq zxeze ditxbeiay jk lr mely cnr xak
cg`k xagny aidxn azk miiwl` mdxa` xicdd dpexg`le 46.ìapd ozpl 'mipipzd
47
.xrhtrdlxrt xra 'x z`n giynd ly diipyd ezcil lr gaye qezin ,yexc
xzei erwzyp micdeè mipin`n zeaalay oeghia ly dax dcina xryl ozip ,oaenk
ik mely azk xak .ozp ìapd ly zkaeqnd dibele`zd xy`n ze`ltpe miqp ixetiq
exeìa cre 'mdxa` d`xn' dqtilwet`d zaizka ezelirt ziy`xn ,ozp ly eizerc
z`f lkae .'dìxad xtq' z` exeaigl mcew daxd ,xzeia zeipktdn eid ,'mipipzd yexc'a
'mipipzd yexc'a èxwl ekfy dlebq icigi elit`y dgked lk epl oiè ldwa evetp `l dl`
48
.eixac ly zkld zewigxn zeiernzydle exagn zrc seql ecxi
iciqg ixaca ixehqidd xad on dcb`d oaz z` cixtdl ziaxn zepicra dqip mely
on`p ixehqid xeìz zzl ick dyr z`f .mz` miqnltznd ixacae ,ozp eìape iav izay
lk dvaew `l oiicr ,z`f mr .dipin`n iyrne drepzd zegztzdl xyt`y dnk cr
migay zextql dzeeydl ick ,mely ly epeyla zi`zayd dcb`d ,migayd zextq
.onfd zae zncew zicedi diqhpte
onexd ziy`x z` zpiit`nk lirl dpievy ,ze`wztxde dcicp ly zizextq zxbqn
xa oerny ixetiqn - dzenka dphwd ,zicedid migayd zextq z` deeln ,iwqx`witd
,'jea dyrn'a fpky` iciqg ixetiq ,xdefd xtq ly zixetiqd zxbqnk ezxeage i`gei
.zi`zayd migayd zextqa mb dzrtedl mcew - ezxeage 'i"x`d igay' xge`n xzeie
,dpikyd icecp mr wicvd icecp zxeqn z` xnynd aihend èd raw aihen ef zextqa
49
.'xdfd ipewz'a exewny
igayk ,eiyrn lr èd ezecr len xeaibd igay zeeydl epicia yi zewegx mizrl
in 50.xg` mewna iznbcd mdipia ipeyd z`y ,'aeh lbrn' erqn onei znerl `"cig
ly zerenyd qwpta aezkl oze` deeyie efecx`w ly zeitxbeiaehe`d zexbià `xwiy
gwl cenll lkei `l ,ebieex zepexzte ,ifpky` ikcxn ,ecinlz zenelg xtqle ebieex
.my 2 dxrde 150 'nr ,iav izay ,mely
1 ,dlaw ,'xrhtrdlxrt xra 'xl miycg miielib ,giynd ly diipyd ezcil' ,miiwl` '` : e`x
gztnd it lr ,(17 dxrd lirl) ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x ,yi`d lr cer .166-85 'nr ,(e"pyz)
'nr ,ekxra gztnd it lr ,b"pyz milyexi ,b ,dizegelye dlaw ixwg ,iayz 'i ; 758 'nr ,ekxra
.1014
: e`x ,wicvd zeriqp lr .a"r ` ,dncwd ,g"lyz milyexi ,2zeilbxn 'x zxecdn ,xdfd ipewz : e`x
.261-257 'nr ,(26 dxrd lirl) zebdpdd zextq ,qixb
'nr ,(1994) b ,`xeh ,'h"yrad igaya oeire oeicl zencwd : dixehqidl zextq oia' ,qixb 'f
.30-28 zexrd 176 ,161-160
[ 363 ]
46
47
48
49
50
12 ]
qixb a`f
ed`xn znerl ìxnn èdyk xeaibd d`xp cvike izeìvnl ihqhptd oia dn lr mieqn
51
.zeìvnd rwxw lr eilbxyk
daxdl mipken eid ,dnifne dnif ,diihqe gay ixetiq ehlwy zexecdy il d`xp
enk ,iav izay iyrn lr mi`ltend mixetiqd on `l eybxzd `le ,zeìvna miiepiy
wdaen cbpzn zecr oeira `xewd 52.dikxc jexiya dnyèdy ziyilyd ezbef iyrn
mcxhqnà ldwd z` zeaidlnd zeieygxzdd wteca yegi ,xfer x"a ail 'xk ,lekiak
did dligzkl eli`k mdn rnzyny mixac ezixgà myxe afkpy cr ,eze` mb d`xpke
.izxewiae ipwtq i`zayd oiiprl eqgi
ditly ,ozp zrc ik rawy mely myxb mr mikqdl xyt`
iige dreyz dpwnd izc jxrk dxezd zeevn meiwa dielz dpi`y dxedhd dpen`d
eli` dl mitvn epiidy daebz dze` llk dxxer `l [... ] oin`nl àd mler
od : `wr `ce .zepekp eid zexvpe zecdi ly 'ozedn' lr zeiteqeixehqidd zercd
'xzen' dn weica mirceid dl`d miipxcend mideabd mixeaicd lk .zepekp opi`
xzeia miwtwetn ,zipgex dpigan 'icedi' edne 'ixvep' edn ,`l dne zecdid leaba
dl oi`y ,zihnbFc
dxcbd itlr rawp `l ,mieqn xeca 'zecdi' dzid dn [... ]

enikqd l`xyiipenìnelyy dn icilr `l` ,zixehqidd zeìvnl qgi lk
53
.mpnfa ixyt`k edeayg e` eilr
ikcxn ly extq lr efecx`w z`n dkxrde zxewia) bx-ax 'nr ,my .45 dxrda lirl exkfpy zexbi` 51
.('mdxa` ly`' ,ifpky`
.150-145 'nr ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,zegt zeiecade zeiecad zexeqnle oiiprd lkl 52
.230 'nr ,my 53
[ 364 ]
zycegn zeppeazd : 'mini zcng' xtq ly eze`zay

lbet dyn
dlawd it lr odinrhae zeevna oeic exwiry swid agx xeaig èd mini zcng xtq
divilba ,dikxeza xtqd ly zexecdn yy eqtced dxyr dpenyd d`na .zipìxeld
,ifbl` aeh mei oa awri l`xyi 'x icia dpey`xl qetcl àede wzred xtqd .dilhiàe
miagx micd xxer xeaigd .xagnd my z` oiivl ilan ,1732-1731 mipya xinfià
1
.zi`zay dxivi ea e`xy mi`pw mitcex mb j` ,miadlp micde` el enw : icedid mlera
zeevnd xeìa ,dlaw ixac ,dwiqtd zextq zpekzna dkld ixac llek mini zcng
ixtql miixwird zexewndn did xtqd .mipewize zebdpd ,xqen ixac oke ,dlawd jxc lr
dlebq ,dcb` ixac mb xtqa yi dl` ly mcvl .dxyr dpenyd d`na zelitze mipewiz
d`na zicedid zextqa ebdpy zeizextqd zebeqd lk ea zelelk ,dyrnl .dètxe
èd mini zcng ly ecegii .xkf o`k dl oi`y ,ziteqelitd zextqd hrnl ,dxyr dpenyd
dbeql ekiiyl ozip m` wtqe ,zg` dxivi zxbqna olek dl` zeizextq zebeq zllkda
zebeqdn xwira bxeg xtqd .ezqtcd zra zicedid zextqa dievn dziidy zizextq
zcng lra 2.hxetne agx ikld oeic mr dlaw ixac etxva epnfa zegikyd zeizextqd
zextqd lr zizxewia dxiwq - "mini zcng" xtq' ,lbet 'n : jezn miwlg lr qqean df xn`n
jnqen xèz zlawl xnb zcear ,'exagn ly ezencae xtqd ly eze`zaya zycegn zeppeazde
lgx xeqtextl izcez .q"yz milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,xeìl` lgx xeqtext zkxcda
zcng xtql od xtqd my oeiv `ll cenre scl zeiptdd .mdizexrd lr qail dcedi xeqtextle xeìl`
.1763 divpe ,mini
.` gtqpa e`x exagne hqwhd lr oeic
,dxyr yy - dxyr yely ze`na dlawl dkld oia aeliyd ly mvnevnd etwid `yepa wqr xwgnd
"zelbzd" xg`ly zexeca dlawe dkld qgi' ,u"k 'i : e`x .mini zcng zaizkl dncwy dtewzd
,(m"yz uiw) 5 ,zrc ,'dkldd mr dlawd gekie' ,edipa 'n ; 68-37 'nr ,(m"yz) 4 ,zrc ,'xdefd
,rny`z 'i ; `"nyz milyexi ,ci iazk it lr zizxewia d`ved ,`fx ìlb ,xeìl` 'x ; 115-61 'nr
.170-153 'nr ,(o"yz) hp ,uiaxz ,'xdefd xtq zehytzd xwgl - cxtql fpky` oia ex`w sqei iax'
dlawe dkld' ,u"k 'i : e`x ,dxivi dzeà miiklde miilaw mi`yep aexirn zerpnidl diihpd lr
milyexi ,zebdpdd zextq ,qixb 'f ; 68-37 'nr ,(`"nyz) 7 ,zrc ,'mixgzn cenil i`yepk
1
2
2]
lbet dyn
(ex`w sqei 'x ly 'sqei zia'a enk) miilaw zexewnn dkldd znlyda wtzqn epi` mini
ly 'zixad zegel ipy'ae i"x`d ly jexrd ogleya enk) zeevnl zeilaw zepeek ozna e`
3
.ziqlwd ezpekzna ikld ozne `yn mr o`k xefy ilawd hqwhd `l` ,(uiaxed diryi
zcng ly i`zayd eite` lr qenlet ldpzd dxyr dpenyd d`nd rvn`n lgd
xzei xge`ne ,dkld iyp` exicbd ,ea xkfp epi` iav izay ly enyy it lr s` .mini
gwlidl eid miieyry miaikx iedif lr dknzqd ef dxcbd .i`zayk xtqd z` ,xwgn iyp`
sqep .izfrd ozp ly oewixhepd z` mi`yepd miheit dpey`xae y`xa - i`zayd mlerdn
mihehive zeixhnib ,ocnr awri my`xae ,dkld iyp` ea e`vn ,dl`d miheitd lr
xtq mini zcng z` epik mipxcen mixweg .iav izay lr mzrcl mifnexd `xwndn
mixken mdinec e` md xy` ,xtqa miievnd mibdpne miibxehil mirhw jnq lr i`zay
.mii`zay mihqwhn mb
xtqk mini zcng z` ze`xl ozip dcin zen` eli` it lr dl`yd ogaiz df xn`na
lye llka ze`zayd ly dzxcbdl mipey mixweg eynzyd zexcbd eliàe i`zay
mini zcngl mitzeynd miaikxd m` dl`yd l`yiz oxe`l .hxta df xeaig ly eze`zay
eyniy dcin efiàe ,xtqd ly i`zayd eaih lr micirn ok` mi`zayd ly mnlerle
eqgi epze` cnln dn .xeaivd llk z` mii`zay mibega exvepy daeyz ipewize mihqwh
ly mxekf` cirn dn lr ,ze`zaya mingelk mirecid miyi`l mini zcng ly iaeigd
xtqd ly mlerd zii`x m`de ,mdl eygkzd mi`zaydy ycwnd oaxeg lr zela` ibdpn
zeìvn znerl xzqp l`bp mler - mipt letk mlera zi`zayd dpen`d z` ztwyn
mpi`y xeaiga micg` miaihen lr riav` ok .zelbd oniqa zcnerd dxekre dielb
.zi`zay dtwyd mr dti izrcl miayiizn
: icnl zttex ze`zayd mlerl mini zcng oia dwifdy zexyt`d dlrez mekiql
,mi`zayd ly myxcn zian e`viy daeyz ipewiz e` dibxehil irhwa ynzyd xagnd
.`teb ze`zayl eqgi oiae un`n èdy dl` zexivi ly invrd okxr oia cixtdl yi j`
ezrteda zipzend ziaihwlew dle`b dpi` eipiirn y`xa my xagndy dle`bdy d`xp
.zedel`d mlerl hxtd oia zllegznd zihxt dle`b `l` ,iav izay oebk giyn ly
ila ,zizxeqnd dkldd jxc ìd mini zcng lra zqitz it lr dle`bl dliaend jxcd
.igiyn ocir ,ycg ocir ly ezligzn miaiigznd miiepiyl edylk fnx
dpene dl` zeizextq zebeq ly divxbhpiày zeiziiral qgiizn qixb .137 dxrd ,82 'nr ,1989
drteza xaecn mini zcngay d`xp .dlaw ixac mr hxetn ikld oeic mialynd cala miccea mixtq
.dgkezde xqend cnn mb sqep o`k oky ,xzei s` zicegiie zakxen
dxrd oldl ,xtq znelrz) 'zixad zegel ipy'le 'meid xcq'l mini zcng oia oeinc lr riavd ixri
wx cenrl ozip ,i"x`d ly jexrd ogleyl oke ,dl`d mixtqd oial epia dèeydd on j` .(9 'nr ,6
,zekld hehiv yi dl` mixtqa .ikldde ilawd oeicd ly ewnere eagex zpigan mdipia milcadd lr
.mini zcnga xicz ievny itk dkldd zextq zpekzna ikld oeic ievn mdn cgà `l s` j`
[ 366 ]
[3
mini zcng ly eizexew

dxaqd dgeex dxyr dpenyd d`na .meid cr dxxaed `l mini zcng xagn ly ezedf
seqa xak j` ,xtqa milelkd ehr ixt miheitd jnq lr ,'mini zcng ax' èd izfrd ozpy
draed mixyrd d`nd ly miyelyd zepya 4.ef dxaqa wtq lhed dxyr ryzd d`nd
e`viy miaikx ea milelk `l` ,cigi xagn ly ehr ixt mini zcng oi` ik drcd dpey`xl
meqxt mr 1955 zpya xxerzd xtqd xwga ax oiipr 5.mipey miyp` ly mdici zgzn
yi` ield oinipa laewnd èd exagn ik orhp eae ,'xtq znelrz' ixri mdxa` ly extq
ezxaq z` egc mely myxbe iayz diryi 6.i`zay did `ly ,1672 zpya xhtpy ,ztv
oeic xcrd lr mriavda ,eze`zay zl`ya eilr ewlg mbe xagnd zedf xaca ixri ly
.mini zcngay mii`zay miaihen lre oaxegd xkfl zexg` zeiprzae aà dryza
llk ileè ,legd inia wqerd wlg mb did ixewnd xtqa ik dxaq dzlred xwgna
wx epiciay xtqa mixkfend ,aà dryze mixvnd oia ini `yepa hxetn oeic mb df wlg
; 'legd ini' wlgl zecg` zeiptd yi xtqa (`) : milewiy ipy lr zknqp ef dxaq .ab` jxc
inil zeqgiizd aiign df dpane ,micxtqd ly xeciqd xcqk èd xtqay mibgd xcq (a)
ly mpexqga oigad wizrnd .mly epi` epiciay xtqd mb ik siqedl ozip jk lr 7.legd
8
.'oica`c lr lag' milina zenewn xtqna z`f oiive ,xtqa micg` mirhw
: dxyr dpenyd d`na zexecdn yya qtced mini zcng
ède ifbl` aeh mei oa awri l`xyi icia wzred xtqd .(1732-1731) xinfi` .`
lr 9.xagnd my oeiv ila 'dxez xzk' yxcnd zia iyp` ly mreiqa qetcl eìady
dqtcdd z` iz`vn `l .b 'nr ,(minkg ceak : oldl) c"yz milyexi ,minkg ceak ,oixtliid n"n
dpey`xl qtcedy wiqdl ozip eil` zeieqgiizdde eay rcind zalvd jezn j` ,xtqd ly dpey`xd
.1903l 1873 oia
.450-436 'nr ,d"vxz-c"vxz ìteq ,c ,mcwd zevxàe diwxeza micedid zexew ,qip`fex 'y
: oldl) c"iyz milyexi ,ezrtyd zcin dzid dne exaig in mini zcng xtq : xtq znelrz ,ixri '`
.60-51 'nr ,(xtq znelrz
gikedl eqipy in z` xicz dyniy ,mini zcnga zecg` minrt xkfend ,legd ini wlgl zeqgiizd
jk lre .45 'nr ,xtq znelrz ,ixri ; eh 'nr ,minkg ceak ,oixtliid : e`x .i`zay xtq èd oi` ik
ea didy xaq ,i`zay èd xtqdy orhy ,mely s`y oiivl aeyg .mixacd jynda xeaicd agxei
zcng xtq ; xtq znelrz : ixri '` .zcner dpira dnelrzde' ,mely 'b : e`x .caè ,leg ini lr wlg
.79 'nr ,('dnelrzd' : oldl) (e"hyz) 8 ,zextqd zxewiaa zepiga ,'mini
'd"`' oeiva miixbeqa miàen md oky ,xexiaa oigadl ozip dlà .wizrnd ixac mb milelk hqwha
.mixacd y`xa (wizrnd xn`)
.qetcl mini zcng z` eìad eixagy dcaerl hxt xac epl reci `l 'dxez xzk' yxcnd zia lr
zlyly' ,iayz 'i : e`x .dti dlr `l ,'xeaiv inly' ,sqep xtql dfd yxcnd zia z` xeywl oeiqipd
,dizegelye dlaw ixwg ,' "mini zcng" xtqa miavend miieca "ixen `"`"e "ixen" ly oiqgeid
.( [`"nyz] p ,laeid xtq ,uiaxza dpey`xl qtcp) 48 dxrd ,381 'nr ,b"pyz milyexi
[ 367 ]
5
6
7
8
9
4]
lbet dyn
.hxettx odkd wgvi 'xe ditrlea` miig 'x ,xinfi` ipax ly mdizenkqd epzip ef dxecdn
dxecdnl epzipy zenkqdd oze` mr dqtced ef dxecdn .(1737-1735) `hyew .a
.dpey`xd
zcng ycew i`xwn' mya ,mitc dpeny oa ,xvw xeaig `hyewa qtced 1742 zpya
xwira ,mirhw zqtcd zxeqn ly dzligz dziid ef 10.'oqip ini mipewiz ,mini
.miàd zexeca dgztzdy ,zecxtp zecigik xtqd jezn ,miibxehil
mdn cg` lke ,miax miiepiy eqpked ef dxecdna .(1746-1742) divilb ,èewlef .b
itk èewl`f w"w dt qtcp' : xzid oia xn`p xrya .xtqd on ze`zay cyg xiqdl crep
miblten micnel midibnd oir eilr zyed dzre d"vz zpya dpicp`hyewa qtcp xy`
mey ea zeid izlale epk lr ayed lkd miwqet t"r mkqen oicd cbp didy zenewn dfià
zhnyd lr ,xtqdn 'iav' zeaizd zwign lr cnr ixri mdxa` .'itece beq dfi`n aexr
zhnyd lre ,mixg`d miipyd ea ex`yedy it lr s` ,ekezn izfrd ozp ly miheitd cg`
zxiee` llba eyrp zehnydd ik oiivn ixri .izfrd ozpl miqgeind 'xtrn ixrpzd' iiepiy
,z`f mr 11.i`zay fkxn dzeida ,xir dzeà cgeina dyw d`xpk dziidy zetyknd civ
wx xxerzdl dlgd miciqgd zecbpzde ,mini mzeà i`zayk xtqd qtzp `l ezrcl
qetcd ziay oiivl ozip .uiyaii` ozpedil ocnr awri oia zwelgnd inia ,1752 zpya
ly exryn eze` enilrd `l j` ,mzqtcd mewn znlrda miax mixtq qitcd èewlefa
12
.mini zcng
.zncewl ddf ef dxecdn .(1763-1753) èewlef .c
oke ,wlg lk y`xa zekf dyn zeaeyz etqep ef dxecdna .(1764-1759) epxeeil .d
ly ehr ixtn opi` dl` zetqezy raw mely myxb 13.aà 'hle mixvnd oial mipiipr
zepwdl dzxhne ,èewlefa xtqa eqpkedy miiepiyd z` dxikfn ef ztqez 14.xagnd
.615 'nr ,c"pyz milyexi ,a ,ixard xtqd xve` ,cxbepie 'i
,fh ,zixard dictelwivp`d ,'dewle'f' ,yil`w '` : e`x ,èewlef lr .88 'nr ,xtq znelrz ,ixri
zqtcdl dxeyw ef dcaer m` wtq j` ,zelebq ixtq zqtcd fkxn mb dziid èewlef .711-710 mixeh
i`pbd mya exagn z` dpike ,zelebq xtq mini zcnga d`xy cigid èd ocnr awri .mini zcng
,ehr ixtn azkn àen xtqa .zelebqa yeniydn adlp epi`y envr lr cirn xagnd ,dyrnl .'yebn'
`le dl` mixaca ighan izny `l mlerne' : azkp eteqae ,zelebq ipiipra zevr xzid oia llekd
z` xagnd ly eiepib mr cg` dpwa miler dl` mixac .(`"r kw ,a"g) 'jzrc qitdl `l` df izazk
eczrzd xy` epxecay dxez ipan miax elèp dne' : xtey zriwzn ziyrn zlrez witdl miqpny in
.(`"r bn ,c"g) 'mdiyxec zenkga gilvdle dxikfl zerayde zeltz ipina xtey zriwz zra
.69 'nr ,i"yz aia`lz ,dipleta ixard qetcd zeclez ,bxacixt a"c
: e`x ,zekf dyn ixac lr sqep ,epxeeil zxecdna mini zcngl etxevy zetqezd ly d`ln dniyx
'c' lr ,lynl - 54 'nr ,1934 dpie ,liwprxt 'c zkixra ,l`xyi zexewle ditxbeilaial milr
.ixi`ndl 'oe`b xay' ,dlihwi'b sqei 'xl dcbdd lr yexit ,'aà dryze zenev
.df oiipra mely ly ezrc z` uni` (91 'nr ,xtq znelrz) ixri .81 'nr ,my ,milr : e`x
[ 368 ]
10
11
12
13
14
[5
zyxt zeawra xtqd zxykdl mivn`n eyxcp df dxwnay okzii .i`zay `l ite` xtql
divpe zxecdn lr mb zeklyd ef dyxtl eid ileè ,1730 zpya divpeeae epxeeila l"gnx
.1763 zpyn
lr cenll ozip divpeeae epxeeila zg` dperae zra xtqd zqtcdn .(1763) divpe .e
ellkpy aà 'hle mixvnd oial zetqezd ellkp `l divpe zxecdna .xtql axd yewiad
my eilr qtcp `l jk meyne ,i`zayk xtqd qtzp df alyay d`xp 15.epxeeil zxecdna
dnkqd mey xtqa oi`' : ìd edipa xi`n ly ezpwqn .qtced day xird mye qitcnd
cre mipaxd enikqd `l df xtq [...] zencewd zexecdna eqtcpy zenkqd `l s` zeyxe
ipa ,l"gnxe oeig ly epnfa dxrq eniwd mzenky mipiipra wqer ezeida eqitcdl ohw
16
.'inewn jxevl `le mkxvl edeqitcd ,gxfna eid mdly miweeyd xwiry dèt
miaikxd itlk qgid lr mb `l` xtqd ly zeixletetd lr wx `l cirn lirl xen`d
xinfià zepey`xd zexecdnd izy zqtcd zray divwicpi` oi` .eay mii`zayd
xxerzd eze`zayl yygd .xtqd ly mii`zayd eiaikxl dxzi zeaiyg dqgei `hyewae
zecbpzd el dnw divpeeae epxeeila ik gipdl xiaq .ocnr awri ly eixac xe`l ,èewlefa
ezd zwacdy èt` d`xp .1730 zpyn l"gnx ly eze`zay aiaq diixexryd lva
.eteb xtqdn xy`n xzei onfd gexn drap xtql i`zayd
drixid xvwz .miagx mibega dti lawzd xtqd ,ea wacy ze`zayd cyg s` lr
dgxfn dilhi`n - epnn miwlg zegtl e` xtqd z` evni`y miyp`d zeny z` zepnln
xtqa yeniyd zxzqd .enya aewpl ilan aex it lr - fpkyàe ,ielba dwixt` oetvae
`"xbd my`xae ,zeciqgd icbpzn .ze`zaya ecygpy miciqgd axwa xwira dgeex
17
.yyg lk ila xtqd jezn dibxehil irhw evni` ,eicinlze
eribdy zerenyd ik dxrda mini zcngl miciqgd qgia ocd wxtd z` gzet ixri
ezelawzd lr micnl ep` eixacn 18.'ef z` ef zexzeq mizirle zepey' df qgi lr epil`
ipa zeaxl ,miptbqd miciqgd axwa od ,ze`zayl mitixg micbpzn icia s` xtqd ly
mdipia ,h"yrad iciqgn wlg axwa od ,dyn oa uxt ,xey wgvi ,aeqewn ongp ly ebeg
zcngl micbpzn mb eid h"yrad iciqg oia .oilxwn oexdè uipfwn cibnd ,sixg l`xyi
ly eqgi .`px`n`wn wifiiè aeyhicifn yxid iav ,aepicn jlnil` iav oebk ,mini
lqt dxe`kl ik md mixacd ixwir .jynda èai ède ,hxetn oeic yxec xtql h"yrad
.my ,ixri
.143 'nr ,`"lyz milyexi ,dìvipie iqetca zeyxe dnkqd ,edipa 'n
.75 'nr ,(a"nyz fenz) 24 ,dxczw ,'dpikyd znwd myl l`xyi ux`l diilrd lr' ,iayz 'i
ly dpey`xd zivgna l`xyi ux` aeyiie zeigiyn zeitiv' `yepa oeic zxbqna exn`p mixacd
.'h"id d`nd
.141-119 'nr ,xtq znelrz ,ixri
[ 369 ]
15
16
17
18
6]
lbet dyn
dze` ly zixehqidd dzezn` z` reawl dyw j` ,eze`zay z`tn xtqd z` h"yrad

.lqtp eze`zay llbay i`ce df oi` ,lqtp mè ,dliqt
cec sqei miig) `"cigd enk my iyp` icia mini zcng lawzd icxtqd mlera
xtqd dkldd zextqa .izfrd ozp èd exagny dxaqd zexnl ,i'b`l`t miige (i`lef`
.zeknq xewn ea mièx miwqetd ,(ocnr) uari zli`y z"ey hrnle ,zg` `l xkfen
,èewlefae dilhià ,ezqtcd onfa i`zay xtqk mini zcng iepiby gipdl ozip
eixac xe`l dtexi` gxfnae ,l"gnx ly ezrpkd zeawra dilhià : zexewn ipyn rap
geeha ezvetza drbt `le ,dxdn cr dkky dilhià dxrqdy d`xp .ocnr awri ly
.xtqd cbp erqna ze`l `ll ocnr awri jiynd my - fpky` zelidwa ok `l .jex`d
mini zcng ly eze`zay lr xwgne qenlet

ocnr awri icia mini zcng zliqt
laep zviv xeviw' xtqa èd mini zcnga ocnr ly ewa`nl iz`vny oey`xd cerizd
z` drhny' (`) : xtqd lr zeipiipr zexrd izy zeievn xtqa .(f"vz mcxhyn`) 'iav
iyp` lky' (a) ; 'zehy ly zeciqge dxez ixac ipiipr zvwe xqen ixac zaexrza mlerd
.'yebnd on cnelk df ixde mditeyka ewqr [awxi miryx my iav izay] i"xy u"y zk
19
.'zexrp dyrn `l` epi`y 'qd lka eixg` wecal izgxh `le' : dcen ocnr
èdy d`xp .(g"wz dpehl`) 'fer lcbn zxia'a mb mini zcng z` xikfn ocnr
dcigi zipiipr dprh .mini zcngn egwlpy zepigzde zelitzd zvetzn xwira cxhen
20
.eze`zayl dgked my oi` j` .ycewd zenya yeniyd ìd mini zcng cbp df xtqa
zxez' xtqa ievn mini zcng ly eze`zayl ocnr ly ehr ixtn xzei hxetn oerih
: (a"iwz dpehl`) 'ze`pwd
.eilr zefnxn izin`d giyn zeaiza mb mdly 'ibd iaex l"ynn zrci xake
zepin xtqd zexey lk .minid zcng 'q `lin dfae .i"cy my ly ielna zehxtae
l"pd qxin 'qa ynzyn oke iav i"`zay 'ib ycg y`x zeaiza eilr fnxn mb [...]
dyer oke .l"pk dlere w"cv y"ix s"l` dfk ielnd lr da fnex zcwepn ux` zlna
'ba mifnex oke .c"izz dlere s"ew z"lc w"cv ieln lr ezpeek cewp wcv zlna
'iby wcv ikln ielna eilr mixen mb wcv 'ixry' il egzt weqtd ly zeaiz
ef"er zx`tzy itl mdipiy oia mdivewy xizqdl cegia mifnxd eae izx"`tzd
.e"xz e"yni edez ly g"iyn iav i"zay oeaygl dler
.104 'nr ,f"kxz dqce` ,iav laep zviv xeviw ,ocnr awri 19
.254 'nr ,1874 xin`hi'f ,hywà n"i zxecdn ,fer lcbn zxia ,ocnr awri 20
[ 370 ]
[7
zyelya xaecn) ozp mya dnizge a` yceg ibdpn zhnyd od ocnr ita zetqep zeprh
oi`y dheyd rci `ly' : mini zcng lra ly ezexeal mb oreh ocnr .(xtqay miheitd
d"lyl zencwda rlaena xtqd ly ezxkfd lr etvw `vi xwira .' 'a meia lg mixet
ly xeciqae 'sqei xzk' dlitzd xtqa epnn mirhw ueni` lre ,'miig jxc' xtqle
oiihytr ly xeciqde ,oilxaa 1700 zpya dpey`xl qtced 'sqei xzk' .oiihytr
ezpeeky d`xpe ,zeax zexecdnl ekf dl` dlitz ixeciq ipy .1697 zpya hxetwpxta
.zexge`nd zexecdna mini zcngn mirhw zllkdl ocnr ly
dti lawzd `l mini zcngy jka ,xzid oia ,dl` mixtq lr ezxewia z` wnip ocnr
zeyx epzp `l oilet inkg mb z`fk `pihp`hyew inkg eyibxdy itle' ,oiletae dikxeza
dpehl`) 'oe`d zegel zxiay' ,ocnr ly xzei xge`n xtqa dlelk dnec dprh 21.'eqitcdl
mb df xtqa .'g`d l` edekilyi ìiwxeh ux` lka' ik mini zcng lr xn`p eay ,(f"hwz
dnkqd .mini zcng z` un`nd 'jln ycwn' xtql epzipy zenkqdd z` uxzl ocnr dqip
22
.xzei xge`n mb mini zcng icbpzn lr ce`n dzywd ef
: mixac xtqn xirdl ozip ocnr ly eixac lr
zl`yp .mini zcng xtqa xkfen epi` (ocnr lv` iav i"`zay) iav izay ly eny .`
oewixhepd z` ìadl xagnd yyg `l recn - ok mè ,zpeekn dxzqd idef m` dl`yd
.lqtp iav izaye xtqa xkfidl ie`x ozp `vnp `nye ; xtqa izfrd ozp ly
sexiv oky ,'eilr mifnxn izin`d giyn zeaiza' ik ocnr ly ezprh ddenz .a
.mini zcnga riten epi` ,'izin`d giynd' e` ,'izin` giyn' milind
ze`n ileè zexyr zehhevn mini zcng xtqa eliè ,zeixhnib yy xikfn ocnr .b
zecg` minrt ynzyn ok` xtqd ,hhvn ocnry zeixhnibd oian .dl`k zeixhnib
dfenx ìd xy` meid zyecw zx`d zpiga' : 'yceg y`x' ielina zg` mrte 'icy' ielina
'ad midl` i"dl` d"l` l"` '` reaixa '`d midl` zeny 'b dnde y"cg y"`x mvr mya
'ae .y"`x xtqnk milerd heyt m"idl` zellke m'n c"ei i"d c"nl sl` oi"cei ielina
d"d c"ei d"d s"l` i"d c"ei i"d s"l` dfk o"iddce o"iceic mzeèlina d"id` zeny
zlc oiy unw cewp elek didie eèlina i"cy my xtqna èd df lke y"cg xtqnk milerd
23
.'cei
rhwd mxa .iav izay lr dl` zeixhniba fnex mini zcng lra ,ocnr zrcl
.138 'nr ,a"iwz dpehl` ,ze`pwd zxez xtq ,ocnr awri 21
.46 'nr ,f"hwz dpehl` ,oe`d zegel zxiay ,ocnr awri 22
(a) ; 199 = 86 midl` + 46 idl` + 36 dl` + 31 l` (`) : ìd xagnd zpeeky d`xp .a"r fi ,a"g 23
y"cg iabl .501 = y`x znerl ,499 cgiae ,300 = 80 mn + 20 cei + 15 id + 74 cnl + 111 sl`
= 312 lawzne miipya letkl yi ,156 = 10 dd + 20 cei + 15 id + 111 sl` : dti dler oeaygd
.'iav izay' ly ixtqnd ekxr ok` df .814 ielina i"cyl aexw 813 miipyd mekq .y"cg
[ 371 ]
8]
lbet dyn
ielina yeniyd mbe ,giynd `yepl 'yceg y`x' ly dixhnibd z` xyew epi` lirlc
zexg`d zeixhnibdy iz`vn `l .igiyn `yepl mini zcnga xeyw epi` mlerl 'icy'
,miiyxb yi yi mpn` 'w"cv'e 'u"x`' milind jeza .mini zcnga eayeg xikfn ocnry
'zx`tz' milinl xyà .xtqa fnx lk oi` jkl xarn j` ,zxzqp zernyn lr cirnd xac
dkxr aeyig `ll ,'z"x`tz' e` 'zx"`tz'k zeax minrt driten dpey`xd - 'efer'e
,(miiyxb `ll cinz dl`) 'efer' e` 'fer' ly zxzqp zernynl fnx lk xtqa oiè ,ixtqnd
.ocnr zprhk ,'efer zx`tz' sexivd ly `l i`ceeae
dl`k s` ,mini zcng xtql zelaewn zei`zay zeixhnib mrt `l qgii ocnry d`xp
oikprn mgpn ly eixaca oeica d`xpy itk ,lekn aeygde 24.dti cinz zeler opi`y
dncwy zilawd zextqdn zegewl olek dl` zeixhnib ,(377-376 'nr oldl) oixtliid
.iav izay ztewzl
.zhxetne zi`nvr dcigik mini zcnga miàen mpi` ok` a` yceg lr mixac .c
dgnyd zhrndl ,mixvnd oial ,fenza f"il mixeywd mi`yepl zeieqgiizdd ,z`f mr
mzernyna dl` micrenn mlrzd `l xagnd ik zecirn aà 'hle a` ycega
ixacne ,ca` cid azkn wlgy wizrnd ixacn xexa 25.meve la` inik ziqwecezxe`d
.epicil ribd `ly 'legd ini' mya wlg did xtqly ,xen`k ,dler xagnd
eid ozp zepwz .dxyr dpenyd d`na ikxrcg did `l izfrd ozpl qgid .d
oecii df `yep .'epewiz'l zexyt` e`xy dl`k eide ,ze`zayd icbpzn lr s` zelaewn
.jynda hexita
meia lg mixety zexyt`d lr exaca ,xtqd xagnl qgiin ocnry zexeal xyà .e
ly mxewn ,xtqa ze`xl ozipy itke ,'a meia legl ieyr mixet oyey ik xirdl yi ,'a
26
.milyexia èd ea miàend miazkdn wlg
lre dikxeza mini zcngl zenkqd xcrd lr ocnr ly ezprh mr mikqdl dyw .f
oial (1096) 'izx`tzd' e` (1091) 'izx`tz' oia dèeydd xaca ocnr zprh ìd xzeia ziziira 24
okzii .iav izayl wcv ikln oia stexd xywde lecbd ixtqnd xrtd meyn (1038) 'wcv ikln' ielin
,ze`zaya cygpy ,eh`vel miig dyn .ze`zaya ewa`na ocnr fixtd eay cigid dxwnd df oi`y
: bxeavpib oerny azk df xywda ocnr ly eiyrn lr .ezaizk z` liabdy dreay qteh lr mzg
dywy qteh ezeàe [...] dreayd dze` ly xg` qteh `vnp ocnrl "ze`pwd zxez" xtqa mle`'
[...] ecva dl`yd oniq cinrdl yi mipt lk lrye zcgein dpeek myl siiefn epi` èd m` zrcl
sqe` : exec ipae eh`vel miig dyn 'x ,bxeavpib 'y : e`x .'oey`xd qteha mpi`y mibiiq dnk etqep
.xxii 'nr ,èan , c"vxz aia`lz ,zecerze zexb`
.xn`nd seqa a gtqpa hxetnk 25
'ipeyy aexa dcyd xirl uegn mi`veie mipencwd bdpina miwifgn a"aez milyexi dt miax oke' 26
miwicvd ixaw lr 'eld lr l"pd zltz lltzdl izbdp ipè' ; (a"r n ,`"g) 'zay zlaw xcd miyere
.(a"r bi ,a"g) 'g"x axr lk e"vi mixagd lk mr mlyexia
[ 372 ]
[9
dpenyd d`nd ly miyelyd zepya dikxeza eqtced xtqd ly zexecdn izy .my eziigc
27
.ifbl` awrie odkd wgvi ,ditrlea` miig znkqd dllkp odizyae ,dxyr
ieaixe xqen ixac herin - 'iav laep zviv xeviw'ay zeprhd izyl xyà .g
zcngn cakp wlg mieedn zeciqge daeyz ixac ik xirdl yi - mini zcnga seyikd
lflfn qgil mikef s` mde ,ea mixicp (ocnr ita 'seyik') zelebq lr mixac eliè ,mini
28
.xagnd itn
zexeywd zehef izy xtqn ocnr ,mini zcng ly eze`zay xaca zxewiad lr sqep
igy miny `xi i`hil cnln ,slèe 'x lr xteqn 'iav laep zviv xeviw'a .xtql
'x lr xteqn 'oe`d zegel zxiay'ae 29,mini zcnga eweqir lr yperk bxdpy ,dpehlà
xfrl`' : xtqa weqira elbcy mi`zayd mr zwelgnn d`vezk ztva zny gwex xfrl`
daixn el did dyecwd ux`l rqp myne ,mcxhyn` w"wa c"a` eini seq didy c`xan
,l"f ciqgd ipira arezne uweyn didy minid zcng xtq wqr lr ztv ipa mr dhhwe
30
.'df zexgz xeara eini exvwzp ynne
mini zcngl h"yrad ly eqgi lr
mb xkfen mini zcng lr zwelgnd oiae 1741 zpya gwex xfrl` 'x ly ezen oia xywd
: 'h"yrad igay'a
`"ty [...] i`pelet w"wc axd lv` did cinze aexnrp w"wc n"n lèi 'xn izrny
d`xy dn xtql ekxc did dlcad xg` zay i`venae c`xbix`ya h"yrad zay
zaya zny el xnè mcxhyn` [zlidwc] 'wc xfril` 'x zny d`xy xnè zaya
eze` l`y d`plet 'wc axd oa à ìdd dpyae [...] ziy`xa zay didy xard
ziy`xa zaya xhtp m` eze` l`y xhtp xak xn` dyer axd xfril` 'x dn eia`
mcw `l : i"dk gqep] ipnn mc` mey mcw `ly df rcei dz` oiipn xnè ok xn`
miig ly eze`zay ,qail ixacl .ze`zayd itlk dl` miyp` ly mzcnrl drixkn zecr iz`vn `l
erwx xxaed `l oiicry ditrlea` miig 'x icia icedid aeyiid yecig' : ltxra dhel ditrlea`
d`xpy itk .8 'nr ,(h"nyz) 40 ,minrt ,'zi`zayd zeigiynd' ,qail 'i : e`x .'wiecnd ipeirxd
.aà dryza zela` ibdpna oeic ellk ditrlea` miig zepwz ,iayz ly eixn`n lr oeica ,jynda
l`xyi 'x oebk milaewn' : ze`zayd `hg z` owizy ink `weec edipa xi`n icia xèzn ifbl` awri
da dzlzy iwixq iweade minbtd z` exiqde dzxhr z` i"x`d zlawl exifgd [...] ifbl` awri
zi`zayd drepzd : oldl) b"lyz milyexi ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa 'n : e`x .'ze`zayd
ifbl` ly ewlg lr wx miqqean eixac j` ,ifbl` ly eze`zayl fnex i`pxa awri .bkx 'nr ,(oeeia
dixtnià micedid iiga dnewne ze`zayd zeclezl' ,i`pxa 'i : e`x .qetcl mini zcng zàda
.67 ,64 'nr ,(m"yz) 3 ,minrt ,'zip`n'zerd
.11 dxrd lirl e`x ,ziyrn dlawl mini zcng lra ly ezecbpzd lr
.104 'nr ,iav laep zviv xeviw ,ocnr
.43 'nr ,oe`d zegel zxiay ,ocnr
[ 373 ]
27
28
29
30
10 ]
lbet dyn
xn` h"yrad ik gp zyxt zaya skiz eprci epgp` el xnè [i"`n iptl mc` mey
ycg xtq dpyd ezeà eqtciy d`x ik envr zay ezeà xn` [...] ce`n dnze epl
izay zkn cg` xaig xtqd dfe my el e`xw `l oiicr ik xtqd eze` my rcei epiè
`nhie eze` mrd ewygie dti èd oeyldy y"ni dxf izty dptehz ztep y"ni iav
sqei awri] l"pd axd dpw mlerd xe`l `viyk k"gè d"era mlerd z` e"g
d`xe eil` h"yrad àyke eny dn mcewn rci `l ik ,fld xtqd z` [d`pletn
gpen leqt xtq xn` gztd z` h"yrad gztyke oglyd lr gpen l"pd xtqdy
xtiqe [...] i"dg xtq 'id dfe ravà eilr d`xde èd dfi` axd l`ye .jpgley lr
ftgpe dcrx efgè cnzyp ely oipndn cg`y melga axd d`x `"t 'pd lèi 'x il
xtiqe e"g xzqa dxiar xar mkn '` `ny mze` l`ye [...] oipnd lk xxerl glye
eze` m` ik dne`n izrci `l il`ty`n`hn xfril` 'x cg` wicv dpr melgd mdl
31
.minid zcng xtqa izpiir dpiyd iptl dlild
weqird xg`ly ,jka mini zcng lr zwelgnl xywp gwex xfrl` ly ezen df rhwa
ly eixaca .mini zcnga wqry ciqgd lr h"yrad ly enelg xaca oeicd à ezena
z` mveni` lr mi`zayd mr ezenirn d`vezk zn xfrl` 'x ik yxetna xn`p ocnr
eze` minwnn eay miaihen ipyy ,df rhw lr xirdl ozip zizextq dpigan .mini zcng
ly ezen lr h"yral didy rcind (`) : dixehqidd megza xy`n xzei dcb`d megza
zxeywzd irvnà ribd df rciny okzii `l .ezen xg`l reay mcxhyn`n gwex xfrl`
,qpk zbven h"yrad ly zncwend ezrici .reay jeza h"yral mini mze` ly
jnq lr ,h"yrad ly ezriaw (a) ; dpy dzeà xzei xge`n crena dribn dxeyadyk
,z`f mr .zeìvnd megzn dgewl dpi` ìd mb mini zcnga wqr ezcr ipan cg`y ,melg
dxwnd mb cirny itk ,mini zcnga h"yrad iciqgn cg` ly eweqir lr riavn df xetiq
.d`pletn sqei awri ly eziaa
ezqtcd iptl mipy raxè mirayk dlilrd z` mwnl ozip zixehqid han zcewpn
32
.gwex xfrl` ly ezen xg`l reay ,(1741) a"wz gp zyxt zaya - 'h"yrad igay'a
xn` recn oiadl dyw j` ,dpey`xl èewlefa mini zcng zqtcd ztewz mpn` idef
hrnk ddf zxzek zgz okl mcew `vi xtqd oky ,xtql my epzp `l oiicry h"yrad
'nr ,[`"rwz hqet`w : oey`x qetc] a"nyz milyexi ,oiiycpen ryedi zxecdn ,h"yrad igay 31
lr zexig ,xeìl` 'x : e`x ,ze`zayl zeciqg oiae iav izayl h"yrad oia dwifd lr .172-171
'nr ,q"yz aia`lz ,miilawd dizeceqie miihqind dizexewn : ziciqgd daygnd : zegeld
.137-115
,zexecd dptna ,xepic v"a ; 134 'nr ,xtq znelrz ,ixri : e`x ,gwex xfrl` ly ezen jix`z lr 32
.9 dxrd ,191 'nr ,a"lyz milyexi
[ 374 ]
[ 11
lr .(èewlefa 'minid zcng' ,dikxeza 'mini zcng') `hyewae xinfià ,zexecdn izya
: ixri zrcl .mixxer dnk enw 'h"yrad igay'ay xetiqd zepnidn
hytzpy xg`l wx xxerzdl dligzd 'mini zcng' xtql miciqgd zecbpzd
,uiyaii` ozpedi 'x mr zwelgnd inia xtqd lr ocnr awri 'x ly frld oileta
igay'ay xetiqdy xryl frn ip` [...] jliè (1752) a"iwz zpyn epiid
'x ly ezxihtl 'mini zcng' xtql h"yrad ly ezecbpzd z` xyewd 'h"yrad
ocnr awri 'x uitdy ,onwlc drenya exewn zwelgn llba ztva gwex xfrl`
33
.'uiyaii` ozpedi 'x mr zwelgnd inia
dlelry gwex xfrl` ly zi`zayihp`d ezcnra wtq elihd ixri mdxaè mely myxb
dyrn' xtq ly iniptd xrya eci azka dxrd siqed mely myxb .ezenl ìadl dziid
lr iav zcng 'qn zeàd `ln xtqd' : oeyld efa mcxhyn`n gwex xfrl`l 'gwex
zeigiyn `ln envr ède mii`zay mixtq - dti l`xyi 'xl l`xyi xe` 'qne mipewizd
xfrl` 'x qitcdy "gwex dyrn" xtqd z` `xwy in' : ixri azk dnec gexa 34.'! zaxev
drenya lecb wtq lihi l`xyi ux`l ezilr iptl (1740) w"z zpya mcxhynà gwex
.'ocnr awri 'x ly ef
: ixrin zkl wigxd lhxa l`xyi
,g"id d`nd ly miyingd zepyn xetiqd ly eyeaib jix`z z` xg`l yi izrcl
exewny ziphytd driawd on biizqdle ,d`n dze` idlyl ,ixri rivdy itk
ernypy miperihd aiaq d`xpd lkk yabzd xetiqd .ocnr uitdy drenya
.miciqgd ibega miycewnd mii`zay mihqwh lr h"i-g"i ze`nd dptna
ly ezleki xaca dcb`d' : dcb` l`k qgiizn èd 'h"yrad igay'a àend dyrnl
mipzipe mireci mikix`za iynn ixehqd rexi` aiaq dnwxzp wegxnl ze`xl h"yrad
35
.'zeni`l
uaeyy ,gwex xfrl` ly ezen lr xetiqd zEzn` xaca wtqd m` dl`yd zxxerzn
,mini zcngl h"yrad ly ililyd eqgi xaca mb wtq gxkda lihn ,'h"yrad igay'a
ezecbpzd mb ik gipdl ozip ,lhxa ly ezrck `ly .df xetiqa zizextq dpigan jexkd
zcng zliqt z` lawp m` .dcb`d ly dala zn` oirxb ìd mini zcngl h"yrad ly
.136-135 'nr ,my ,ixri 33
ine`ld mixtqd zia ,mely myxb ziixtqay 'gwex dyrn' wzern migewl mely ly eixac 34
.milyexi ,i`hiqxaipe`de
,(jxer) onkn 'i : jeza ,'(1740) `"wz zpya l`xyi ux`l mcxhyn`n xfrl` 'x ziilr' ,lhxa 'i 35
.16 'nr ,d"nyz milyexi ,c ,cpled zecdi zeclez lr mixwgn
[ 375 ]
12 ]
lbet dyn
mr ef dliqt gxkda xeywl yi m` le`yl oiicr ozip ,dcaerk h"yrad icia mini
xtqd ly egex oiay oeincdn mlrzdl dywzi mini zcnga `xewd .xtqd ly eze`zay
enlerl mini zcng lra ly ipgexd enler oia daxwd
.h"yrad lr mixteqnd mixetiql
ezebiizqd z` xxerl ick mini zcng ixaca did m` xedxd zxxern h"yrad ly ipgexd
d`xyd xewnk qtzii xtqdy yyg ileè .mei` oirn df xtqa d`xy meyn h"yrad ly
.df xn`n ly ezxbqnn bxeg ef dl`ya oeicd mle` .eixacn miaxl
mixyrd d`nd ziy`xae dxyr ryzd d`na xwgnd
`pdk .'minid zcng 'qd z` xaig in' dl`yl 'mirezd oa`' extqa wxt yicwd `pdk cec
ocnr ly eizei`x lr siqede ,izfrd ozp èd xagnd ik ezriawa ocnr zeawra jld
ìd oeyld'y xird `pdk .mdilr cnr `l ocnry mini zcnga micg` mii`zay mibdpn
,cg` oipr lr zekled aexl ea ze`vnpd zeywade zeltzd lk'e ,'eze` mrd ewygie dti
cgi jxkyk wiic `l `pdky d`xp j` .'dle`bd xdn yigdl ,eiyrna giynd gilvi ik
riten igiynd aihend ,dyrnl .giyna eweqir zè dle`ba mini zcng ly eweqir z`
migpena cinz zgqpzn dpi` ,reaw aihen ìdy ,dle`bd - xtqd ly eiwlg zvwna wx
mini zcnga dyrpy agxd yeniyd lr cenll ozip `pdk ixacn ,mewn lkn .miigiyn
zeibxehil ueni` lre (xewnd znlrda aex it lr) fpkyà dxyr ryzd d`nd zextqa
36
.mipaxd ze`gn zexnle oirceia s` epnn migewld mibdpne
mdixagny ,mini zcnga ewqry mixn`n ipy 'cibnd'a enqxtzd 1872 zpya
zeax zehhiv etqep dl` mixn`na 37.xtqd ly eze`zay lr ocnr ly ezrca ewifgd
ly xn`na .eze`zayl dgkedk z`fe ,f"ere o"zp miyxeydn milin zellekd ,xtqdn
lr wx d`xpk zqqean ef driaw .ze`zayl dhp ifbl` awri dibndy orhp ywf xeìpy
.mini zcng meqxtl ifbl` ly eznexz
laewnd did izfrd ozp mr xagnd iedifae xtqd ly eze`zaya wtq lihdy oey`xd
zliqt lr xbiz zìxw exwiry ,'minkg ceak' extqa ,oixtliid oikprn mgpn inlyexid
zniyx (`) : zeveaw dnkl wlgl ozip oixtliid ly eizeprh z` .ocnr icia mini zcng
mixtq mixyrk ly dniyxe xtql mznkqd epzpy ,mifpky` mb df llka ,dxez ilecb
iav izayl miqgeind miiepike mini zcngay 'zeliltn'd zeixhnibd (a) ; eze` mihhvnd
mirhwde ,oaxeg zrcez ieex xtqd (b) ; xdefae i"x`d iazka mb miievn izfrd ozple
oa`' xtqd .152-149 'nr ,b"rxz dqice` ,` ,miciqgde mi`zayd milaewnd zeclez ,`pdk 'c 36
.df xtqa lelk ,b"lxz zpya dpey`xl xe` d`xy ,'mirezd
'nr ,(1872 /a"lxz) 4 oeilib ,eh dpy ,cibnd ,'mini zcng xtqd xaca dl`yd lr dprn' ,.t.t.i 37
/b"lxz elqk) 48 oeilib ,fh dpy ,my ,'mipyi mb miycg mixacl mipey mipewiz' ,ywf 'y ; 40
.519 'nr ,(1872 xanvc
[ 376 ]
[ 13
mini zcnga xkfend (ield zial e`) ield dnly (c) ; eca`y miwlga eid aà 'ha mipcd
oa giyn ly enelyl dlitzd (d) ; izfrd ozp zcil iptl ,1635 zpya zn miigd zkxaa
yeniyd (e) ; à xak sqei oa giyny izfrd ozp zrc mr cg` dpwa dler dpi` sqei
mc`l qgiizn miheitd iy`xa oewixhepd (f) ; izfrd ozp zrc z` cbep zeipìxel zepeeka
38
.'ifpky` ryil` oa ozp' ok mb enyy xg`
lr ozp ly eizercy reci meid .jenql dn lr odl yi oixtliid ly eizeprh aex
ozp epi` xagnd ik oixtliid ly eixac 39.zeaiwr eid `l zeipìxeld zepeeka yeniyd
mpi` (1635 zpya zny) ield dnly z` miigd zkxaa xikfn mini zcngy meyn ,izfrd
.mcwen xewnn ezenlya wzred ef dkxa llekd rhwdy zexyt`d z` oeayga miìan
dprh oreh mb èd jk meyn ileè ,zihbelet` dnipa mipiit`zn oixtliid ixac ,llkk
mini zcngay oewixhepd lrae ,ifpky` ryil` oa ozp mya miyp` ipy eidy ,dwegc
.izfrd ozp epi`
'awril zn`' - mixeaig ipya ìxel ikcxn axd aibd oixtliid ly eixac lr
izkld `yepk mini zcng lr qenletd qtzp ìxel ipiray d`xp .'uari zngln'e
,`"ayxd z"eyl etxev ,'awril zn`'a milelkd ,df oiiprl eixacn wlg oky ,exwira
zeknzqd ìd ezprh xwire ,otebl oixtliid zeprh z` dgc `l ìxel .xe`l ìved èdy
mini zcng zliqt (`) : eixacn cenll ozip mixac ipy .ocnruari ly ezeknq lr
ik ori df oiprl di`x ìadl oi` micxtqd inkgn' : ocnr ly ezwiqtn wx dyrnl zraep
`l izfrd ozpl qgid (a) 40; 'u"arid ixtq mlv` ehytzpy mcew mlv` hytzp i"dg 'q
drx gex ligzde oinipa ozpd df dyrp m`zte 'id lecb laewn ik' : irnyncg did
ozpl àifek xaa drhy àiwr iax oia oeinc xaca dprhd z` xikfn s` ìxel .'enrtl
dprh dgece - leqt bidpna mzkinza erhi l`xyi ilecby zexyt`d z` ,epiidc ,izfrd
41
.ef
ipxcend xwgnd ziy`x
oi` dpde' : zg` dywn ieyr epi` mini zcngy zrpkyn dxeva d`xd qip`fex dnly
aex dfl cbpn mpn` envra izfrd ozpe ze`zayd zeawr ercep miax zenewnay yigkdl
[...] cg` xagnn e`viy xyt` i`y itk .dfd xwyd ìapd on e`viy xyt` i` mipiprd
oiay zexizqd lr cner qip`fex mixacd jynda .'`vn xy` lkn xngd sq` xagnd axd
.ekxe` lkl 'minkg ceak'n mihweln miperihd
zia ,mely myxb ziixtqa ixewn jnqn ,'1945-1940 mipya zircnd dceard lr g"ec' ,iayz 'i
.5061.1 'qn ,i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd
.a"r fq ,b"qxz milyexi ,`"ayxd z"ey : jeza ,'awril zn`' ,ìxel 'n
.a"r-`"r fi ,a"r g ,c"rxz milyexi ,uari zngln ,ìxel 'n
[ 377 ]
38
39
40
41
14 ]
lbet dyn
miznde miigd zekxa lr jnzqda) mini zcnga miibelepexk mipezpl ozp ly ditxbeiad
xtqa micg` miwlg ,ezrcl .1720 oial 1635 oia xeaigd ly onfd geeh z` raewe ,(eay
eveni` z` rpn `l df xace ,mixg` mixagn iazk ly mcvl ,izfrd ozp ixacn migewl
iav izay .iav izay enk zhlgen dliqt lqtp `l ozp oky ,zeax zelidwa xtqd ly
mzpen` lr llk jxca ecird `l ea mipin`nde ,cea` dxwnl aygp ezc z` xindy
owlad zevxà eaiaq ea`hde ,oewizl ixyt` cnren did ozp ,iav izayk `ly .ianeta
42
.iav izay aiaqy dfn xeng zegt did (xtqa qip`fex ly eweqir megz)
dceard lr gec'a ìd mini zcnga iayz diryi ly eweqir lr dpey`xd zecrd
mihxtd ceqi lr xagnd zenc z` izraw' : '1940-1945 mipya zircnd
ozpl xtqd z` qgiil ceqi lk oi`y ,dpwqn icil izrbd [...] xtqay miitxbeiaehe`d
cner iayz mixacd jynda .'ycg ixt lra èliq ic diwfg 'x èd xagnd [...] izfrd
oin`n èd j` ,mdipia zexizqd lr oke mini zcngl 'ycg ixt' oia daxwd
lr
mixzeqk mi`xpd mixg` miiywe mini zcng 'qe èliq ic diwfg 'x iazk oia micebipd'y
ik oiivn èd .dl`d zexizqd z` ayii `l iayz .'aeyiil ozip maex xagnd iedif z`
daeyz ipewiza mihren ,iav izay zrtedl oixyina mirbepd ,miigiynd miaihend'
dxezl mipen` exnyy mipeznd mi`zayd ik dgpdl izrbd [...] [izfrd ozp ly]
'q z` izwca z`f dgpd ceqi lr .dl` mipewiza mdiazka i`ceea eynzyd zeevnle
migqepd ipya xtqd xagn iptl eid mipewizd .izgpd z` dxyi` dwicade mini zcng
43
.'eixac jeza rilad mdn miwlg daxde
elek xtqd z` oiit`n ,iz`vny mini zcngl ely dpey`xd zeqgiizda ,mely myxb
oke' : dx`'bp l`xyi ly eixiyn cg`l dxeywd zxeqnd z` xweq èdy drya ,i`zayk
dx`'bp l`xyi 'xe i"x`d lr xetqa ,dxyr rayd d`nd seqn mini zcng 'qa mb xteqn
: azek èd dxrdae .' "d"rd cec uevip didy d"dlf i"x`d eilr cibdy mixne` yie"
zexinf jxr) milecbd mya `"cig axd ixacl xewnd izrcl èd mini zcnga xetqd'
minya zeaeyg eizexiy xy` i"x`d epiax myn eazke" zetqeda my azekd (l`xyi
rpnp `"cig reciky xtq ,mini zcnga `vnpd jex`d xetql zfnex " 'eke"d ." 'eke
ly i`zayd eite` lr .eze` zrcl aihid ik s` ,milecbd my extqa enya exikfdln
awri 'x ly ezxrydy wtq oi` ik m` oian `xew lk lv` wtq zeidl leki `l df xewn
44
.'dpekp dpi` mini zcng 'q ly exagnk izfrd ozp 'x lr oicnr
.450-436 'nr ,(5 dxrd lirl) qip`fex 42

.(39 dxrd lirl) iayz : e`x 43
S. Loewinger and J. Somogyi (eds.), : jeza ,'mi`zayd ita dx`'bp l`xyi ly xiy' ,mely 'b 44
Ignacz Goldziher Memorial Volume, I, Budapest 1948, p. 42
[ 378 ]
[ 15
'xtq znelrz' - ixri mdxa`

lr dtiwn dxiwq cvl ,eae ,'xtq znelrz' ixri mdxa` ly extq xe`l `vi 1954 zpya
diryie mely myxb eaibd ixri ly extq lr .exagn zedf lr riavdl oeiqip ,mini zcng
.mini zcng lr agxp oeicl etxhvd mixacde ,iayz
clep) ztv yi` ield oinipa èd mini zcng ly exagny ìd ixri ly ezprh xwir
dti`y xecg j` ,i`zay `lk eze` x`zn ixri .(1672 zpya xhtpe 1590l 1580 oia
dibxehild oia oeincd z` .oixtliid zeprh lr eici z` jneq èd df oiipra .dle`bl
eikxc uenià xiaqn èd mii`zay mibega mibedp eidy dl`l mini zcngay mibdpnde
ly dkex` dniyx ìd xtqd ly eze`zayi`l dgkedd .mi`zayd icia ield oinipa ly
'x ,xteq mzgd enk ,ze`zayl miwdaen micbpzn zeaxl ,xtqd z` evni`y dkld ilra
l`xyi 'xe aeq`wn ongp 'x ,aeq`wn mdxa` 'x oa jexa 'x ,'uxt zia' lra dyn 'x oa uxt
myxb cnr dl` lre ,dnelrzd z` gprtyn xzei miiyw xxer ixri ly extq .sixg
.mely
mini zcng lr mely myxb
,ixri ly ezxaq lr zeiyew mixyrk mely dywd 45'zcner dpira dnelrzde' exn`na
ly eze`zayl zerbep dl`d zel`yd on zvwn wx 46.zkxrnl azkna odilr aiyd ixrie
ipewizl mini zcngay mibdpne zelitz dnk oia oeincd ,mely zrcl .mini zcng
ixri .eze`zay lr micirn xtqay dle`b iweqte zeixhnib oke izfrd ozp ly daeyzd
lr oke ,iav izay zrtedl zncewd zextqa mibdpne miweqt mze` ly mxewn lr riavd
xnel ozip .xzei zxge`n dtewza mii`zay `l mixywda miaihen mzeà yeniyd
ly mxcrde mini zcngn iav izay ly eny xcrd : zg` dcewpa xwira dywzd melyy
mely ly exaqd .(eaexn ile` izrcl) xtqd ly milecb miwlgn mii`zay miaihen
ite`d iabl zerixkn (zilaw) zg` dwileaniq e` zg` dviln `l' : èd df oiiprl
.'miiehia e` mipiipr ly mitexv `l` ,i`zayd
iabl .izfrd ozp ly zeaizd iy`x z` mi`yepd miheitd z` uxzl gilvd `l ixri
xyàe .ztiefn ìdy orh ,eze`zay lr dcirnd ,ield oinipa ly ehr ixtn zxbi`
i`zay `l xewn lr riavd `l ,mini zcnga miritend micg` mii`zay migpenl
xaeg xtqdy ezxaqn raep ef dl`ya ixri ly iyewdn wlg .migpen mzeà ynzynd
okle ,iav izay zrted iptl exaeg xtqdn miwlgy xryl ozip ,izrcl .1670 zpya
uetp dx`'bp l`xyi ly exiy ,lynl .mi`zayd icia mqekip iptl oeyl zerahna xaecn
.79-74 'nr ,'dnelrzd' ,mely 45

.80-71 'nr ,(f"hyz) 9 ,zextqd zxewiaa zepiga ,'zkxrnd l` azkn' ,ixri '` 46
[ 379 ]
16 ]
lbet dyn
ly xkid oniq dyrp `l 'epipir dpifgz eiteia jln' gqepd mbe ,ze`zayd zrted iptl
47
.iletilba iav izay ly ezedy xg`l `l` ze`zayd
,'zextqd zxewiaa zepiga' itc lrn jxrpy ,ixri mr eqenleta eixac lr sqep
xtqa xaecny ezrca wac èd ,llkk .mixg` zenewna mb mini zcngl qgiizn mely
.i`zayd minecncd xefà dxvepy dxivi ea d`x mizrle ,i`zay
exekf`n .miinrt mini zcng xkfp 'eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay' xtqa
zigiyn zernyn oerhd bdpn ìd ziriax dcerq ,cg`d : mixac ipy micnl ep` oey`xd
xcg iav izay el cgi df ziaa' : i`zay xtqk mini zcng zxcbd ,ipyde ,zi`zay
zay ly "ziriax dcerq xg` wiqtdl ekxc dide" zayl zayn dprzn dide ea xbqpy
zcng 'q ly myd melr i`zayd xagnd dl `xew - "`giyn `kln cecc `zcerq" [...]
ixacn dlery itk ,zeigiynl e` iav izayl zxywp ok` ziriax dcerq m` 48.'mini
yelyl qgiizn xagnd mday mini zcnga zenewn mze`l mb al miyl yi if` ,mely
s` ileè xtqd ly eze`zaya wtq lihdl ieyr df xac .rax`l `le zay zecerq
49
.zigiynd eznbna
xcq xnzyp dxyr dpenyd d`nd zligza jxrpy ,mini zcng 'qa' : ipy xekfè
lk lre [...] zi`zay dibxehil `l` epi`y ,(yceg y`x axr) ohw xetik meil hxetn
zelitzd zg` rvnà : dxndd xg`ly mipydn i`zay xewnn ef dlitz dwzred mipt
zia oaxgl dpy cgè ze`n yye sl` epziiaya mixeq` epgp`" ik xn`p ef dibxehilay
ozp `l èd xagnd ik azek mely ef dwqtl dxrda .'(1669) h"kz zpy ìdy "epycw
50
.ixri ixack ield oinipa `l mbe ,laewn didy itk ,izfrd
rhw iepiy lr riavd èd .mitqep mihega ze`zayl mini zcng z` xyw mely
'dklna xhrzz dzr' : izfrd ozp icia heitd dpeyy jxcd dzeà 'icec dkl' heita
ezpen` lr cirn 'icec dkl' gqep iepiy m` dl`yd zl`yp 51.'inew xtrn ixrpzd' mewna
ozp ly ehr ixtn dibxehil irhw uni` mini zcngy wtq oi` .xagnd ly zi`zayd
izayl fnexd ozp ly egqep z` uni` `l ik d`xp df heit ly dxwna `weec j` ,izfrd
ixrpzd'l mcewd ziaa mb 'icec dkl' gqep z` dpiy mini zcng ,ixri xirdy itk .iav
: 'xtrn
.503 'nr ,(iav izay : oldl) 1987 aia`lz ,eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay ,mely 'b
.155 'nr ,my
miipr oinfdl dkefd mdn dlrnle' : rax`l `le zaya zecerq yelyl dpey`xl qgiizn mini zcng
,`"r `l ,`"g : xtqd jynda oke .(`"r eh ,`"g) 'zecerq 'b lka epgley ilkeà eide zay zecerql
.`"r fn ,a"r an
,587 'nr ,(ze`zay ixwgn : oldl) a"pyz aia`lz ,qail dcedi xicdd ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely 'b
.49 dxrd
[ 380 ]
47
48
49
50
51
izfrd ozp gqep
heitd gqep
dktdd jezn iìved inew

`kad wnra iayeil
.dlng jilr lng ède
dkeln xir jln ycwn

dktdd jezn i`v inew
`kad wnra zay jl ax
.dlng jilr lengi ède
[ 17
mini zcng gqep

dkeln xir jln ycwn
dklnn y`x dzid f`n
dklna xhrzz dzr ìde
52
.dlng jilr lengi ède
'ekfl mc`l oiè' : igiynd oeirxl mixeyw mpi`y mixaca miiepiyd z` wnpn mini zcng
'icec dkl' 53.'`yicw dpiky ytp 'aed` ly oky lk envr ly db`ce avr mey [zaya]
xaecn m`d ìd epiptly xywda zxxerznd dl`yd 54.ipiite` dle`b xiyk cinz qtzp
ozp ly egqepk `ly ,mini zcngay gqepd .dlgd xaky dle`ba e` zicizr dle`ba
.mini zcngay gqepd iepiyn i`zayd oiit`nd lhip jkae ,zicizr dle`ba wqer ,izfrd
lr aiag didy 'jzekln ceak dlbi' heitd z` uni` mini zcngy xird mb mely
: raew ,i`zay xtqlk eiazka zeax minrt mini zcngl qgiizdy ,mely 55.mi`zayd
oiipra ezrcy yi .'oian `xew lk lv` wtq zeidl leki `l df xtq ly i`zayd eite` lr'
mipaxd oia lcad èvnl èd dyw dnk' : xzei dkx oeyla wtzqn ède ,zegt zvxgp df
hlyy z`fk daiaqa xvep mini zcng 'q mb izrcl ,èdd xeca "mi`zay"de "miwec`"d
epilr [enixt lèny 'x] t"yx zaiaqa `l m` rcei ine dreci dcna zeleabd yehyh da
56
.'xzqd ipin lka zizin`d mzpen` z` mixizqn mdipy [...] exagn z` ytgl
meyn ezedf z` xizqd mini zcng lray ,mely ly ezxaq xg` xdxdl ozip
cg` dpwa dler dpi` minrt yely izfrd ozp ly oewixhepd zàd .xtqd ly eze`zay
zi`zay dxivia xaecn m` .zi`zayd ezpen` z` xizqdl xagnd ly epeiqip mr
recn ? qetcl eìanke xtqd ly ewizrnk zedcfdl ifbl` awri yyg `l recn ,lekiak
.78 'nr ,xtq znelrz ,ixri
.a"r `n ,`"g
,(g"pyz) ci ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn ,' "zay zlaw"le "icec dkl"l èan' ,onlniw 'x
.454-393 'nr
.738 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely
.403 'nr ,my
[ 381 ]
52
53
54
55
56
18 ]
lbet dyn
? eilr mikqdl hxettx odkd wgvie ditrlea` miig ,ifbl` awri ,xinfi` ipax eyyg `l
zlebq icigi' : gqepa dncwdd ixac zqtcdl minikqn eid 'dxez xzk' zlidw ipa m` wtq
axd ycwd iazk lk xe`l ìvedl zelrnd mxba eid xy` dxez xzk yxcn `yicw ldw
- df xywda mny meqxtn eyyg `l oivpev ryedie oivpev dyn mby d`xp .'d"dlf
zqtcdl mznexz lr gay ixac ieeila ,dncwd dze` jynda yxetna miriten mdizeny
.mini zcng
mini zcng lra ly ezpeekl qgiil yi xtqd ly zeinipep`d z`y i`ce df oi`
zlra dcerz `xewd iptl bivdl ywia xagndy xryl mb ozip .eze`zay z` xizqdl
zfnxp dnlrp dyecw ly dlid dxivil zepwdl ick xagnd zedf zxzqd .zxzqp zeknq
: ifbl` awri azky micrend wlgl dncwda
lrnn del` wlg j`lnl dnec axd excde xecd zten iax yi` azk mini zcng xtq
[...] exir mye eny cibd `l eny zè [...] eprci `l ezeè eprny elew z` [...]
i`d eciae iz`xwl avip à yi` dpde [...] oeilr lilb ycwd xd dxdd izelra
.dfepb dcng ipwe wfg jl il` xnìe ax iac `xtq
el`' : ekrn wgvi 'x itn xèznk ,xdefd xtq xagn ly ekxc z` mixikfn dl` mixac
e` .'dhext mxeara epzi `le ixaca egibyi `l azek ip` ilkyny df iceq mdl rice`
zg` mrt à [...] cg` rcep izla yi`' : dcb`d it lr ,i"x`d icia xdefd xtq zlawl
[...] lltznk envr z` dyre ayi [...] lltzdl bdep i"x`d did myy zqpkd zia l`
ycewnd xtqd dyrnd seqa o`k mb 57.'milecbd dpen`d ifxn `ln epkzy xtq jezn
.ìapd edil`l mzqd on dpeekde ,ipenl` mc` icin xqnp
zbvdy meyn mini zcng lra ipira dti did mlrp xewnl dxivid qegiiy okzii
mdl ekf eixacy ,feae dtveg ly qgi eilr mb hindl dziid dlelr mxne` mya mixacd
oiè dlwpe yx yi` ikpè' : envr lr cirn xagnd .exir ipal xqen sihdl dqipyk
xagndy zeknq el zepwdl crep xtqd ly inipep`d eneqxty xyt` 58.'eze` oiaiygn
.ezcr ipa axwa xxerl dywzd
iayz diryi ly eixn`n
z` eyniyy zexewna miwqerd mixn`n drax` iayz diryi mqxt 1981-1956 mipya
xiaqdl ixri ly epelyikl zrbep eppiiprl daeygd dcewpd ,oey`xd xn`na .mini zcng
.28 'nr ,h"rxz dixah ,lilbd ,'dxyr yyd d`na ztv' ,xhky f"y 57
lr laewn epi`y oecne aix yi`k ,envr ita ,xagnd xèzn mday mitqep zenewn .a"r ai ,b"g 58
,a"r-`"r hl ,`"r fl ,`"r ì ,c"g ; a"r ai ,b"g ; `"r an ,a"g ; a"r n ,`"g : e`x ,zeixad
.`"r `p
[ 382 ]
[ 19
wqerd ,ipyd xn`na 59.izfrd ozp iheit - mday aeygde ,xtqay mii`zay miaikx
zexewnl mini zcng oia zelawd zeàen 60,mini zcng mda ynzydy miienqd zexewna
miig gxe` wlg 'ycg ixt' ,(1704) ihp`l`b dyn 'xl 'dbibg oaxw' : xtqa oiev `l mnyy
edil` 'xl 'xqen hay' ,(1707) fib`g dyn 'xl 'gnwd hwl' ,(1706) èliq dc diwfg 'xl
mini zcng lra ,iayz zrcl .(1712) zekf dyn 'xl 'ycg lew od' ,(1712) xinfi`n odkd
.mii`zayd eiyxey z` yhyhl ick e` eny z` xic`dl ick `xewdn rcin milrd
oian .mii`zay zexewn 'zxzqd'a xaecny xnel dyw ,miienqd zexewnd oiiprl
zeawra ekld ,zi`zayd dtewzd ìya eigy eid ,miienq zexewnk lirl epievy miyp`d
dyne (1689-1620) ihp`l`b dyn - okn xg`l el eygkzde ,mini mzeà iav izay
ezecbpzda rcepe (1751-1672) xzei xge`n ig fib`g dyn .(1697-1620) zekf
zpya clep) odkd edil` èd ,i`zayk eze`xl ozipy ,dyingd axwn cigid .ze`zayl
61
.èliq dc diwfg ly eze`zayl zecr iz`vn `l .(1668
62
.zi`zay dxivik mini zcng z` bivdl ìd iayz ly iyilyd exn`n znbn
xtqd xeaigl zeax enxz ,zeigiynl ezrcl dhpy ,ditrlea` miig icinlzy oreh iayz
dle`bd zàd myl' crep xtqd ik dxrydd z` dlrn iayz xn`nd mekiqa .ezvtdle
jnzqn ,xtqd ly eze`zay z` eraewa ,iayz .'iav izay ly diipyd ezelbzda [...]
mixtq ly mcvl) zi`zay zextq zqtcd mr caa ca ifpky` dpei icia ezqtcd lr mb
ly mztcrd lr ,mini zcnga zebdpdl izfrd ozp zebdpd oia oeinc lr ,(miiqwecezxe`
lr ,ex`w sqei zwiqt lr mini zcng z` (eilix`n` oexdè eklen sqei) mi`zay miwqet
miig ,ebieex mdxa` ,zekf dyn) ze`zayl mixeywd miyi`l mini zcng oia xywd
zeàen opi` izfrd ozp zebdpd .ea mihhevnd zexewndn aà 'h zhnyd lre ,(ixcptl`
ìd zixwird dzilkz'y ,zpeekn dèeqda xaecn iayz ixacle ,ozp mya mini zcnga
jxk ,my ; 455-441 'nr ,(e"hyz) ck ,uiaxz ,' "mini zcng" xtq ly zexewnd xwgl' ,iayz 'i
'nr ,1964 aia`lz ,zepine dpen` iaizp ,l"pd : qtcpe ay ; 92-66 'nr ,(f"hyz) ` zxaeg ,dk
.142-108
,(f"hyz) a zxaeg ,dk jxk ,uiaxz ,' "mini zcng" xtqa g"id d`nd ziy`xn zexewn' ,iayz 'i
.168-143 'nr ,my ,zepine dpen` iaizp ,l"pd : qtcpe ay ; 230-202 'nr
D. Tamar, Galante Moses ben Jonathan, Encyclopaedia Judaica, 7 : e`x ,ihp`l`b dyn lr
D. Tamar, Hagiz,
Moses, Encyclopaedia : e`x ,fib`g dyn lr .(1971), cols. 259-260
.
G. Scholem, Zacuto, Moses ben : e`x ,zekf dyn lr .Judaica, 7 (1971), col. 1122
qip`fex : e`x ,odkd edil` lr .Mordecai, Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16 (1971), cols. 906-908
.324-322 'nr ,my : e`x ,èliq dc diwfg lr .292-291 'nr ,(5 dxrd lirl)
,' "mini zcng" xtqa ditrlea` miig iax zepwze zekf dyn iax zexb` ,izfrd ozp zebdpd' ,iayz 'i
,b"pyz milyexi ,dizegelye dlaw ixwg ,l"pd : qtcpe ay ; 610-585 'nr ,(h"lyz) cp ,xtq zixw
.364-339 'nr
[ 383 ]
59
60
61
62
20 ]
lbet dyn
zecewpd ,iriaxd exn`na 63.'ze`zayd icbpzn ly `yia `pir yygn xewnd znlrd
wizrd èdy xewnd gqep z` mizrl dpiy mini zcng lra (`) : od eppiiprl zeaeygd
dcirnd dhnyd ,micg` zenewna aà 'h zhnyd ,zexewna qipkdy miiepiyd oia .epnn
mini zcng ly mixreynd eixagnn wlg (a) ; ze`zayl xagnd ziihp lr iayz zrcl
,1740 zpya zeigiynd zeitivd xe`le z`f xe`l .1740-1735 mipya l`xyi ux`l elr
64
.dle`bl zeaald z` xiykdl crep xtqdy gipn iayz
,eizexewna mini zcng lra qipkdy miaxd miiepiya micwnzn iayz ly eixn`n
mixeyw miiepiyd x`y) xtqd ly i`zayd eite` lr micirn mdy yibcdl citwn ède
lrae "aà 'ha lcpqd zlirp" lr xacn xvieeget' : lynl .(xagnd zedfl aex it lr
65
; 'aà dryza mixeywd mixacd lk hinyde "k"deia" azke dpiy "mini zcng"
dryz xkfp envr xn`na sè ,zeiprzd x`ye a"h zeklda oiprd oecp "gnwd hwl"a'
iable 66.' "mini zcng"a zeaiwra wgnp oaxegd lr ziprzd xkf la` ,minrt dnk aà
zpaen i"nga aà dryz zhnyd' : ditrlea` miig 'x zepwzn b"k dpwz hehiv
ly 'itè liyaz mey elkì `l aà dryz axra' : d"lydn hehiv iabl oke 67,'dil`n
68
.'oaxegd xkfl zenevd x`y lre aà dryz lr mxtqa eblic i"ng ilra [...] miycr
,oaxegd xkfl zenevd x`ye aà 'h zhnyd z` ìane iayz ay eiperih zgkedl
.(a gtqpa mihxetn dl` mixekf`) xtqa dl` zenev ly mdixekf`n mlrzn mle`
mixac zhnydy i`ce df oi` ,z`f mr .mini zcnga mii`zay miaikx yiy wtq oi`
.xagnd ly zi`zayd ezpen` lr micirn iayz icia epievy oaxegd lr la`l mirbepd
mei z` mixikfn mdy xiaq okle ,mixetikd mei lr oeicdn egwlp hhvn iayzy mixacd
,zeiprzd xzie aà dryz lr oeic eae ca`y wlg mini zcnga did m` .cala mixetikd
mei zhnyde zeiprzde aà dryz oeiv jez mixacd ehhev oeic eze` zxbqnay xyt`
.mixetikd
lr sqep .i`zayk elek mini zcng z` iayz ly ezqitz èd dywd xacd
mibdpnd ,xtqa xkfen epi` iav izay ly enyy xikfdle aeyl yi ,a gtqpay zehhivd
mibdpn lr zeivìxe ody ,izfrd ozp zebdpd lr zeivìxe aex it lr md xtqa
,ze`zayl scxp byenk ea ynzyn iayzy ,zeigiynd mzeg zrahd mb 69.miipìxel
.343 'nr ,(62 dxrd lirl) dizegelye dlaw ixwg ,iayz
.(9 dxrd lirl) 'oiqgeid zlyly' ,iayz
.142 'nr ,(59 dxrd lirl) zepine dpen` iaizp ,iayz
.162 'nr ,my
.362 'nr ,(62 dxrd lirl) dizegelye dlaw ixwg ,iayz
.393 'nr ,(9 dxrd lirl) 'oiqgeid zlyly' ,iayz
dxrd lirl) iayz lr zknqp mini zcng izfrd ozp i"x`d mibdpnd svxa xaecn ik driawd
.344 ,341-340 'nr ,(62
[ 384 ]
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
[ 21
,fib`g dyn iazka ynzyn mini zcng .wtq zxxern mini zcnga mixeywy in lk lr
ul`p iayz ly ezhiyl elit` .mi`zayihp`k mirecid ,izyipapa miige fib`g awri
z` zelbl mzepekpae mze`zay zcina elcap mipeyd zexewnd e` mixagndy xnel
xewnd xzqed mday zenewn lr cg` cvn riavn iayz oky - ze`zayl mzcd`
enzeg z` ielba mi`yepd miheitdn mlrzdl oi` xg` cvn j` ,oeekn zpeeka i`zayd
ly mii`zay `ll mii`zayd miaikxd oia zeaiwrd xqegy okzii ok .izfrd ozp ly
,dxyr dpenyd d`nd zligza ze`zayd byen aiaq zeleabd yehyhl iehia ìd xtqd
.mixacd jynda oeciz ìde
epini cr mini zcng lr xwgnd ixac
`l mdy mixwna s` .zepexg`d mipya mitqep mixweg icia xkfed mini zcng ly eny
mdixacn jk lr cenll ozip ,xtqd lr ltpy ze`zayd cygl yxetna eqgiizd
xtqk qtzp `l èd miagx mibeg axwa ik dcirn xtqd ly dagxd ezvetz .oitiwra
.i`zay
.dkldd zextqa mini zcng ly xzeia mincwend mixekf`d lr cnr xnz cec
z` oiivn èd oi` .mini zcngn zekld ehhev 'cec zia' xtqa xak ik cenll ozip eixacn
mipy rax` ,1736 zpya xhtp cec sqei 'x exagny reci j` ,'cec zia' ly ezqtcd zpy
eilix`n` dyn 'x xtqd on hhiv 1738 zpya .mini zcng ly dpey`xd ezqtcd xg`l
xkfp èd ,1740 zpya qtcpy ,yieixh l`tx 'xl 'mec` gv' xtqae ,eizeaeyzn zgà
70
.minrt yely
mixefgnd lk' : edipa xi`n ly eixac mb micirn mini zcng ly ezrtyd lr
lre dlawd jxca eid mini zcng 'q ly xe`l ez`v onl iwipel`ya eqtcpy mixeciqde
oke ,mini zcngn ewzredy zexivi mixyrk ly zexecdn 258 dpen ixri 71.'df xtq it
weqird ozilkzy ,dilhià xwirae l`xyi ux` ,dikxez ,qipeza elrty zexeag xyr
dpie ,mcxhqnà mzvwne wxire dikxez ,oeei ,dilhià eqtced mineqxtd aex .xtqa
zcng zxeag ornl ,1955 zpya ,qipez ,dax'ba dqtced dpexg`d dxivid .hytceae
72
.qa`b xira qpkzdl dbdpy mini
mibdpn dnk zehytzdn cenll ozip elek xeaivd icia mini zcng ly eveni` lr
323 'nr ,(a"lyz) fn ,xtq zixw ,'mi`zaye milaewn ,minkg zeclezl mixvw mixexa' ,xnz 'c 70
.jliè
,mini zcngn migewld mibdpnde zeibxehild zvetz lr .`tw 'nr ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa 71
.hny-gny ,drx-hpx ,btw-atw 'nr : e`x ,mdn mlrzda e` i`zayd mxewnl zercen jez
,247 ,97 'nr ,(b"kyz) gl ,xtq zixw ,' "mini zcng" xtq itl zelitze mipewiz ixtq' ,ixri '` 72
.380
[ 385 ]
22 ]
lbet dyn
uetp [...] haya e"h' : edipa azek haya e"h xcq lr .mini zcnga mneqxt zeawra
el rawy oewizd gekn micxtqd zelidwa mb h"eil dide xfg mifpky`d zelidwa did
"cren iìxw" ixtq ehytzpyn' : gqt ly iriayl oewizd xcq lre 73.'mini zcng 'q lra
caln i"ng lra owizy xcqa dfg` `ly el`n dlidw dx`yp `l dilhiàe gxfna
zxkip ìde ,ce`n dagx dxez zgnyl xeywd lka xtqd ly ezrtyd 74.'mcxhynà
wx hytzdl lgd dxez zgnya zetwdd bdpn : meid cr begp èdy itk bgd ly eaevira
zgnyl dlitze heit irhw ; cala 'deevne cibp' zekfae ezekfa dxyr dpenyd d`na
xcq ; micgein miqxhpewa eqtcede mixefgna ealey mini zcngn ewzredy ,dxez
zelidwn zeax axwa hytzd ,mini zcng ixac lr qqeand ,`"cigd ly zetwdd
75
.dxez zgnya micewixl zecbpzdd dlhea ea aezkd zekfae miciqgd
i`zay xtqk mini zcng oeit` zernyn

ozip `l` ,zepwiica dxicbdl ozipy drtez dziid `l dxyr dpenyd d`na ze`zayd
,zipeviwd ze`zayd d`vnp svxd zevwn cgà .ze`zay ly svx lr xacl ile`
.dkldd mler iepiy raep dpnne ,iav izay ly ezeigiyna e` ezedelà dpen` dqxby
e` ikld aikxa yeniy dzyry ,dpeznd ze`zayd d`vnp svxd ly ipyd edvwae
.dielbd ze`zayd z` oiit`y aikxa e` mii`zay mibega exewny ibxehil
,i`zayd svxd ly oeznd dvwl epeekzd mini zcng ly eze`zayl eprhy in lk
dl`yd ogaiz oldl .miinepihp` zeceqi ea oiè ,xtqa xkfp epi` iav izay ly eny oky
76
.i`zay xtq mini zcnga ze`xl ozip dcin zen` eli` it lr
oaxegd lr la`dn zenlrzdy d`xp j` ,ze`zayl dxcbd iayz lv` iz`vn `l
ezeigiyna dpen`l ely ogead ipa` md izfrd ozp mxewny dibxehil e` bdpn ueniè
77
.iav izay ly
df iepik ly dcigide zg`d ezxcbd' : yxetna ze`zayd z` xicbn mely myxb
giynd èd iav izayy oin`ny in èd i`zay : ef wx zeidl dleki e"kz xg`ly mipya
oiè zircnd zextqa byend zernyn idef ."zetilw"d megza rwye xindy it lr s`
.`rx 'nr ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa
.830 'nr ,(f"lyz) ap ,xtq zixw ,'gqt ly iriayl oewizd xcq' ,edipa 'n
,c"kyz milyexi ,odizexecl l`xyi zevetza eibdpn zelylzyd : dxez zgny bg zeclez ,ixri '`
.320 ,306 ,277 ,273 ,269 ,152 ,'nr
ze`zayl zerbepd jailxw rayil` lye u"y dwax ly odizexcbd oldly oeica eàei `l okl
.dpnn wegx mini zcng zercd lkl xy` ,zipeviwd
oia') yhixfnn uiytil litew awri 'x ly eze`zay z` mb iayz raw dl` zecin zen` it lr
.(206 'nr ,[59 dxrd lirl] zepine dpen` iaizp ,'zeciqgl ze`zay
[ 386 ]
73
74
75
76
77
[ 23
ueni` : iayz ly dl`l minec mini zcng ly eze`zayl mely ly eiwenip 78.'zxg`
zefinx ,giynd ixeqiia weqir ,zeiprz lehia ,mi`zayd ibega zebedp eidy zelitz
dpifgz eiteia jln' xicz ritend gqepde ,iav izayl deeyd i"cy ly ixhnibd jxrl
,envrl èdyk rixkn dl`d miaihendn cg` s` oi`' : xne` èd eixac mekiqa .'epipir
79
.'ipyd z` yxtn cg`dy oteà cgi eritei dl`d miaihend lky lczyd xagnd la`
dryza zela`d ibdpn lehia ik wiqdl ozip ebieex mdxa` icinlz lr mely ly eixacn
zipaxd zxeqna miwac mzeida' : iav izaya dpen`d zgkedl igxkdd menipind èd aà
80
.'xzqa dbibgk aà 'h meiwa wx dklddn ebieex ly ebeg ipa ehq
xtqd ly eze`zay' : xzei zakxen dpenz zxiihvn qail dcedi ly eixacn
ynyl gilvi `l mini zcng xtq elit`' 81; 'my mely mkiq jkl zei`xd zè ,zgken
drepzl xeywd igiyn ybx ieex ilaw xtq èdy s` ,zi`zayd zeigiynd zednl dxenk
zlawa wac elek xtqdy iptn z`fe .izfrd ozp z`n mixac mb ea milelke zi`zayd
`l ,zi`zayd dlawd `l ekezl excg `le ,dzvtdl aeyg xepiv rcena ynyne i"x`d
yibxdy) xzeia drecid dàend' 82; 'i`zayd giynd zenc `le i`zayd zedel`d ceq
[...] my`xa mezg izfrd ozp ly enyy mixiyd zyely ìd ,(oicnr awri 'x xak da
yiy s` ,izfrd ozp ly dycgd dlawd ixac z` milikn mpi` ixheqw`d mrah iptne
izfrd ozp ly daeyzd ipewiz ìd zxg` dàen .iav izay ly ezeigiynl mifnx mda
zxeze zeptbqd gex mibetq mlekk maex daeyzd ipewiz" iayz oiivny itk j` [...]
83
.' "cgein i`zay oeeb `ll i"x`d ly zepeekd
zcngay mifnxd ik ,mely myxb ztwyd z` lawn qail dxe`kly d`xp o`kn
hxetwpxtn u"k ilztp lr eixacn j` .iav izaya xagnd zpen` lr micirn mini
mini mzeà zigiyn dpen` lk dyrnle ,jkn zegta wtzqn qaily d`xp (1719-1645)
: ze`zayl aygidl dziid dieyr
di`x lk oi` ik zwiecnd ezxcbd itl i`zay xèzd z` ilztp 'xl wiacdl mb oi`
ce`n daeyg didz z`fk dxcbd m` wtq s` .giynd z` iav izaya d`xy jkl
,igiyn gex jldl zg` dnbec `l` dpi` lirlc dyxcd [...] ipgexd enler zpadl
dzid cec jlnd mr ddefnd giynd zziny oeirxd [...] ilztp 'x lv` ,i`zay enk
.90 'nr ,'dnelrzd' ,mely
.92 'nr ,my
.450-435 mixeh ,`l ,zixard dictelwivp`d ,'iav izay' ,mely 'b
milyexi ,mixn`n uaew : zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail 'i .'dnelrzd' mely ly exn`n epiid ,'my'
.15 dxrd ,302 'nr ,(zi`zayd dpen`d ceq : oldl) d"pyz
.13 'nr ,my
.23 dxrd ,270 'nr ,my
[ 387 ]
78
79
80
81
82
83
24 ]
lbet dyn
zelbzdle ycgzdl cizre dpald enk dry itl oird on ieqike zewlzqd wx
84
.epinia dxdna
: zi`zayd dpen`d ly dxwirl xyà qail ly ezrc lr xg` mewnn cenll ozip ok
`l` ,zihiletd dle`ba wqr dl oi` zi`zayd zipeirxd drepzd iy`x ly zeigiynd'
zeigiynd ly izin`d okezd èt` edn [...] dpen`de zedel`d megz : xg` megza
zcd zle`ba m` ik mrd zle`ba `l dpiipry xnel xyt` illk oteà ? zi`zayd
85
.'giynd zle`be l`d zle`b ,dpen`de
mlerd zii`x z` gxkda zllek zi`zayd dpen`dy dler mipexg`d mixacdn
,iepiy oerhd ibele`z mler eipir cbpl dèx oin`nd .zile`b zeycgzd ly jildza
envr zè - df iepiy llegzn eay ocirk iav izay zrted xg`ly dtewzd z` dèx
.iepiy eze`l szeyk
dzid `l ze`zayl dwifd zernyn' : mixacd ipt z` xeìl` lgx dèx dnec gexa
dpenà zpbern dzid dzedny dnec la` ,dyrnae daygna zepey mipt dyale dcig`
iav izayy dryn dktdzd zizxeqnd zeìvnde igiynd ocird lgdye dlgd dle`bdy
ocirn zicedid zcd z` lèbe zipevigd zeìvnd ilakn xxgynd [...] giynd èd
idl`") ely dycgd l`d zyitzae iav izaya mipin`nd .dle`bd ocirl dìane zelbd
dcaerd zexnl ,igiynd ocird lgde zelbd ocir miizqdy epin`d ("iav izay
86
.'dle`bl oniq lk did `l dielbd zeìvnay
d`nd zligzae dxyr rayd d`nd seqay ze`zayd z` xiivn i`pxa awri
ly miipevigd miileya mwenn mini zcng .miixhpvpew milbrn oirnk dxyr dpenyd
: oldlk i`pxa zrcl mdy mii`zayd milbrnd
.mdibeg ipae ebieex mdxa` 'x ,`tex xi`n 'x - mipin`n
.efecxw ly eiyrn ixeg`n eaviizdy iletixhe qipez ipax - miknez
.mdileya xaqd ixac sxive mii`zay miazk sq`y `"cig - miptqè mipiiprzn
87
.mini zcng ikxer - diazk icnele ze`zayd icde`
oc 'ie xeìl` 'x : jeza ,'ze`zayl eqgie ,hxetwpxtn u"k ilztp 'x ly ezencl miew' ,qail 'i 84
milyexi ,(ai ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn) u"y dwaxl oexkifd xtq ,miax zelew ,(mikxer)
.306-293 'nr ,e"pyz
.14-13 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail 85
.120-119 'nr ,(31 dxrd lirl) xeìl` 86
J. Barnai, Messianism and Leadership: The Sabbatean Movement and Leadership of 87
the Jewish Communities in the Ottoman Empire, in: A. Rodrigue (ed.), Ottoman and
Turkish Jewry, Bloomington, IN 1992, p. 177
[ 388 ]
[ 25
: iav izay ly ezeigiyna oin`ny in èd i`zay ik xeaq ,mely myxb enk ,edipa xi`n
xyt`d xcba xacd did mzrcle zi`zayd dpenà epin`dy dxez ilra e`vnp oiicr'
88
.'zeir xy` z` owizy ixg` dlbzie aeyi iav izayy
dpen` (`) : ze`zayd zxcbdl zeiexyt` yely yiy d`xp lirlc mixacdn
mler zqitz (a) ; (iayz mb d`xpd lkke ,edipa ,qail ,mely) iav izay ly ezeigiyna
cenil (b) ; (xeìl` ,qail) iepiy jildza dpezpe iav izay zrted iptl dziidy efn dpey
.(i`pxa) lèhixd zxbqna mveniè mzxaqd ,i`zay yxcn zian e`viy mihqwh
mini zcng zizcaer dpigan .efa ef zekexk ziyilyd dxcbdde dpey`xd dxcbdd
oke ,i`zay mxewny mihqwh un`n èd - ze`zayd ly ziyilyd dxcbda wx cner
ik i`pxa wiqn ef dcaern .mii`zay mibdpnl ,midf cinz `l ik s` ,mixeywd mibdpn
ueni`y mixeaq iayze mely .ze`zayd ly miipevigd miileya xtqd z` mwnl yi
lr dlg okle ,iav izaya xagnd zpen` lr cirn mii`zayd mibdpnde zeibxehild
.dxingnd ,dpey`xd dxcbdd mini zcng
.miiyw zexxern ,xg` cvn iayze mely lye cg` cvn i`pxa ly ,zepwqnd izy
elekk eaex dyrnl did dxyr dpenyd d`na icedid mlerd ,i`pxa ly ezxcbd it lr
mixeciqde mixefgnd lk' ,edipa ixacl .zernyn lk 'i`zay' xèzd ca`n jkae ,i`zay
df xtq it lre dlawd jxca eid mini zcng 'q ly xe`l ez`v onl iwipel`ya eqtcpy
eaxrzd mii`zayd mibdpnd 89.'mda micnere miniiw ex`yp mii`zayd mipnnqde
mze` e`vi' : mdipia oigadl cer lbeqn did `l yi` d`xpd lkky cr zipwzd zkxrna
zeaeyge zelecb zelidw ly ogztl evaxe mipin`nd ly xebqde xvd mnegzn mibdpin
xvez èd mini zcng 90.'mdipia mixywnd mihegd ercepy ila epini cr [...] l`xyia
z` zycwnd zizc zkxrna mii`zay miaikx ly ,zrcen `l ile` ,drnhd jildz ly
zeceqi zè' : l`xyi llk ly eaexn dpey èd oi` jka .zexec ixecn zipctwd zxeqnd
wx `l cnll mi`vei dl` mibdpin [...] i"x`d zlaw it lr ozp qqia zi`zayd dpen`d
mibdpin dnke dnk lr xe` lddl mb mda yi `l` ebeg ipae ozp ly miipgexd mdiig lr
iwnrn erwa cvike mxewn rcep `le meid cr mda zefge` l`xyin zelecb zelidwy
`ltend xtqd ly ezcil yxr eide dikxeza miciqge milaewn lr elawzpe ze`zayd
91
.'mini zcng
dpenyd d`na mi`zay `ll mi`zay oia dxexa dpgad dyrnl oi` ,i`pxa zrcl
i`zayd melgd zeawra xzepy hwiltpewa mipiit`zn eibidpne ldwd aexe ,dxyr
.`tw 'nr ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa
.`tw 'nr ,my
.hqx 'nr ,my
.hpx 'nr ,my
[ 389 ]
88
89
90
91
26 ]
lbet dyn
ep` [...] ze`zayd lr xwgn zepy zexyr xg`' : epnn (ziwlgd ile`) zegktzdde
zexecd ipax ly dreqyd mytp z` oiadle zizxage zi`ci` dpigan dpiadl miywan
xtqa ztwzynd ìd ef dxieeè ,xe`l mini zcng `vi ef zltxern dxieeà 92.'elld
.'zi`zay dnbn lra' xtq `l` ,i`zay xtq dpekn xtqd oi` eita - i`pxa zrcl
dieeda zernhene zeaxern jk lk eid zei`zayd zenbnd i`pxa zrcly èd oiiprnd
,xtqay mii`zayd zeceqil mircen eid `l mi`xewd ipendy cr ,onf ezeà zicedid
,ze`ceea xnel lkep mixtq dnk lr ,ìd zxxerznd dl`yd 93.mda epigad mihrn wxe
? mii`zay md oi`y ,i`pxa ici lr xèznd mlera
zeibxehild zii`x - melye iayz zeawra i`zay xtqk mini zcng zxcbd
,miiyw zxxern ìd mb - iav izay ly ezeigiyna dpen`l zecrk mii`zayd mibdpnde
dibxehil irhw èd mini zcnga zeèx epipiry dne .zeèx epipiry dn `l` epl oi` oky
mii`zay mipkz millek md oi` j` ,mi`zayd ly myxcn ziaa mzcily mibdpne
ly miipevigd miileya mini zcng z` mwnl ick mda yi dl` mirhw .miyxetn
.iav izay ly ezeigiyna dpen` lr xac mda oi` j` ,i`pxa dyry itk ,ze`zayd
cirn mini zcnga mii`zay mibdpne zeibxehil ueni` m`d ìd zifkxnd dl`yd
,mini zcnga zeievnd zeiecrdn wlg ,epi`x xaky itk .iav izaya dpen` lr
ogead oa` .wtqn zeiwp opi` ,iav izaya dpen`d lr iayze mely zrcl zeriavnd
lra iabl mb mzqd one ,ebieex mdxa` icinlz iabl iav izay ly ezeigiyna dpen`l
dryza dgny zebibga lbecy in ik xiaq df oi` : aà dryzl qgid èd ,mini zcng
yecwd zay zyecwa mldà mely oiè' : mini zcnga ievnd weqtd z` aezki aà
94
.'mdl ie` mziaa a"hl zay oia lcad oiè oaexa xe`d feg`zy cr zeaixne zehhwa
lre ,a` ycega dgnyd herin lr mixacdy ,iayze mely ly mzhiyl ,gipdl oi` ok
zrted mry oin`dy in icia eazkp (xn`nd seqa a gtqpa miievnd) mixvnd oia ini
95
.oaxegd lr la`d lha iav izay
"eiteia jln" xtqay zelitzd lka' ik mely ly ezprh oia dèeydd mb zpiiprn
ly zexec' dpecpd dtewzd z` xg` mewna i`pxa dpkn dnec gexa .69 'nr ,(27 dxrd lirl) i`pxa
'i : jeza ,'zip`n'zerd dixtnià micedid' ,i`pxa 'i : e`x ,ze`zayl qgid oiiprl .'dkeane diidz
d`nd rvn` cr - dycgd zrd ,m`lqi`d zevxà micedid zeclez ,xy` xa 'y ,i`pxa 'i ,iaeh
.107 'nr ,`"nyz milyexi ,xbpih` 'y zkixra ,h"id
.104 'nr ,my ,i`pxa
.a"r bi ,`"g
oewizn mlrzd xtqdy orh iayz .mini zcngn migewld zevg oewiz lr mixac mb miievn a gtqpa
wlg axwa mb bedp did zevg oewiz ly mieqn gqepy xirdl yi .eze`zayl dgked jka d`xe zevg
,oaxegd lr dpiw èd zevg oewiz mini zcng lra itl ik d`xp a gtqpa 11 sirqn j` ,mi`zaydn
.oqip ycega hrnl dpyd lk jyna xnel yi ezeè
[ 390 ]
92
93
94
95
[ 27
jelnze epaal gnyie epipir dpifgz eiteia jln' : mini zcng ixacl 96'giynd cinz èd
`le l`d èd jlnd ik ,dxe`kl ,d`xp o`kn 97.'jiyrn k"r dxdn epidl` 'd èd dz`
.giynd
dpen` ea oi` m` : ze`zayd ly diipyd dxcbdd xe`l mini zcng z` oegal xzep
zenc lr xbiz zìxw ea yi m`d ? zi`zayd dktdna dpen` ea yi m`d ,iav izaya
zkxrn un`l xagnd ywia m`d ? zi`zayd dqitza dtilgdl oeiqipe zizxeqnd l`d
zegxe` xtqa yi m`d ? dìxac dxez - zbdepd ef mewna ,zeliv`c dxez ,dycg zikld
dlaw xtqa oi` ,qail ixaca epi`xy itk ? dkldd ici lr miazkend dl`n mipeyd miig
ly eze`zay èt` z`hazn dna .i`zay giyn e` i`zay zedel` ceq ea oi` ,zi`zay
oial xtqd ly zigiynde zibele`zd dqitzd oia edylk qgi reawl ozip m`d ? xtqd
? zei`zayd dizeliawn
lhep èd oi` ,zizxeqnd zilawd diteqe`zle zizxeqnd dkldl cenv mini zcng
oi` .zexec ixecn laewny dn z` mivrdl ìd ezxhn `l` ,xac zepyl zexig envrl
miiexy zenlerd ipy - xzqpd mlerl dlbpd mlerd oia izedn lcad yiy xeaq xagnd
ik ezxkda èd i`zayk mini zcng z` ze`xl ozip eay cigid oaend .zelbd wnera
exfbp dl` miyecigne ,dlawd zxeza miaeyg miyecig eyceg iav izay zrted zra
dl` mibdpn .zxeqnd gexa zizcd dceard z` xiyrdl ick mda yiy zepeeke mibdpn
ziptzk `le ,zlaewnd dkldd ly dagxdk icedid mlerd ly elekk eaex icia evne`
.ycg oeeik zpnqnd
izfrd ozp ly eyxcn zian miipeir miyecig mini zcnga yi m` le`yl yi ok enk
riizqdl ozip xtqd ly zibele`zd dqitzd zpigal .ycg ibele`z mler maega mi`yepd
dceary it lr s` 98.'izfrd ozp iazka dpen`d ceq' ezceara miiwl` mdxa` ly eixaca
dibele`zd oia qgid lr dpnn cenll xyt` ,mini zcng z` yxetna dxikfn dpi` ef
.zi`zayd ef oial df xtqay
zelird lk zlir"a èd dlitzd `yen' izfrd ozp ly ezhiyl ik xeaq miiwl`
izy .zeaiqd lk zaiqe zelird lk zlir idn dl`yd zl`yp .' "zeaiqd lk zaiqe
idef .`yicw `wizr sevxtn dpeye seqpi`l ddf zelird lk zlir (`) : od zeiexyt`d
seqpi`l dxiyi diipt xaca iav izay zqitzl qiqad ìde ,iayz itl ,izfrd ozp zxez
idef .seqpi`n dpeye ,`yicw `wizrl deey zelird lk zlir (a) ; mitevxtd jeeiz ila
.iav izay zqitzn dpey ìde ,mely myxb itl ,izfrd ozp zxez
.94 'nr ,'dnelrzd' ,mely 96
.a"r c ,b"g 97
,diteqelitl xehwec xèz zlaw myl xeaig ,'izfrd ozp iazka dpen`d ceq' ,miiwl` '` 98
.66 'nr ,c"pyz milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d
[ 391 ]
28 ]
lbet dyn
`p` iqg` ici xnì aeye' : miinrt mini zcnga xkfen 'zelird lk zlir' iehiad
lehi jk xgè ef dcerqa eceq xwiry 'yicw `wizr `zlir zlirl `zkxac `qka 'eke
lra ipiray d`xp o`kn 99.'zayd xeà enk k"g` qcda gixie oefnd zkxa jxai eici
.zipìxeld dhiyd idef .seqpi`l `le `yicw `wizrl ddf zelird lk zlir mini zcng
,mini zcng lra eizeawrae ,ozp if` ,mely xeaqy itk ,izfrd ozp zhiy mb idef m`
.iav izay ly ipen`d eyecign uwerd z` jka ìved
ezpeek z` xiaqn èd zelird lk zlir z` xikfn mini zcngy xg`d mewna
`le zipìxell daexw ezqitz ik dxaqd z` miwfgn mixacd .xdefd ixac lr jnzqda
fepbd seqpi` wlg mre `yicw `wizr mr zelird lk zlir z` ddfn èd oky ,zi`zayl
.`yicw `wizr `zlir zlirl .`zkxac `qka .`zlza onf`' : `yicw `wizr jeza
jeza fepbd q"`d epiid `zlir zlir xeìa mikixv opiè mdil`n elkyei mixacd xeìae
`xcià 'xd y"nk enya wlgd eze` `xwp w"r jeza èdyk w"r èd mb `xwpy w"r
`zlir 'lirl y"ff y"r oinei wizr `xwp oinei wizr jeza `vnpd q"` wlgy `yp
oia lcad yi zelird lk zlir zqitz oiiprl ik ,mely myxb zeawra jlp m` 100.'w"r
zxezl xzei aexw mini zcng ik xnel lkep ,izfrd ozp ly efl iav izay ly dibele`zd
.izfrd ozp
zg` mrt ,iz`vny dnk cr ,driten dlitzd `yenl mini zcnga ztqep zeqgiizd
: seqpi` z` e` `yicw `wizr sevxt z` ,zelird lk zlir z` llk xikfdl ilan ,cala
liv`d xy` oencwd cigi zlecba opeazdle xekfl ezaygna cceazi zekxad xcq xgè'
: meiw mdl oi` ezeige erty icrlane epevxa mbidpn ède zenlerd lk dyre xvie `xae
'` rbx 'it` zenlerd lkn erty xcrd xiievi e"g eliè mlek z` dign dzè y"nk
101
.'mdl jixv oi` ède eil` mikixv mlek ik eid `lk eide mlek elhazi
àd rhwd jnq lr zekln zxitq iabl mini zcng zqitza wqer qail dcedi
ezenvra dfepb dzidy zeklnd ceq èd dlgz daygna dyrn seq' : mini zcngay
oi` zepeilrd zexitq 'hd dbixcne dbixcn lkay itl zenlerd zepal ie`x da ik jxazi
lret didi `ly mb el mx`zl xyt` zepeilrd zexitq 'h ixèz ik zenler zeidl jixv
`klnc `zepnxde `zephly epiidc zekln el x`zl `vi `l la` mixèzd mzeà mze`
zeidl zeklnd zcewp on zenlerd lk lretl ìved okle mixg` lr hley epi` èd m`
dìxad zilkz' : qail itl èd oeirxd 102.'`klnc `zepnxde `zephly èd zeklny
mb zeìvn odl dziid zexitqd lky [...] zeklnd zxitq ly lretl dz`ved ìd dlek
.`"r v ,`"g
.`"r `q ,`"g
.a"r h"r ,c"g
.a"r `n ,`"g
[ 392 ]
99
100
101
102
[ 29
xaecn ik qail hxtn dl` mixacl dxrda .'[zekln] dpnn ueg zeliv`d zligz mcew
zipìxel zepyxta xaecn m` ìd zxxerznd dl`yde ,xdefd ixac lr zepyxta
la`' : zihlgd dpi` qail ly ezaeyz .zi`zay zepyxta `weec e` ,`cixb ziwexq
r"ive mini zcng ,mii`zayd mixtqa `l` iz`vn `l df oeeika i"x`d ixac ly gezit
'? wexq mb jk oiad `nye [mler ceqi wicv]
èd epiytp oeictl y`xe dlgz epzle`b xwir ok ik' : èd ea wqer qaily sqep rhw
exn` l`bi a"eh jl`bi m` ceqa ceqid èd mdipa ipal lèb ìane w"icvd sqei oa giyn
zeklna mler owzl epwcv giyn fer 'x`tza dxdn ze`xl dewp ok lre a"eh ik wicv
zex yxcna y"nk feae de`ba wzr w"icv lr zexaecd xwy izty dpnl`z okae icy
dpgadd z` yibcn qaile ,zi`zay dnip yi ok` df rhwa 103.'y"r aeh jl`bi m` weqta
dafk`dn d`vezk dxvepy dpgad - dle`b icren ipy oia mini zcngay zi`zayd
mini zcng oia xeyiwd df dxwna mb ,izrcl 104.iav izay zxnd mr dpey`xd dle`bdn
awr dle`bd icren ipy oia mini zcng lra oigad eli` .heyt epi` zi`zayd dtwydl
ddfd iav izay zrted - dpey`xd dle`bl qgiiziy mitvn epiid ,dxnddn ezafk`
.mixacd ipt z` mini zcng dèx jky i`ce df oi` .xar oeyla - sqei oa giyn ly eèal
j` ,cizra e` xara èd sqei oa giyn ly eèa m` xexa df oi` hhvn qaily rhwa
rfbe' : cizra ietv sqei oa giyn ly eèay ìd xagnd zpeeky d`xp xtqa xg` mewna
epingple epytp oeictl y`xe dlgz didi èd xy` wicvd sqei oa giyn dxti eiyxyn
105
.'ryxd qelinx` ici lr sqei oa giyn bxdi `ly [...] miebd lk lr eplbc mixdle
eaxd xge`nd xwgnd cre mini zcnga oeicd ziy`x f`ny d`xp ,xac ly enekiqa
i`zay xtqk mini zcng z` mipiivnd mipiicznd ixacn .xtqd ly eze`zaya weqrl
cgd ,leabd ly cg`d ecva xcbene xexa mewna eaivdl ozipy dienq dgpd oirn dler
ze`zayd zexcbdn dlery itk .zizxeqn zecdil ze`zay oia cixtnd ,dxe`kl
un`p m` .mvnevn oaena wx i`zay xtqk mini zcng z` ze`xl ozip ,lirl exwqpy
oiit`l lkep ,ze`zayd icde` axwa xtqd z` znwnnd ,i`pxa icia zrvend zipazd z`
eyceg zexxerzd dze` zekfa .iav izay zrted zra l`xyia xac ltpy dxkdk ef dcd`
ueni` meyn jka yi m` wtq j` .miycg mibdpn eavere zepaez etqep ,miilaw miyecig
.iav izay ly ezeigiyna dpenà gxkda dkexk dpi` dcd` oky ,ze`zayd ly dzedn
,dzagxde oineid zwizr zxeqnl jynd `l` mpi` mini zcngay miycgd mibdpnd
.`"r h ,`"g 103
.66 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail 104
: cizr oeyla mixt` oa giyna miwqerd mirhw hhvn mini zcng micg` zenewna .`"r i ,`"g 105
'epngpl ligzi xy` mixt` oa giyn bxdi `ly' ; (a"r b"w ,a"g) 'ginvz dxdn mixt` oa giyn'
.(`"r d ,b"g)
[ 393 ]
30 ]
lbet dyn
oi` - mipt letk mlera dpen` xtqa oi` .ycg mler onqnd silgz mipt meya md oiè
oiicr diexyd ,zilbpd zeìvnl zcbpend zl`bp zxzqp zeìvn ly dneiwl fnx lk ea
.dze` mi`hand mibdpnd zlily ea oiè ,oaxegd zrceza ieex xtqd .zelba
mini zcnga dle`be ze`zay

`xwpd zeklnd oewzl z`xw eze` mini zcng' : extql ehena azek mini zcng xagn
èd mipewiz ly mkxcke ,oewiz èd xagnd ly eipiirn y`xa cnery dn .'mini zcng
df minilynd mihaidn xewql ozip xtqay dle`bd zqitz z` .dle`bd aexiwl crep
.zinqew dle`be zihxt dle`b ,(zillk zigiyn e` zi`zay) ziaihwlew dle`b : df z`
zeigiyne ze`zay - ziaihwlew dle`b
miieyrd ,xtqa miritend miaihen xtqn epiev mini zcng lr xwgnde qenletd zxiwqa
awri icia xak edefy ,zei`zay zeixhnibe izfrd ozp iheit : i`zayd eite` lr cirdl
diryie `pdk cec mdilr ecnry ,xtqa milelkd izfrd ozp ly daeyz ipewiz ; ocnr
'ozp' miyxeydn milina yeniy ; mely myxb icia dzdefy ,zi`zay dlitz ; iayz
mini zcng ly eze`zayl di`xk bved mixvnd oia iniae aà 'ha weqir xcrd .'fer'e
(qaile miiwl`) mixge`nd mixwgnde ,iayz diryi ly eixn`n cre ocnr awri ini f`n
.df xtqa zi`zayd dibele`zd iaikxa miwqer
,xwgnde qenletd lr oeicd zxbqna lirl eàedy ,dl` zeprh lr zebydd z`
mivetp eid mini zcngay 'mii`zay'd miaikxdn micg` (`) : zeveaw xtqnl wlgl ozip
,dx`'bp l`xyi ixiy ,w"cve u"x` ,i"cy zeixhnib ,lynl .ze`zayd zrted iptl mb
lr ehlwpe ze`zayl uegn exvepy zebdpd ody) ield oinipa 'x zebdpd s` ixri zrcle
`l j` ,minecd zeibele`z zeqitze dibxehil igqep ,mibdpn miriten xtqa (a) ; (dici
mdizeliawnl ,midf `le ,minec mdy myk - zei`zayd mdizeliawnl ,midf cinz
znerl dyw dpiab zlikà dxngd ,'xekfe xeny' gqep iepiy md dl`k : zeipìxeld
ynn `l j` ,'icec dkl' heitd gqep z` dpiy mb mini zcng lra .mixg` alg ixven
llk icia evne` miax mii`zay mibdpne zepwz ,migqep (b) ; izfrd ozp enk jxc dzeà
.i`zayd mxewnl ,`l ileè ,mircen eidy ,l`xyi
oecpd `yepd z` zzvnznd zxzek oirn zqtcen mini zcnga cenr lk y`xa
zllek zg` `l s` xtqay zexzekd ze`n dpenyn xzei jezny oiivl yi .cenr ezeà
106
.xtqa riten epi` ,xekfk ,iav izay ly eny .'giyn' dlind z`
.xn`nd seqa ` gtqp e`x ,mini zcng ly dpand xeìzl 106
[ 394 ]
[ 31
mini zcngay mii`zayd miaikxd oiay xywl xyà zel`y izy le`yl ozip
exeaig onfa qtzp izfrd ozp ly eyxcn zian `viy dn lk m`d : xtqd ly eze`zayl
zqitz z` ezellka hqwhd mèz dnk cr ? eze`zay zngn dvwenk mini zcng ly
? zi`zayd mlerd
iav izaya dpen` l izfrd ozp zyxen oia
izfrd ozp l` qgid did `l dixg` od dxndd iptl od ik ze`xl ozip zextqd zxiwqn
dxndd ixg` mipey`xd miycga' ik micnl ep` mely myxb ly eixacn .irnyncg
.ezrtyd z` repnle ecra xecbl eqip mi`xg`de [...] illk oipr eicecpe eizerepz exxer
cer wifdl egeka oi`y d`xpk ehilgdyk ,dxnbp ,g"kz cr dkynpy ,ef dtewz mb la`
oaen epiè icnl xfen envrlyk èdy xac - eytpl edeafre ,mrd axwa dkean ìadle
lkae [...] zi`zayd "dpen`"l xyane gilyk lrt eicecp lka ixd .dzr mb ekxv lk
dizeaiqy dxizq meyn eitlk ef zebdpzda yi .ecbp ztqep dlert meya ehwp `l z`f
107
.'dry itl epl ercep `l diwenipe
iptlny zexb`d lka' : dxndd iptl xak elbzd ozp itlk ilqwecxt qgil mipnnq
xazqn 108.'zipaxd zextqa milibxd ceakd ix`za "mixtek"d mb eilr mixacn dxndd
`ly in s` eitlk eygxy ceakd z` swiy ok` ozpl 'mixtek'd icia ceakd ixèz qegiiy
elitè "mipin`n" mpi`y minkg icinlz' : eipewize eznkg zekfa ,'mipin`n'd mr epnp
e`xy daeyzd iyrnn mrd z` repnl mivtg mpi` z`f lkae [...] yexita xaca miwteqn
109
.'mala mzepwtq z` mixneye ,dkxa mda
ly eiig zexewa dievn iav izayl xy`n izfrd ozp l` dpey qgil dnec dnbec
giynd zeiyi` lre ygxznd lr zilily drc f"nxl oi`' : mely zrcl .zekf dyn 'x
[...] eiwetwte eizewtq lr [...] dax zexidf icil eze` dìan ezepxny la` [...] ycgd
`l dil` eqgiy xexiaa xkip [...] daeyzd zrepzl eqgi lr [...] miaxa ezrc dlib `l
`lt" eipira èd [...] dfrn ìapd ly daeyzd oewz .iaeig `l` zeidl leki did
dyn cbpzd dxndd xg`l .ze`zayd ly ìyd ztewza mixen` dl` mixac 110.' "ìltn
.izfrd ozpl dkxrda qgiizdl jiyndy okzii j` ,ze`zayl zevxgp zekf
dgiyd meza .dkex` dgiy ez` ldipe 1668 zpya divpeea ozp z` ybt zekf dyn
èd mipin`nd on epi` f"nxy it lr s` ik ,oeyxb oa jexa i`zayd itn eilr xn`p

.2 dxrd ,163 'nr ,my
.828 'nr ,my
.52 'nr ,(h"yz-g"yz) ci-bi ,oeiv ,'ze`zayd l` l`xyi ipax ly mqgi zl`yl' ,mely 'b
[ 395 ]
107
108
109
110
32 ]
lbet dyn
df enk ea oian ipiè xdefd xtqa `xew ip`y mipy g"l od' : ozp znkgl dkxrda qgiizd
dlenrz `l` dpi`y e` ixehqidd ogana zcner ef dhef m` rawp mxh 111.'mkgd
ceyg epi`y ,zekf dyn itn izfrd ozpa dxkdd qegii mvr ik d`xp ,z`f mr .zi`zay
izaya dxitk mr caa ca ozp ly eznkg ueni` eay mlera wx ixyt` ,i`zayk cer
.mini zcng z` mb ze`xl rven ef daiaqa .ixzqc izxzk dligzkln zqtzp dpi` iav
izeidae' : zekf dynl axewn did xagnd ik d`xp mini zcnga azkpy dn jnq lr
zekf dyn laewnd wized mkgd dxeza izinrl df oipr lr cg` qixhpew izgly ìvipiea
un`l ozipy xaq mini zcng lra mb d`xpky èd eppiiprl aeygd 112.'ezaiyi ipae e"xp
ozp ly heitd lr .ze`zayd zxeza dkinzl jka aiigzdl ilan izfrd ozp lyn mixac
lk el qgiil oiè cala envr heitd ixacl qgiizdl yiy azek èd xcqd lill izfrd
lv` dpd .oir inelrn mixac ea yi miax ipira ik mre' : zxzqp (zi`zay ile`) zernyn
d`xna likyi y`xae seqa yexci ik d"dlf i"x`d epiax ycwdd ci azkna l"bex oir
zeilbxn witn xzqpae dlbpa mirehp zexnqnke zepaxck eizexac mrep zeciga `le
ozp lyn miheitl xagnd qgiizd dnec gexa 113.'zeitlzl iepa axd zpeek xcq lre
ekeza eà xy` zeltzd gqepe mixiyd ihxta sè' : 'xtqd znizga xagnd axd ixac'a
yacd dcex l`"ix`d ziiebn m` jtdzn `witq witqa jale oir inelrn mixac oda yi
z` mi`yepd miheitdy rci dl` mixac azky iny d`xp .'zexexn ilr aezkze [...] ìdd
.xzqp fnx lk miheita ze`xl oi`y ei`xew z` rpkyl dqipe ,cyg eilr exxeri ozp my
zel`ya eil` dpty (lden) mc` l` xagnd iazkn mihhevn 'yceg y`x' jxk seqa
xy` lre' : xagnd azek ezaeyza .ozp iheit lr mb d`xpk dnz lèyd - zepey
itl eny iznlrde 'iaeygd 'ixagd on '` oxaigy rcei ied 'iheitd lr ipzl`y
xagnd my znlrd lr dprhd 114.'mdd mizadn mixac zvwn rexbl izrcl izkxvedy
ie`xy dn .df oiipra wtq lk xizen epi` heitd ly oewixhepd oky ,zvwna ddenz
mini zcngay miheita .xagnd icia miheitdn mixac zvwn zrixb èd al zneyzl
miixewnd miheitdy okzii - elek xtqa dfk xekf` oi`y itk ,iav izay ly xekf` oi`
.xagnd icia ewgnp dl` mifnxe ,giynd zencl efnx
.47 'nr ,my

.a"r bw ,`"g
miheitd xagn .a"r en ,b"ga ozp ly sqep heit hehiv cvl eazkp dnec gqepa mixac .a"r ak ,b"g
yecw cg`' ly ezenc .'xacn yecw cg`' xagnd ita mewn ezeà dpekn ozp ly oewixhepd ilra
'n ziprz zlebqy xacn yecw '` azkna aezk `vnpe' : sqep xywda mini zcnga driten 'xacn
xagnd lhep o`k mb ik okziie .(a"r c ,b"g) 'z"lgn zepef miyp 'ad ripkdl milbeqn md el` mei
.ozp ixacn
.a"r kw ,a"g
[ 396 ]
111
112
113
114
[ 33
ea yiy it lr s` ,zecdia miagx mibeg ipira jxr zlra dxivik qtzp mini zcng
i`lef` cec sqei miig 'x ly eqgia dti znbcen ef dcaer .miwdaen mi`zay ly mznkgn
"mini zcng" 'q' : edipa xi`n azek `"cigd icia xtqd ly eveni` lr .df xtql (`"cigd)
la` milecbd mya xkfp `l `"cigl wtq `ll miielb eid eay mii`zay zeceqiy
zl`yl xaqd lk o`kn oiè dkld ipiiprl xywa xtqd àen "l`y miig" eizeaeyza
`ly xexa [...] daxd mixtq ly zeny `"cig hinyd milecbd mya .df xtql eqgi
eizeaeyza exikfn èd ixdy ,xtql eqgi zelbl dvx `ly oeeik [mini zcng z`] ehinyd
xetik mei axra `xw b"nwz zpya [...] "mini zcng"a `xw l"wze g"kwz zepyae [...]
ea oiir èd ,eipira ycewn èti` did xtqd [...] "mini zcng" 'qn dceard xcq yexit
mini zcng jezn eipira mitid mirhwd z` ccea `l `"cig 115.'eay zelitzd z` lltzde
mlawl ozipy jxr ilra mixac yiy xaq `l` ,i`zay mxewny mirhwd z` lqt `le
'x l` `"cig ly eqgi mb cirn z`fk dyib lr .mi`zay icin mipzip mdy it lr s`
mya u"y ly exteq ,enixt ly eny z` xikfn èd daexn dvxrda' : enixt lèny
116
.'eiyexc z` ìadl daxn èd ely yexcd ixtqae milecbd
eqgi oia oigadl epilry dnec' : edipa ly eixac jynd eppiiprl xwira miaeyg
wx ceak ly qgi rian èd mipey`xl .zi`zayd dpen`l eqgi oial mii`zay minkgl
ezeigiyna epin`dy it lr s` minkgl dcd` [...] mixtq exaige dxeza milecb eid m`
[...] aerze d`py jtidl `l` ,o`k oi` mi`zay minkgl dcd` ,o`k yi iav izay ly
ea mihren mi`zayd zeceqidy "mini zcng"k i`zay xagn ly xtql mb eqgi didi df
`le ea`zqp `l eay miaeygd mixacde ytpd oewizl ea `xwy ,dklde xqen ixac eaexe
mifnx ea e`vnp zenewn dnkay meyn e` i`zay did xagndy meyn enbtzp
z` zepkl ep` miaiig recn ,ìd edipa ly eixac xe`l zxxerznd dl`yd 117.'mii`zay
`"cigd ly efl dnec dqitz el qgiil mileki ep` ixdy ,'i`zayd xagnd' mini zcng lra
! mze`zay zliqt jez mi`zay minkg ly mgex ixt zlaw zcngl eygxy daigd oia gznd z` `"cigd ly ekxca eayii micedi dnk reawl dyw
,mze`zay zlaw ila mi`zayd znkg zlaw - xtqd lr lhedy ze`zayd cygl mini
zxykdl zetqep zehiy izy lr riavdl ozip .lekd z` dwtiq `l ef dhiyy d`xp j`
ìizt dyn dcedi 'x ,lynl ,ebdp jk - izfrd ozp ly eznyp oewiz : mini zcng
.envr xtqd oewize 119; aeyhicifn yxid iav 'xe 118ccban
.bnw 'nr ,h"iyz milyexi ,i`lef` cec sqei miig iax ,edipa 'n
.dnw 'nr ,my
.my
.153-150 'nr ,xtq znelrz ,ixri
.138 'nr ,my
[ 397 ]
115
116
117
118
119
34 ]
lbet dyn
eze`zayl zkzeg di`xk qtzp aà dryza zela`d ipica wqerd wxt xcrd ,xen`k
mixagn exaigy zela` ipica wqerd wxt mrt icn el etiqed okle ,xtqd ly
iciqgn cg` icia xtql rxi` jke 120,(1762-1764) epxeeil zxecdnl rxi` jk .mipey
: oepbr i"y itn xteqnk ,yh`yhea
.mini zcng xtq lr wxt siqedy yepia 'x d`x dn xtq` o`k
.aà dryz ipiipr xqg xtqd dide [...] did dreyi itvnn ,mini zcng lra axd
xg` melye qg eal dhp eli`k ,zepin unya xagnd axd z` edecygy xacd mxbe
[...] dgnye dzyn meil milyexi ly dla` mei z` ektdy iav izay zk
xyt` el xnè [...] uiwda ileè melga yepia 'x lv` xagnd axd à cg` dlil
okae .aà dryz ly mixac ixtqa `ven dz` oi` dn iptn zrcl ywan dz`y
dxegy dxn ilr dltp aà dryz lr aezkl dvepd z` izlhpy zr lka .jl xne`
[...] dngp iweqt ipeìxwde minyd on ilr engix [...] oebid mlera iz`vnpy cr
xtqd lr aezkl izwtqd `le mlerd on iz`vie dgnyd mvern iytp dzlky cr
121
.aà dryz ipiipr xqg ixtq ok lr .xnd meid lr
okzii .mii`zayd eipnnq s` lr ,mall aexwd xtq èd mini zcngy eyg dl` miyp`
miiexy eid exec ipae mini zcng lra .ibelekiqt han jezn swzl ozip ef divièhpi`y
mdizea` .'iaihwlew iaihipbew qppeqic' x'bpihqt oeìl ly epeyla zepkl ozipy dna
mr milydl dyw did icedid xeaivle ,dafkpy zi`zayd dxeyad mqwa eayp mdixene
,dpekp `lk zxxaznd dxiga awr xvepd qppeqicd ,x'bpihqt zrcl .eibidpn ly mzbby
zcng lra ly ekxc ile` ìdy jxca mvnhvdl ieyr ,ze`zayd uenià dxwy itk
xac ly eteqa zxxaznd dpenà daifkdy dpen`d ly dipiit`nn micg` zrnhd : mini
mexzl did ieyr ifkxnd mxfd za dxivia mii`zay miaikx ly maeliy 122.dpekpk
.xtqd xagnl mcwy xecd ly dlecbd ezerha dxkdl dzeelzdy dwevnd zlwdl
.mii`zay xkid ipniql mini zcng oia qgid lr
xagzd mini zcngy mlera mii`zay xkid ipniq lr oeghiaa dnxac xnel ozip m` wtq
zeevn iwecwcae zeciqga epiihvdy ,sxev liyrd 'x enk ,miyp` eig zeìvn dzeà .ea
mlera : mipt letk mlera eig dl` miyp` 123.dllba `weec ileè ,zi`zayd mzpen` cvl
.54 'nr ,(13 dxrd lirl) milr
.157 'nr ,b"lyz aia`lze milyexi ,dèlne xir ,oepbr i"y
L. Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, White Planes, NY 1957, p. 264 : e`x
: e`x ,h"yrad icia eveni` lre sxev liyrd 'x i`zayd ìapd ly ehr ixtn 'sxevd xtq' lr
.93-89 'nr ,(`"yz) e ,oeiv ,'zi`zayd drepzd xwga zeiyxt' ,mely 'b
[ 398 ]
120
121
122
123
[ 35
oi` xaky mler ,epiidc ,zeliv`c dxez illk eilr milg xake dle`bd dlgd eay mlrp
qgid .zeevn meiw aiigne zelba iexy oiicry dlbp mlera zra dae ; ea swez zeevnl
eneiw j` .zipevigd zeìvnd dhrn zgz l`bpd mlerd zxzqd ly èd zenlerd ipy oia
xwira - miwc mifnxa wx ele fnxp ède oihelgl mlrp epi` ,l`bpd ,xzqpd mlerd ly
mr dti ayiizn mi`zayd icia l`bpd mlerd xzqd .aà dryz ziprz lehia lr fnxa
zqitzl cebipa micnerd mixac zybcd wicvn èd m` wtq j` ,ipwcwc zeevn meiw
ezeknzqd z` zepnl ozip dl` oia .mini zcnga miievn dl`y itk ,zi`zayd mlerd
`weec yxetnd epeic z` ,ze`zayl mitixg micbpznk midefnd miyi` lr xtqd ly
ipya mini zcng ly eweqir .i`zay akekd ly oeq`ddxd eaiha e` ,alg
zlikà
dl` miaihen ly zilqwecxt dii`xl fnx lk xtqa oiè ,irnyncg mipexg`d mi`yepd
.zeìvnd ly dipt ltk lr zfnexd zernynecl e`
itlk ozcnr z`y xtqn zeienc iz`vn daehl mini zcnga mixkfend miyp`d oia
,fib`g dyn ; 'mipin`n'd axwn i`zayd wgvi cec : ze`ceea xicbdl ozip ze`zayd
.ze`zayd icbpznn aèa` lènye izypapa miig ,fib`g awri
(wizrnd icia) mini zcnga bven ède 124,iwgvi cec ly eze`zayl xyà wtq oi`
ebdpin did l"f wgvi cec x"xdny izrny ip` d"`' : 'dwqtd'd bdpn oiiprl iewig lcenk
cg` ax mya izrny oke ziprzd eilr lawn did jk xgè zay i`vena 'c dcerq zeyrl
`ly mznbt xy` mrtd oewz mlyp zaya 'b mei meid miwiqtnl xn` zg` mrty l"f
125
.' 'c dcerq mziyr
yniy 'gnwd hwl' extq j` ,yxetna mini zcnga xkfen epi` fib`g dyn ly eny
eiyrn lre ,zenqxetnd on ìd ze`zaya fib`g dyn ly ezngln 126.xtql xewn
,df `yepl eaexa ycwend ,jailxw rayil` ly dxtqn cenll ozip df xywda
127
.edipa xi`ne qail dcedi ly mdixwgnne
128
.'zephw zekld' extq ueni` cirn fib`g awril mini zcng ly iaeigd eqgi lr
,mely myxbk mixweg ly mdixacn cenll ozip ze`zayl fib`g awri ly ezecbpzd lr
dyn e`) fib`g awriy edipa ly ezxaq oeivl die`x xwira .edipa xi`ne xnz cec
zpadl gztn' ,edipa 'n ; 62-59 'nr ,(110 dxrd lirl) mely : e`x ,iwgvi cec ly eze`zay lr
myxbl miyben zezcd zeclezae dlawa mixwgn ,'milyexia zi`zayd drepzd ly zecerzd
.dn-n 'nr ,g"kyz milyexi ,mely
.`"r gw ,a"g
.`"r fn ,a"ga wizrnd jnzqn 'gnwd hwl' lr
,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail ; E. Carlebach, The Pursuit of Heresy, New York 1990 : e`x
.atw 'nr ,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd ,edipa ; 40 'nr
.a"r dn ,`"r f"l ,a"ga 'zephw zekld' lr jnzqn mini zcng lra
[ 399 ]
124
125
126
127
128
36 ]
lbet dyn
z` miiwl milyexia mi`zayd elki `l eihrae ,iav izay lr mxg fixkd (ihp`l`b
129
.ielba mzpen`
axd d"`' : ceak oeyla wizrnd icia mini zcnga xkfen izypapa l`xyi oa miig
it lr z`f mb) zeax minrt mixkfen eixtqn miipy 130,'l"f izypapa miig x"xdnk 'ecbd
xyà zewelg zercd 131.'dlecbd zqpk ixiiy'e ,'dlecbd zqpk' : (wizrnd icia aex
icbpznn did èdy wtq oi` j` ,ze`zaya ewa`na izyipapa ly ezetiwz zcinl
dcb`d ,edipa it lr 132; dpezn dziid mi`zayl ezecbpzd ,i`pxa zrcl .ze`zayd
133
.iav izaya ezxitk llba dpeyn dzin zn izyipapa miig ik zxtqn zi`zayd
ciqgd mkgd zlrne' : ceak ly qgi jezn mini zcnga xkfen aèa` lèny mb
xzeia mitiwzd micbpznd cg`k ex`zn cec mdxa` 134.'e"xp aèa` lèny x"dnk
135
.zi`zayd drepzl
e` ,mini zcng lra ly ezeaiegn lr zeirnyncg zepwqn dl` mixacn wiqdl dyw
mipin`nd cg` z` un`n xtqd ; dicbpznl e` ,zi`zay mler zqitzl ,ewizrn ly
.ef dpen` ly dicbpznn micg` mbe ,iwgvi cec ,iav izaya
di`xk zeax dxkfed mixvnd oia inie fenza f"i ,aà dryz ipica ocd wxt zhnyd
ik dler (a gtqpa e`x) dl` mi`yepa zewqerd zehhivd on .mini zcng ly eze`zayl
ly mei ,ziprzk fenza f"i mr cgi xkfen aà 'h : la` meilk aà 'hl qgiizn xtqd
exq`p eay meike ,zepiw zxin` ly meik xkfen aà 'h ,aà 'hl lynp zeaixne zehhw
oia deey dxfb
xfeb mini zcng 136.mixetikd meia enk weica ,gixd z`pd hrnl ,ze`pd
oia ini zligzk xkfen fenza f"i 137.dliah xeqi` oiiprl mb mixetikd meil aà 'h
139
,dgnya mihrnn eay ycegk oievn a` yceg 138.xya milke` oi` mday mixvnd
D. Tamar, Hagiz,
Jacob, Encyclopaedia Judaica, 7 (1971), cols. : e`x ,fib`g awri lr 129
.
G. Scholem, Shabbetai Zevi,
Encyclopaedia Judaica, 14 : e`x ,iav izay lr .1121-1122
.
onxail 'y : jeza 'milyexia zi`zayd drepzd ly dcnrn' ,edipa 'n ;(1971), cols. 1219-1254
.hn 'nr ,d"lyz milyexi ,oexà mely ceakl laeid xtq ,(jxer)
.`"r `v ,`"g
`q ,`"g - (b"dky) 'dlecbd zqpk ixiiy' .a"r fq b"g ; `"r `p ,a"g - (b"dpk) 'dlecbd zqpk'
.a"r el ,a"r dl ,a"r `l ,a"r fi ,a"g ; a"r dv ,a"r cv ,a"r bv ,`"r `v ,`"r gt ,a"r ft ,`"r
.62 'nr ,(27 dxrd lirl) i`pxa
.dq 'nr ,(129 dxrd lirl) edipa
.`"r et ,a"g
A. David, Aboab, Samuel ben Abraham, Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2 (1971), cols. 94-95
.dn`zda a gtqpa 6 ,3 ,1 mitirq

.a gtqpa 7 sirq
.a gtqpa 9 sirq
.a gtqpa 4 sirq
[ 400 ]
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
[ 37
ik azek xagnd oqip yceg zekld zxbqna 140.xagnd uni`y bdpn èd zevg oewize
ik dler df xywda eixacn .zevg oewiz xnel oi` oqipa ,dpyd iyceg xzin licadl
141
.'w"nda oaxeg lr dlila dika'l ezpeek zevg oewiza
zexv lr mixen md i`zaye mic`n dpde' : drxl mini zcnga xkfen i`zay akekd
`ly zg` dry zay zltz xg`l jixv xwaa zaya [...] olvil `pngx zeaxe zerxe
arxe iaye lehlh lke [...] wcv zhilya wx i`zay zhilya xe` xwad cin didz
did iav izay ly ezeigiyna oin`nd mc` m` dl`yd 142.'i`zay lfn ici lr miybxzn
xyw lr .i`zay akekl iav izay ly ezenc oia xywd xe`l zxxerzn dl` mixac azek
xaca ,yhxetyy awri iazk lr eknzqda ,mely icia miàend mixacn cenll ozip df
liv`de eci z` axd eilr jnqy [ipikid `"x] lr mixne`' : iav izay icia 'miklnd iiepin'
akek zeidl izrc itl aexwe - xidfn akek oink egvna gextl dkfe eilr dèap ly egexn
143
.'i`zay
ly eixaca miievn i`zay akekd mr iav izay iedif oiiprl xzei mihxetn mixac
clepy oeeikn izay mya iav izay mb `xwp mixg` micedi zewepizk' : lci` dyn
.ibelexhq` yexit eny z` yxtl zexyt`d eze` dzeeil ezcled f`n ,jkitle .zaya
ik okzi `l [...] epnn rtyede ezexrpa xak "dìltd xtq" z` cnl iav izay ,ok enk
,izay akekd lr miifkxn mirhw dyelyy dcaerd xidf `xew ly eipirn dnlrp
ik rpnpd on df oiè [...] zigiyne zibelehkq` zernyn ilra md ,df xtqa miievnd
z` gikedl ick yxetna rhwa ynzyd eìap ,mewn lkn .eilr rityd rhwd
144
.'ezeigiyn
.iav izay inil mcw igiynd oeirxl i`zay akekd oia xywd ik dler lci` ixacn
akekl qgeind ililyd otd z` epfi` ' 'd giyn ceq' z` i`zay akeka e`xy in ik oaen
jex`d mely oa sqei 'xl 'dxivi xtq yexit'a aezk ,lynl ,jk .zeiaeig zepekza i`zay
oaixgn jkitl sebd ipiprn oipra utg epi`y itl oaxg lr dpenn ezeidl mrhe' : ifpky`d
mixac 145.'z"iyd zbyd lre miheytd milkyd lr `l` oheywa `le oda gibyn epiè
.mitqep milaewn ly mhr ixtn lci` ìan dnec gexa
,i`zay akekd ly ,mipt letk ,ilqwecxt xeìz oi` mini zcngay yibcdl yi
wqer xtqd mipeic dying jldna .i`zay xagn ly ezqitz mr dti ayiizn didy xac
.a gtqpa 13 ,12 ,10 ,2 mitirq
.a gtqpa 11 sirq
.a"r el ,`"g
.176 'nr ,(f"pyz) 37 ,zecdid ircn ,'ze`zayl dycg dyib : iav izaye akekd izay' ,lci` 'n
lr .dxyr yelyd d`nd seq oa laewn èd ifpky` jex`d dnly oa sqei 'x .171 'nr ,my ,lci`
.`xfr oa` mdxaè ditrlea` mdxa` ,dlihwi'b sqei mb eazk i`zay ly iaeigd otd
[ 401 ]
140
141
142
143
144
145
38 ]
lbet dyn
i`zay akekd z` bivdl mini zcng lra dvx eli` 146.df akek ly ililyd ota wxe j`
ly iaeigd otd z` mb miyibcnd mihrn `l zexewn èvnl did leki ,igiyn xywda
.akekd
mizrle ,`hgk xtqn minrt alg
zlik` zbven mini zcng ly dgkezd ixac zxbqna
on xwepn epi`y jzegn epi`y xya zay axra ezy`l xbynd' : `hgl qetiha`k s`
; 'mce alge aipb lfb zexiar x`y lr 'peekd 'eid okzi `l ik' ; 'mixeq`d oicibd one algd
dlape mce alge 'xezay mixeqi` lkn c`n ìd dlecb dl`d minia ungd zxneg ik'
lr à ielz my` oaxwe' ; 'zxka èdy mc e` alg lk`y epexba `hg m` oke' ; 'dtixhe
lkè oney ly 'è alg ly '` oney zekizg ipy eiptl eidy oebk zxk wtq ecil ày in
147
.'alg ly e` lk` oney ly m` rcei epiè odn '`
rwx lr ze`xl yi (zxk xeqi`) alg zlik` xeqi` iabl xagnd ly dl` zexneg
dziid alg zlik` zxzd .iav izay icia hxta alg zlikè ,llka zxk ixeqi` zxzd
onnq dzyrp ìde ,iav izayl miqgeind miwdaend (mihrnd) miinepihp`d miyrnd on
mièxy in ipira mb ezewicà oiihvn mini zcngy wtq oi` 148.mipin`nd axwa aeyg
znbcdl alg zlikà `weec xgea did i`zay xagn m` ìd dl`yd .i`zay xtqk eze`
ze`zayd zii`x qiqaa dgpdd ixde .(gqta ung ly xywda ,lirl) mi`hgay rexbd
,wc fnxa xrvnl ,zfnxp ze`zaydy ìd zipeviwd zewic`d dhrnl zgzn zxzqpd
zcngn dlerd dpenzd .(aà dryza xzqda zifk zlikà enk) ipxnyd yeall xarn
dybcda àen xeqi`dy `l` ,zxkd xeqi` zxykdl fnx oi`y cala ef `l : dketd mini
.dxzi
zeaiyg lr .eaxe ext zeevnle y`xd z`t zeevnl dxzi zeaiyg eqgii mi`zayd
opew q`nez cnr odl dqgeiy zigiynd zernynd lre mi`zayd ipira dl` zeevn izy
.zigiynd zexxerzdd ly dìy inia iav izay iciqg mr ldipy zegiyn (Coenen)
micedid z` cgiind xkid oniq edfy' oin`n itn xn`p ik ,opew xne` y`xd z`t zeevn lr
m`y eid mixeaq [...] mifxefn oièyp' : azek èd eax ext zeevn iable ,'giyna mipin`nd
,eipira ekfi `l ,miweex md oiicre mwxtl eribdy zelezae mixega `vnie giynd èai
,dle`ba mini zcng ly agxd eweqir s` lr 149.'diaxe dixt zeevn mda eniiw `ly itl
d`t zeevnl ewenip .diaxe dixt zeevn e` d`t zeevn oial df `yep oia xtqa dwif oi`
.`"r cv-a"r bv ,`"r er-a"r dr ,a"r el ,`"r al ,a"r ek-`"r dk ,`"g
.dn`zda - a"r r ,`"r gn ,c"g ; `"r fi ,b"g ; a"r cq ,`"r ei ,`"g
zei`zay zezik axway dcaerd ile` cirz alg zlik`l iav izaya dpen`d oia wecdd xywd lr
G. Scholem, Kabbalah, Jer usalem 1974, p. 282 : e`x ,dkipgd qwhn wlg ezlik` dziid
`"` zicpledn enbxz ,iav izay ly ezenca elbzdy itk micedid ly èey zeitiv ,opew 'z
.dn`zda 69 ,72 'nr ,1998 milyexi ,(83 ,mixwgne zexewn - miqxhpew) ilèny 'è xia`b`l
[ 402 ]
146
147
148
149
[ 39
exizd d"rn 'iax xy`' : opew ixacn dlery itk zizzik zedfl `le ,zicedi zedfl dxeyw
hlndl mikxca oikled mdyke micedi mdy mexiki `ly mieb icba yealle mz`t glbl
150
.'y"`xd y"nk xq`p edebxdi `ly ick elit` dfe mieb dndy mixne` `"bxk e` qkndn
: igiyn xywd lk ila izxeqnd il"fgd wenipa mini zcnga zwnepn diaxe dixt zeevn
z` hrnn èdy diaxe dixta wqer epi`y in lky exnè `xnba dfa daxd l"fx enifbde'
miwlgy gipdl xiaqy oeeikn ,dl` mixac biiql yi 151.'minc jtey eli`ke zencd
.diaxe dixte d`t zeevna sqep oeic yi miwlg mzeày okziie ,epicia mpi` mini zcngn
epiciay xtqa fnxp epi` igiynd aihend oial dl` mi`yep oia xywdy dcaerd ,z`f mr
lr riavdl dieyr ,(`yepa dvnn oeic xcrd s` lr aà 'h fnxpy enk) oitiwra elit`
.zi`zayd dqitzl xagnd ly ezqitz oia xrt
zcnga zipìxeld dlawd ly axd dlwyn s` lry ìd ztqep zpiiprn dcaer
,('i"x`d `ltend xe`d zepeekd xty' ,xryd sca aezkd it lr ,èd mini zcng) mini
oiipr .ozle`b myl zetilwd jezl mc`d zcixi `yep z` i"x`d zxezn xikfn xtqd oi`
zbviind deevn - 152miit` zlitp zeevna xtqd ly axd eweqir xe`l cgeina denz df
dl ozepe ,miit` zlitp zeevna oc xtqd 153.zetilwl dcixid z` mb zipìxeld dxeza
xe` 'elbzdle `"hqd litdl jxev èd mit` zlitp dpd ik' : zetilwl xeywd ,ilaw mrh
èd oi` mewn meya j` 154.'dhn ly zenlerd lka dze` jiyndl dyecwd ly mezqd
z` zeptdl oiipr lk oi` xagnl .oz`lrd ornl zetilwd axwa diidy zexyt` lr fnex
dcixid - iav izay ly ezxnd zwcvd fkxna cnry oeirxd l` ei`xew ly ald zneyz
ixac z` ìadl el did ic ,df aihenl fenxl dvx eli` .zevevipd z`lrd jxevl zetilwl
mipezp mixexad el`' : miit` zlitp lr azekd ,ahid el zxken ezxiviy ,lhie miig 'x
xxaze hwlz ìde diyrd mlera jytp cixedl oiekz okle ,l"pk mnvr zetilwd jez
oicxei ozzin xg` miwicvdy l"fg y"n l` dnec df dpde [...] oixexiad mze` myn
did i`zay xagny gipdl dyw 155.'myn mze` oilivne miryxa oifgeè [...] mpdibl
ezqtcd zra - dxndd xg`l iav izaya dpen`l cqn deednd ,df oeirx zbvd lr xzeen
.mini zcng ly
.a"r gl ,a"g
.`"r q ,c"g
.`"r ak ,c"g ; `"r cw ,a"r ci ,a"g ; `"r w ,a"r gk ,`"r e ,`"g
.gkw 'nr ,a"yz milyexi ,i"x`d zlawa zetilwde rxd zxez ,iayz 'i
.`"r c ,b"g
,miit` zlitp oiipr ,[a"ixz iwipel`y : oey`x qetc] a"kyz aia`lz ,zepeekd xry ,lhie miig
it lr zevevipd z`lrd myl zetilwd mlerl dnypd zcixil miit` zlitp oia xywd lr .by sc
milyexi ,c"ag zeciqg ly ipyd xeca zedel`d zxez ,xeìl` 'x : mb e`x ,zipìxeld dxezd
.277-276 'nr ,a"nyz
[ 403 ]
150
151
152
153
154
155
40 ]
lbet dyn
ly ezeigiyna mini zcng lra ly ezpen`l xyà wtq xxern lirl xen`d m`
.giynd zenc lre igiynd ocird lr eztwyd idn dl`yd zl`yp ,iav izay
zginve' 'ginvz dxdn cec gnv zè' : jlnd cec mr aex it lr xtqa ddefn giynd
miiehia mb icnl migikye ,xtqa zecg` minrt mixfegd migqep md 'jcar cecl oxw
jgiyn iyi oal xp zkixre cecl oxw ginvde' ,'l`xyi idl` giyn ceca epcxn' beqdn
`kln cec' iehiad zg` `l riten zilawd zextqdn zehhiva 156.'epinia dxdna
xdefdn hhvn èd oke 158,'d giyn lr e` mzq giyn lr xacn xagnd mizrl 157.'`giyn
lawznd myexd 159.'giyn' dlind xekf` ila 'dle`b ixw`c xz` `kln cec' milind z`
`l` ,xagnd ly egex ixtn mpi` giynd lr mixn`pd mixacdy èd dìxw zrya
,lirl eàedy ze`nbecd .ìan èdy dlitz igqepa e` mihehiva ,aex it lr ,milelk
ozipy dn lr zecirnd zecigid opi` ,mixeby mihqwh zxbqna giynd riten oday
: zereaw ze`gqep zxbqna md giynd ly mixekf`d lk hrnk .'zi`gqep zeigiyn' zepkl
`xwn ea miiwe' ,'ecar cec oa giyn oexkfe eppexkf cwtie xkfi rnyi dvxie àie dlri'
idi ok on` mler cr erxfle cecl giynl c"qg dyere ekln zereyi licbn aezky
160
.'oevx
lr xwirae ,mini zcng jeza ezrtedy - 'mfer zeaiaq ozp zexe`n' iehiad iabl
riten èdy oiivl yi - xagnd ly zi`zayd ezpeekl fnxk mizrl dqtzp ,xryd cenr
iceq 'iztya 'hada ik zrcl epxed dax `xcàe' : lilra igiyn epi`y xywda mb xtqa
zeaiaq ozp zexe`ne myxya 'zepeilrd 'ecn dlrnl oixxerzn ozenelrze 'ixacd
161
.'mfer
lr wiqdl oi` giynl xeywd lka ,envr xagnd ly eitn ,miiyi` mixac xcrdn
giynd ly eèay xnel ahen .xtqa icnl giky giynd aihen oky ,df `yepl ezeyic`
deewzd .ltxra dhel ezeynny ,wegxd cizra rexi`k mini zcng lra ipira xiihvn
ly daihwtqxta zicin zernyn dl oi` j` ,dcakl yiy zxeqndn wlg ìd zigiynd
dle`bd ,mixacd jynda d`xpy itk .mda wqer mini zcngy miineineid miigd zegxe`
.ilpeqxt giyn ly ezrteda gxkda dielz dpi`y ,zinqew dle`b ìd eall daexwd
zilèhw` zeynn zxqg zigiynd dle`bd ik ,dyrnl ,xne` mini zcng lra
giynd elit` ribd mxh mixacd zaizk zray xeaq èd ,epi`x xaky itk .zilìx
.a"r d ,b"g ; `"r ar ,c"g
.a"r ei ,c"g ; `"r bv ,b"g ; a"r ew ,`"g
.a"r cq ,`"r `n ,c"g
.a"r cv ,c"g
.dn`zda ,`"r dt ,b"g ; `"r l ,b"g
.a"r w ,c"g
[ 404 ]
156
157
158
159
160
161
[ 41
: ax wgxn exec ipan wegx ipyd giynde 162,èal micizry migiynd ipy oian oey`xd
a"dr jk xgè giynd zeni dligz eidiy 'rhd èd dfy zeevnd mze` lk eniiwi fè'
elblbziyl giynd zeni dligz eidi okle [...] zenypl bperd xwir èdy 'fd sl` èdy
eniiwy dn ik daygnae xeacae dyrna uxà zeielzd zevn lk miiwl zenypd mze` lk
d"dlf yecwd axd jix`dy enk [...] 'yrna mniiwl `"` ik daygna wx did `l f"dra
einin ce`n dwegxk zigiynd dle`bd z` xagnd ly ezii`x 163.'mileblbd ceqa
.zelbe oaxeg ly zeìvnk ilèhw`d avnd xeìz lr dtekzd ezxfga mb z`hazn
miiehia oke ,axgd ycwnde daxgd milyexi xekf` z` xtqa èvnl ozip minrt zexyr
ezpeeky wtq oi` .'dfd jex`d zelb' ,'dfd xnd zelb' ,'dfd ligd zelb' ,'dfd zelbd' oebk
jnq lr wx `l z`f .xarl `le zilèhw`d zeìvnl ìd dl` miiehiaa xagnd ly
dzr ode' : miyxetnd eixac jnq lr mb `l` ,zelbd xeìza 'dfd' dlina xiczd eyeniy
zexeca epgp`' ,'mepca` epiper aexn zexfbd z` migec eca` dpen` iyp` elld zexeca
epytp xy` dl` zexeca dzr ode' ,'dxzqp mipeapd zpiae minkg znkg dca` ik elld
164
.'exagn daexn ezllw oi`y mei jl oiè c`n l`xyi lcie dyiai
zecg`k ziniptd zeìvnd zè zipevigd zeìvnd z` dèx mini zcng lra
zixkpd daiaqa micedid ly mze`vnid .xayna miiexy zenlerd ipy - zipenxd
ztwydy xnel dyw .zinqew zelb dze` ly dipt ipy md zelba dpikyd dze`vnide
.igiynd ocird zligzk eztewz z` dèxd mc` zpiit`n ef mler
igqepn cenll ozip giynd ly eèal qgiin xagndy zlabend zeaiygd lr
znbn miyl jixv ok lr' : giynd xekf` ila z`fe ,dle`bd aexiwl zecreind zelitz
minid lk dfe exya lè envr l` mb ceakd seqe jxazi eny ceak xac lr ezltza eipt
'iìe d`p ik 'ltzd oevxa lawzdl dgezt ìd mingxd ixry ik ycgd mda e"we y"ke
dprp ytpe mly ala epiytp zect lre epzle`b lr d"a mewnd iptl epipepgz 'eaxdl
ayi ehtyn lr oenx` 'ilyexi ikkez xyi igcp sqè eycw rexf z` 'd syge 'd opgi ile`
epnia dxdna w"nda 'pazyk ik dfd meik dle`bd lr opgzdl ezpeeka siqeie 'pey`xak
.'dyrn mcew dlgza xy`k milbxk miycg iy`xd eidi fè lbrd oer mze mly didi f`
165
.'dfd ligd zelb xean epiytp dxvn ìvedl' : dkepga zxn`pd dlitzd zxcbd mb jke
dpey`xl drited giynd ly eèa aexiwl dlebq ìd xdefa dìxwy dqitzd
enyy mibeg axwa xdefa zilèhixd dìxwd bdpn uetp mipyd sewpa .'xdfd ipewz'a
.103 dxrd zeaiaqa oeic e`x .`"r i ,`"g
.a"r g"q ,b"g
.dn`zda ,`"r av ,a"r ai ,`"r h ,`"g
zedn z` e` dlitzd zxhn z` zexicbnd ,df qetihn zelitz .dn`zda ,`"r aq ,a"r fi ,a"g
.`"r bt ,a"r-`"r d ,c"g : mb e`x ,giynd xekf` ila dle`bd
[ 405 ]
162
163
164
165
42 ]
lbet dyn
dìxwl zehxetn zeigpd yi mini zcnga mb 166.giynd ly eèa fexif z` mdipir cbpl
dcaerdn mlrzdl oi` j` .mireaw micrena èxwl yiy mirhwd ly wiecn oeiva xdefa
zax zilèhix zkxrnn wlg ìd `l` ,xdefd ly zicrla dìxwa cwnzn èd oi`y
ly dlwyny elit` okzii .miwqet ixacae ,dpyna ,`xwna dìxw mb zllekd mipt
.mixg` ycew iazka dìxwd ly dfn ltep mini zcng zeigpd it lr xdefa dìxwd
ly mipey`xd mitca xak zàen zilèhixd dìxwd oiipra xagnd ly ezqitz
'cl mwlgè wicvd ceqa mixacnd 'ipewzae xdefa miàd mixn`na iztq` ikp`' : xtqd
dpey`xd dlil ivg lka ezaya zay icin '` wlg eycga ycg icin ma zebdl miwlg
ly zpekznd 167.'miaezke miìap dxez `xwna epiai dpexg`d dlil ivgae .iyiyd xe`
micg` mixwna .zeax minrt zxfeg zilèhixd dìxwa `xwndn mikex` miwxt zllkd
,lynl ,dnvr ipta zcner ìd mixg` mixwna .xdefa dìxwl ztxevn `xwna dìxwd
168
,'miaezke miìap dxez bgd ini drayl cenil xcq izpwz ikpè' : zekeql dìxwd xcq
opi`y ,zetqep zeibxehil zeìxw 169.'mildz 'q d"x lila zexwl' : cala mildz xtqa e`
170
.dklde xqen ixtqne dpyndn zegewl ,xdefl zexeyw
lray dcaerd on .giynd aexiwl ixwir irvn` dyniy xdefa dìxwd ,xen`k
ly eèay wiqdl ozip ixdefd hqwhl zibxehild dìxwd z` liabn epi` mini zcng
dieedd z` qtez èd ,z`f mr .elrtn ly icrlad crik eipira xiihvn epi` giynd
zenc dteqae ,geeh zkex` ìd ef daihwtqxt m` s` ,zigiyn daihwtqxta zicedid
ipya z`hazn zigiyn dle`b ly dlva zeìvnd zii`x .hrn znrnrzn giynd
je`vne jl xva xneè' : giynd ilagl einiay zeieprxetde ze`lzd qegiia (`) : mixeyin
miìapa dxeza mewn lka oke jidl` 'd cr zaye minid zixgà dl`d mixacd lk
epinvrn aeyp m` ok lre [...] ecibd l"f minkg xy` giyn ilag oipr edfe miaezkae
dcedi ly mdiazka df `yepa weqird lre giynd ly eèa aexiwl xdefd cenil oia wecdd xywd lr 166
milyexi ixwgn ,'f"hd d`na dlawd ly dcnrn lr wa`nd' ,xeìl` 'x : e`x ,exaecxew dyne hiig
R. Elior, Messianic Expectations and ; 190-189 'nr ,(`"nyz) ` dpy ,l`xyi zaygna
Spiritualization of Religious Life in the Sixteenth Century, Revue des etudes
juives,
CXLV (January-June 1986), p. 32
.a"r f ,`"g
; a"r ct ,`"r bi ,`"r cq ,`"g : aexl mini zcnga ievn zilèhixd dìxwa `xwn iwxt aeliy
o`kn) `"r dt ,a"r bt ,a"r hp ,a"r gp ,a"r fp ,a"r en ,a"r b ,b"g ; `"r aiw ,`"r ì ,a"g
.a"r bt ,(zekeqa dìxwd xcq lr hehivd
.`"r dr ,c"g it lr z`f ,mildz xtqn ìd mixetikd meil dìxwd mb .`"r dl ,c"g zxzek idef
xqend ixaca' : digpd yi a"r f ,c"ga .`"r bk ,c"g ; `"r ft ,b"g ; `"r `w ,a"g : dpyna dìxw
mixtqa oiirle [...] d"r dnkg iy`x ciqgd yecwd xtqe zeaald zaeg enk eny iayege 'd i`xin
ìd digpdd `"r ap ,c"ga .'mz epiaxl dpeknd xyid xtqae dpei epiaxl daeyz ixryae 'fpd
.m"anxd ly dkld ixaca dìxwl
[ 406 ]
167
168
169
170
[ 43
lky cr epkkfl giyn ilag didi aeyp ornle dzra didi e`l mè jxazi èd epyigi
gk yzeie 'd cr epaey cr giyn ilaga epze` wxni [...] el xnì yecw oeiva x`ypd
meiw ici lr giyn ilagn rpnidl cvik zeigpda (a) 171; 'xefr letie wlnr ly exy
wgvi cbpk ìde oeilr mewna dyxey z` owzl zay ly '` dcerq' : zeni`znd zeevnd
172
.'giyn ilagn levip dzekfae `yicw à`
aihendy xnel ozip ,zigiynd dle`bd z` mini zcng ly ezqitza oeicd mekiql
deewzl aeyg mewn mday miazk hhvl daxn xagnd .xtqdn xcrp epi` igiynd
ozip ,z`f mr .giynd ilagn lvpidl ick zeevn meiwl mi`xewd dl`k xwirae ,zigiynd
`l` ,ci byida dievnd dilìxk xagnd icia zbven dpi` zigiynd dle`bdy wiqdl
.ltxerne wegx oefgk
mini zcnga dle`bd ly mixg`d miptd
mb zeqgiizd mini zcnga èvnl ozip dle`bd ly iaihwlewigiynd otd lr sqep
ly dl` mipty d`xp .zinqew dle`be zihxt dle`b - dle`bd ly mixg` mihwtq`l
zenc lra giyn icia zynnznd dle`bdn xagnd ipira mzeaiyga miltep mpi` dle`bd
.zilpeqxt
hxtd z` d`x ,mixg` miax mipwihqin enk ,mini zcng lra .zihxt dle`b
iwnra rci `l m` sè' : mlerd z` owzl dpekp zebdpzda lbeqnd ,mii`lir zegek lrak
zenlerd oewz àiyg dn ip` dn xn`l eipira lwi l` n"nda dyrp dne xacd zeinipt
'igaa ltè lty èd mc`d ik jxazi ezlrn zlecb cbp ltè lty qaen xbt ipè ici lr
ik`ln k"`yn mlek zenlerd lk cinrdl eciae c`n gk lecb èd zxg` 'igaa la` '`
dlilr ,zinihpi` ziyi` dieeg èd o`k xèznd izcd dyrnd 173.'zeyrl mileki mexn
zceara ,zecceazda lbc xagnd ef dqitz xe`l .eidel`l ccead mc`d oia zygxznd
xzqa zeyrl xyt`y dn lk ik' : envr jeza mc`d zeqpkzd ick jez ,mixzqna l`d
mr mc`d zecgiizd zlrn lr jyenn oeic xagnd gzet dl` milina - 'ielba epyri l`
l"fn`y c"r ède eilr dxey dkxad xzqa eixac dyerd lky 'èan dpd' e` - e`xea
174
.'oird on ienqd xaca `l` dxey dkxad oi`
: od df oiiprl zeipiite` zexin` .zecceazdd gaya xacl xagnd daxn dnec gexa
oipr èd ik zecceazdd oipr'e 'zeaygnd zyecwl lecb yxey èd zecceazd oiprl oke'
mb ievn giynd zenil exiykdl ick mc`d z` jkfnd yper èd laqdy oeirxd .`"r eq ,a"g
.`"r i ,`"ga
.a"r ew ,`"r aw ,a"r w ,`"ga dievn giyn ilagn lvpidl ztqep dlebq .`"r ep ,`"g
.`"r hk ,`"g
.dn`zda ,`"r ct ,`"r al ,c"g
[ 407 ]
171
172
173
174
44 ]
lbet dyn
daeg xy`k xeaiva dlitz zaegn zxhetd ,xagnd ly ezwiqt 175.'dnkgd zbydl lecb
dceara ihxtd otd z` ezybcdl sqep jtep dtiqen ,dxen èdy jxcd z` zxzeq ef
oia ig lk znyp 'xin` wqtdae mixenfna zeaxdl mibdep zqpkd ziaa mè' : zizcd
wx elld mixac exn`p' : oke ,'xeavd on yextl xzen dfk xy` xaca xveil zexinfd
xnel mitegc e`vi mivxde 'd jxcn oi`veiyk `l mhi`l ldpzdl dxeyk mibdep xeavdyk
xagzdl yegi `ly ith sicr f` ik oian oià 'ilgbd lr dzegk lecb oeftga 'xnfc 'iweqt
176
.'eherina rxd xgaie mdnr
fkxna cnerd èd ,xeaivd `le ,cceaznd hxtd mini zcng lra it lry xg`n
ezle`b .eall daexwd dle`bd ìd zihxtd dle`bd `weecy riztn df oi` ,dieedd
dnypd ly dzlvda z`hazn ìde ,ezen xg`l eznyp zle`b ìd mc` ly zihxtd
z` miwiqrn dl` mi`yepy d`xp .mepidib ly epicne dnypd leblbn ,xawd heaign
miilìx mi`yepk eipira mixiihvn mde ,zillkzigiynd dle`bdn xzei xagnd
lky zeieeg od dl` .aexwd cizrl mirbep md ,giynd ly eèa enk `ly .miilèhw`
xg`l mc`d ly elxeba weqrl daxn xagndy cala ef `l .oda zeqpzdl cizr cgè cg`
mi`vei md ; ziyi`d mznipa mipiihvn dl` mi`yep lr mixn`pd mixacdy `l` ,ezen
mnvr yalzda ik [...] xdfdl aehy il d`xpe' : `cixb zehhiv mpiè ,xagnd ly eitn
177
.'dxizi gex zgp el didi znd zay ly dxcd ceakl
md dl` mixekf` ly mwlg .mini zcnga minrt zexyr zxkfp mepidib dlind
zwfga epi` mepidibd `yep ik xexa mday zenewnd md mihrn `l j` ,zehhiv zxbqna
oiiprl iz`vn `ly xac) `xewd l` xagnd ly dxiyi diipt zpigaa `l` ,cala dàen
mewpl [...] ma izxary zenewn dnka dixexry izi`x el` zexeca ok `l' : (giynd
; 'mpidiba xengd myper caln l`xyi enr iipr miweyrd zrnc znwpe 'dl zay znwp
zadly zadl y` zaxva 'ayd 'eia s` mzkn dyep`y 'aerd 'ver opeazz myn dpd'
178
.'mpdib ly eyi`
cg` edf .zeend xg`l dnypd leblb zripn èd ziyi`d dle`bl xeywd sqep `yep
zenypd leblb oipr ceq' : ìd micenrd cg` zxzek) xtqa lwyndiax miaihend
oixyina mixywzn df `yepa mixn`pd miax mixacy èd eppiiprl aeygd 179.('y"ra
zeaxdl ei`xew z` xagnd dgpn mday mitqep mirhw .dn`zda ,a"r fhw ,`"r ew ,a"g
.a"r `q ,a"r gn ,c"g ,`"r el ,a"r h ,c"g ; `"r dt ,b"g ; a"r ew ,a"g : e`x ,zecceazda
.dn`zda a"r hl ,c"ge `"r ht ,b"g
.`"r ek ,`"g
zllekd xagnd itn ,dxiyi ,ziyi` diiptl zetqep ze`nbec .dn`zda ,a"r b"v ,`"r ci ,`"g
.`"r dq ,a"r-`"r dp ,c"g ; `"r `v ,a"r `t ,a"r gp ,`"r b ,`"g : e`x ,mepidiba weqir
oiiprl) a"r gn-`"r bn ,a"r ck ,`"r eh cgeinae ,`fx ìlb : e`x ,leblbd zxez lr .a"r fl ,`"g
,mileblbd xry ,lhie miig ; (miig ilraa leblbd oiiprl) `"r fn ,`"r `n-a"r n ,(llka leblbd
[ 408 ]
175
176
177
178
179
[ 45
milecb miwlg oky ,zcgein al zneyzl die`x ef dcaer .xagnd ly ziyi`d eziieedl
md xagnd itn ze`ceea mixn`pd mixac okle ,mipey zexewnn mihehiv md mini zcnga
.eipira ifkxn did zenypd leblb oiipr ik wtq oi` .enler ztwyd zriawl jxr ilra
k"r' : leblba miwqerd ,eax lye xagnd ly mhr ixtn ,miibxehil mirhw miievn xtqa
d"ied d"idè d"ied ycwd zenya iznbte gqta ung izlk` [...] mixac iece izpkz ikp`
lblbzd izlal l`xyi zcrn dzixkdl iytp xnd icye ung xtqna milerd ip"cè
iznbte xeq`d xeac lke 'elkixe rxd oeyl izxac [...] dnda e` ieba wx l`xyi leblba
alka llebzi ik iytp dnbre oeyld zenc 'e z"zd xe` izwliqe oeyl xtqn d"pikya
lr zcqein zg` dltz gkep mei mei xnel bdp e"xp ixene' : oke .' 'd ze`b d`xi lae gaep
epidl` 'd jiptln oevx idi .dzgqep dfe jzekf ornl o`k 'pwizrè zenypd ileblb oipr
sxvl 'ipennd 'iyecwd jzepgn lke jzeakxn iptl opgzdle zelgl izà epizea` idlè
lblbzdl iznype igexe iytp lre ilr xfbp dlilg m` 'exedhde zeyecwd zenyp lblble
ilr xfbp dlilg mè [...] d`nh diga y"ke dxedh dig dfià iryte iz`hge izepera
dndaa oky lke 'xedh dnda 'fià i`hge izepera lblbzdl iznype igex iytp lre
zeaiygd odn dlery zehef xagnd xtqn ok 180.'uziba` ipt zelgl izà .d`nh
inia df oer lr fr leblba yprp '` yiè' : zineineid zeìvna dnypd leblbl zqgeind
xne` dide exeriyn zegt el lwyy lr '` yi` lr geev ciqgl izi`x xake' ,'l"f ixen
181
.'il mlyl jzzin xg` lblbzdl ici lr yprp dz` ik m` ik jnr qrek ipi` eil`
dnl dl` mixac zèeydne ,zenypd leblb lre mepidibd lr xagnd ly eixacn
dle`bdn eipira dzeaiyga zltep dpi` hxtd zle`by wiqdl ozip ,giynd lr azky
,zilawzihqind divhpiixe`d mr cg` dpwa dler ef mler zqitz .ziaihwlewd
zedel`d oewiz - mipeilrd zenlerd oial epia oilnebd iqgiae cceaznd hxta zcwnznd
.mc`d znyp oewize mc`d icia
oewzl iz`xw eze` mini zcng' : èd mini zcng y`xa ritend ehend .inqew oewiz
ly dpekp zebdpzdl zeigpd sqe` èd xtqd ly exwir .'minid zcng `xwpd zeklnd
àd sqei iaxl 'w"yz xtq'a miig ilraa leblb lr .[b"kxz milyexi oey`x qetc] a"kyz aia`lz
J. Zwelling, Joseph of Hamadans Sefer Tashak: Critical Text Edition, : e`x ,dxiad oyeyn
zpada ceqiiwxt ,'leblbd' ,mely 'b : e`x ,df oiiprl mixwgnd oia .Waltham 1975, p. 294
milyexi ixwgn ,'`fx ìlb xtqa leblbd zxez' ,xeìl` 'x ; e"lyz milyexi ,dilnqe dlawd
.239-207 'nr ,(c"nyz zah-ixyz) a-` /b ,l`xyi zaygna
.dn`zda ,a"r-`"r ep ,`"r gp ,c"g 180
zenyp leblba wqer ,hehiv jnq lr `le elyn milina ,xagnd .dn`zda ,`"r bp ,a"r eq ,c"g 181
,llek a"r e ,`"ga oeicd .zenyp leblb dpiipry diiyrn zxteqn `"r ep ,c"ga .a"r fl ,`"ga mb
o`k wx riten èd ,xtqa ziqgi xicp `yep edf .xawd heaiga weqir mb ,leblbd lr sqep
.a"r ap ,c"gae
[ 409 ]
46 ]
lbet dyn
: `weec zeklnd oewiz ly ecegii lr cnr qail dcedi .mlerd oewizl ìazy ,mc`d
dziid zexitqd lk [...] zeklnd zxitq ly lretl dz`ved ìd dlek dìxad zilkz'
,mixacd ipt md dl`k m` 182.'[zekln] dpnn ueg zeliv`d zligz mcew mb zeìvn odl
oewizl mexzl miieyr ,dìxad zxbqna ,epnlera miyrpd miyrnd ik zpzep zrcd if`
zexyt` .dìxaa zipzen dzeìvny dcigid dxitqd zeklnd zeida ,`weec zeklnd
ycwnd zia dpaiyke' : eixac jnq lr ìd zeklnd oewizl xagnd zpeek zpadl ztqep
jeza zxg` mrt mze` qpkil ick mpxw ip` mnexn f` mipey`xak zeklnd ìdy
zeklnd oewizy d`xp o`kne ,ycwnd zial ddf zeklnd ,dl` mixac it lr 183.'xirfd
.dle`bl miiehiak miqtzp mdipy ycwnd zia oiipae
ehr ixtn ody zelitzdn yi .minrt ze`n ileè zexyr xtqa xkfen oewizd byen
dltz gqep izpwz ikpè' : inqewd oewizd z` zicrla dxhnk zexicbnd ,xagnd ly
zevevip lk epig` l`xyi zia lk lre epilr `p exiìe [...] ìypd 't zìxw xg` mei meil
mdn dlery mihrn `l mixac ,epi`xy itk ,xtqa yi dl` zelitz ly ocvl 184.'ycewd
.mc`d ly eznyp zle`b - dfn xzei cere ,giynd aexiw ìd zizcd dceard zxhn ik
reawl ile` ozip j` ,zirnyncg dpi` dle`bd oiiprl mini zcng ly eztwyd
zinqewd dle`bd `yep : xagnd ixaca mipeyd dle`bd iqetih ly iqgid lwynd z`
eil` migtqp ziaihwlewde zihxtd dle`bd i`yepe ,elek xtqd jxe`l ipyd hegk xaer
.zrl zrn
xdefd ixac .zilawd zextqdn zwpei zinqewd dle`bd z` xagnd ly ezqitz
dcyk xagnd ipira xiihvn mlerd .micenrdn cgè cg` lka hrnk mihhevn i"x`de
zrcl jl yi ik' : d`nehd zegekl dyecwd zegek oia zcnzn dkxrn zllegzn eay axw
iept mewn oi` ik dlrnle myn oky lke iept 'ewn oi` riwxd cr ux`d on ik opeazdle
mipenn mdn eilr ecwted xy` mciwtze mzlert lertl mipennd micecb `ln lkd `l`
'zelivè mzìxa ik mibxhwn mdne .cqgd cvn 'zelivè 'zìxa ik 'ingxde cqgd lr
micecb 'icecb 'ipend mipend `l` llk iept mewn oiè xieà migxet mleke oicd zcnn
yi`d zlitze .zenl mdne miigl mdne rxl mdn aehl mdn dnglnl mdn 'elyl mdn
jledd yi`d znbec ìd dlrnl 'elrl dvexe 'ezkd el` oia zxaeryk eceqi xtra xy`
o`kn 185.'zelrl dze` wiqtnd opr enk md zezkd mze` lk [...] mihqle dpkq mewnl
.56 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail
.a"r ev ,a"g
.a"r c ,a"g
enke midl`d dyr df znerl df ik' : xg` mewna zvwna dpey gqepa raen df oeirx .a"r t ,c"g
,`"g) 'dyecwd dakxn meiqa 'lgzn ìde dtilwa lrila mc`l dakxn yi dkk dyecwa dakxn yiy
.(a"r ek
[ 410 ]
182
183
184
185
[ 47
dyecw oia wa`n eze` .miidel`d zenlera `l s` erxked `l oiicr rexd zegeky d`xp
zepey`xd milind .xzqpd mlerae dlbpd mlera ,mipezgzae mipeilra ldpzn d`nehl
eavizi' : dyecwd zegek cvl ef dnglna cenrl l`xyi ipa qeibl dìxw od mini zcnga
ozip 186.'evixri l`xyi yecw zè mpew mr mzegxe` mixyind mixdhnde miycwznd
.xeaigd zxhn z` dxicbnd zxzek oirn idefy gipdl
zxèznd dle`bdy xnel ozip ,mini zcng ly dle`bd zqitza oeicd mekiql
ly ezenca icrla oteà zcwnzn dpi` dle`bd .wdaen i`zay ite` z`yep dpi` xtqa
zcd zle`ba wqer epi` mini zcng .iav izay ly ezencl dxeyw dpiè ,ilpeqxt giyn
ly mdiyecigne mznkgn miwlg ueni` .dycg dxeza dxezd zxnd lr fnex epiè
dxyr dpenyd d`nd ziy`xa micedid aex zlgp did ,rcena `ly e` rcena ,mi`zayd
.iav izaya mipin`nl mze` jtd xacdy ila
xnel dyw j` ,ziaihwlew zigiyn dle`ba weqirdn rpnp epi` mini zcng lra
zxeqn ceaika cg` cvn oiit`zn giynl xagnd ly eqgi .eizenvra y`k xra df `yepy
e` oefgk igiynd ocird zii`xa xg` cvne ,df `yepa mihqwh hehivae giynl diitivd
eznyp zle`b ,zihxtd dle`bd ,giynd zeni enk `ly .zizeìvn `l ,dwegx deewz
ei`xewl dxikfdl daxn xagnde ,mc` lkl zrbepd zeynn ìd ,ezen xg`l mc`d ly
.zizcd dceard ly dpeilrd dzxhn zihxtd dle`bd oi` ,z`f mr .ziyi` dnipa
ly mlehiae ,dyecwd zegek ly mgek zxabd ici lr mlerd oewiz ìd zizn`d zilkzd
.mipevigde zetilwd - d`nehd zegek
xac seq
dqpny in iptl xbz` aivny ède ,elxeb z` raw mini zcng xtq ly miptd ieaix
zekfae ,xiyrde glewd epepbq zekfa dax dcd`l dkf xtqd ,cg` cvn .eaih lr cenrl
,h"yrad mya eazkpy mixaca enk ,xtqd ly ezepba xaecyk s` .eay dkldd iwqt
xfril` ly ezecr .epini cr dti mgek dl` mixac .zizextqd ezekià dxkd dllkp
ezviln zx`tz lky' : ztl`n mini zcngl oepbr ly eqgi lr ,oepbr ly exag ,uiytil
lra èd idie egexa wacid xy` yie oepbr iptl elbip zeilnq mipxewd epeyl fnx xwie
dpefip efe ,dfr zecbpzd xxer xtqd ,xg` cvn 187.'zcng envrl `xwe "zcng"d
lekn leqt xtqd ik driaw icil ocnr awri z` eìad dl` .eay mii`zayd miaikxdn
ly mxewn z` oiivln my erpnpe ,dtexi` gxfna ezvetz dnvnev jkn d`vezke ,leke
.`"r b ,`"g 186

.zcng èd oepbr ly epa my ,recik .kx 'nr ,h"yz milyexi ,a ,miazkn ,uiytil '` 187
[ 411 ]
48 ]
lbet dyn
zextqa .epnn ewzredy miaxd mibdpnde daeyzd zekld ,zeibxehild ,mipewizd

188
.i`pbl oaenk - ocnr iazka wx mini zcng xkfp dtexi` gxfn ly dkldd
m` le`yl ozip ,z`f mr .eze`zayl dnvnhvd mini zcng lr dielbd zxewiad
xxerl did ieyr dlawe dkld ly wenrd sexivd .eziigcl mitqep miripn eid `l
oira ,mzqd on ,e`x `l dkldd iyp` .dlaw iyp` axwa od dkld ilra axwa od zecbpzd
iyp` m` wtqe .oihelgl jxr xqg èd zilaw dpeek ila zeevn meiw ik driawd z` dti
daxda milerd dwnrdae hexita ,ceqd zxezn mixac ztiyg lr mdici z` eknq dlawd
.miixhefw` mixtqa llk jxca ievnd lr
mini zcng ly ezrtyd dziid gxfnae dwixt` oetva ,dikxeza ,oeeia ,dilhià
axwa .ccban edil` oa miig sqei 'x mb jke ,ezwiqt lr jnzqd i'b`l`t miig 'x .dnevr
189
.exikfdl daxn sqei dicaer axd eppnf iwqet
gxfna eziigc znerl m`lq`d zevxà mini zcng ly eveni` m` le`yl ozip
oetvae gxfnd zevxà ocnr awri ixac ly zhrend mzrtyda wxe j` xaqen dtexi`
.gxfnl dtexi` oia zeilhpnae zibele`z dqitza milcada mb xaecny e` ,dwixt`
ezelbzdl diitiva dceqiy ,zigiynd dxezd lr dpen` dziid zixvepzitexi`d daiaqd
dìade dax zegizn dxxer ef zibele`z daiaql micedi ly mzetygid .eyi ly diipyd
,xtqa xaecnyk dxzid zeyibxd z` oiadl ozip o`kn .df `yepl xeywd lka dctwdl
,zixvepd daiaqa enk `ly .iav izay ly eaeyl diitiva ceyg didy ,mini zcng enk
meyny okzii .miiebd zpen`l oeincd zpkqa oerh epi` igiynd `yepd m`lq`d zevxà
itk - izfrd ozp èd - 'mini zcng axd' ixac ceniln dl` zevxà erpnp `l jk
.epnfa epin`dy
lre zeplaeq lr cirn izfrd ozpl qgeind xtqa weqrl gxfnd zevxà ozipy xzidd
lkk ,oda dpiihvd gxfnd zecdiy zepekz - ifkxnd mxfdn mibxegd mixac lawl zepekp
zecdi ly z`fd dpekzd z` 'dwinpic'k xicbn xdef iav .fpky` zecdin xzei ,d`xpd
dqitz .dtexi` gxfna zipctwd diqwecezxe`l zcbpend ,dxyr dpenyd d`na gxfnd
190
.iel 'i ly eixacn dler dnec
zepglqa ebdpy ,gxfnd ipa ly mzxaq mr zeayiizn df xn`nn zelerd zepwqnd
ly xvd dpaena ,ze`zaya xagnd zny`d .mini zcng ly lekiak eze`zay itlk
.ekw ,ckw ,bt mipniq ,a"g ,c"nxz bxanl ,uari zli`y 188
milyexi ,milrt ax z"ey ,edil` oa miig sqei ; b"lxz xinfi` ,cia miig z"ey ,i'b`l`t miig 189
milyexi ,zrc deegi z"ey ,l"pd ; d"pyz-f"hyz milyexi ,xne` riai z"ey ,sqei dicaer ; `"qxz
axd .dl` miwqet lv` mini zcngl zeiptdd ly onewn z` oiivln drixid xvwz .m"yz-f"lyz
.dl` mixtq ipya mrt yelye miyiy eze` hhvn sqei dicaer
10 ,ienic ,'dycgd zra zigxfnd zicxtqd dkldd ly dipiit`n lr - zegeld lr zexg' ,xdf 'v 190
.25-24 'nr ,(1996) 8 ,cnin ,'miizxeqnd - mlrpe jled of' ,iel 'i ; 23-14 'nr ,(1995)
[ 412 ]
[ 49
millkp mini zcngay èd xnel ozipy lk .hqwhd jezn dgkedl zpzip dpi` ,ef dlin
,zr dzeà zeax zeicedi zexivia millkp dl`y myk mii`zay zeibxehile mibdpn
.uetp yeniya eidy mixefgne mixeciq zeaxl
dtiv m` wtq j` ,eipir cbpl xagnd d`xy dle`bd zenc idn ze`ceea reawl dyw
exaqy in eid .xtqa xkfen epi` df my ,xen`k ; iav izay ly eaeyl mini zcng lra
wtq dlrn hqwhd gezip 191.1740 zpya giyn ly eèal diitivl xeyw xtqd meqxt ik
,elek xtqd lr dnzeg z` driahn dpi` xagnd ly zigiynd ezqitz oky ,ef dxaq iabl
lr xzeel dywzd ,exec ipan miaxk ,xagnd .wegxd cizrl dgcp giynd ly eèae
èd ,eze` zaaeqd zeìvnd xe`ly d`xp j` .dafkpe ci byida dziidy dle`bd zeewz
inrtl fnx mini zcnga oi` - execa xak lzekd ixeg`n avip giyndy oin`dl dywzd
.xzqpa `le ielbd mlera `l ,giyn
oewizl ezleki itk zeyrl mcè mc` lkl dìxwa wtzqd mini zcng lray d`xp
dl`k zeievn mpn` aizkn xagndy oewizd ikxc oia .zedel`d oewizl xwirae ,eytp
meyn gxkda jka oi` j` ,iav izay ly ezeigiyna mipin`nd ly mdizexivin egwlpy
dpen` ea èvnl dywzi eheytk xtqd z` `xewy in .mzpen`l szey did èdy dgked
mini zcng z` oiit`l miaiig m` .i`zay xtq ezepkl ozip m` wtq okle ,zi`zay
,ze`zayd lva xe` dz`xy dxivi idef ik xnel xzei wiecn if` ,`weec i`zay xywda
.onzeg z` da eriahd onfd zegexe
` gtqp
exagne 'mini zcng' xtq lr

xtqd ly epweic
,xn`na zehxetnd ,dxyr dpenyd d`na eqtcedy mini zcng ly eizexecdn yy jezn
xn`nl qiqa dyniyy ìde ,1763 divpe qetc ìd xzeia dìxwde dgikyd dxecdnd
ìvedl .(dyelyl - zexg` zexecdna) mikxk drax`l wlegn xtqd divpe zxecdna .df
,lel` ,micren ,yceg y`x ,zay : l`xyi icren it lr mixceqn mikxkd ,micg` mibixg
,n"q 18 magexe n"q 27 mdaeby mitc 428 millek mikxkd zrax` .mi`xep minie
.i"yx zeizeà ,mixeh ipya zetitva miqtcen
cenr lk y`xa j` ,`yep zexzek `ll miwxtl wlegn mikxkd zrax`n cg` lk
xzei èt` yi elek xtqa .micenre mitc itl xtqenn xtqd .ea oecpd `yepd oievn
.79 dxrd 393 'nr ,(9 dxrd lirl) 'oiqgeid zlyly' ,iayz 191
[ 413 ]
50 ]
lbet dyn
ipt lr mirxzyn mihrn mi`yep) micenrd zexzeka mixcbend mi`yep ze`n dpenyn
miixwird mi`yepd zyely ik dler micenrd zexzek ly opkez gezipn .(micg` micenr
.dgkeze xqen ,izkld oeic ,zeevnd ly odizeceqe miilawd odinrh : md xtqa mipecpd
xg`n .zeevnd meiwl zeelznd zeilawd zepeekd hexit èd mini zcng ly exwir
,llkk .olek zeevna oc exewna xtqd m` reawl dyw ,d`ln dpi` epiciay dqxbdy
dklddn mizrl zebxeg xtqay zexnegd .zexzi zexnega oiit`zn izkldd oeicd
192
.mixetikd meia wy zyial dziid ,lynl ,ziaihnxepd
,xagnd ly eall miaexwd mi`yep opiipry ,dxe`kl zeiley zeevny xtqa hlea
.xtqa zecg` minrt xfegd ,agxp letihl zekef ,ze`pdl zexknzd e` dlha dgiy enk
dpeek jezn deevnd meiwl digpde ilaw wenip zizkldd dwiqtl deelzn mixwnd aexa
mixagn lye xagnd ly ehr ixtn zelitz xtqa zeievn ok .hexhexta zxèznd ,zilaw
zextqdne `xwndn mirhw itexiv ly zibxehil dìxw : mibeq ipyl zewlgznd mixg`
.'miiztya zepeek iehia'e ,zilawd
ixacn hhvl daxn xagndy dkldd iwqtl miilawd minrhde dkldd ixac cvl
z`y dgkeze xqen ixac llek xtqd ,dl` minegza mb miyecig el yi ik m` ,mixg`
,zilpeiven` ,ziyi` dnipa cg` cvn zpiit`zn `xewd l` eziipt .envr èd xaig maex
.elek xeaivd l` miptend miyw dgkez ixaca xg` cvne ,'zida`'
,miaeh minile yceg iy`xl ,zayl zeyxc ly oepbqa miaezk xtqdn milecb miwlg
miaezk miagxp mirhw .miwinrne mikex` miilawe miikld mipeic millek mixgè
oztyy ,dwiqtd zextqn zekexè zeax zeàen mcvle ,al daey ziviln zixara
,epicla milin zevaeyn ,wizrnd siqedy mirhwa ,micg` zenewna .zipkhe zipwcwc
.mdinece milk`n ,zia ivtg xeìza xwira
lk lr zixdefd zextqdn : mipey zexewnn mikex` mirhw ìadl daxn xtqd
oke ef zextqy d`xp .dxyr rayde dxyr yyd ze`nd on ztv ilaewn iazkne ,diwlg
zcng lra ly miixwird d`xydd zexewn eid ,fpky` iciqg ly ef zeaxl ,xqend zextq
.mini
zegiky oia dlecb zepey lr riavn xtqa mihhevnd zexewnd ly izenk gezip
mihehivd xtqn .dkldde xqend zextqn migewld zexewnd zegikyl miilawd zexewnd
dkldd inegzn migewld dl` ly mxtqn eliè ,miitl`kl ribn zilawd zextqdn
dl` lr oxtqna zeler zeikldd zehhivd .megz lkn zecg` ze`na mkzqn xqende
zilaw dxivi epiptl ik myexd z` yy`l ick yi dl` miixtqn miqgia .xqend megzny
.dxwira
.`"r f"r ,c"g 192
[ 414 ]
[ 51
oia oi` (`) : zepiiprn zepwqn izy dlrn mini zcng ly miilawd zexewnd zpiga
xtqd xrya xen`d s` lr (a) ; cg` i`zay xewn `l s` xtqd ly miyxetnd eizexewn
ixekf`n daxda zltep eicinlzle i"x`l zeqgiizdd zegiky ,i"x`d zepeek it lr èd ik
.mrt ze`n ynge sl`k xtqa mixkfen `pnidn ìrxe xdfd ipewz ,xdefd ,i"ayx - xdefd
.mrt miiz`nk cgi mb miilawd zexewnd x`ye ,mrt ze`n yelyk xkfen i"x`d
miig ,o"anxd : md xtqa xicz mixkfend ,xdefde i"x`d lr sqep ,miilawd zexewnd
,ep`tn dixfr mgpn ,exaecxew dyn ,y`cie dc edil` ,ep`fpel mgpn ,ex`w sqei 193,lhie
.`xfr oa` mdxaè uawl` dnly ,ih`pwx mgpn
epi` mlerl m"anxd) m"anxd ixacn hhvl daxn mini zcng lra dkldd zextqn
.cenlzde dpynd ixac lry efn dgiky m"anxd lr ezeknzqd .(iteqelit xywda xkfen
fpkyà dxezd ilra ilecbn ,lld oa ikcxn ,x"ehd : md xicz miritend mitqep miwqet
.izyipapa miige miqp epax ,zyy oa wgvi ,yilxqi` dyn ,y"`xd ,(1298-1240)
ztcrdl xagnd ly eziihpa zepiit`zn dkldd zextqn mini zcng ly eizeàen
.lwn èd oi` aex it lre ,wqet envr èd mihrn `l zenewna .zexingnd zewiqtd
xqend zextqa mxewny dl` hrnl) xtqay xqend ixacl xywda mixkfend zexewnd
epaxe dpei epax ly mdixeaig : ztv ilaewnl mixywzn (fpky` zeciqg ly ziptbqd
ly dipa md mb ,ixwif` xfrilè jiiyl` dyn lye ,ztva miixqend jxcd ixen ,iiga
.ef dlidw
.mini zcng ly iptbqixqend otd lr dnzeg z` driahd fpky` iciqg zextq
xkfpd `finxbn xfrl` 'x zè miciqg xtq z` ,ciqgd dcedi 'x z` xikfdl daxn xtqd
z`y okziie ,ztv iptbq ly efn dxingn minid zcng ly ezwiqty yi .'gwexd'k mizrl
ziprz xizn mini zcng ,lynl .fpky` iciqg zrtydl qgiil yi zipeviwd dxnegd
194
.ztv ilaewn axwa bedp did `ly xac ,zaya
mini zcng lra ly ezenc lr

drcd .mcia qxg elrd ,mini zcng ly exagnk mieqn mc` lr riavdl eqipy in lk
,xagnd èd (1680-1643) izfrd ozp ik ,dxyr ryzde dxyr dpenyd d`na dgeexy
mini zcng lray it lr s` ik cenll ozip ,ixri mr qenletd zxbqna ,mely myxb ly eixacn 193
,mely : e`x .wexq ly zipìxeld dxezdn miwlg mb uni` èd ,lhie miig 'x z` xikfdl daxn
.86 'nr ,'dnelrzd'
,(57 dxrd lirl) xhky : e`x ,ztv ilaewn axwa zaya ziprz lr xenbd xeqi`d lr .a"r e ,`"g 194
.26 'nr
[ 415 ]
52 ]
lbet dyn
lwprxt cec hhiv 1934 zpya 195.yi` jk lr xrxr `l f`ne ,oixtliid mgpn icia dzgcp
xagnd ik (yxrt`t a`f 'xl 'aeh caf'a mxewne) 'iav ihewil'a eazkpy mixac 'milr'a
zepya xaq iayz diryi 196.mely myxb icia egcp dl` mixac .ebpil dnly l`xyi èd
xwgnd jynd lr xzie j` ,'ycg ixt' lra èliq dc diwfg 'x èd xagnd ik mirax`d
`l j` ,ield oinipa èd xagnd ik ze`xdl ixri mdxa` dqip xzei xge`n .df oeeika
awri èd xagnd ik i`pxa awri ly ezxrd .ezxaq dxxery miiywd z` uxzl gilvd
did xagndy zexyt`l fnx `vnp mini zcnga 197.zgken dxaql dgzet `l `plie
enk wegvl xey miebl onefn did ìlihyway epizea` epl extiq xy`' : miqep`d i`v`vn
198
.'ezeprle ea zekdl milibx mdy
zcng z` dkxrdxaigy zixehqidd zencd lr riavdle zeqpl mewnay okzii
mini zcng lra ik gipdl ozip .xagnd z` mipiit`nd mieew hehxya wtzqdl sicr mini
zaizkl miripnd ik xryl ozip ok .xtqd ly exeaig onfn wlga ,mewn lkn ,xinfià ig
meiwle ,llka ezaiaqa icedid miigd gxe` meiwl xagnd d`xy zepkql mixeyw xtqd
199
.hxta dlawd jxc lr zeevnd
mini zcng ly exeaigl oeilrd leabd .xzei dyw xagnd ly eiig ztewz zriaw
epnny ,xzeia xge`nd xewnd ly eneqxt cren jnq lr 1712 zpyl iayz icia rawp
xak xagnd ,1731-1729 mipya ,ezwzrd zray xtqdn wiqdl ozip 200.xagnd hhiv
zaizkn aezk `vnp cer' : miznd zkxa z` enyl sxvn wizrnd oky ,miigd oia did `l
miiywd lr 201.'l"f xagnd axdl cg` qixhpew xtqd seqa my cer' ; 'l"f xagnd axd ci
ly mixekf`d z` zllekd ,oldly dniyxdn cenll ozip xagnd ly ezcil cren zriawl
lkay mcwend jix`zd .xtqa miritend mikix`z ipye ,xtqay miigd zkxaa miyp`
! dxyr yyd d`na èd dl`
.(4 dxrd lirl) oixtliid

.81 ,54 'nr ,(13 dxrd lirl) milr
,'zevetzd mr eixywe (1777-1740) f"lwz-w"z mipyd oia l`xyi uxà icedid aeyiid' ,i`pxa 'i
e`x .328 'nr ,d"lyz milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,diteqelitl xehwec xèz zlaw myl xeaig
edipa .`n-fl 'nr ,(d"pyz) 9 ,zeteq` ,'milyexi ilaewn ly zexywzdd ixhy' ,edipa 'n : mb
eilr zenizgd zg`y ,l` zia yxcnd zia ly zexywzdd xhyn rhw ly ddf gqep lr my riavn
mini zcng xagn ik edipa itn rnyy azk onvk ia` .mini zcnga rhw lye ,ifbl` awril zqgein
dnizg' ,onvk '` : e`x .ey`xl dxywpy oixezqnd zlid jnq lr mb d`xpk ,ifbl` awri zeidl ieyr
.1995 xaehweà 3 ,ux`d ,'dpekp
.`"r ep ,c"g
.a 7 sirq ,(1 dxrd lirl) lbet : e`x ,xagnd ly ezaiaqa hxetn oeic
.143 'nr ,(60 dxrd lirl) iayz
.dn`zda `"r bkw ,`"r fhw ,a"g
[ 416 ]
195
196
197
198
199
200
201

my lr mixet el`d minid zìxw mrhy xne` did e"xp oeldv mdxa` x"de'
'midl` ryi' oexg`d extqe ,dxyr yyd d`na ig oeldv mdxa` 'x 202.'xetd
203
.ezen zpy z` iz`vn `l .1595 zpya mlyed
204
aeh mei 'x .'gla dxixa oi` azke daeyza e"xp oeldv h"i 'xd dlrd xy`k'
it lre ,1638 zpy ixg` zixard dictelwivp`d it lr xhtp oeldv
205
.1620 zpya e` 1619 zpya dwi`cei dictelwivp`d
.1639 zpya xhtp ip`xh sqei 'x 206.'yxc e"xp h"ixd lecbd mkgde'
e"xp ield zial dnly lecbd mkgd dxeza epzinr epnr dkldl mikqd oke'
xhtp ,jynda zhhevn ezaeyzy ,ield dnly eze` 207.'eizeaeyza aezkk
.1635 zpya
1669 oia xhtp df mkg .'`qexaa izeida ìiaebiy ic dyn x"dk [...] ippr dke'
208
.1671l
209
'x .'zepexkfd xtqa azk e"xp aèa` lèny x"dnk ciqgd mkgd zlrne'
.1694 zpya xhtp aèa` lèny
mkgd dxeza izinrl df oipr lr cg` qxhpew izgly dìvipiea izeidae'
210
.1697 zpya xhtp zekf dyn 'x .'e"xp zekf dyn wized
epipir cngn epzx`tze epiycw zia oaxgl dpy cgè ze`n yye sl` xtqndn'
.1671 zpya exaeg mixacd o`k xen`d itl 211.'epial yeyn
lr o`k xaecn dxe`kl 212.'dpy a"xze sl` df miieba llegnd lecbd 'd lelge'
,èewl`fe epxeeil iqetca mb ef dxeva riten jix`zdy it lr s` .1842 zpy
.yaeyn (a"xz) hqwhay jix`zde ,1662 a"kz zpyl dpeekdy gipn ip`
[ 53
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ly eiig ztewz) dxyr yyd d`nd oia xaeg xtqdy ,dxe`kl ,dler lirlc mihehivdn
.`"r b"r ,a"g
,(75 'nr ,46 dxrd lirl) ixri it lr .531-530 mixeh ,gk ,zixard dictelwivp`d ,'oeldv' ,oiilw 'i
.my ,ixri : e`x ,jynday dxihtd ikix`z lr .1593 zpya mlyed oeldv mdxa` ly oexg`d extq
.a"r fp ,`"g
Y. Horovich and Y. Klein, Zahalon, Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16 (1971), cols. 919-920 : e`x
.a"r i ,b"g
.a"r k ,b"g
zepiga ,'zkxrnd l` azkn' ,mely 'b : e`x ,ìiaeby ic dyn ly ezxiht zpy lr .`"r fr ,`"g
.82 'nr ,(f"hyz) 9 ,zextqd zxewiaa
.`"r et ,a"g
.a"r bw ,`"g
.a"r ai ,a"g
.`"r e ,b"g
[ 417 ]
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
54 ]
lbet dyn
xge`nd ezen jix`z) 1638 oia xzeia xingn aeyig itl sè ,1712 oial (oeldv mdxa`
.1712 oial (oeldv aeh mei ly
dprha miibelepexkd mipezpdn raepd iyewd z` exzt iayz diryie mely myxb
dl` miiehia xagnd lalay meyn m` ,mipin` mpi` mini zcngay 'l"f'e 'e"xp' ipeivy
"l"f" mipeivd ileala ly dyxtd lk' : cifna mi`xewd z` zerhdl oeekzdy meyn e`
[...] xagnd ly izextqd exyeil qgia miax zewtq mixxernd "mini zcng"a "e"xp"e
xn`nd lk z` wizrdy xn`p `l m` [...] zepivxa mdil` qgiizdl oi` dl` mipeiv
213
.'xg` xtqn dfd iepikd zeaxl
zeiexyt`d izy .dwzrde dirhd ,leala : zeiexyt` yely lr o`k xacn mely
lr dxzi dctwda oiihvn xagnd .xtqd ly egex mr cg` dpwa zeler opi` zepey`xd
dywe ilawd hqwha eletiha eilr dietkd daiyg zrnyn idef .bze dcewp ,hxt lk
cner xagnl dirhde seif ,zinxz zpeek qegii mb .ezaizka zeplyxl fnx lk èvnl
.xqende zepibdd lnq èdy mcà xaecn oky - xtqdn dlerd zencl zhlea dxizqa
gztnd .mely rivny ziyilyd zexyt`d ly gezit oirn rivdl ywan ip` z`f xe`l
lr .hhvn èdy dl` oial envr xagnd icia eazkpy mixac oia dpgada ievn oexztl
z`veid zeè ze` lk lr citwne hlgen xyeia bdep xagndy gipdl ozip z`fd dyibd it
214
.eicil zgzn
caexd (`) : mini zcnga micax ipy oia dpgad lr qqean o`k rvend oexztd
caexd) 'mixag' eita mipeknd ,jxerd ly ebeg ipa icia xaegy ,xtqd ly mcwend
micakp miwlg zegtd lkl e` ,xtqd xagzd ezxbqnay beg ly eneiw lr .(iaihwlewd
begd ipay d`xp .mdn wpei èdy miizextqd zexewnd xyern cenll ozip ,epnn
ly ezeyxa `l` cigi ly ezeyxa dievn dpi`y ,zgaeyn diixtqa eayi jxerdxagnde
ixac .minecw miizextq zexewnn hhvl el dxyt` ef diixtq .yxcn ziaa e` micnel beg
itk miznde miigd zekxa ea exzep jke ,miiepiy zqpkd ila ,mpeylk ewzred zexewnd
mixac llekd (ilèciaicpi`d) xtqay ipyd caexd (a) ; miixewnd miazka zeriten ody
215
.envr xagnd icia eazkpy
miax oeylae cigi oeyla ogaend yeniyl zeaiyg qgiil yi df xywday okzii
gipdl dyw mxa .dxe`kl zizhiy dpgad ila o`k zeriten dl`d zepeyld izy .xtqay
.87 'nr ,'dnelrzd' ,mely 213
ixac envrl qgiin èd ik : mini zcng lra ly exyeia wtq zelihnd zetqep zeprh elred xwgna 214
: e`x ,dl` zeprha oeic .mipey miyp` ixaca mxewny mixac eia`l qgiine zeàen dpyn ,mixg`
xagnl qgiil gxkd oi` lirlc zecewpd lka ik ìd my dpwqnd .d 4 sirq ,(1 dxrd lirl) lbet
.zepibd xqeg
; (a"r an) 'mixagd lk mr izbdp ikpè' ; (`"r hl ,`"g) 'mixagd mr izbdp iyxcn ziaae' : lynl 215
.(`"r gn) 'mixagd lk mr bdep ip` oke'
[ 418 ]
[ 55
caexay xzei d`xp .i`xw` gxeà miax e` cigi oeyl hewpi ipeyl weic lr oen`d mc`y
xagnde ,miax oeyl zhwpp ,ziaihwlew dxivik begd icia azkpy ,xtqd ly mecwd
eznexz lre eiig zexew lr exaca cigi oeyl hwp ziaihwlewd dxivid z` azkye
jxry
.ziyi`d
mifnxd zniyx z` oiinl ozip mini zcng xtqa dl` micax ipy zgpd jnq lr
il d`xp : ilèciaicpi`d caexl mikiiyd dl` lr riavdle lirlc miibelepexkd
ic dyn x"dk [...] ippr dke' : ilèciaicpi`d caexl i`ceea mikiiy 7e 5 mihehivy
izinrl df oipr lr cg` qxhpew izgly dìvipiea izeidae' ; '`qexaa izeida ìiaebiy
,miax oeyla aezk ield dnly z` xikfnd rhwd .'e"xp zekf dyn wized mkgd dxeza
,xtqa mxywd it lr ,zeidl miieyr mirhwd xzi .iaihwlewd caexl ekiiyn ipè
miwlg mde ,mini zcng irhwn cg` iabl mely xriyy itk ,xagnd hhivy mihehiv
.iaihwlewd caexdn
zgè mirax` z` dllk minid zcnga xagnd ly eweqir ztewzy dler lirl xen`dn
1712 oial (ziyi` xagnl xken didy ìiaeby ic dyn ly ezen zpy) 1671 oiay mipyd
did mini zcng ly eaezkyexeaigy d`xp .(mini zcng ly xge`nd xewnd meqxt)
mixqg xtqa .eze` milyd m` wtqe ,mipy zexyr jyna xagnd wqr eay ,miig lrtn
`le eizywae l"f axdl 'h wxt did o`ka' wizrnd xirn mwlg iable ,miax miwlg
xn`' ; 'oica`c lr lag iz`vn o`k cr' ; 'oica`c lr lage axd iazk jeza eiz`vn
miwlg 216.'ohw qixhpewa iz`vn df z` zlef epnn xac `vnp `l oey`xd wlgn wizrnd
epiciay oexg`d wxta .eiiga mnilydl witqd `l xagndy meyn ,ile` ,mixqg mixg`
oeekzdy miwxtl dpeekd o`ky d`xp - 217'miàd miwxta c"qa xàziy enk' : aezk
xaqen xtqa xkfend legd wlg ly epexqg mby okzii .ecia dlr `l xacde jexrl xagnd
.ixhef` xtq xzep ède ,df wlg jexrl e` azkyl witqd `l xagndy dcaerd ici lr
,yygd mr dti zayiizn mc` ly eiig zepy lk jxe`l mini zcng ly zkyenn daizk
miazkd ly mztiygl ,ile` ,eelzdy zeybx - xagnd ixacn milerd mihalde wtqd
218
.miixhef`d
dpi` miax oeyla eixacl cigi oey`x seba xagnd ixac oia dpgadd zeaiyg
zepigal zeqgiizn dl` zepeyl izyy oigadl ozip .xeaigd cren zriawl znvnhvn
aex it lr miàen dkldd ixace ,dlawd ixac ,xtqd ly ihxe`zd otd .xtqd ly zepey
iabl ; 'epazk' ,'jix`p' ,'epkx`dy enk' ,'eplv` df lk xàzp' ,'epxìay' : miax oeyla
.dn`zda ,`"r aiw ,`"r fv ,a"g ; a"r fv ,c"g 216
.`"r gv ,c"g 217
dxrd lirl) lbet : e`x ,agxd xeaivd iptl miixhef` mihqwh ìand xeaigk mini zcng zii`x lr 218
.` 7 sirq ,(1
[ 419 ]
56 ]
lbet dyn
dlitz ìan èd xy`k .'izazk' ,'izxìa' : cigi oeyl hwep èd dl` mixac ly mherin
zhlead drtezd .'izxaig' e` 'izpwiz'y gqepa xaecn ik yxetna oiivn èd ehr ixtn
rahn èd 'dyrnd ilr rx' .cigi oeyla mlerl ea miàen dgkezd ixacy ìd xtqa
zepeyl .minrt xqixzk riten ède ,ezgkez ixacl dgiztk xagnd lr aiag oeyl
izkx`d xake' ,'izgked' ,'izxrb' od envr xagnd itn dgkez ixacl zeelznd zetqep
,'zegkez `ln` it' ,'miaxa izyxc' ,'xn`l mze` izgked ipè' ,'xqen zegkeza
ik myxzdl ozip .'iytp mgpd dp`n'e 'inr ipera d`x xabd ipè' ,'izi`x xy` zgtqnd'
èd ,dibxehil irhwae ihxe`zilawd megza znieqn dnexz mxz xagndy it lr s`
lr jenql daxn èd miilawd mi`yepa .xrya gikenk ziyi`d ezegily xwir z` d`x
`hg dèx s` èdy okziie ,xzei xicp cigi oeyla yeniyd mirhw mzeà .mixg` ixac
`ly ialn zencwd izicae' : iecied gqepn dlery enk ,envr lyn dlaw ixac zaizka
219
. 'mizlaw
mr xiyi rbna dgkeza egek z` dqip èdy dler enez itl giyn xagndy mixacn
ly ìd `xewd ipira zxiihvnd zencd .dti elawzd `l eizegkeze eizexrb j` ,zeixad
zpiit`ny mc` ; dkld ipiipra cei ly evew lr citwnd ,xaq xeng ,cceazn mrf ìap
e` dgny uny da yiy zebdpzd lk zlilye yid lehia z` zaiignd mler zii`x eze`
,xinfi` ipay mc` edf 220.hxta zeiprz ieaixae ,llka zipeviw zeptbqa lbec èd .d`pd
xqg èd zeixad mr epzne e`ynay gipdl ozip .ez` zedcfdl eywzd ,miig zwweyd
ipira ecnrn lr .ekxc zeznà miyp` rpkyl ick miyxcpd miihnelticd mixeyikd z`
mirbet oi`pw dnk ièx ixg` izi`x xy`k [...] il efeai fea ik mb' : cirn èd zeixad
dnk ikpè' ; (a"r ai ,b"g) 'eze` oiaiygn oiè dlwpe yx yi` ikpè' ; (`"r an ,a"g) 'ia
il iprxi` xy`k' ; (`"r fl ,c"g) 'it haya mgikedl mcbpl yinlgk ipt izny minrt
mda oi` ik mdizearez z` izrced izty hayae mdipira miwicv g"z dnk mr xagnd
221
.(`"r `p) 'dìby ilan diwpe dnz dcear dyerd cg`
mr eirbna dyr xagndy zeìbyd z` owzl oeiqip dyrp xtqay xryn ip`
ztet` zeinipep` iehr xtqa bven xagnd : mikxc xtqn ehwpp jk myle ,zeixad
bivn xagndy itk ,dlwpe yx yi` ly eixac l` y`x caeka eqgiizd mihrn .oixezqn
,ilèciaicpi` ipiq cnrn oirna zidel` zenc icin lawzdy xtq z`f znerl .envr z`
.a"r gp ,c"g 219
iciqg zextq lr jnzqdl daxn mini zcng ,ztv zlawn migewld miiptbqd miaihend lr sqep 220
,'miciqgd xtq'k xtqa miriten dl` .dfd mlerd ze`pd cbp ezthdae dxingnd ezwiqta fpky`
.'`finxbn xfrl` 'x'e ,'gwex `"x' ,'gwexd' ,'ciqgd dceì' ,'g"q'
: e`x ,zeixad lr laewn epi`y oecne aix yi`k ,envr ita ,xagnd xèzn mday mitqep zenewn 221
.a"r hl ,`"r hl ,`"r ì ,c"g ; a"r ai ,b"g ; a"r n ,`"g
[ 420 ]
[ 57
xagnd hwpy dhead oeyld enk `ly .ceak z`xi xxer ,b wlgl dncwda xèznk
,zida` dyiba zpiit`zn xtqa dhewpd oeyld ,mipt l` mipt zeixad z` egikeda
zebdpzd dxvw jxca dt jexr` il jzad` d`ltp xyàe' :dad` ziieex ,zilpeiven`
,`"g) 'it ena jvin`` dz` ig` ikd z`f xeara mleè' ; (`"r fhw ,a"g) 'bdpzz ma xy`
222
.(a"r hp ,c"g) ' 'd mirp `xew iaed` dzre' ; (`"r fw
miig gxeà lbcy mc` epiptly gipdl xiaq xagnd ly ezenc hehxy mekiqa
ziqwecezxe`d dkldd lr dctwd jez zeilaw zepeeka zeevn meiwae iptbq
d`nd ly oey`xd raxae dxyr rayd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna ig èd 223.zizxeqnd
zeldw' ,'izxary zenewn' .zeriqpa daxd ède ,xinfià did eiig fkxn .dxyr dpenyd
axrnle mixvnl ,l`xyi ux`l ribd eizerqna .eita mixeby miiehia md 'izxary
224
.dtexi`
a gtqp
zevg oewize mixvnd oia ,aà 'h lr mini zcng ixac

oaexa xe`d feg`zy cr zeaixne zehhwa yecwd zay zyecwa mldà mely oiè'
.(a"r bi ,`"g) 'mdl ie` mziaa a"hl zay oia lcad oiè
oiprl il d`xpe dryd xyek itl lkd dxivi xtq zeipyna mrte z"n` 'iqa mrte'
.(`"r ì ,`"g) 'zelild x`yl izxciqy zevg oewza mbe dfd dlild oewzl zevg
dpiwa xzei milrtzn ycwd oeyla ahid mipiand 'it` aà 'h meia ik d`xz oke'
.(a"r eh ,c"g) 'ycwd oeyla dxyrn xzei frla zg`
qpkpyn jk dgnya mihrnn a` qpkpyn y"n iab 'eiprzc iriyza exn` df znerle'
.(`"r bq ,a"g) 'dgnya oiaxn xc`
jenq ìd mdly dgpn zltze lièd fenza f"ie a"h oebk dlirp ea oi`y zeiprz la`'
(a"r e"v ,c"g) ".dlirp zeltz x`yl dnec èd ixd dngd zriwyl
1
2
3
4
5
.'irixe ig`' ,'ipa' enk milina `xewd l` ,elek xtqd jxe`l ,dpet xagnd dl` lr sqep 222
miaikx millek mpi` mlerl eihehiv j` ,`pnidn ìrxne xdfd ipewzn hhvl daxn xagnd 223
.miinepihp`
`l' ; (`"r `kw ,a"g) '...izi`x mixvna izeida ik rc' : milina mixèzn dl` zefegna eicecp 224
izi`xy enk `l' ; (`"r fr) 'dqexaa izeida' ; (`"r gq ,`"g) '`picphyewa izi`xy bdpink
bv) 'fpky` ixra izeidae' ; (a"r `p ,`"g) 'ìiwpxtd ixr jxc ixaera' ; (a"r ai ,b"g) 'iwipel`ya
.(a"r bw) 'ìvipiea izeidae' ; (a"r
[ 421 ]
58 ]
lbet dyn
'mixetkd 'eiae a"ha gixd z`pd xq`p `l ik edl `xiaq miwqetd ilecbn dnk ik'
.(`"r b"r ,c"g)
.(a"r fr ,c"g) 'kd"eia oia a"ha oia okxck oilaeh zeliah iaiig lk'
`ly cin dpnfa dze` oiycwne kd"ei i`ven cre a"h i`ven cr dpald ycwl oi`y'
a"h i`vena dze` jxale ...aexa meyn xeava dze` ycwl devne .devnd uingdl
.(a"r ck ,a"g) 'rcn ipianl heyt mrhde
xizdl oi`c `"i `zeeac ewlgy a"h cr fenza f"in oiie xya lek`l `ly mibdepde'
.(`"r i ,b"g) 'dxzda mixiznl jenql yi wgcd zryae dxzda ibqc `"ie mdl
.(`"r ì ,c"g) 'zevg oewz xcqie dlil cera mewi'
ivga zeyrl 'd i`xin 'iax ebdp 'y`k w"nda oaxg lr dlila dika 'eyrl ie`x oi`'
oi` dlrnl ok ik iptn .dxv meia 'd jpri 'enfnn ueg cal mixenfnd 'nì wx dlild
,oqip z` cibpn xagnd .oqip ycega mixen` mixacd .(`"r c ,b"g) 'e"g ctqde dika
.zevg oewiza miaiegn eay dpyd xzil ,zevg oewiz miiwl oi` eay
zevg oewzd mixne` eide zeyxcn izale zeiqpk izal zg` drya mlek minw eide'
.(`"r ì ,c"g) 'ezk`lnn yi` yi` micnel eid jk xgè
.(a"r ì ,c"g) 'zeyixtd ikxc x`ye 'evg oewz xcqa bdpdl xyt` oi`y in fè'
[ 422 ]
6
7
8
9
10
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13
ly ezenca oeir : dtexià dxyr rayd d`na mfi`xade zc zxnd

aewxwn odk oexd` oa dyn èd dlqte`n xtnw odei
oileq` dxty
itxbeia rwx
dyn xaryl 1,xtnw odei ly ipgexd enlere eiig xetiq xg` zewgzdl ywan df xn`n
gzple miitxbeiad x`znd ieew z` hhxyl oeiqip edf .aewxwn (`pdk e`) odk oexd` oa
d`nd idlya zicedid aewxwa ligzn akxend eiig xetiqy icedi xnen ly zedfd jaq z`
dipnxbay hxetpieeya zc zxnde zi`zayd drepzl zekiizyd jxc xaer ,dxyr rayd
zpya ezen cr ,diceeyay dlqte` zhiqxaipeà zihqi`xad dxiixw lleke ,1696a
mfi`xade zc zxnd ,ze`zay oia xywd ly ztqep dpiga xyt`n eizecleza oeir .1714
.dxyr rayd d`na dtexià
xqen 2,xdefd xtql ibelehqixk yexit èdy ,'dyn dhn' ifkxnd exeaigl dncwda
itl ,xeaigd .eiig zecleze exar xg` zewgzdl epl miriiqnd mipey mihxt xtnw odei
oeir ,dtexià dxyr rayd d`na mfi`xade zc zxnd ,ze`zay' ,oileq` 'y lr qqean xn`nd
,'dlqte`n xtnw odei e` aewxwn oexd` oa dyn - cg` hqi`xad i`zay xnen ly ezebdae ezenca
ixen ly ztl`nd eziigpda dazkp dceard .1997 milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,.`.n zcear
.dfa el zetxevn zeng zecez .qail dcedi xeqtext
qty mikèi qpd did dagxda da wqry cigid .xwgnd zextqa weqrl eaxd `l xtnw ly ezenca
H. J. Schoeps, Rabbi Johan Kemper in) icay oeraxa 1945 zpya mqxety xn`na
Uppsala; ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Theologie der Sabbatianer, Kyrkohistorisk
idem,) xtqa ,zelw zetqeda ,xtqn mipy xeark qpeke (Arsskrift, XLVI (1945), pp. 146-177
Philosemitismus im Barock; religions- und geistesgescichtliche Untersuchungen, Tubingen

ly exn`n .milyexia mely myxb ziixtqa ievn exn`n qitcz .( [qty : oldl] 1952, pp. 92-133
zece` lr mipey mihxt syege dlqteàe dipnxba oeikx` zcear lr jnzqn èd .siwne iceqi qty
mebxza cgein oiipr dlib qty .da ecnrne dlqte` zhiqxaipe`l ezrbd zeaiqp ,xtnw ly ezxnd
eiyexita wqr `l hrnk j` ,'mipir zxi`n' ,ef dxeyal eyexitae izn my lr oeilbpee`l xtnw ly
.eppeic cwnzi mday ,xdefl xtnw ly
inelvzl oekna ievn ,xikfpy mixg`d cid iazk ly mb enk ,'dyn dhn' xtqd ly cid azk melvz
.18028 extqne milyexia i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd ziaa ci iazk
2]
oileq` dxty
on miaxk `ly .(iyz` zpy) 1710 zpya diceeyay dlqteà azkp ,eazek zecr
lka da ddcfne exeaig mya Dgivpn sè zncewd ezedf z` xizqn xtnw oi` ,mixnend
: milina mzeg èd xeaigd xry z` .dlqteà ezedy zepy
iny lr dyn dhn `xwpe xtnrw odei [? dzr zrl] rrl `wxwn odk dyn ikp`
.lkeè micedi miyp` lre mr izixy ik rrl xy` iny lr awri lwne xarl xy`
mihxtd md miax mle` ,zncewd ezedf mbe 1710 zpya azekd ly ezedf epl dreci ,ok m`
lblbzd cvik ? ezc z` `wxwn odk dyn xind recne izn .eiig qtiqt znlydl mixqgd
edn ? zenewnd ipy oia eiig lelqn did dn ? dwegxd diceeyl dtexi` gxfnay aewxwn
ipniq ? dlqteà eizexewe ecnrn eid dn ? 'eke cnrn ,dlkyd - à epnny icedid rwxd
.ezenc z` mitte` miax dl`y
ilb' xtqd z` ezwzrd ìd xtnw ly eci azka epicia dievnd xzeia zncwend zecrd
e"vxze sl` zpy liif oibèe `wrheìlaa'a wzred èdy oiadl ozip ezncwdny ,'ìfx
opgei `l`fte` inkg waà wa`znd ìxag onc `xirf .midl`d oa reyi epgiyn zcill
ddy ,xnen xtnw did xak 1696 zpyay micnl ep`vnp 3.'`wxwn odk dyn xarl xtnw
zhiqxaipe` mr xywa did xake ,liifpbè recid hqi`xadd ly eziixtqa ,sxechlà
.dlqte`
zpyn cg`d : izn my lr oeilbpee`l eqenlew ixt minebxz ipy epicia miievn cer
sxevny ,1713 zpyn ipyde ; 'mipir zxi`n' ,oiiprne siwn yexit el sxiv xtnwy ,1704
yexit xen`k èdy ,'dyn dhn' ifkxnd exeaigl 4.mixard l` zxbi`d mebxz eil`
minilyn mixeaig zxcq 1713-1710 mipya xtnw siqed ,1710 zpyn xdefl ibelehqixk
- 'okynd iqxw' ; ziy`xal yexit - 'oekiz gixa' : xdefa zeiyxtd xcq it lr mikexrd
5
.mixace xacnal yexit - 'iprd hwl' ; `xwiel yexit - 'ycwd zcear' ; zenyl yexit
dncwda oky ,1710 zpy iptl zipnxba itxbeiaehe` xeaig d`xpk azk mb xtnw
oeyla izazk xy` ily d`cedd xtq' z` xikfn èd yexitd seba mbe 'dyn dhn'l
odei exagny ,Bibliotheca Hebraea xtqa èvnl ozip xtqd ly eneiwl zecr .'fpky`
.meik `vnpa eppi` xtqdy d`xp 6.miitxbeia mihxt xtqn ekezn ìan slee sehqixk
7
.xkf el `vn `l dtexi` iagxa eixg` ytigy qty ,mewn lkn
.9 sirq ,hi 'nr ,`"nyz milyexi ,èane zizxewia d`ved ,xeìl` 'x zxecdn ,`fx ìlb : e`x
.ci iazk inelvzl oekna 18040e 18044 mpniq
.my ,18030-18029 mpniq
J. C. Wolf, Bibliotheca Hebraea, Hamburg 1715-1733, I, p. 894; III, pp. 813-814; IV, : e`x
3
4
5
6
pp. 800-801
dwfgd cid ly xivwz ,'al mkg' xeaigd - xtnw wizrdy ci azk ly dwzrd cer epicia dievn
[ 424 ]
dtexià dxyr rayd d`na mfi`xade zc zxnd
[3
eilr mitqep mihxt .eixeaige ezxivi zpigan xtnw mr xywd èt` wzip 1713 zpya
.dtexià onfd ipa micedid mixnend lr dèx dl dce slee ly mdizexiwqa èvnl ozip
oexd` oa dyn 'x e` dìeew`xw ic dyn 'x myd zgz xtqn minrt xtnw z` xikfn slee
epxkfdy ditxbeiaehe`d jezn miàd mihxtd z` ìane eixeaig z` xweq èd .`wxwn
zigiyn dxeyan dafk` zeawra ,hxetpieeya 1696 zpya ezc z` xind xtnw : lirl
.1695 zpya mybzdl dxen` dziide ,dindeae diaxen ,difly ,oilet iagxa dhytzdy
hpveck dlqte` zhiqxaipeà odik xtnw odei : miàd mihxtd z` siqen dèx dl dc
ly xzeia miglvend mixbd on did èd .1714 zpya ef xira zne ,yxcnle cenlzl
zniyx z` xweq èd eixac jynda .'eply diiqpkd x`t' yhilc 't ici lr dpeke ,d`nd
xtnw fkxzd (Lorenz Norman) onxep upxel zvray azek sè xtnw ly eiazk
8
.xdefd cenila
xe` mdilr zexfl miax mixwnae ,mze` zn`l gilvd ,dl` ceqi ipezp xg` awr qty
dyn 'x xbd meyx hxetpieey ipeikxà zeievnd dliahd zeyxca ik `vn èd .sqep
`vn mb èd .Johann Heunisch Friedrich èd yxecd liahnde ,qiaewxw qipexd`
xtnw ly `lnd eny ,el` zeiecr itl .hxetpieeya dlitzd zial xtnw ly dycwd
xac ,(Johann Christian Jakob Kemper) xtnw aewi oìhqixk odei did ezxnd xg`l
jezn zpiiprn zecr mb ìan qty .'awri lwn' ,exeaig my ly ipyd ewlg z` xiaqnd
èdy cala ef `l ycgd xnend ik zx`tznd hxetpieey ly oeikxà dxnzypy dwipexk
9
.dl` epinia xicp xac ,dycgd ezpenà znà oin`n mb `l` ,cneln
,1704a meixehqiqpewl diipt jnqna ik oreh qty ,dlqte`l xtnw ly ezrbdl xy`
mihpcehq ipya ybt 1696a sxechlà ezedy ztewza ik xtqne exar z` bivn xtnw
.mvxà xwal ederpkyy ,(Cameen) oin`we (Stromer) xnexhy odei ,miceey
Varm-a oin`w ly eia` lv` dligz ddye 1699a e` 1698a d`xpd lkk ribd diceeyl
xanaepa 27a .eixeyikle xtnwl dlqte`n Laur. Norrmannus rceezd my ,land
ozpy dcerza ,xyr mipyd lxw jlnd ici lr Oratio Hebraica zwprd qwha ,1704
rax` df ,dlqteà epiidc ,epxira ddey xtnw ik azkp ,J. A. Bellman xehwxd xtnwl
z` dyi`l `yp xtnw : ztqep zpiiprn dcaer oiivn qty .1700 zpyn xnelk ,mipy
.sxechlà ybty iceeyd hpcehqd ,xnexhy odei ly ezeg` ,dp`
ef ik dpwqnl ribne dlqteà xtnw ly ezrtyd zpigaa fkxzn qty exn`n jynda
mipievn mpi` dizeaiqpe dwzrdd jix`z .upfxeey ly dax ,lld 'x oa ail dcedi 'x azky m"anxl
oekna ,18029-30 extqn .xtnw ly ipgexd enlera xeaigd ly enewn xexa `le ,cid azk seba
.ci iazk inelvzl
J. F. A. de le Roi, Die Evangelischen Christenheit und die Juden, Leipzig 1884, p. 194 : e`x
.109-104 ,96-95 'nr ,qty
[ 425 ]
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4]
oileq` dxty
mipya miipax mi`yepa zecear zaizka hlea lecib lr cner èd .zpeebne dagx dziid
ly ezepcnl lr zepey zeiecr ìan qty .xtnw ly ezekfl z`f swefe ,1716-1700
mixweg ly mly xec lr ,ezkxrdl ,rityd èd .zi`lp izlad ezepcwy lre xtnw
dyry ,qeilxep qìxcp` ,aexw cinlzl dkf s` xtnw 10.diceeya mihqilhpiixe`
dglvd `ll zeax minrt dqip envr xtnw ; xe`l exen iazk z` ìvedl miaexn mivn`n
11
.eiazk z` qetcl ìadl
12
exikfn xtnw) qeilivpa seyiad ly ezecr ìd ,qty ìany oiiprzax zecr cer
x`znd (mixtqd zia lr dpennke mcewd seyiad ly epak 'dyn dhn'l dncwda
miwa`n ,meiw zblna zekfl 1713-1702 mipya xtnw ly eiwa`n z` eizeniyxa
erap dycgd zixad z` mbxzl xtnw ly eivn`n ik fnex qeilivpa .maexa elykpy
my lr oeilbpeeà cgein oiipr jezn `le ezexvp zepk z` gikedl oevx jezn mxwira
lklkl dleki dpi` xtnw ly dycgd ezcleny ìd dtxg ik zeipiva oiivn s` èd .izn
yiy zernynde zepkd zcin zkxrdl xzeia zeaeyg el` zecaer .cg` cgein icedi xnen
jxevl oke xtnw ly eiazk jxe`l zexeftd micedid itlk zeywd zeie`hazdl qgiil
qn mlyl ul`p xtnwy okezn xkip oky ,dxndd xg`l ezedf zl`ye ezxnd zepk zpiga
.zeigl xga dkezay dxagl mbe cqnnl mieqn miizty
.zeipevig zeiecrne miipeikx` zexewnn xtnw odei iig lr cenll ozip o`k cr ik d`xp
zaxe dkex`d dncwdd my`xae ,eiazk ly oihiyd oian mitqep mihxt zelcl dqpp dzr
zxeza `vnzdy edylk icedi xnen dlqteà i`ceea ayi dtewz dzeà ik xryn lci` dyn 10
rivne ,bxeapceeq lèpnr rcepd iceeyd owihqind lr yg èd dwfgd dzrtyd z`y ,dlawd
ixwgn ,'mc` zenca mik`lnd mler' ,lci` 'n : e`x .deel xht oìhqixk èd xnendy okziiy
èd xtnwy gipdl xzei xiaq ,epzrcl .251 dxrd ,66 'nr ,(c"nyz) b ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi
cr dlqteà qeilivpa jix` eaexw lv` ddy bxeapceeqy meyn ,dlaw bxeapceeq z` cnily xnend
dlqte` zhiqxaipeà cnily ,deel ly epnfl xy`n xtnw ly epnfl xzei aexw df onf wxte ,1709
E. Toksvig, Emanuel Swedenburg: : e`x .dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly miyelyde mixyrd zepya
cnre dlqteà mixtqd zia lr dpennd did qeilivpa .Scientist Mystic, London 1984, ch. 4
itk ,exeaig xrya eze` xikfn xtnwe ,eizepexkifa xtnw z` xikfn èd .xtnw mr miaexw mixywa
rnyy ce`n okziie ,zxg` e` ef dxeva xtnw z` xikd bxeapceeqy wtq oi` jk meyn .oldl oiivpy
.dlawd zxez ixwir z` eitn
,xtnw ly extqn miwxt llekd xeaig qeilxep mqxt ,xtnw zen xg`l mipy yyk ,1720 zpya 11
A. Norelius, Phosphorus orthodoxae fidei veterum Cabalistarum, seu Testimonia de sacro mya
sancta Trinitate et Messia Deo et homine, ex pervetusto libro Sohar deprompta, quae nunc
primum Latine reddita, suisque & R. Johannis Kemperi Judaeo-Christiani animadversionibus
zexrd mdilr xirde xgay mirhwd z` mbxz qeilxep .concinne explicata, Amsterdam 1720
z` ykx mely .mely myxb jxry ,'melyl elr' mixicpd mixtqd zniyxa ievn df xtq .zeipyxt
.milyexia i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd ziaay mely myxb ziixtqa ievn ède xtqd
.119-118 'nr ,qty 12
[ 426 ]
[5
xtnw ly eixeyik oirl mihlea ipey`x sextxa xak .'dyn dhn' exeaigl oiiprd
ly mipey micaxn miiehiaa zvaeyne zlaezn ,dhedxe dxiyr dtyd : daxd ezepcnle
.zicedid zextqd
dhn eizezeà zekdl à mzxitk rlq z`y ,mixnnd micedil iepiba zgzet dncwdd
divpapewd on izkxrdl bxeg eppi` j` ,sixg mpn` df iepib .xtnw ly eciay dyn
dpnn wlgy) ziqenletd dgizta .xtnw azek ezxbqnay iqenletd xp`'fa zlaewnd
jaq z` ea yxet ,xeaigd myl xaqd alyn xtnw (df xn`n ziy`xa ephhiv xak
zexnle ,'ziadi ziazk i`ytp `p` ikp`' : milina gzet èd .odil` qgiizne eizeiedf
: mixacd ly dteygde ziyi`d mzernynl fenxl ick jka yi oeyld zxby
xzqpe mlrl iny df dide xarl `wxwn `pdk dyn ziadi ziazk i`ytp `p` ikp`
mb lkeè midl` mr ixxyk xtnrw opgei e` odi migeynd oia iz`xwp `xwpe dzr
lr dyn zeidn ziad hrni ik dyn dhn dl` izerav` dyrn iz`xw okl ,izlki
lwn mb ,ig` mr ea izlztp ik dzr zrl xy` iny lr ilztp lbce ,xard iny
dxew iaera qpkidl ixèv cr einin eàe xdfd ocxi izxar df ilwna ik awri
.(b sc) izreyi l`l il iale ipir elk ea i`xwa il did gex zxew
xizqn eppiè icedid enya ddcfn xtnw ,ziy`x .al zneyzl zeie`x zecaer xtqn
.'`wxwn `pdk dyn ikp`' : azek èd eiazk lr zexg`d eizenizg lkae o`k .eze`
e` odi migeynd oia iz`xwp `xwpe' liawnd geqipd rwx lr zhlea ,'ikp`' ,ef zedcfd
qqepznd 'dyn' z` `l` ,exeaig mya ely dliahd my z` givpn èd oi` .'xtnrw opgei
èdy weqtd z`y fnex èd ile` ik d`xp df rwx lr .exeaig ly scrende oey`xd myk
`le ,'mlerl' ,eheytk èxwl yi - 'dzr xzqpe mlrl iny df dide' - dyn enyl cinvn
zeaiqn ,'dzr xzqpe' ! mlerl iny èd dyn : xen`l .mlridl - 'mlrl' ,eyxcnk wx
.ddinz mixxern mixacde ,hxtn èd oi`y
: xeaigd ly iqenletd ecerii jezn 'dyn dhn' myd z` yxtn xtnw dncwdd gzta
ipa md (eze` uveti yihtke) dywd rlqd z` zekdl zeze` dyri ea xy` dyn dhn'
hrni ik' : ltxernd oeriha myd z` xiaqn èd ,z`f znerl ,epiptly rhwa .'l`xyi
,rnzyn jk ,mzpeek hyt .miirnynec mixacd o`k mb ik d`xp .'dyn zeidn ziad
j` .midl`d dy ,eyil hlea ixvep lnq èdy ,dyd z` likdl leki eppi` ziad ik èd
,eze` likdl leki eppi` (? icedid ? ixvepd) ziad ik oiadl yi ,eilr mixacd miaqen m`
.dyn z`
epybt xak 'izlki mb lkeè midl` mr ixxyk' ly avnk ieeykrd eavnl xeìzd z`
miyp` lre mr izixy ik rrl xy` iny lr awri lwne' azek èd my ,exeaig xrya
cvn ef dxrd zi`xp mb mye ,'micedi miyp`' ,iqenletd oiiprd hlaen my .'lkeè micedi
[ 427 ]
6]
oileq` dxty
awri oìhqixk odei ,ely dxndd myl xg` cvne ,'awri lwn' exeaig myl yexitk cg`
.(mgel - 'tnw' lretd ly dihd èd ,ial zneyz z` qail 'text aqd jk ,xtnw) xtnw
ilwna ik' - eil` fnex xtnwy ,ixnbl xg` jildzl elwne awri mixywp eply xywda
.'izreyi l`l il iale ipir elk ea i`xwa [... ] ixèv cr einin eàe xdfd ocxi izxar df
xyw ,fnxn èd jk ,xeyw xy` ,xdefa xtnw ly ipgexd erqn lr o`k aqen awri lwn
`yend (micedid `le) èdy ,midl`l miipir oeilke mirebrbl dkezne ziyi` zelbl wecd
diitivd ly xywdd ,'izreyi l`' - ce`n mieqn xywdae ,wa`nl df rhwa icigid
.(oihiyd oia fnxpd reyi ly enyyk) dle`bl
,dxexa `l ezaiqe xeaigd myn wlgk df xywda wx riten df my ,'ilztp lbc'l xy`
`l ilztp iexw xtnw oi` ,il recid lkk ? 'dzr zrl xy` iny'l ilztp oiipr dn oky
dkeaqde dlzlztd zednl o`k fnex èd ik zrcd lr lawzn .ixvepa `le icedid leblba
zibibg dnipa mzeg èd rhwd z` .'ig` mr ea izlztp ik' ,èd eiig lye xeaigd ly
sqep fnx ze`xl ile` ozip jkae ,'`ziincw `ncw mcw ipn zecig dria`' milina ,edyn
.xeaigd ly zakxend ezednl
èey zeewza mirhen md ik orehe micedid eig` l` dpet xtnw dncwdd ly dkynda
miifkxn jxc ipeiv ly cgeina zpiiprne dti dxiwq sxvn èd ef dprhl .zeigiyn
xtnwl ik myxzdl `ly xytì` mixacd zìxw zrya .l`xyia zeigiynd zecleza
dwenr ziyi` zeaxerne zicedid dixehqida mipeyd zeigiynd iieliba dax zeìwa
zyegze ,zeigiyn zeewz mialnd itlk qrkd ,zigiynd dafk`d oealr ike ,oiipra
.eizenvra mixreak mi`xp diinxd
oeiv jez l`paxa` wgvi 'xl ,oniz zxbi`le m"anxl zfnexn zeqgiizd zllek dxiwqd
z` ea dlz oexg`dy jix`zl zeqgiizde - 'dreyi rinyn'e 'dreyid ipirn' - eixeaig
lr eyexta' ,oe`b dicrq ax z` oiivn xtnw dxiwqd jynda .(1503) b"qx zpy ,uwd
oe`b dicrq ax ly ipinyd xn`nl i`ceea ezpeek .'dl`bd htyne wg el my my lìpc
.lìpc it lr uwd aeyigl ycwend ,'zerce zepen`'a
el mikenqd zexeca dyrpd z` ea xweq xtnwy rhwd èd cgeina aeyg eppiiprl
zigiynd dafk`de diitivd lr ,onfd za ,dxiyi zecr epiptl o`k .igiynd `yepa execae
: dxyr rayd d`na
zyng zpy epiid xrvne hrn onfn miptl xy` z` `ld izecr wigxdl il dne
onfay mlekl zg` dtye cg` dta micedid lk enikqd dpenye ze`n raxè mitl`
ìxhnb eiyrna 'd gnyin dl` iàd ixacl crqe jnq eyre xgì lè ài èdd
.(e sc) gly xy` egiyna died gnyi fè gkz dler
lr xacn èd rhwd zligza .xtnw o`k oeekzn weica zigiyn diitiv efi`l xexa `l
[ 428 ]
[7
,(1668) g"kz zpy èd oecpd jix`zd ekyndae ,(1648) g"z zpy ìd èld ,5408 zpy
crenl ezekinql mb al miyl yi j` ,iav izay ly xywda d`xpk xikfn èd eze`y
igiynd rexià daexn zeìwa dlbn xtnwy wtq oi` ,jk oiae jk oia 13.xtnw ly ezxnd
zpigan mincewd mirexi`d oial epia divxetext lk oi`y it lr s` ,x`zn èdy àd
: zixehqid daihwtqxta mzeifkxne mzeaiyg
oia dzid dnedn dn ,dpz zpy èd mcew aexw aexwd `ld dwcv cer il dne
zelrl jxcl dciv mdl okde gah gahl lke lk exkne ziad z` epit `ld micedid
wecv 'x enya cgein cg` yi` dide ghae hwyda dnilyexi giynd mr lbxl
eixac epnn ewcve z`fd dnednd l` dpey`x daiqe [... ] y`x did ède `plieea
mydy ,'dpzgz xya xebqie' 'ite oniq jeza oniq ozpe uevx dpw lr oryp zeida
xtqa dfn oiir dpz zpy cr <... dnde > l"pd gz zpya giynd zxeya zelbl xbq
ipyd cenre ; xzei zekixà dfn `vnz mye fpky` oeyla izazky ily d`ced
xn`p mye zepryed mi`xwpd zelitzd xcqn did eilr oekp did dfd ziad xy`
giynd lecbd xiizd xezd lew rnyi dpz zpy epiid `wiic d"pz zereyi dpz lew
.(f sc) recik iav izayn ekz 'pya ixiryle oixeryl mdixac epzp oke dfld
èdy itk ,ely 'd`ced xtq'a ,ziy`x .eiazka mitqep zenewna wecv 'x z` xikfn xtnw
xeaigd z` xikdy 14,slee ly extqa epi`xy itk jkl xeyiè ,lirly rhwa oiivn envr
zpya ezxndl dnxby ìd ìd ef dxeyan dafk`dy xtnw lr cirn èd eit lre dfd
.dle`bd zpyk qp lr dze` dlrd wecv 'xy ,(1695) d"pz zpy xg`l dpy epiid ,1696
,wecv 'x zxeya z` xikfn èd ,izn my lr oeilbpee`d lr 'mipir zxi`n' eyexita ,zipy
: my azek èd 'inya eèai miax ik' weqtd lre
oa [enk] nk giyn mnvr eyre eà daxd ik reyi ixac eniiwzpy mièx eppd
àpzd df lre `pliee xira 'ecv 'x mipy 'h aexwn dzre [... ] iav izaye aifek
ik mièx ep` dpde mely oiè mely mely xn`l inr z` erhd oriae ori l`wfgi
.(5 ck izn lr mipir zxi`n) miìapd eilr eàp `l xy` xac xn` `l reyi
izy ly lcebd xcqa xwy ìapk wecv 'x ly zixehqidd divxetextd zxqg dcnrdd
mi`zn zigiynd dxeyad oelyik xeìz .ipyd jix`zl oaenk mi`zn 'eiyrna 'd gnyi' lr yexcd 13
drh xtnwy okzii .d`xepd g"z zerxt zpyl mb enk dxndd xg`ly dafk`l - mikix`zd ipyl
xe`l zegt xazqny xac ,dibeqa ze`vnzd xqeg lr cirn xacdy okziie ,o`k qenlew zerh
.jyndd
.801 'nr ,iriax jxk ,(6 dxrd lirl) slee 14
[ 429 ]
8]
oileq` dxty
izaye àkek xa - dafkp ozxeya xy` zicedid dixehqida zehlead zeigiynd zeiencd
zeaiygd lre wecv 'x zyxtl xtnw ly zitxbeiad daxwd lr dcirn ìd s` - iav
wecv 'x i`zayd xyand mr df wecv 'x ly ixehqidd iedifd z` .ef zencl qgii èdy
xtnw ixac ly dèeyd ,okè 15.mely myxb eilr eci z` jnqe ,qty dyr xak epcexbn
dax dcina zxy`n ebegn e`vnpy zecerzd jezn ef zenc lr dlerd mr wecv 'x lr
mqxty ,dcerza mb dievn ephhivy rhwa xtnw ici lr zxkfend dixhnibd 16.df iedif
wecv x"xdn d"d ipc`xd w"wc cibndn elawy dn miazkd' milina zgzetd ,mely
zpya dxeyad did xak ik 'it d"pzgz xya xebqie weqtd mb' : zeyxetn xn`p my ,'e"xp
wecv 'x ezeà xaecn ik wtql mewn dxi`yn dppi` ef zedf 17.'d"pz cr xbqpe g"z
riten eppi` mpn` enya ìan xtnwy ipyd yexcd .aexwn ezxeya z` xikd xtnwe
mifnx .wn xzei el yie' ,onvr zecerzd zecirny itk j` ,mely mqxty zecerzd izya
.'xdfd xtqn mifnx mbe dxezay
'x enya cgein cg` yi`' - wecv 'x lr xtnw ixac z` oiadl ile` yi ,jk lr sqep
xn` ureeyih w"wc axd mb' : mely mqxty diipyd dcerza xn`pd rwx lr - 'wecv
xnè zeèap dnk àpzn did g"z zpya cibn oeyny x"xdn lv` cnel didyk xkefy
dreny xikd xtnwy zexiaqd 18.'dle`bd lr àpzie eny wecve '` cenri dle`bd zrya
icedi ly azkn `l` dppi` epzricil da zàen ìdy dcerzdy meyn cgeina dax ef
on .xtnw ly ezcled xir ,('`w`xwn odkd dnly x"xdnka wgvi ohwd') aewxwn
: yexita da xn`p oky ,wtq lkl lrn wecv 'x ly eze`zay zgken mb z`fd dcerzd
.'xg` `le iav izay èd lèbde'
`ld' - micedid axwa wecv 'x zxeyal dzeelpy dpekzd lr xtnw ly ezecrl xy`
giynd mr lbxl zelrl jxcl dciv mdl okde gah gahl lke lk exkne ziad z` epit
wecv 'x ly ezìxw ici lr dwlga zxaqen zeidl dleki ef - 'ghae hwyda dnilyexi
dyri mè daeyz eyre z`f erny izeaxe ixen okl' : epxkfdy dcerza miritend miazka
dxey driten ef dghad xg`l cine - 'on` milyexil zelrl dkfie minyd on edengxi ok
c"lyz milyexi ,dileblbe ze`zayd zeclezl zexewne mixwgn ,mely 'b ; 103-102 'nr ,qty
.95-94 'nr ,(zexewne mixwgn : oldl)
,ze`zay ixwgn ,l"pd : jeza ,'epcexbn wecv 'x i`zayd ìapd oipra zexb` izy' ,mely 'b : e`x
sqep i`zay ci azk lr .578-575 'nr ,(ze`zay ixwgn : oldl) a"pyz aia`lz ,qail 'i zkixra
ai ,oeiv ,'d"pz zpyl epcexbn wecv 'x ly dle`bd zxeya' ,iayz 'i : e`x ,df begn àk ddefy
.88 'nr ,(f"yz)
.576 'nr ,my ,mely
zlekq`l xtnw oia ixyt` xyw lr .diletexhqe`n oeyny 'x èd df rhwa oeyny 'x .578 'nr ,my
lra ,`xity rhp ozp 'x maxe ,(b"iz ìvipiee) 'dlevn oei' lra ,xaepdn rhp ozp 'x exag ,oeyny 'x
.464 ,460 ,453-452 'nr mixacd jynda e`x ,(f"vy `wxw) 'zewenr dlbn'd
[ 430 ]
15
16
17
18
[9
dlitze dwcv oebk ,dnilyexi ef diilra zekfl ick miiwl oin`nd lry zeigpd ly
ok`y ,ezxeage ciqgd dcedi 'xl eiciqge wecv 'x ly mzaxw ici lr dwlgae ; dpeeka
19
.l`xyi ux`l ,recik ,elr
,ezexirva ik xnele mkql ozip .dpnidn xtnw ly ezecry d`xp dl`d mixacd xe`l
xg`l mb mze`zaya ewifgdy mibeg mr aexw rbn xtnwl did ,dtexi` gxfna ezeida
dafk`l 1696 zpya xtnw ly ezxnd oia xyw did d`xpd lkke ,iav izay ly ezxnd
.d"pz zpy ly zigiynd dxeyad on
ze`zayd ly dnewn did dn oiadl zeqple ephan zedydl epze` zeaiign el` zecaer
xg`l ze`zayl eqgi did dne ,eixerpa ztleg dcefit` wx dziid m`d ,xtnw ly eiiga
.ezexvpa ,ezc z` xindy
daiq lk oi`y dxexa dxeva ezncwda xtnw ici lr mibvene miheyt mixacd ,dxe`kl
j` .mii`zay mibegl axewn did ,aewxwn oexd` oa dyn ezeida ,ezexirva .da wtwtl
okle ,daifkd ,zicedid dixehqida uwd iaeyige zeigiynd zexeyad xzik ,mzxeya
.ezc z` xind jk meyne ,ixvepd eyi ly ezenca à xak giyndy dxkdd ea dxxerzd
oke ipivx mc`k epipira xiihvnd ,xtnw ly ezqxb xg` xdxdl yi èt` recn
? zizcd ezepeekzda
dqiqz x`zn èd oi` ,(16 dxrd lirl) exn`na wecv 'xl yicwn mely myxby zexetqd ze`wqta 19
,z`f mr .xtnw ly exeìzn rnzyny itk ,jk lk zpbxe`ne ziyrn diilr znbne lecb dk swida
itk ,'milyexil diilrd iptl daeyzl `xwe zelidw dnkl xfeg azkn gly wecv 'x' ik oiivn èd
.'diqdxta dlenrze i`zay beg ly ielib cinz deeln dzid dfk ìap ly ezrted'e ,epi`x xaky
qgiizn eppi` j` ,qty ly exn`n jezn hhvn èd dze`y ,xtnw ly ezecr z` ìan mpn` mely
'n : e`x .eply xywda zeaeyg zekxrde zecaer dnk ìan edipa ,z`f znerl .dzepnidn zcinl
(k"yz-h"iyz) c-b ,zepetq ,'l`xyi ux`l dziilre ciqgd dcedi 'x ly "dyecw dxag"d' ,edipa
,i"`l zeilr zeniiw dxyr rayd d`nd ziy`xn ik oreh èd ,ziy`x .jliè blw 'nr ,(xfy xtq)
,(clw 'nr) a"pz zpya l`xyi ux`l diilr lr ìan èdy zecrd zpiiprn df xywda .oiletn mb
ick cr ,j`ln miig 'xe ciqgd dcedi 'x zrepzl wecv 'x oia xvei èdy xywd èd zegt `l oiiprne
mdipia xveiy xywd lr mb zqqaznd dprh ,'miciqg zxeag dze` ly dxyan' did wecv 'x ik dprh
iptl] mdiptle' - (a"r ek ,a"iwz mcxhyn` [dpehl`] ely 'ze`pwd zxez z`f'a ocnr awri 'x
miiw did ok` dfk xywe mixacd ipt eid dl`k m` .'wecv 'x `xwp did `hiln cg` jld [g"ix zxeag
zepbx`zd zexyt` llkn ìvedl oi`y okzii ,jk lk zekenq ozelirt zepyy ,zerepzd izy oia
aivn edipa .wecv 'x ly ezxeya z`xyda i"`l diilrl ciqgd dcedi 'x zxeag ly efn xzei zncwen
dxaq .mely ly ezxrdn cnl dze`y ,xtnw ly zecrd lr eknzqda ,zxnben dcaerk ef zexyt`
aexwa' : azek èd day ,mely mqxty ,jxrl e"pz zpyn j`ln miig 'x ly zxbi` xe`l zwfgzn ef
miler zveaw oebxà e"pz zpy seqa xak xaecny wiqd mely .'dyecwd ux`l mirqep epgp` d"ra
okzii ,mixacd ipt eid dl`k `l m` mb j` .(588 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely) dilecetn mi`zay
xg`l ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly ipyd xeyrd ziy`xa lirl epàdy zecrd z` azky ,xtnwy
zxeag ziilr z` x`zne zerepzd oia heyte irah oteà xywn ,ezxeage ciqg dcedi 'x ly mziilr
.eipin`ne wecv 'x iaxewn beg ziilrk d`nd ziy`xa miciqgd
[ 431 ]
10 ]
oileq` dxty
bedple mzpen` z` zeeqdl iav izay zxnd xg`l mi`zayd ly mziihp awr ,ziy`x
aiign mi`zayd ly df oeit` 20.'ala cgè dta cg`' bedpl mdilr deevnd ,iqep` bdpn
lrak recid ,dxyr dpenyde dxyr rayd ze`na mc` lk ly eizeiviva wecal epze`
zi`zayd dibele`za miax zeceqi oia xvepy axd oeincd awr ,zipy .lirt i`zay xar
ixyw zlz' ,zedelà yeliyd zqitz ,lynl ; miixvep zeceqil zxge`nd zipeviwd
zeivìxeea da ewifgde ,izfrd ozp iazka xak dceqiy zi`zay dqitz ,'`zepnidnc
ibega dgztzdy giynd ly ezedel` zqitze 21,zei`zayd zelekq`d lk hrnk zepey
22
.enixt lèny 'x
gipdl yi ,ezxnd iptl ef oirn zipeviw zi`zay mler zpenza xtnw wifgd m`
dbxcda eliaed mvra elld zeqitzde ,exear jk lk cg did `l ixvepd mlerl xarndy
ìwdl zvn`znd zicedid dlidwd len gznde wzpd eklde exaby lkk dfk crv z`xwl
zyyead dle`bd gkep yeìide dkeand elcby lkke ,mii`zayd zeceqid z` dkezn
aeyl cizrd l`dgiynd zedf z` silgdl èd dxe`kl zeyrl eilr didy lek .èal
zenecd zedel`d zeqitz ly odihxte odibyen z` mi`zdle eyil iav izayn zelbzdle
ixwir oiae zeipeviwd zei`zayd zeqitzd oia daxwd gkepl `weec ,z`f znerl .zepey
wecal yi .ezc zxnd mr ixnbl xtnw odei oze` xind `l `ny cygd xxerzn ,zexvpd
dxndd zrtez lr epl recid gkepl `weec zizcd ezedf idn dl`yd z` dxzi dcitwa
aefrl mpevxa mipk eid mixnende ,xekipe dafk`n erap zexndd on wlg .i`zay rwx lr
z` mixinnde ,oir zi`xnl wx eid ,xen`k ,odn zeax j` 23,icedid mlerd z` xeg`n
odl eqgii `ly e` ,mdl qgiil bedpy efn dpey zibele`z zernyn odl eqgii mzc
24
.llk zernyn
lkl micedik mdiig zeigl ekiynd m` oia mixzqp mi`zay dpiit`y ef diihp lr mely cnr xake
lecbd llkd edfe ."ziqep`" dlek ìd zipevwd ze`zayd ly dibelekiqtd' : mzc exind m` oia xac
.izin` "oin`n" xcba epi` exak ekezy in : cgi mb iqepè iqkec`x`t llk ,zeipevwd zexezd ly
ìd zizin`d dpen`d .zizin`d dpen`d zeidl dl xyt` i` ueg itlk dilr dcen mc`y dpen`d
.36 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,'dxiara dàd devn' ,mely : e`x .'ueg itlk da xetkl devne zxzqp
xehwec xèz zlaw myl xeaig ,'izfrd ozp iazka dpen`d ceq' ,miiwl` '` : e`x ,`yepd mekiql
.elek wxta epeice my eizexrd ,197 'nr ,c"pyz milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,diteqelitl
ly eqgi lr .jliè 321 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,'iwipel`ya mi`zayd y`x dikexa' ,mely 'b : epiir
diyxey lr .287-286 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn extqa mely ìany zxbià e`x ,ef dqitzl efecxw
.224-222 'nr ,my ,miiwl` : e`x ,izfrd ozp iazka ef dqitz ly
'nr ,`"kyz milyexi ,dipnxb zecdia dlkydd ziy`x : zetewz itelig mr ,hgey 'r : e`x
iniptd xaynd z` ,dxndd zrteza wqer èd my ,extqa iriyzd wxta hgey xiaqn jk .197-196
.mzc zxndl df xec ipan jk lk miax liaedy
ly eqgi' ,qail 'i : epiir ,ef dibeqa .iav izay ly ezxnd recik zcner df beqn zexndd y`xa
dpen`d ceq : oldl) d"pyz milyexi ,mixn`n uaew : zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,'ezc zxndl iav izay
[ 432 ]
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[ 11
dqpp ,exear dxndd dziid dn xxale ,mnvr xtnw ly eiazka oiirl dptpy iptl
xg`ly dkeand dcya elre egnvy zeaxd zei`zayd zeqitzd oian eli`l jixrdl
xiaq .xikd èdy mixeaigd qetxew edne ,sygidl xtnw did ieyr iav izay zxnd
z` cnl `l` ,zinnrd dnxa wx ze`zayl jynp `l xtnwk iceqie likyn mc`y gipdl
.mda wnrzde dizeceqe dizexez
lrty i`zayd ìapd ,epcexbn wecv 'x mr aexw rbna d`xpk à xtnw ,xen`k
'x begl eze` xyw edipae ,dxyr rayd d`nd ly mipenyd zepy rvnà oilet iagxa
zeqitzd xezià zeax epl mixfer md ,mixacd mipekp m` 25.ciqgd dcedi 'xe j`ln miig
.j`ln miig 'x ly eizetwyd lr hrn `l epl reci oky ,rbna onr à xtnwy zei`zayd
zegt miwecd eid ciqgd dcedi 'x zxeage j`ln miig 'x ,wecv 'x oia mirbnd m` mb j`
`wxwn odkd oexd` oa dyny zexiaqd ddeab oiicr ,exn`na oxiivl dhep edipay itkn
lrt ,aaezqd oexg`d oky ,j`ln miig ,dxeagay ifkxnd dbedd ly eizeqitz z` xikd
.xtnw ig my ,ohw oileta miryzd zepya zeax rityde
ebieex mdxa` 'x lv` ddye dilhià mi`zayd ibegl axewn d`xpk did 26j`ln miig
zeiyew `vn my ,oiletl xfg èd (1691) `"pz zpya .1690 zpy zeaiaqa odk oinipa 'xe
eizeqitza ziptz dlg fè ,izfrd ozp ly eizexez lr d`xpk zqqeand ,mzxeza zeax
,dikxeza xwia j`ln miig .iav izay ly eiaxewnn `viy xzei ipeviwd mxfl xar ède
uniè ,iav izay ly xaryl exteq ,enixt lèny lv` icnl zkyenn zedy ddy
ipeviwd ,dikexa èd èld ,eipew jexa z` mb ybt èd .eizeqitz z` oihelgl d`xpk
z` j`ln miig uitd 1696-1695 mipya .epnn s` rtyede ,mi`zayay hqinepihp`de
aewxwa ileè ,mipyd ozeày okziie ,èewlefa yxcnd ziaa xwira ,oileta eizexez
.df ipeviw i`zay spr mr rbna à ekxce eitn dxez xtnw rny 27,ynn
: oihiyd oia ,'giynd zxnd ly zi`zayd dibeleìci`d' ,iwqaeyxie 'g ; 34-20 'nr ,(zi`zayd
ef dxnd caln .jliè 121 'nr ,(oihiyd oia : oldl) o"yz milyexi ,ze`zay ,zixvep dlaw ,dlaw
ly zizveawd dxndde ,dnpecd zkl iav izay iaxewn ly dlecbd dxndd oaenk zehlea
.dxndd xg`l miiwl odipin`n eqipy miletkd miigae ozeakxena zehlead ,oileta mihqiwp`xtd
.68-9 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,'dxiara dàd devn' ,mely : epiir ,ef dibeqa
.105-100 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely lr oaexa zeqqazn el` zecaer 26
èvnl ozip ,xtnw ly xaryl eixebn mewn ,aewxwa mb j`ln miig xwia eicecp jldnay jkl zecr 27
ef zxbià .(1696) e"pz zpya - odk oinipa 'xe ebieex mdxa` 'x - dilhià eixenl xbiyy zxbià
ixenl izazky mipcire ocir etlg xak ik' : dplieene aewxwn glyy zencew zexbi` xikfn èd
579 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,'j`ln miig z`n zxb`' ,mely) '`wxw xirne `plie xirn mipey miazk
ocir' ,dilhià xaryl eixen mr j`ln miig ly zncewd zeazkzdd ztewz dlg izn .(jliè
oey`xd eaeaiqa ,jxrl a"pza e` `"pzay gipdl xiaq ? zxbi`d zaizk onf ,1696 iptl 'mipcire
ly ezxez lr ,dpey`xl d`xpk ,mdl xtqn èd ezxbià oky ,dilhi`n eaey xg`l oilet iagxa
[ 433 ]
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oileq` dxty
od oky ,dpeilr zeaiyg zlra zeidl dieyr xtnw lr erityd el` zexezy zexyt`d
,lynl .wdaen ihqihxwpiq ite` ze`yepe ,miixvep miibele`z zeceqi recik zellek
zwelgna diepy dziidy dqitz ,giynd ly ezedel` lr enixt lèny ly eizeqitz
ywiay zeceqid e` 28.df `yepa zetixga enixt z` swz efecxwe ,mi`zayd ibega
zlz' ,zedelà yeliyd zqitz xzid oia ,(m`lq`d on mb enk) zexvpd on un`l dikexa
zexfl ick jka yi ,el` zei`zay zeqitzn xtnw rtyed ok` m` 29.'`zepnidnc ixyw
.dixg` eizeqitz lr mb ileè ,ezxndl cr xary jildzd lr xe`
zepya mii`zay gex ikldl axewn dide igy ink : dk cr epzxiwgn dlerd z` mkqp
z` od xikdl xtnw did leki ,dizeaiaqe aewxw xefà dxyr rayd d`nl miryzd
ly eizexez z` od ,owlad on miipeviwd mi`zayd dikexa lye enixt lèny ly mzxez
mivexra oiletl àede dilhià gztzdy ,izfrd ozp zxezn rtyedy xzei oeznd sprd
.einece 30ifpky` ikcxn 'x jxc ,oey`xd eaeaiqa j`ln miig jxc mdipia ,mipey
zcgein zency s` ,sxev liyrd 'x jxc betql xtnw did leki zxg` daeyg drtyd
.dze` xtnw zaifr axr ,1695a wx aewxwl dribd ef
dingp ecinlz lye efecxw l`kin ly mzrtyd zcin lr dl`yl zrcep dax zeaiyg
yeliyd zqitz z` ely zedel`d zxeza hilad df i`zay spr ,recik .xtnw lr oeig
miig ,dikexa ibeg ly efn dpey yeliyd z` ezqitze ,'`zepnidnc ixyw zlz' ,zedelà
? el` zexez yebtl xtnw did leki cvike m`d .enixt lènye j`ln
ci azk ievn dlqte` ziixtqa .àd oiiprnd `vnnd gkepl zewfgzn el` zel`y
dingp ly extqn gk wxt ly ,xtnw ly ecinlz ,qeilxep ly eci azka dwzrd liknd
wxt .qeilxep wizrd ekezne 1713 zpya oilxaa xe`l `vi df xtq 31.'midel`l fer' oeig
zyely zqitz iepikl ynynd iehia ,epeylk ,'`zepnidnc ixyw zlz' zgkeda wqer gk
mixacd z` wizrd qeilxepy dcaerd mvr .oeig ly yeliyd zqitz ,zedelà miptd
df gtqpa .ezwzrd seqa qeilxep sxivy zipihla gtqpd zegt `l aeyg j` ,zpiiprn
geecn mb èd ef zxbià .md mzxez ,izfrd ozp ly ezxez z` mewna un`l hilgdy enixt lèny
ixnbl `l ef dyibt dniiwzp izn .o`k biizqn èd ezxezny ,sxev liyrd 'x mr ezyibt lr mdl
dniiwzp efy xiaq ,aewxwne dplieen zencewd eizexbià dilr geeic `ly xg`n j` ,zxbi`dn xexa
mixwgn ,mely : e`x eilr .aewxwl sxev liyrd xar xak oday mipyd ,e"pz e` d"pz aiaq
,ze`zay ixwgn ,'my lra mc` 'x : sxev liyrd 'x i`zayd ìapd' ,l"pd ; 93-83 'nr ,zexewne
.jliè 591 'nr
,276 'nra cgeina ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : epiir ,eizexezle enixt lènyl efecxw ly eqgi lr
.405-401 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,'eyecx`w mdxa` zricil zeycg' ,l"pd ; 288-286
.jliè 321 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,'dikexa' ,mely : e`x
.u"xgz milyexi ,ifpky` ikcxn 'x i`zayd ly eizenelg ,mely 'b : e`x
.18044 dpniqe ,i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd ziaay ci iazk inelvzl oekna z`vnp ef dwzrd
[ 434 ]
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[ 13
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.oeig iazk aiaq qenletd zelylzyd z` zixehqid dpigan wiecne ig xeìz x`zn èd
awri 'x ly eia` ,iav mkg mibxhwnd : ef dyxta zeifkxnd zeytpd z` xikfn èd
'x ,fxt dc oe`l 'x mcxhqnà zifbehxetd dlidwa mixbpqnde ; fib`g dyn 'xe ,ocnr
.mixgè ,oeili`` dnly
qenlet oda ldpzdy mipyd - 1720-1714 mipya mcxhqnà ddyy ,qeilxep ixacn
eiazk lr ez` xar ik azek èd 33.enr aexw rbna àe fxt z` xikdy rnzyn - oeig
mb daeyg .xzeia daeyg zecr idef .mda xen`d mr mikqdl dhp fxt mkge ,xtnw ly
ybty zei`zayd zeqitzl eax ly eizeqitz oia oeinc yi ik qeilxep ly ezxrd
ezxnd xg`l xtnw ly ezxez oia ixyt`d xywd zl`y z` wfgn df `vnn .mcxhqnà
.el` zeqitzl
xe`l `vi df xtq ixdy ,'midel`l fer' oeig ly extq z` xikd `l xtnwy gipdl xiaq
rbna ày okzii .ely xdefd yexit lrtn z` xtnw milyd day dpyd ,1713 zpya wx
zcewp izrici ahinl oiè ,dgked lk iz`vn `l jkl j` ,zxg` jxca ezxeze oeig mr
,z`f znerl .irvn` izlae xiyi ybtn ybtidl miyi`d ipy elki day oirl zi`xp ybtn
,'`zepnidnc `fx' xtqd z` s` ileè ,efecxw ly eizeqitz z` xikd xtnwy ce`n okzii
izay `le efecxw èd exagn qail dcedi gikedy itke ,oeig ly extql zizyz yniyy
drepzd lr exn`na mely mbe ,oileta mlern xwia `l mpn` envr efecxw 34.iav
xtqn efecxw ,z`f mr 35.df icedi ueaiwa zifkxn drtyd el qgiin epi` oileta zi`zayd
jkitl .eizeqitz z` mdipia uitdle oilet icedi lr ritydl dyry miaxd mivn`nd lr
ybty okzii my `l mè ,oileta ezeida cer efecxw zexez z` xikd xtnwy ce`n okzii
ebega elit` ile` ,ezxnd ixg` e` iptl dtexi` axrna eicecp jldna xzei xge`n oda
,'mcxhqnà oeig ìg dingp zyxta zexb`' ,oncixt 'n : lynl e`x .daxd azkp oeig qenlet lr
'nr ,(d"kyz) h ,zepetq ,'oeig ìg dingp qenlet' ,lèpnr y"i ;kwz 'nr ,(e"kyz) i ,zepetq
.52-49 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,'oeig qenletay ibeleìci`d ceqid' ,qail 'i ; fny-`y
yicwdy xn`na mixacd z` ìan qty .1747 zpya eazkpy eizepexkifa mb oiivn èd jk
H. J. Schoeps, Barock Juden, Christen, Judenchristen, Bern 1965, p. 69 : e`x .qeilxepl
dqegia zerhde iav i`zayl qgeind `zepnidnc `fx xtq ly exagn - efecx`w l`kin' ,qail 'i
,mely : e`x ,efecxw lr cer .48-35 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,'efecx`wl mdxa` obn zxb` ly
.423-405 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,'eyecx`w mdxa` zricil zeycg'
el` zeqitz `weece ,ielba ocbp `vie enixt lèny ly eizeqitzl cbpzd efecxw ,xen`k : dfn xzei
oia gznd lr .j`ln miig - df ux` laga drtyddaxe on`pd oxixby jxc oiletl okxc z` e`vn
un`l mzpeekde oexg`d ici lr oilet icedi ziirhd iptn oey`xd ly eizeyyg lre j`lnl efecxw
mr eizeyibt lr xtqn èd oday ,efecxw ly eizexbi`n cenll ozip ,enixt eaixi ly eizeqitz z`
j`ln z` rpkyl efecxw gilvd `l odae ,j`ln miig 'xk eze` ddif xak melyy ,l'bp` miig 'x
,'efecxw ly zeit`xbeiaehe` zexb`' ,eiilix`n` 'è ekln 'i : jeza enqxtzd zexbi`d .ezxeza
.nx-btw 'nr ,(xfy xtq) (k"yz-h"iyz) c-b ,zepetq
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14 ]
oileq` dxty
axwa llk zexicp eid `l efecxw zexez ixdy 36,mi`zay hrn `l epnp enry liifpbè ly
.onfd ipa mi`zayd
zeveaw l`k miifkxn mii`zay drtyd itpr dyelyl qgiizdl yiy dnec ,mekiql
exewny ipeviwd sprd : mde ,xtnw ly exeaige ezxez ceqia micner ile`y mihqwh
miig ici lr oiletl àed ,dikexae enixt lèny eid ea miifkxnd miyi`de ,dikxeza
ipxnyde oeznd sprde ; oeig dingp ekiynne efecxw l`kin ecnr ey`xay sprd ; j`ln
ebieex mdxa` ,dilhià zekf dyn 'x ly eicinlz mb j` ,sxev liyrd xwira ,xzei
.odk oinipae
xdefl xtnw odei ly eyexita zizcd dqitzd ly dzedn

yexitd - swiddaxe aeygd elrtn z` xtnw odei milyd ,ezen iptl dpyk ,1713 zpya
dyely ,1710a dnlyed ezaizky ,'awri lwn e` dyn dhn' yexita .xdefd xtql
giyn eze` mvr èd' ,'oexhhn xry'e ,'ezedlà giynd xry' ,'yeliyd xry' : mixry
xcq itl mikexrd qxkiar minilyn miyexit zxcq ztxevn df xeaig l` .'ezenyba
,zi`xp xdefl ef miyexit zxcq .oey`xd xeaigl dneca mi`yep itl `le xdefa zeiyxtd
- mzxhn df beqn mixeaigd xzik xy` ,xdefl ibelehqixk yexitk ,dnvr z` dbivne
dzid dpyi dlawa mye ci el did xy` lk ik [... ] mixye minr iptl ze`xdl
migeynd oia meid drehpe drewy ìd xy` dpen`d mvr zexec ixecn dyexi mdl
.(xryd cenr ,dyn dhn) giynd oipra
ieex xdefd xtqe ,zexvpd ixwira epin`d xdefd xtq ilra minecwd milaewnd ,epiidc
zepyxt lk ala zcnerd ,ef ceqi zqitzl .dnecke eyi ly ezedelà ,yeliyd zpenà
idefe ,elek xeaigd jldnae dncwda zeax minrt iehia ozep xtnw ,xdefl zibelehqixk
zelcl oeiqip ea dyrp ,df beqn mixeaigd xziak .xeaigd ly zixp`'fd zxbqnd wtq `ll
epia zixara zaezkzd zpiiprn df xywda .mixvepl micedi oia ybtn znev did liifpbè ly ezia 36
x`qrtx`t oyieev uprcp`tqrx`w ryicii-yi`rxard o`' ,aixpiie 'a : e`x .micedid eixen oial
xara mi`zay hrn `l eid micedid eixen oia .(1944) 3-2 ,oarl oe` wp`crb ,'ocii oe` liifpbèe
,iayz 'i : e`x ,liifpbè mr oexg`d ly eixyw lr .xhtrdlxrt xra 'x mdipia ,mdiig ly deedae
il dncp .107-106 ,87-86 'nr ,c"kyz obznx ,zepine dpen` iaizp ,'oey`xd i`zayd cibnd'
dpeknd mc`d mr ddfn èd eze`y ,Zarfo ,xikfn iayzy ipyd xnend z` mb i`zayk zedfl yiy
ebeqn micedi i`ceel aexw ybt xtnwy dcaerl dax zeaiyg zrcep .xra 'x ly ezxbià 'iztxv'
ick da yie ,liifpbè enk mixvepl axewnd likyn i`zay begl jiizyd s` ileè ,xra 'x ly
mi`zayd ibega dqiqzd mre miienqd mikildzd mr xtnw ly ezexkide ezeaxern zcin lr epcnll
.dtexi` axrna
[ 436 ]
[ 15
ixvep xqn mi`yepk rnzydle yxtzdl milekid mipkz mda yiy mixn`n xdefd jezn
miyexitl miliawn sè minec 'dyn dhn'a mihrn `l miyexc ,okè 37.dl`kk myxtle
.ef zizextq zxeqn aexwn xikd xtnwy i`ceel aexwe ,xdefd xtql miiqlw miibelehqixk
otec `vei èd .el minecd miyexitd ziaxnn bxeg xdefl xtnw ly eyexit ,z`f mr
ezadè dniyxn xdefa ezeìway mkg cinlz ly yexit edf .ezepivxae ewnera ,etwida
miyexitd x`yn dpey ède ,(cenlzd itlk lflfnd eqgil hlea cebipa) zhlea xtql
xe`l oaen df xac .zixar aezk èdy dxe`kl dheytd dcaerd zekfa mb xdefl miixvepd
dziid `l zipihla xtnw ly ezhilyy zexiaqd meyne xeaigd ly ziqenletd dxneid
jenqi lè' : dncwdd seqa zfnexnd zibelecezn dqitz mb jkl dzeelp j` .dic daeh
,hrn `l egix mb enrh dpzyi xg` oeyl l` oeyld wzrda ik oih`l oeyl lr `xinb cr
ef ab` zxrdn .'milrtde zenyde xg` oeyla i`pb èd df oeyla zegv èdy dn ik
ilkn yeniy ,xdefa geexd ibelehqixkd yeniyd itlk zrpvene dpicr zxewia zrnzyn
.ezty zè xeaigd z` wnerl xikn eppi`y ,ipy
egex ipira xtnw d`xy crid ldw èd in : zpaen `le dyw dl`y zxzep oiicr j`
agxna dax dziid `l df xtq sefyz icedi oiry zexiaqd .exeaig z` azk eliayae
ly mixgap miwlg enbxez `ly cre ,dtewz dzeà micedin wix didy ,iceeyd zeaxzd
dziid eli` ,jk lr sqep .qetca uten zeidle xe`l z`vl dkf `l èd ,qeilxep icia xtqd
did ozip èld .mevrd swidde daxd zeiceqid dn myl ,cala ziqenlet xeaigd zxhn
`die ,ixvep cri ldw xear mb : cere z`f .zerixkn zegked ly xzei ohw xtqna wtzqdl
it lr s`) yibp `l ce`ne dyw xtnw ly exeaig ,`diy lkk zixarl aexwe cneln
mixn`nd z` ìad xtnwy oeeik ,(ef daiqn mzqd on zexexae zeixey` zeizeà azkpy
mnbxzl e` mxiaqdl un`n lk riwyd `le ,mdl zcgeind zinxà ,mpeylk miixdefd
.cin myxit `l`
.xdefl zeibelehqixkd zeieqgiizdd xzin xtnw ly exeaig dpey elld zepigad lkn
zqqazne ìd zi`nvr ezxivi xwir ,zixvepd zepyxtd on xtnw rtyed m` mby xexa
'i : e`x .xdefd xtqa zg` `l miievn ,ynn ly zixvep drtyd zhlea mwlgay ,dl`k mixn`n 37
,(b"nyz) ` zxaeg ,a ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn ,'xdfd xtq lr zeixvep zertyd' ,qail
,zicedid ceqd zxeza llka zixvepd zepiiprzdde ,xdefd xtqa ibelehqixkd weqird .74-43 'nr
zeiencd oia .divnxetxde qpqpxd zrtyda xwira ,zncwend dycgd zra zycegn dgixtl ekf
,oilkiex odei ipnxbde ,iwlhi`d dlecpxin dlc ewit qpqpxd yi` miievn df megza xzeia zehlead
,hexpfex oet xepwe dnda awri dxyr rayd d`nd ipa ipy oke ,ipetvd qpqpxd yi` hqipned èd s`
.i"x`d zlawne xdefd xtqn miagxp miwlg mipiipernd iptl gzt ely swiddax ilawd hewlidy
miig ly eixwgn mihlea zixara mixeaigd oia .zixvepd dlawd lr azkp ax itxbeilaia xneg
dlawd zecleza miwxt dyely' - dlecpxin dlc ewit lr miivelgd eixwgn mda ,iwqaeyxie
.108-49 'nr ,oihiyd oia ,iwqaeyxie : e`x .'dxeza `xew ixvep laewn'e ,'zixvep
[ 437 ]
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oileq` dxty
zinvr daygne zeizxivi lre ,eze` siwdy mlera laewnd on agx iyi` rci lr
iyi` mxeb ici lr rped xtnwy wfgd myexd on xxgzydl dyw ,jk lr sqep .zixewn
ztwyd len ewnerl xdefd xtq z` wecal oevx ,envrl ile` ,edyn xnel oevx : inipt
.iqenlet wx `le ipyxt èd ely qxhpi`d ik d`xp zg` `l .el zcgeind mlerd
miyexitd xzin 'dyn dhn' xtq cgein epkez zpigan mb m`d dl`yd zl`yp
dlawd zlekq`l zehyta zibele`z dpigan ekiiyl yiy e` xdefl miibelehqixkd
dl`yd z` sxvl yi jkl .dnecke wnerd ,swidd zpigan ecegii oeiv jez zixvepd
.eyexit lr xtnw ly i`zayd exar ly drtydd zcin xaca lirl epl`yy
'dyn dhn' xtnw ly exeaign xtqn zeibeq gezip zervnà z`f oegal èt` dqpp
.dfn zi`zayd zxeqnle ,dfn zibelehqixkd zxeqnl ozèeyd jez
'dyn dhn'l dncwda zibele`zd dqitzd

eriteiy miifkxnd miyexcde zepeirxd on dnk `xewd iptl yxet xtnw eyexitl dncwda
eizepeek z` oegal xyt`nd ihnxbext jtep mdl sqep o`ky `l` ,yexitd seba aey
oeiqipd èd xfegd ifkxnd oiiprd ,zibele`z dpigan .xeaigd ly zeienqde zeielbd
dxyr yely z` wlgn xtnw ,lynl .yeliyd zqitz z` zixdefd zkxrnd lr ligdl
xyrd x`ye yecwd yeliyd z` zenlbn zepey`xd zecind yelyy oteà zecind
: cegiide yeliyd lr zcgein zinipt dwelga zexend ,zexitqd z` zenlbn
a`d lr mixen 'd 'd ik yelyd
lr mixen zepey`xd 'bdy izxn`y dn èd epiide
`de [... ] dxeabe zeli` oeyln ycwd gexd èd l` [... ] ellki cg` mya ik oade
yelyd
l` mixèz md xy` zexitq xyrd lr mixen dxyrd x`ye .dylyd jl
lr dler xzke dyly cenr lka [... ] 'enr dylya mixievn md ik [... ] cegid
xcby xnel cegid l` fnex xzke yeliyd lr mifnex micenr dyly dl` odiab
.(ci sc) cg` xzka exzkeie mllki cg`
'yecw ,yecw ,yecw' mitexivl dneca .zecind b"ia zynzyn zibelehqixkd zxeqnd
zepyxtl zecind dxyr yelyay 'l` 'd 'd' sexivd mb dkf ,rny zìxwa ' 'd epidl` 'd'e
.xtnw ly eixaca o`k dievnd ef znbec ,zibelehqixk
ziy`xa e`venl ozip ,lynl .ce`n dnec dxeva df oeirx ievn zi`zayd zxeqna mb
df xtqa yeniydy it lr sè ,1713 zpyn oeig dingp ly 'midel`l fer' xtqa gk wxt
okzii ,1710a mixacd z` azk xtnw ixdy ,zibelepexk dpigan iziira dèeyd jxevl
e` odl szey did xtnw s`y ,efecxw eax ly eyxcn zian zexeqn xnyn oeigy ce`n
: oeig my azek jke .oxikd
[ 438 ]
[ 17
zexitq xyrd mr `payega liir `l `lekc `zepnidnc ixyw zlzdy rcz `l`
xyr cbpk ,xyr zlz e`xzi `klnc mipewiza jkle [... ] eba ebl minezq mdy itl
[... ] olikn b"i cbpk millk b"i md dxezd yexta okle [... ] ixyw zlze zexitq
38
.xyr zlz didi fè mezqd dlbzi yexita ik ori zexacd xyr cbpk xyr `le
dl`yd dler zi`zayde zixvepd yeliyd zqitz oia oeincde oeig ly eyexit rwx lr
daexw ìd zeqitzd on eli`le miwiecnd diaikxn mdn ,xtnw ly yeliyd zqitz idn
ixyw zlz' iehiaa ynzyn eppi` hrnk xtnw ik oiivl yi oey`x hana xak .cgeina
mii`zayd minxfa ,icrla oteà `l ik m` ,geexd iepikde xdefd ly epeyl ,'`zepnidnc
yeliy dlina hrnk ynzyn eppi` xtnw ,dyrnl .zi`zayd yeliyd zxezl mipeyd
xeiva mbe ,dnecke 'yleynd cegi`d' ,'cge`nd yeliyd' lr xacn èd .dnvrl ìdyk
cegid l` fnex'k xzkd ly oeilrd enewn z` xiaqn èd zexitqd jxrn ly yleynd
.ipyxc zxne` ef dxzi dctwd .'cg` xzka exzkeie mllki cg` xcby xnel
yeliyd ly enewn xaca xtnw ly ezqitz zbven dncwdd ly mixg`d miwlga mb
: odn wlgke zexitqd zkxrna yecwd
ilz ilz dlaw ixtqa xn`py dn lr izeaygne izenbn jpf`l dlb` lk mxhe
à` `xwp ceiy df og irceil recik [... ] oitp` xirf e` zae oa ,`nè à` minrt
zexg`d zecind ok enk .za dpexg` `de oa eie zae oa oke `n` izawep dpey`x `de
mixea lr mipekpe wcve zn` dnd dl`k miyexity dfa ip` dcen .zexitq xyray
'i`y in lr ie gevc jzelrda 'ta gtx 'enr xdfd xn`na xzqp ceq mdl yi mb wx
jxc yi dt mb (ux my) milikyn dlaw ix`n `xwe xzqpd jxc lr dxezd yxtn
izin`d izrce wix xac `l èd xac `ld dl`k zenya myd z` epky dnl xzqpd
lewiy ipira mi`ltp mixac md `nè à`n dl`d mixacd ik èd dl` zezeà
eil` milltzny eze` ,d`ncw `bxc a`d l` èd à` ik izaygn dke zrcd
m` mya `xwp dnle oad l` i`cea ìd `n` [... ] minyay epia` xgyd zelitza
z` ciled èdy meyn oke 'exitql dipy ìdy zexitqd xyray `lir dnkg lr
inlyexi mebxzk [... ] `xap ea ik zgzn ux`d lre lrnn minya `xap xy` lkd
`xnn minrt dnk eze` `xw ozpeie ,(dpeilr dnkg xn`y lr 'xit oiir) `nkega
èd ik '` sc lk xdefa df oiprn oiire 'ebe xeacd did ziy`xa opgei xn` eilre 'dc
dxt ceq dfe .('yr) `cle`l rxf rxf onz `nizqc `nizq eb witpc `nizq dcewpd
xy` lk wpei epnne mlerd lk zxtk did èd ik dpa z` xtkze m` àz dnec`
.(i-g mitc) dwipi el yi
.gk wxt ,1713 oilxa ,midel`l fer ,oeig dingp 38
[ 439 ]
18 ]
oileq` dxty
yeliyd iaikxn mr xdefa zexitqd iiepik z` ddfn èdy iptl ,rhwd ly eziy`xa
iiepik zè xdefd ixac z` xzqpd jxc lr oiadl yi ditly dprh micwn xtnw ,ixvepd
,b"g ,jzelrda xdef : dfl df mikenq xdef ixn`n ipy lr jneq èd eixac z` .zexitqd
miayegd lr zxewia xn`n èd oey`xd .`"r bpwe a"r apw ,`pnidn ìrxe ; `"r apw
dn' xzqpd jxc lr dxezd z` cenll i"ayx ly dìxwe '`nlra `xetq' ìd dxezdy
exewna rhwd .'ynn `ziixe` `lekc `xwr idi`c `znypa' ,'`ziixe`c `yeal zegz
èd j` ,ze`xwnd hyt ixeg`ny ceqd xg` zywand ,zixdefd dqitzd z` `han
.zi`zayd zextqa egeexy zeqitz oze`k ,zihqinepihpè zkl zwigxn dìxw xyt`n
dtixv jildzk oeern zexdhidd jildz z` x`znd ilwicx xn`n èd ipyd xn`nd
z` ddfnd ,dheyt `l miienic zkxrna ynzyn xn`nd .dxezd inae yà zekkcfde
z` exxnie' weqtd z` zyxece ,dxn inl dze` dliynn ,rxe aeh zrcd ur mr dxezd
,dkld oeail ,xnege lw ,ìyew : `xaqde cenild ikxc lr 'eke 'dyw dceara mdiig
`pnidn ìrxd dlbny ,'oifx oepià' ,zeceqa wx .dxn jxt zceark zeqtzpd ,`ziixae
xtq ixw`c `c xdefa `lczyn `wc oepi`' ,'dlaw ix`n' ,'milikyn'l wxe ,mind ewzni
,gp zaiz zhilt ,dpeil mze` mincny ,milikyn mze`l `xew rhwd ly ekynd .'xdfd
oc rhwdy ,migiynd ipy ixw ,zltepd cec zkeq z` miwdle dax medz zelevnl zcxl
.zekixà mda
zpiivnd dfxtxt jeza dxvwa ,encew zè ,df oerh rhw xikfn xtnw ,epi`xy itk
ixac ixeg`n mb ,ceqd jeza mb ,xnelk .zexitqd iiepik ixeg`n ceqd z` ytgl yi ik
rwxwd z` oikdl xtnw d`xpk ywia jka .miptven zeceqe mifnx ytgl yi ,xdefd
zexewna oeir la` .xdefd ixn`na zepetvd zeibelehqixkd zeiernynd xaca ezprhl
miienic zxcq syeg ,oiivl gxeh xtnw mdly mewnd d`xn z`y ,el` miixdef
èdy zixwird miienicd zkxrnk ,dncwdd ly dkynd zìxw xg`l ,zxazqnd
.dncwda da ynzyd
dieyr ,xtnw jnzqd mdilry ,xdefa zexewnd ly llekd xywdl epzeqgiizd
seqa xy` ,envr xtnw ly dìxwd ze`xedl zeprid `l` ìd oi` j` ,znfbenk qtzidl
: `xewd on ywan dncwdd
ixwz l` ipelt 'enr xdfa jze` d`xn ip`y mewn lka ik jxikfdln gky` `l
mbe eiptly cenr minrtle cenrd lk `xw [... ] jiptl izbvd xy` mixacd cal
izpeek wx lkd aezkl iptl xyt` i`y xac did ik jytpl rebxn `vnze eixg`l
ycew l` jèa cr xcg l` xcgne lig l` lign leriz xaae mipir gzt geztl
.(fh sc) miycewd
,exeaiga zeyxetn azk `ly mixac yi ik fnex xtnw ik d`xn ef digpda wcwecn oeir
[ 440 ]
[ 19
cneld leki ,zexiyi hhiv `l mze`y miwlgae rhwd ly exywda ,xnelk ,'xaa' `weece
! miycewd ycewl qpkidle lig l` lign zelrl
lra mb gley ,jzelrdal `pnidn ìrxd ,xkf`n xtnwy ipyd xewnd l` ,dpde
ur zxez ,dycgd dxezd lr oeicd jeza .ei`xew z` 'mdxa` obn' zi`zayd zxbi`d
aeh zrcd ur zxez ,xzidde xeqi`d zxez z` silgze dle`bd zra dlbzzy ,miigd
: azek èd ,rxe
dpekiy in lky xnè mx lewa fixkn `pnidn ìrx ly xn`nd df itk `vnp dpd
à dfd oeyld znbecke .dcizrd dheqd in zwica l` jxhvi `l xdfd 'q zìxwa
rebxn `vnz mye elek ep`xwe gqtd zhigy `c `cewt ligzne jzelrda 'ta
39
.jgexl
d`xpy itk ,xtnw ly ezncwd jyndl xywzdl leki 'mdxa` obn' zxbi` okez wx `l
- zxbià ritend iehiaa ,lirl hhevy rhwa ,ynzyn xtnw xfen oteày `l` ,oldl
yiy okzii .xdefd ixn`n sebl `xewd ziiptd ly xywd ezeàe - 'jgexl rebxn `vnze'
lra mb xikfn eze`y ,`pnidn ìrxd xn`n ly ezeifkxn gkepl j` ,cala zeixwn o`k
40
.zexewnd oia xzei wenr xyw yi ik d`xp ,xtnw ly ezncwd jynda ,'mdxa` obn'd
driten ,ceq seygl dqpnd ,miienq micax da yiy dìxwl dywad ik cer o`k oiivp
.xtnw ly exeaig lr od xdefd xtq lr od zaqen ìde dncwda zepey zexeva aeye aey
'wxf eztilw lk` ekez' ,'ea yiy dna `l` owpwa lkzqz l`' `xewdn ywan èd
41
.dnecke
o`yen z` x`zl xtnw ligzn ekyndae dncwdd ly i-g mitcn ephhivy rhwa
,a`dl`d z` ddfn èd ,lirly rhwd on dlery itk .eipira zexitqd ly 'izin`'d
dxitqd ,xzk zxitq zxyewn eil`y ihpcpvqpxhd l`d mr ,ixvepd yeliya oeilrd
mre qebeld mr ,dnkg zxitq mr ddfn èd ,yeliya ipyd ,giyndoad zè ,dpey`xd
lk z` ciled èdy' - dìxad gek z` el qgiin ède ,ziy`xa xdefay d`nizq `cewpd
.'zgzn ux`d lre lrnn minya `xap xy`
,dlecpxin dlc ewit .zixvepd dlawd zxeqna ievn dnkgd mr oad ly df iedif
qgiin èd oi` mle` 42,ely zefzd on dnka df xyw cinrn ,mixvepd milaewnd ipey`xn
,mely : jeza ,'efecxw l`kin mdxa` icia d`xpk dxaeg axrnd ux`n mdxa` obn zxb`' ,mely 'b
.itxbeilaiad gtqpa ,181-179 'nr ,my ,qail : epiire .170 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn
zi`zayd drepzde iav izay ,mely 'b : e`x ,mi`zayd lv` `pnidn ìrxd ly cgeind ecnrn lr
.my zexrdde ,633-632 ,629 'nr ,(iav izay : oldl) d"lyz milyexi ,eiig inia
.101 dxrd cil ,467 'nr oldl epiir
mebxza ynzyn dlecpxin dlc ewit .ddf mixacd zgkedl yeniy da dyrpy dàend elit`
ynzyn xtnw s` ewit enk .'`xa `nkega - `xa ziy`xa' : xtnw epze` dptd eil`y inlyexid
[ 441 ]
39
40
41
42
20 ]
oileq` dxty
da mlebn mb èd mizrl ,dnkgd zxfra `xea a`dl`d .`xead gekd z` dnkg zxitql
oian rnzyny itk ,yeliya oey`xd ,l`dn zwzepn dìxad oi` j` ,dz` ddefne
ux`d lre lrnn minya `xap xy` lkd z` ciled [! oad] èdy' - xtnw ixac ly oihiyd
.'zgzn
daiqd' oia dcixtnd dqitzd .zei`zayd zeqitzl `weec ipiite` dfk mfilèc
'`yicw `kln' ,'l`xyi idl`' ,`xead ceqid oial ,meiwl yic`d seq oi`d oia ,'dpey`xd
zqitz zexveeidl qiqad ìde ,mely d`xdy itk ,iav izay lv` xak driten ,'eke
,epiivy itk .dteyg zi`zay dibelepinxha ynzyn eppi` xtnw 43.ze`zaya yeliyd
`kln' ,'daygn ea oi`y xe`' ,'`zepnidnc ixyw zlz' miiehiaa ynzyn èd oi`
dibelepinxhdn dhea dk dbixg envrl zeyxdl leki èd oi` .mdinece '`yicw
yi ,dl`k zeniiw m` ,zei`zayd zeqitzd zeawr z`y dnec .zixvepd zibele`zd
.mdihiy oian dlerd zernynae miienicde miaihend dcya ytgl
44
yi (eh sc) ziy`xa xdefay d`nizq dcewpd mr oad z` xtnw ddify iedifl
oiiprn iedif ievn ,'`zeripvc `xtq'l yexit èdy ,i`zay xeaiga .zei`zay zeliawn
xak ik dcaerd zegt `l zpiiprn 45.giynd znyp mr d`lir d`nizq dcewpd ly xzeia
aiay) '`zepicxwc `pivea' sexivd z` èvnl ozip zi`zayd drepzd ziy`xn zexewna
,d`nizq dcewp dze` ly xewnd ziy`xa xdef ly oey`xd xn`na èdy ,(zexcw ly
,w"tl 'dzide' zpyn ,mcxhqn`n zi`zay dcerza ,lynl ,jk .iav izayl iepikk
z` hhvne ,midel`d oa mr qebelde dnkgd z` zedfnd zeyxcl xewnk opgei my lr oeilbpeeà
.(1 ` opgei) 'xn`nd did midelè ,midel` lv` did xn`nde ,xn`nd did ziy`xa' : recid weqtd
,ewit ly 39e 25 zefza jk lr e`x .oad mr ddefn xn`nd ,14 weqta ,opgeia wxt eze` jyndae
.82 ,67 'nr ,oihiyd oia ,'zixvep dlawa miwxt dyly' exn`na iwqaeyxie ly gezipa epiire
.jliè 196 'nr ,c wlg ,(21 dxrd lirl) miiwl` ; 785-774 'nr ,iav izay ,mely : e`x 43
sc) a"r al ,ziy`xa xdfl eyexita ,lynl .df iedif lr xfeg xtnw eyexita mixg` zenewna mb 44
,'`niiw zlza cg cgn iwtp zlz mler ceqi wicve' milind lr ,(xtnw ly micenrd zwelg itl ,ft
`cenr giynd èd [... ] cegid epiid zelird zlire `nizq dcewpd èd mler ceqi wicv' : azek èd
eilr mihxty ,xe`l ìvedy eax iyexit hwla yxtle mbxzl qeilxep xga df yexit .' 'zerivn`c
za dceak lk' iepikd jxc fnexna dcewpl qgiizne ay xtnw dncwdd jynda mb .11 dxrda e`x
.ef dcewpl dpeekdy rnzyn epnny ,`"r `rw ,b"g ,gly xdfa xewnd xekfè 'dnipt jln
ebne" my xn`c d`ncw xn`na [my oiir xdefa xkfpk] y"r 'dfa 'fpk ziy`xac oey`x xn`na' 45
n"nc zeinipt lr i`w dfc xeviwa [eyex]'ite ."d`lir `nizq `cg dcewp witp `zeriwac `wigc
dlawa miycg miazk' ,qail 'i : e`x .'`riwac ewigc i"r oey`x xn`na deedzpc [`giyn `kln]
jiiyn qail df exwgna .171 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,'uiyaii` ozpedi 'x ly ebegn zi`zay
dl`k ok` m` .ozpedi 'x ly epa ,slee 'xk xagnd z` ddfn sè uiyaii` ozpedi 'x begl xeaigd z`
df oeirxy dripn oi` o`k mb j` ,xtnw ly einil xge`nd xeaig epiptl aeyy ixd ,mixacd ipt eid
rnzynk ,xy` enixt lèny 'x begk ,miipeviwd mi`zayd ibega mikldn el eide xzei mecw
.daxd epicia x`yp `l mdiazkne ,zedel` giynl eqgii ,df yexitn
[ 442 ]
[ 21
giyne eppec`' : xn`p ,iav izay lv` mixaecd xewia lr da xteqny ,1666 zpy epiidc
zxnyn epiyr `le [... ] iav izay giyn ly egex df ,ztgxn midl` gexe epwcv
`zepicxwc `pivea ipt l` ze`xd izlal zeì xy`k meqgn ephra miyl epzxnynl
`fx lr ze`xn' `xwpd ,xniidpteù"y dwax dnqxty xewna mb 46.'zela zelna
dpekn iav izay ,dxndl ipyd e` oey`xd xecd on xnen i`zay xaigy ,'`giyn `klnc
47
.dzcixie dnkg zxitql xeyw èd mye ,`zepicxwc `pivea
,seq oi`d on `viy oey`xd xe`l iepik xdefa ynyn '`zepicxwc `pivea' iehiad
epiè ezedna inpic èd xe`d .zifkxnd z`xead dlertd ìd i"x`d zlawa ezcixie
rhwa xtnw ly eixac jyndl epze` ìan df oiipr .cala zg` dxitq mr ddefn
: epnn hhvl epeligdy
eia` oinil ayei èdyk f` `xwp èd oa .d`lir `bxc dze` lr xn`p zae oa oke
ux` iqt` eia` zlgpa yxei oa èd f` jxa lkd erxki eiptl dlyn lka ezeklne
èd zexitqd xyra mb ik `xae `n` mya llkpy dfn dnzz lè .da iayeie laz
u"x cenr xdf oiir) `l`nyl dpiae `pinil dnkg l`nye oini cva llkp
eièx lke xengd lr akexe ipr ux`d lr ezcixia f` `xwp èd zae .(jzelrda
eilr okzi z`fd dpigaae dawpk egk yyz fè èd dfiè df edin xen`l el ebirli
dnipt jln za dceak lk my lr za `xwp oke oa 'ewna yxiz `l zad l"x za my
mc` ipa iptl uega ik oevig jxc lr `le ipgexe inipt jxc lr did eceak lk ik
daiq 'ze`le eiaà ède a`d èd ik inipt ceak el did la` epnn cg`k d`xp did
ipa xeara ixeqi leaql envr z` lityde oihwd ik oitp` xirf ok mb `xwp dnvra
l` z` dpkn dz` dnl xnel xebipq `le xebihw cenri mè .mryt zxtkl mc`d
urei `lt eze` `xwy 'iryi ìapd l` eze` d`xn ip` : dl`k 'iax 'enya dfd oad
qgeie ezedne ezlert itl lkd ik dnly oepi dicicie 'pipg cenlza oke 'eke xeab l`
.(ì-i mitc) my eil`
èd oi` .xtnw lv` giyndoad ly eiiepika mipt ieaix miiw ik dler df ifkxn rhwn
zxitqa epiidc ,zexitqd ly oeilrd ipnid cva od ievn èd .cala dnkg zxitql ddf
èd ,oitp` xirf mbe zad mb èd .dpia zxitqa epiidc ,oeilrd il`nyd cva od ,dnkg
d`xp' ,'dnipt jln za dceak lk' : mlrdae ieliba ,ezizgzae zexitqd oli` y`xa ievn
ieaix ixeg`n .'ezedne ezlert itl lkd ik' ,'eiaà ède a`d èd' mvrae ,'epnn cg`k
.111 'nr ,b"rxz oilxa ,iav izay ipipr ,(jxer) op`niixt '` : jeza dqtcp dcerzd 46
'nr ,(g"kyz) ai ,zepetq ,'xnen i`zayn mecw xewn - "`giyn `klnc `fx lr ze`xn" ' ,u"y 'x 47
dxary (xdfa) giynd znypl ixethn iepk edf' : '`zepicxwc `pivea' sexivd lr dzxrd e`xe .fkx
.`yepa mixn`nl my dptn ìde ,(30 dxrd ,my) ' "evivp" mya mixge`nd dnpecd l` mb
[ 443 ]
22 ]
oileq` dxty
.giynd ,oad ,yeliya ipyd aikxnd ly enewn ly zinpic dqitz zxzzqn df zeny
zcnerd dqitzd ìd ,mda ievn giyndy mipeyd miavnd oia zwlgnd ,ef ceqi zqitz
giyn'l ycwen ipyd xryd oky ,zipan eze` zwlgn s` ìde xtnw ly exeaig ceqia
? dzernyn dn mle` .'ezenyb a giynd eze` mvr'l iyilyd eliè ,'ezedl` a
,iyep`d avna ezltyde xyaa ezenybzd ,giynd ,oad 'zcixi' ,divpxwpi`d zxez
xg`ly ze`zayd ibega mb ce`n zihppinec ef dqitz .drecie ziceqi zixvep dqitz ìd
minecw zexewne miweqt mzeà miynzyn mb mixwnd ipyae 48.iav izay ly ezxnd
z` ze`ceea zedfl ick dnvrl ìdyk lirly zibele`zd zipaza oi` ,okl 49.mx`zl
dfk .i`zay rwx lr `weec gprtzdl mileki rhwa zexrde miiehia ,z`f mr .dxewn
50
.'dawpk egek yyz' iehiad èd dnbecl
miiwd uegmiptd aihen èd dfd xywda zernyn lra zeidl ieyry xg` oiipr
.c wlg ,(21 dxrd lirl) miiwl` ; 787-786 ,746-745 'nr ,iav izay ,mely : e`x 48
,'izfrd ozp zxb`' : epiir ,ixvepd mxywda minqxetnd ,bp diryi iweqta i`zayd yeniyd lr 49
ipr' dixkfn weqta yeniyd lr .241-240 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely : jeza
,'xeng lr akxe
.dàd dxrda epiir
ze`xepd zexitkd zg`k xtnw ly exeaig znizg xg`l mipy xtqn rcep 'dawpk egk yyz' iehiad 50
,'oird l` meid èaè' xtqd z` ,ocnr awri èd ,iav oa awri 'x ,u"arid miy`d oday xzeia
,a"r g ,(f"iwz dpehl`) 'mipir gzt' exeaiga .mii`zayd mixeaigay mihlead on wtq `ll èdy
elit` exwt `l ef dxitk ,egk yyzy exnà ezgbyda xtek dfd qxhpewd xagnd la`' : azek ocnr
riten eay wiecnd mewnd z` `vn ,xtqd lr exwgna ,xhenlxt dyn .'mlern mipencwd zene`d
dxd dpipaa eli`ke l"pd dcewpd 'id diae dipn zeidl seq oi` zenvr x`ye' : ehhvn ède df iehia
`"n : e`x .'dawpk dgk yyz lekiak ceqa d`l ceqa dl` `xwpe ,lekiak àwep ceqa ,ìd
ly ixyt` xywl fnx epiptl ile` ,ok m` .47 'nr ,f"yz aia`lz ,oird l` meid èaè ,xhenlxt
.zeqitzd oia izednd lcadd z` yhyhl oi`y s` ,ipey`xd oleblba dl`ky zeqitz mr xtnw
èaè' lra eliè ,xyaa l`d zenybzdle giynd zcixil eixac oeekn xtnw ,df iehiaa eynzyda
gekd z` 'lhep' èd epnny (! ) seq oi`d zenvrl ,(my) xhenlxt d`xdy itk ,qgiizn 'oird l` meid
èd oi` eay ,dfd mlera ezenlbzda giynd oia xrtd oeirx .xexa zeqitzd oia lcadde .gibynd
,dfk rhw mqxt qail .uiyaii` slee 'x ly eiazka mb riten ezedelà eavn oial ,dxkdl dkef
mircei lekd f` wx ,zx`tz zxitq ìd ,zrca enewnl ,'l`xyi idl`' ,giynd dleryk eitly
giynd oiipra cer .epnn mlrzdl oiè ax xtnw ly ezqitzl el` zeqitz oia oeincd .eze` mixikne
,'uiyaii` ozpedi 'x oa slee 'xl xdfd xtq oeyla xeag' ,qail 'i : epiir ,zrc zxitqae ezenybzda
beg oial xtnw ly xg` iehia oia èvnl ile` ozip sqep xeyiw .87-86 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq
ipr' weqtd zaizk jxc lr (90 dxrd ,86 'nr ,my) qail ly ezxrdl izpeek .uiyaii` ozpedi
akxe
.rcein izla "xeng" aezk ìapd ixaca xewna .dricid `"dl mb al miyl i`ck' : (9 h 'kf) 'xeng lr
lka zxfeg ef dìbye ."`zeripvc `xtq" yexita mixg` zenewna mb ievn `"d mr gqepd la`
[oird l` meid èaè] d"`de xtq oia cid azka mi`vnpd `xnbd iyexita jk .daexwd zextqd
xtqa sè zi`zayd zextqa mixg` zenewnae slee 'x ly d"`de xtqa ,uiyaii` slee 'x ixeaigl
xtnw mb ik oiivl yi j` ,zizernyn ef dcaer m` zrcl oi` .'uiyaii` ozpedi 'xl ozpedi xn`n
.xewnak 'xeng lr' `le 'xengd lr akexe ipr' azek lirly rhwa
[ 444 ]
[ 23
.mlrd a eavn len ielib a giynd ly eavn oia xiivn èdy xrtd : xtnw ly eixaca
iehia ezednl oi` 51,'dnipt jln za dceak lk' zpigaa oad ievn ezenybzda ,xtnw itl
xivl cebipa ,df aihen .xzei lty sè 'epnn cg`k d`xp' drhn ed`xn .mled ipevig
mipiit`nd on èd z`f znerle ,zixvepd zxeqna wdaen dk eppi` ,diilrde dcixid
`kln znyp'l '`giyn `kln' oia dpigand ,zi`zayd dibele`zd ly xzeia mihlead
exn`na mely dagxda cnr xak df oiipr lr .'`giyn `kln zeinipt' e` '`giyn
'ziqep`'d dibelekiqtd z` dagxda gzpn èd eay ,'dxiara dàd devn' ilhpnepend
,uegl mipt oia xrtd oiiprl zifkxn dk zegkep èvnl ok lr oiiprn 52.ze`zayd ly
.xtnw ly zeibele`zd eizeqitza giyndoad zencl qgia ,ieqikl ielib oia
xtnw ly eyexita dxn ine dnec` dxt

dncwda mixg` miwlga mb mi`zayd lv` zernyn iperh milnqa ynzyd xtnw
i scn lirl epàdy rhwd ly eteqa .dnec`d dxtd lnq ly eleblb ,lynl ,xeaigae
zxtk did èd ik dpa z` xtkze m` èaz dnec` dxt ceq dfe' : azek èd dncwdd ly
: eci azka dxrd siqed èd scd ileya .'dwipi el yi xy` lk wpei epnne mlerd lk
uegn ztxyp ìde mirxevnd z` xdih reyie mi`nhd z` zxdhn dxtd dzid ok liaya'
.'milyexil uegn alvp reyi xy`k dpgnl
izfrd ozp .dxndd xg`l iav izayl iepike ze`zaya reci lnq ìd dnec` dxt
: azek èd my ,'n"nc `fx'a df lnqa ynzyd
m`d ceqa md eiyrn lky dnec` dxt ceqa èdy weg ixw`c `giync `fx epiide
'x xn` okle mixedhd z` z`nhne mi`nhd z` zxdhn okly ,dpa zèv zvgexd
ediryi xn`y oiprk ,eiyrn leaql leki did `ly iptn ,diping` `le izii `tt
53
.ezcear dixkp edyrn xf
ìdy ,dnec` dxt ly cg` oiit`n hilan ède izfrd ozp yexitn oezn xtnw ly eyexit
oiicr mle` .ozp dyery itk ,mixedhd z` z`nhn dzeidl qgiizn epiè ,mi`nh zxdhn
iehia) 'dnec` dxt ceq' z` x`zn xtnw ,ozpl dneca oky .miyexcd oia oeinc miiw
,gly xdf) gly cly ,xacna xdefl diptd daezk ,cva ,'dnipt jln za dceak lk' milind cil 51
jln za dceak dcewp cg zi` oibxc oepi` lkn ebl' : àd hehivd wzred myne ,(`"r `rw ,b"g
oia iedifd z` yibcdl aeyg xtnwl .'ux` `xwi èdd jipniqe èdd mei ixw` `c dcewp .dnipt
,zeklnl dcixid avn oial ,eixac ziy`xa qgiizd dil`y `zepicxwc `pivea mzqd on ,dcewpd
.dvx`
.36 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely 52
.693 'nr ,iav izay ,mely lv` hhevn rhwd 53
[ 445 ]
24 ]
oileq` dxty
zvgexd m`d' iehiaa ynzyd izfrd ozp) dpa lr zxtknd m`k (ea miynzyn mdipyy
ici lr ezkitde xtnwl xken didy i`zay yexc ly daqd epiptl m`d .('dpa zèv
migikyd milnqd on dpi` dnec`d dxtd ,epl recid lkk ? ixvep yexcl ezn`zde epezin
54
.xtknd eyil lnqk zixvepd dlawa
ozp da dyry yeniyd xg`l dnec`d dxtd oiipr lblbzde siqed i`zayd mlera
zixyt`d mzrtyd lry ,dikexa begn miazka 55.miifkxn miagx micnn laiwe izfrd
d`lnd dzernyn lry divìxeea df oiipr ievn ,epcnr xak j`ln miig jxc xtnw lr
ievn ,iavoa wgvi mqxty ,dikexa ly ebegn zi`zay dlawa qxhpewa .cenrl dyw
,zenec`d mipyeyk ,mec` èd ,dnec` dxt enk ,owzin aehd .'n'q' : àd mezqd rhwd
rhwa .mixazqn mixacde ,l`nq 'n'q z` `xew iavoa 56.'awri ilbxa eiyr y`x
dciwtzy dnec` dxta xeyw df oewiz .ohyd ,rxd ,'n'qd oewiz lr èt` xaecn epiptly
zernyn yi mec`l .mec` - drav èd dxta yibcn df xewny ceqid j` .xexa xdhnd
.oewizd jildza eipira zcgein
`yepa mely ly epeic xe`l hrn xxazdl leki dikexa bega ezernyne mec`d oiipr
: wp`xt awri ly eixac z` ìan èd my ,'iwipel`ya mi`zayd y`x dikexa' exn`na
ziwxehd zca èdd ycgd crvd z` gzt xy` "oey`xd"l dcez ixiq` zeidl ep` mikixv'
èd 'oey`xd' 57.'dliahd xnel ipevx ,mec` (zc e`) zrc z` dlib xy` "ipyd"l ok enke
mixn zen zyxt dknqp dnl dl`yl milaewnd zaeyz jezn' : dlecpxin dl dc ewit azek 24 dfza
mled did `l dfy mixne`d mixard ixac mgxek lr mikxten [... ] xacna xtqa dnec` dxt zyxtl
qgiizn ewity xewnd ,iwqaeyxie gikedy itk .'iyep`d oind `hg lr xtki qehqixk ly ezeny
: c"r btw ,d"y divpe ,dxezd xeìa ,ih`pwix mgpn 'x èd df rhwa eixac z` epnn aèye eil`
zzin s` oixtkn zepaxw dn jl xnel dnec` dxt zyxtl mixn zyxt dknqp dnl l"fx exnè'
zece` lr dqitzd èd dyxca ewit z` xzei oiiprnd ceqid ,myxzdl ozipy itk .'zxtkn miwicv
ly zxtknd ezzin zece` lr zixvepd dqitzd qeqial mzex èd dzeè ,zxtknd miwicvd zzin
.idylk ztqep zernyn oerh ienicl zkted dppiè dzeninza zx`yp dnec`d dxtd eliè .eyi
my ,ixnzi`d odk edil` ly eixaca .ze`zaya dnec` dxt ceq ly ezernyne enewna oc mely
xdhn envr `nhny i"re envr `nhn' ,giynd ,dzxdha wqrznde ,l`xyi mr z` zbviin dxtd
,oaen `lde izexixyd cvd ,dxezd zwegl xzeia wdaend lnqd ìd dxtd ,jk lr sqep .'mixg`
ixnzi`d odk edil` 'x' ,mely 'b : e`x .giynd ly ezebdpzd z` jiiyl mi`zayd eqip ekezly
cvik d`xnd ,qail ly ezxrd zpiiprn df xywda .464-463 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,'ze`zayde
31 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq) dxndd lr ezxbià envr iav izay lv` xak zgkep ef dqitz
,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd) edipa 'n ìady xewna mb èvnl ozip z`fk zepyxt .(my eizexrde
mi`nhd zxdhn'e ,xwir deedn ,dpen`l zlynen dxtd my ,(dpy-cpy 'nr ,b"lyz milyexi
.'mixedh z`nhne
,(xfy xtq) (k"yz-h"iyz) c-b ,zepetq ,'dikexa ly ebegn zi`zay dlawa qixhpew' ,iavoa 'i
.epy 'nr
.356-355 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x
[ 446 ]
54
55
56
57
[ 25
gztzd dileceta eiciqg begay ,dikexa èd ,my d`xn melyy itk ,'ipyd'e ,iav izay
zihqihxwpiqd dnbnd zè miixvep zepeirxl dikexa ly ezaxw z` .mfiwp`xtd
byendy gikedl epeiqip èd epxywda aeygy dn j` ,exn`na mely giken ezxezay
xak eceqi ,('eke mec` zc) zkl zwigxn zeaiyg el dqgei mihqiwp`xtd ibegay ,mec`
miig 'x ly cinlz ,i`zay ly eqwptn xn`n ìan mely .enixt lènye dikexa ibega
xend xexv xtq lra oeyl èd df xn`n .dikexa mya mixn`n minrt dnk hhvnd ,j`ln
cr à cec oa oi`' : oixcdpqa `xnbd ixacl qgiiznd ,3 bi `xwie lr rixfz zyxta
zeaxzl e`vie mdiyrna ektdp mlerd ipayk ik dfa efnx' : 'zepinl zeklnd jtdzzy
58
.'egiyn èdy mixedh eizxyne èd xedh f` `hga mec`l xfge oald jtdpy cr drx
mipy d`nk cer ceqi ynyn ,zeaiyg el qgiin j`ln miig ly ecinlzy ,df xn`n
zxb`'ae .'mec`l xefgl' enk ,mihqiwp`xt miiehiae zeyxcl ,mely d`xny itk ,jk xg`
xkfen s` 1800 zpya l`xyi zelidwl mihqiwp`xtd eglyy znqxetnd 'dnec`d
: zxbià xn`p jke .daxd ezeifkxne ezeaiyg lr cirnd xac ,zeyxetn l"pd xn`nd
zeklnd lk jtdzzy cr l"fg exn`y df mbe jzxez exitd 'dl zeyrl zrd ày rcz'
59
.'xend xexv xtqa xèank ,mixedh eizxyne xedh èd fè oal jtd elek ,zepinl
xdhn ceqi èd mec`d `weec mdae dikexa begl mixywpd mixn`n xtqn èt` epiptl
,oald jtd ,mec`d ,giynd xeca .(`hg mr llk jxca ddefn èd oky ,ilqwecxt oteà)
.lèbd ceqid èd ,dnec`d dxtd x`yd oia zbviin eze`y
eitn ephhivy mixaca ihqilidip ceqi lk oi` ixd ? xtnw ly ezncwdle df lkl dn
z` xdhne zeyep`d i`hg z` xtknd giynd eyi ìdy dnec`d dxtd lr lirl
xywd on mlrzdl dywy xfen oteà mezq xg` rhw da ievn ,z`f mr .mirxevnd
: epeylk èd ixde ,lirl epUxty milnqde zepeirxd jxrn mr ely ixyt`d
zereara`l dtexz èvnl dpe`l dne` oia zrbn iciy mewn cr wceae hxeq iziid
dl`d mitxehnde milaleand miypà zwaecnd onrp zrxvle zepyid zekxqe
mdly zexeagde mirvtd zexfle mzxeagl 'ixhe dlrze mzknl dewz yi ile`
miwacd oiae miwcqd oia izytg xy` xdfd xtq ly ze`xtxt dl` xe`l iìveda
xwy ik ze`xdl oird l` meid èaè miwecvde miyextd ung xral dweaè xpa
mkgl ewiznd ik miigd ux`n mze` eyixede mdixg` oendl eligpde onvrl elgp
z` dpeilrd dkixad xà l` mkilyda ewzni miaepbd mine mixx`nd min z`
znà ède dfd urd z` mdl dxed 'd ik xen`l cenlzd dxeie xiqa xy` zend
z` ektd dfae eizeayen zenewn dnka `xwi `nhe mxg ik uweyne arzp xvp
.358 'nr ,my 58
.63 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,'dxiara dàd devn' ,mely 59
[ 447 ]
26 ]
oileq` dxty
enilrde eqk oke èd xedh oal jtd elek df llk eyre dxdh oniql rbpa xy` oald
zk`ln ici lre dyxen dynl dkld eleky mdipt lry deqna eay xegyd z`
minr qpl cnerd iyi yxey yxyle xwrl mivex md dxezd dxq`y z`f zaygn
.(a sc ,dncwd)
oiadl mileki eilnq z`y 'dcig azk' oirn ly mipnnq ea yi .llk xexa eppi` df rhw
oaygzn xtnw ik xexa .dlqteà eixag mixvepd dl` oiè ,xaca mirbepd wx mèlna
deeqen lekd ; mditlk eizeprh weica dn xexa `l j` ,micedid ,xaryl eig` mr o`k
dkxce eplgzd dpnny dcewpa gztp gepritd zk`ln l` epèaa .cak milnq dhrna
rhwd ixeaib .zi`zayd zxeqna llka mec`d ravde dnec`d dxtd - oecpd rhwl eprbd
,dpekpde die`xd jxca `txidl mewnay ,micedid xnelk ,onrp zrxva mirxevnd md
`ly ick mxear ewznedy xg`l ,mixx`nd mind z` zezyl mdl mipzepe mze` mirhn
elek df llk eyre dxdh oniql rbpa xy` oald z` ektd' jkae ,zizn`d mzedna eyibxi
.'èd xedh oal jtd
: odekd ici lr mirxevnd xediha miwqerd rixfz zyxtn mibyen lr qqean df xeìz
'ie) 'èd xedh oal jtd elk ,rbpd z` xdhe exya lk z` zrxvd dzqk dpde odkd d`xe'
dqitz cbp zetixga `vei xtnw .ezxdhl oniqd èd rbpd oael ik dler weqtd on .(13 bi
,'jtd elek df llk eyr' micedid ,eketid z` gikedl ick weqtd zelina ynzyne ef
itk ile` ? oald jtd jxc lr mirxevnd zxdh ìd cvik ,ok m` .'èd xedh oal' mxneà
xend xexv xtq lra ly ezvlndl ile` ddfd jxc ,'dnec` dxt ceq'a eyi mze` xdihy
miig icinlzl dreci dziidy dvlnd) lirl hhevy ,rixfz zyxta bi wxtl eyexita
xtnw ly ekxc .(epi`xy itk ,mxikdl e` mnr zepnidl hlgda did ieyr xtnwy ,j`ln
i`zay cewa o`k ynzyn èdy dnece ,lirly yexcd jxcl ynn ddf weqtd z` yexcl
eynzyd oiicr 1800a ,lirl epi`xy itk .xend xexv yexit lr qqeand xzeia ifkxn
.ipyxc mixne` hlgda mixacde ,mdly 'dnec`d zxbi`'a mihqiwp`xtd ea
eid dl`k m` ? ezxndl rwxd dfe 'mec`l jetd'l dvlndd z` eiiga xtnw myii ile`
ly eyxcn zian md s` e`viy ,mihqiwp`xtd ly mzxndl dnec ezxnd ,mixacd ipt
60
.mdiptl zeax mipy ik m` ,oileta j`ln miig
miwyn mdy mixnd mind z` mi`txn mpi`y micedid cbp oreh xtnw lirly rhwa
xy` zend' zklyd ici lr mzlrxzl mitiqen sè mze` miwiznn wx ,'mipendd' z`
ly enewn lr .'oird l` meid èaè' xtqa uiyaii` ozpedi lv` èvnl ozip dnec dqitz ly zeawr 60
lr .338-337 ,271 ,91-90 'nr ,(50 dxrd lirl) xhenlxt : epiir ,'mecà zeyalzdd'e 'mec`'d
ceq ,'ze`zaya dxewny zixvep zicedi ziceq zk lr' ,qail : e`x ,zexvpl uiyaii` ly ezaxw
.jliè 212 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d
[ 448 ]
[ 27
dwqta miievnd milnqd .'dfd urd z` mdl dxed 'd ik mxnà' ,'dpeilrd dkxa'l
'xiqa
zervnà dxna mixnd mind zwznd : miixwir mii`xwn mixywd ipyn migewl ef
ìapd ryil` ici lr mixnd mind ietixe ,(eh zeny) dyn ici lr mkezl ur zklyd
miqp ipyl mb mixeyw rhwa ryil` ly ezenc z` milrnd mifnxd .(22-19 a a"ln)
ietixe ,(epiptly xeaiga micedil zqgeind) onrp zrxv ietix : ìapd llegy mixg`
o`k xywdd fnex eil`y qpd j` .(42-38 c a"ln) miìapd ipa ly xiqa didy 'zen'd
.dycg zigelva gln zxfra mirxd mind ietix xexa oteà èd
zyxtl `pnidn ìrxa xfeg oeir ? epiptly xywda elld milnqd milnqn dn
mb epi`x eizeawr zè dncwda h sca ei`xew z` xtnw dptd eil`y ,bpw sc ,jzelrda
zbvein ,dt lray ef xwira ,dxezd .mgeprita riiqne milnqd lr xe` dxef 61,my i sca
,`ziixad ,dpynd - diaikxne ,dxn in ici lre rxe aeh zrcd ur ici lr `pnidn ìrxa
drexd ,dyn .zelba l`xyi mr iig z` zxxnnd jxtd zcear md - xnege lwde diyewd
.xyad z` wiznnd glna lneqnd ,ceqd zervnà dxezd in zexixn z` wiznn ,on`pd
xiqa xy` zend' z` dpeilrd dkxal ewxf ik minyèn micedid ,xtnw ly ezncwda
cnerd iyi yxey xwrl' evx jkae ,cenlzd ly xx`nd epkez z` ,xnelk ,'cenlzd dxeie
dqitzl mi`zdl mileki ,lek oirl dxexa zilwicxd mzernyny ,mixacd .'minr qpl
zixad e` ,i`zayd geqipa dìxad zxez ly diigcd oky ,zixvepl mb enk zi`zayd
ztzeyn ,gexd zxezl e` zeliv`c dxezl ddinkde ixvepd geqipa ,xyad zxez - dpyid
diteà zcwenn ,ziyextd dxezd ,dyn zxezl zeqitzd izy ly zecbpzdd .odizyl
.'minr qpl cnerd iyi yxey' eze` ipta leyknk qtzpd izkldd
ligzn èd my xake ,dncwda ` sca xtnw ly eixacl mb mixywzn dl` mixac
: ea mipc ep`y miaihend bx` z` bex`l
md ,(eze` uveti yihtke) dywd rlqd z` zekdl zeze` dyri ea xy` dyn dhn
reyi giynd lr epiid miycewd ycew zaixn in lr meid micnerd l`xyi ipa
ygki xy`le e`venl èd miig miig min mdl ìvedl xacna l`xyi iptl jldy
miiga mdiig z` mixxnn dnd dpd cre mcwn xy` mixend dnd ,mixn inl didi ea
.mièlz
zxez z` recik zcbepd ,ezxeyae eyia dpen`d mr md s` midefn df rhwa miigd mind
miaihend bx`nl zeyxt izy zetqep df rhwa .dyn ìady dpyid zixad ,xyad
; dxzq ielib myl dheqd dyi`d z` miwyn mday ,mixx`nd mixnd mind : dncwday
jynda dpde .eil` xacl mewna rlqd lr edhna dyn dkid dkldnay ,daixn in zyxte
.39 dxrd xg`l lirl e`x 61
[ 449 ]
28 ]
oileq` dxty
xdefn rhw my yxtn èd .dncwdd on xaecnd rhwl dfinxa qgiizn xtnw exeaig
: exeaiga hhevn èdy itk ,epeyl dfy ,`"r fk ,ziy`xa
`ce .mind ewzni diae ,miig ur `ce ur 'd edxeie oeda xnz` `zaeiza oeaiiz m`
.dzin ixhqne miig ixhqn oexhhn `c dhn ,icia midl` dhne dia xnz`c `giyn
qpie cin ecbpk edi` ìegl jtdz` ck aehc ixhqn xfr edi` dhnl jitdz` ck
miigd ur èd df reyi ik dncwda izxn`y dn jiptl myed dpd .'kr .eiptn dyn
dhn) 'ygpl jtdi f` ik ea ygki xy`l mrf dhne ,ea oinìy inl miwezn mine
.(hq sc ,dyn
od xtnw hhivy zexeyd iptl zeritend zexeydy dlrn xdefa rhwd ly exywda oeir
ikxc lr ,dxezd zyxcp my ,lirl ea epwqry `pnidn ìrxa rhwl zwiecn dliawn
itk ,mirhwd ly mzernyn .'dyw dceara mdiig z` exxnie' weqtd jezn ,dcenil
cenil zeiye` .ohw `l ihqinepihp` lìvphet zlra ìde xzeia zilwicx ,epi`xy
itke .mc` ly eiig zxxnnd jxt zceare mixn mink o`k mibven dkldd zwiqte dxezd
zeèxd ,zeipeviw zei`zay zeqitzl od zixvepd dqitzl od mini`zn mixacd ,epiivy
.dle`b ly ocira dnewn xiki `ly ,dìxac dxez dyn zxeza
urd oia dwif xveie xtnw ly miaihend bx`n z` aigxn ziy`xa xdefn rhwd
oexhhn èd ,dyn dhn eciay (! ) giynd mr rhwa ddefnd miigd url mind z` wiznnd
ck aehc `xhqn xfr edi` dhnl jtdz` ck ,dzin dixhqne miigc dixhqn' : miptd letk
eixac .oiiprn xeà xtnw ly exeaig my z` xi`n df rhw .'ecbpk edi` ìegl jtdz`
'miwezn mine miig ur' : dletk mzekiè ,oexhhnk ,giynd ly edhnk ,'dyn dhn'k md
.'ygpl jtdi f` ik ea ygki xy`l mrf dhn'e ,mipin`nl
xtnw mda ynzydy milnqd bx`nl ,epgzipy mirhwd ly mzernynl xarn
iav izay ly miifkxnd miienicd cg` èd miigd ur .i`zayd mlera dperh zernyn
oia ,dpeknd ,zx`tz zxitq mr xwira dgiyn z` recik ddfnd ,zi`zayd zextqa
zeliv`c dxezl wecd xyw xeyw miigd ur mr iav izay ly eiedif .miigd ur mb ,x`yd
xzidde xeqi`d zxez ,dìxac dxezd on eipin`n z` lèb jkae giynd ìan dze`y
ynzydy ,izfrd ozp iazka ce`n migzetn mixacd .rxe aeh zrcd ur mr ddefnd
ly zeixebhwl xarn eze` cinrdl ick 'iigc `pli`'a giynd znyp xeyiw ly df oeirxa
jkae ,'`zenc `pli`' ceqa dpzipy dìxac dxezd z` zepiit`nd ,rxe aeh ,xzide xeqi`
`pnidn ìrxd ly aeygd enewn lr cnr xak mely myxb 62.miywd eiyrn z` wicvdl
ixwgn ,'axrnd ux`n mdxa` obn zxb`' ,l"pd ; 698-694 ,259-258 'nr ,iav izay ,mely : e`x 62
'nr ,oihiyd oia ,'giynd zxnd ly zi`zayd dibeleìci`d' ,iwqaeyxie ; jliè 142 'nr ,ze`zay
.cere ,180-175 'nr ,my ,'izfrd ozp ly zi`zayd dibeleìzd' ,l"pd ; 149-148 ,143
[ 450 ]
[ 29
oiipr oecp my ,jzelrdal `pnidn ìrxd deedn cvik epi`xd lirle 63,ef dqitzl xewnk
.xtnw ly ezncwda elek df rhwl zizyz ,dagxda rxe aeh zrcd ure miigd ur
i`zay yexca ,lynl .zi`zay zepyxtl èd s` dkef ryil` icia mind ietix qp
ddfn yexcd .dxyr dpenyd d`na dnpecd zk inkgn ,daeh iel dcedi 'x ly egex xivi
,iav izay mr ryil` z` ,dìxad zxeza ,dpey`xd daiqa dpen`d mr mirxd mind z`
mr dycgd zigelvd zè ,'cg` mdipy iav izaye ryil`' ,ryil` yxec èd eny z`y
z`txzn day zeliv` zxez ìdy ,d"ycg z"iglv idefe ,dycg dxez'd : zeliv`d zxez
ozp iazka xak zi`zayd dibelezina ifkxn mewnl dkef dyn dhn mb 64.'mind zexixn
ozp oian jke .zeliv`c dxezd len dìxac dxezd ly xywd ezeà èd mbe ,izfrd
: ezedn z` izfrd
d"awd el aiyd .lecb egk oi`y yai ur enk `l` epi`y dhn xnìe jcia df dn
èd ygpl idie dvx` edkilyie zetilwd iwnr jeza edkilyiy dvx` edkilyd
,giynd jln èd ,lrila mc` iliige dpgn lk z` xayne mevre ax yecwd ygpd
65
.wfgde lecbd `ltpd gk lr dlecb ddinz dnz ik eiptn dyn qpie
zi`zayd dqitzdy `l` ,zernyn ltk dyn dhnl ,xtnw ìady xdefd rhwa enk
66
.yai ur `l` epi` dhnd eliè ,giynd jlnl lnqd èd ygpd : mikxrd z` zkted
zernyn èt` yi xtnw ly ezncwda xzeia mezqd rhwa miritend milnqd lkl
ici lr mind ietix ,oald len mec`d ravd ,dnec`d dxtd : i`zayd milnqd jxrna
zyxtl `pnidn ìrxd ixac .rxe aeh zrcd ure miigd ur ,dyn dhn ,ryil`
milnqd jxrn gepritl zizyz mieedn ,xken i`zay yeniy ea dyrpy ,jzelrda
ixac zìxw ,dfn xzei .ea xfridl `xewd z` gley envr ède ,xtnw ly miptvend
zwdaen ,zipeviw zi`zay zernyn lra hqwh zxvei mii`zayd micewd zxfra xtnw
zece` lr zi`zayd zihqinepihp`d dqitzd zivnz z` mkezn dlrne zkl zwigxne
.zeliv`c dxeze dìxac dxez
.697-696 ,10-9 'nr ,iav izay ,mely
,(xfy xtq) (k"yz-h"iyz) c-b ,zepetq ,'daeh iel dcedi 'xl "jl jl" yexit' ,u"y 'xe ekln 'i
.`pz 'nr
zegztzd ziy`xn zexewn sqe` : giyn zeawra ,mely 'b : jeza ,'dxepnd yexc' ,izfrd ozp
.ckw 'nr mb e`xe ; jliè ehw 'nr ,c"yz milyexi ,zi`zayd dpen`d
dxrd lirl ,u"ye ekln) 'daeh dcedi 'xl "jl jl" yexit' ,lirl epnn ephhivy i`zayd yexca mb
ìady èd ,cg` cvn : ikxrec lnq èd o`k mb .dyn dhnl dnec zeqgiizd yi ,(tz-hrz 'nr ,64
zrifk oitih oitih z`veiy ,zrbiind zizkldd dxezd ,dìxac dxezd z` rlqa d`kdd `hg ici lr
dlery eè'd èd ik ,zeliv`c dxezd z` iav izay giynd ìai dhnd zxfra ,xg` cvn ; rlqd
.lnqd zernyn z` eklne u"y my miyxtny itk ,zeliv`c dxezl fnexd 'cg`
[ 451 ]
63
64
65
66
30 ]
oileq` dxty
gprtzn èd zxzqp dxevae ,ixvepd mlerde eyi lr dielb dxeva aqend rhw epiptl
.wdaen i`zay hqwhl epiptly hqwhd z` zktedd zi`zayd dibelepinxhd zxfra
dxtd : irnynecde lzlztd eite` lr zfnxn hqwha milnqd zxiga mb ik d`xp
dkxa miìan miny`d z` mixx`nd mind ; mixedh z`nhn j` mi`nh zxdhn dnec`d
zeigne ze`txn zelebq eaega onehd dyn dhn ; rxe aeh zrcd ur len miigd ur ; mitgl
.zgà dllw ìadle ygpl jetdl leki j`
iehia ,recik .'oird l` meid èaè' iehial qgiizdl ie`xd on df rhwa oeicd mekiql
ipxcend xwgnde uiyaii` ozpedil qgii ocnr awriy mqxetn i`zay xeaig gzet df
l` meid èaè' : dpeyl dfy ,ely dgiztd llba df mya `xwp xeaigd .eixac z` yyi`
dyere xtnw ly exeaigl oaenk xge`n df xeaig .'eke 'w"defa xn`p oey`xe dnkgd oir
èd dfk .dcind lr xzi epirhdl oi`y libxe laewn iehian xzeia o`k xaecn oi`y myex
elgp xwy ik ze`xdl oird l` meid èaè' : xtnw lv` iehiad ly ecewtz ote` mb
,'midel`l fer' ly gk wxt zligza .oeig iazka mb df iehiaa izlwzpy `l` .'eke 'onvrl
ixyw zlz yi m` rcil mixn`n ìap lk mcewe' : azek èd ,yeliyd wxt xen`k èdy
.'`"r aq sc `xwie xdefa èd `ld ycw ìd htynd oir l` meid èaè `zepnidnc
jkle ,ile` j` ,l"pd mixeaigd on cg` lka ddf iehiaa ixwn yeniy epiptly okzii
inipt cew oirn ,ddfn i`zay iehia epiptl ,dzr cr xwgna zeieqgiizd izi`x `l
ly ezrted .cenrl yi ezernyn lry ,zxzgnl zcxl dvl`py drepz ea dynzydy
xtnw ly exeaiga zi`zay dpigan jk lk zizernyne dyibx dcewpa `weec iehiad
mixg`d mixeaigd ipya mb ritend ,iehial didy df oirn ciwtz lr fnxl dieyr
i`cee ,cala dxryd `l` ef oi` ,xen`k .dgizta epiidc ,ce`n 'miibhxhq`' zenewna
dtiwn dwica mikixv mixacde ,jk lk mihrn mii`zay mixeaig it lr dgikedl oi`y
.xzei
oexhhn ipiipr
xdefl miibelehqixkd miyexitd x`yn xtnw ly exeaig z` micgiind mipiiprd cg`
lv` iawrde ybcend iedifd èd llka zixvepd dibele`za mcegii rwx lr s` mihleae
: zeàd milina ef dqitz bivn èd .oexhhn mr 'ezenybzda giyn'd ly xtnw
xcda eia` oinil ayei èdyk el xy` zeny x`ye midl` oae reyi `xwp giynd
f` ,mi`lg laeq ,dperne dken ,ezeltya dpezgzd dbxcna ecera la` .epe`b
cgeind eny èd hxtae ,yi` `le zrlez ,mc` oa `xwpe eix`zn lleyn èd
.(` sc ,oexhhn xry) jiptl xy` mipnqn d`xz xy`k oexhhn
[ 452 ]
[ 31
zxeqna geex eyi mr oexhhn ly df iedify dcaerd rwx lr otec i`veie mixfen mixacd
aex it lr eze` dzpib fè ,dxitql zepey`xd ze`nd on dnecwd zixvepd zicedid
`le micedid ik`lnn j`ln zbxcl eyi z` cixedl oeiqipe dxitk ea dz`xy ,diiqpkd
oi` hrnk xzei zxge`nd zixvepd dibele`za .midel`d oa ,ynn zidel` zeyik ezedfl
(miptd xy dpeknd) oexhhn j`lnd ly ezenca mihpnl` dnky s` lr 67,xkf ef zedfl
eyi oial epia dfk iedifl hwiiae` zeidl eze` exiykd dnecwd zelkidd zextq zxeqna
69
.zicedid zxeqna miilbx yi eyil jepg oia jxer xtnwy iedifl ik wtq oi` 68.ixvepd
eqip llk jxcae ,daexa zicedid daygna dwgcpy zixhef` zxeqn ìd ef ,z`f mr
`l ìd zixvepd zxeqna mb .zepey zeiepncfda dzlre dtv xy`k dyhyhle dzeeqdl
ly eizeqitza dl dkef ìdy ziaiqnd diigzl qgia ddinz dlrny dn ,hrnk dxnzyd
dn ,zipy ? eyi mr oexhhn ly iedifd z` xtnw a`y oipn ,ziy`x : le`yl yi .xtnw
df oiiprl xtqn mifnx wxef xtnw ,dpey`xd dl`yl xy` ? eiazka oiiprd zernyn
ly miifkxnd miaikxnd ly xivwz ìan èd yeliyd xry zligza .exeaig jldna
: eyil oexhhn oia xvei èdy zedfd
G.G. Stroumsa, Forms of God : Notes on Metatron and Christ, HTR, 76 (1986), : e`x
pp. 269-288
67
dixhniba dler oexhhn ,okè ; l`d ly enyk epiidc ,'eax myk eny' df oexhhn ik dqitzd ,ziy`x 68
divnxetqpxh xearl dax zelwa leki 'eax myk eny' iehiad .eny z` yexcl laewn mb jke i"cy
,efn dxzi .zixvepd zxeqna a`d mr ddefn oady itk ; zidel`d zednd mr ezedn zedfk yxtzdle
zxez zè zicedid zelkidd zextq ly zenecwd zexeqnd z` recik dxniyy ,fpky` iciqg zxeqna
iedifl dneca ,jepg ly ezenc mr oexhhn ddefn ,zqqean ìd dilre dnecwd zil`xyi ux`d ceqd
jepge edil`l .(zeize` jetida) edil` èdy ,lèdi j`lnd mr oke ,zelkidd zextqa jepg xtqa df
xac ,miig mcera oeilrd mlerl mzetxhvde mzzini` weic xzile ,zirah `ld dzind ztzeyn
xexa .mc` ipa wtq mik`ln wtq ,idel`d mlerl iyep`d mlerd oia miipia zeienck mze` cinrnd
xteyd lew ik`ln' ,qail 'i : e`x .eyi mr oexhhn ly eiedifl rwxwd z` ìd s` dxiykn ef dpekz ik
dwihqind zeclezl oey`xd ine`lpiad qpkd ixac ,dnecwd zicedid dwihqind ,'miptd xy reyie
ik`ln' : oldl) f"nyz milyexi ,(a-` zexaeg ,e jxk ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn) zicedid
ef dperh zencl exywp cvik d`xd sè ,my ,qail jk lr cnr xake .195-171 'nr ,('xtey lew
'oa' miiepikd dxyr rayd d`nd ziy`xa oileta 'zewenr dlbn'd begae fpky` iciqg zextqa
oexhhnjepg ik lci` d`xd jk lr sqep .ixvepicedid xywda ce`n miperh miiepik mdy ,'alk'e
èd jepg' ,lci` 'n : e`x .zelkidd zextqae dnecwd zicedid dwihqina oencwd `hgd owzn èd
ivx`d lkidd oia' ,xeìl` 'x : mb e`x .170-151 'nr ,my ,dnecwd zicedid dwihqind ,'oexhhn
,'ycwna zexeywd zexeqnl ozwife zelkidd zextqa ycewd zxiye dlitzd : miininyd zelkidl
.380-341 'nr ,(d"pyz) cq ,uiaxz
"miptd xy reyi" : dzrn xen`' : eizelina mkql ozip dileblb zè qail dixg` dwgzdy zxeqn 69
ribde lblbzp myne ,mi`pzd ztewz ly zihqind zextqa enewn z` `vny ,ixvep icedi byen èd
dlbn"d ly mzpynle dpyd y`x ixefgnay zeriwzd ixcql myne ,"wygd xtq beg" zextql
.(178 'nr ,my,'xtey lew ik`ln') 'diletexhqe`n oeyny 'xk eiaxewne "zewenr
[ 453 ]
32 ]
oileq` dxty
biv` xzei dfd dxwnd jl xàziy ick la` giynd xrya oiirz oexhhn èdy ine
oexhhn df i"yx 'it eaxwa iny ik lr `k bk zenya .mizy e` zg` dln dt jiptl
exn` xg`c dyrn dbibg cenlzae dixnn ozpei mebxze oiir eax myk enyy
enk reyie miptd xy eze` e`xw 'n sc xefgnae dawd oinil ayei df oexhhny
.(` sc ,yeliyd xry) `finxa dt `nikgl ice jxeà reyi xrya oiirzy
.oexhhn j`lnd zenc lr zexeqn exniyy ce`n miyibp zexewn zxey èt` epiptl
i`nvr oteà ribd èd okxcy zepey`xd oiipad ipa` eid dl` ik d`xp xtnw ixacn
cgein mcwen oiipr `lly oin`dl dyw ,z`f mr 70.eyil oexhhn oia xkfpd xeyiwl
71
.df iedifl ribn did èd ,l`giyn e` jeezn j`ln enk ,miipia zeienca e` oexhhna
mya yxec ok` i"yx (21-20 bk 'ny) 'eaxwa iny ik ... jiptl j`ln glU ikp` dpd' weqtd z` 70
d`xpk lwzp xtnw .'i"cy 'iba oexhhn .eax myk eny oexhhn df epizeax exnè' : oexhhn lr l"fg
,dbibg zkqna ,diea` oa ryil` eze` d`xy itk oexhhn .èd epeeikl eze` gwle i"yx ly eyexita
.xtnw ly eixeaiga cgein oiiprl dkef ,llka 'xg`' ly ezenc enk ,qcxtl eqpkpy drax`d xetiqa
sca df oiipr llebn xtnw ,xefgna oexhhnl xy` .(102-100 zexrd cil) 468-467 'nr oldl e`x
jze` dgp` miielz ea miig xy` iyi oa df edin xzei jl xàl ick j`' :ziy`xa xdefl eyexit ly bi
hexhexta xn`p my xtey zriwz ly zelitza 'n sc xefgna ède jipira xyii ile` xg` mewn l`
`vni `l ile` iz`xi xyàe .my ahid oiir 'd ipt len l` driwzd z` dlri miptd xy reyi
oevx idi .('n sc xefgn) dlna dln izxkf xy` dlitzd dt jl aezk` okl xkfpd xtqd jizegznà
lr znwexn `dz meid mirwez ep`y driwz mixay drexz zriwzy 'ea` idlè idl` 'd jiptln
oexhhn xye miptd xy reyie aehl xekf edil` ci lr zlawy myk lìhxh dpennd ici lr drixid
mcxhqnà qtcpy zelitzd xcqa ik jl rce .z`fd dxwid dlitzd ìd 'kr .mingxa epilr `lnde
`l my `vnp `le 'epey zelna la` zxkfpd dlitzd ok mb `vnp xefgnd mb my qtcpy dpy 'zeà
zelitza mze` ehinyde l"pd xefgna eyry dn lr ehxgzpe ehxg i`ceeae oexhhn my `le reyi my
mr xkfpd xn`na efnx dfd iyi oa lè .mzpen`l dfa dlir migeynd e`vni `ly z`fd 'aql ile`
epiid ,zepryed mlv` mi`xwpd zelitza xen`d xneè xyan lew oiadl yi df lew mre ,xteyd lew
zixa miiwzp dfe lecb xteya rwzi èdd meia xn`p df lew lre ,oeilbpa`d zengp zxeya lew
df inipt jildzl xtnw ly daxd ezepxir zpiiprn .(gq sc ,dyn dhn) 'eigelye reyi i"r dycgd
zeiencae ef dlitza el didy cgein oiipr lr fnxl dieyry ,dpyd y`xl zelitzd xefgn lr xary
ziibeqa oiirl ipxcend xwgnd z` dliaedy ìd weica ef drtezl ald zneyz .da zeritend
ik`ln') qail wqr ef dlitza .jkl xtnw z` dìady itk ,eyi oial epia xywd lr cenrle oexhhn
al ,ipiq ,'zeriwzd z` milrnd xteyd lr mipennd mik`lnd' ,rcia` 'i el mcwe ,('xtey lew
.epx-dpx ,ht-r 'nr ,(b"iyz)
iax ly ezpyn mr aewxw `vei xtnwl ile` didy rbnde zixyt`d drtydd zcin z` mb xxal yi 71
,ixdy .dxyr rayd d`nd ziy`xa ef dlidwa lrte igy ,'zewenr dlbn'd lra ,`xity rhp ozp
oeyny 'x laewnd - eikiynne eicinlz zpynae ezpyna `weec ik qail giked ,epi`xy itk
oei' otecd `vei xeaigd lra ,xaepd rhp ozp 'x aexwd exage ,ef dlidw yi` èd s` ,diletexhqe`n
eyie oexhhn ipiipre ,llka dnecwd fpky` zxez dxnzyp ,h"z-g"z zerxt z` crznd 'dlevn
wx ezecli zlidwa elrty el` zeifkxn zeienc ly mzpyn z` xikd xtnwy gipdl xiaq .hxta
.eyil oexhhn oia ef daxwl rcen dyrp mkxc ileè ,eiptl zexec ipyk
[ 454 ]
[ 33
`l ciwtz zwgyn oexhhn j`lnd zency dcaerd eply xywda ce`n zizernyn okl
.jkl ze`nbec xtqn oldl .iav izayl iepikk xzid oia ,zi`zayd dibelepinxha ohw
: oeyld efa azkp ,lirl dxkfed xaky ,1666 zpyn mcxhqn`n zi`zay dcerza
micizrd oha iqenrl zx`tz zxhr zeidl el zpn`p ezixae eppec` lr exac dxdn miwie'
oexhhnl dfinxd 72.'eicar epgpè eaxwa eny ik ,cei zlc oiy lv eliv zgz ycgzdl
enk .hhivd jezn dxexa ,i"cy eny ly dixhnibde eiepike ,epi`xy itk ,'eaxwa eny'y
oèlina eizeize`y ,icy did iav izay ly xzeia mivetpd miiepikd cg`y reci ok
.iav izay xtqnk dixhniba zeler
73
.'eax myk eny xy` jxazi epipec`' : iav izayl iepikd ievn dnpecd zxeqna mb
dwax dnqxty xewna dritend zipeviwd zi`zayd dqitzl epze` xifgn df oexg` xewn
epl`yy dl`yle ,'`giyn `klnc `fx lr ze`xn' ,df wxt ziy`xa epxkfd eze`y ,u"y
u"y .xtnw lv` zexitqd jxrna giynd ly enewn zqitza miptd ieaix zece` lr
,edi ,di ,i) oicei ielina a"r oa my mr giynd znyp z` ddfnd zi`zay dqitz zx`zn
: dwcay xewna (died
my .'eax myk eny' byend ly zycegn divhxtxhpi`l mewn zpzep z`f zedf
zrahen myn d`veny giynd znype idel`d mlera dnkg zxitq z` lnqn df
,beeif myl zeklnd cr '`zepicxwc `pivea' zpiga zcxei ìd .a"r oa my mzega
mr `giyn `klnc `ny beeif' zexidfa `xwp beeifd ,`xdpc `pivea z`xwpd
lwg'a dpcrzd giynd znypy ixg` wxy xagnd my yibcn dyrnle '`zipexhn
dyexit ef zepcrzd oky ,'eax myk eny' `xwidl dlya ìd f` wx 'oiyicw oigetz
jildz èt` ìd giynd znyp .my zetelbd d"ied my zeizeà ztqep dlyad
74
.a"r oa my zelbzde zeyabzd ly
giynd ly zinpicd drepzd zece` lr xtnw zqitzl wdaen oeinc ze`xl ozip o`k
.zexitqd jxrnae zedel`d mlera
ly ezencl xyw `ll j`lnk efecxw iazka oexhhn riten el` zei`zay zeqitz len
75
.iav izay zdl`dl dtixgd ezecbpzd rwx lr ,dxwna `le ,iav izay
.111 'nr ,(46 dxrd lirl) op`niixt
.cere ,202 ,17 'nr ,oir ilr
.fkx 'nr ,(47 dxrd lirl) u"y
liknd minyl azkn efecxw icin gwel èd ; oeilrd mlerl efecxw oia mikeeznd cg` èd oexhhn
gipd inr xacl cxiyk oexhhn wlzqpyke' ,d`lir `zaiznl exqen ,cec oa giyn edin dl`yd z`
'nr ,(35 dxrd lirl) c-b ,zepetq ,eiilix`nè ekln : e`x .'iy`xle ztpvna e"di v"yl enewna
oeig xg` mewna ,efn dxzi .oexhhnl iav izay oia zedf oi` efecxw lv`y xexa ,ok m` .avw
,"el mixneè" ea epinìy miywane dfd del`d milbn eid'y ,mcbp orehe iwipelq inkg mr qnltzn
[ 455 ]
72
73
74
75
34 ]
oileq` dxty
ezedelà epin`dy ,xzei miipeviwd mibega ditly zexyt` zpnzqn mixacd jezn
,iav izayl i"cye oexhhn iepikd xvep ,enixt lèny ly ekxc ikiynn ,iav izay ly
oi` ,xzeia sixgd mcbpzn ,efecxw lv` eliè .giynd ly ezedelà dpen` `hand
76
.oexhhnl iav izay oia zedfl df oeiqipa wa`n yi `l` ,oexhhn iepika dfk yeniy
di`x cer epiptl ixd ,i`zay xewnn oexhhn = eyi iedifa xtnw ly eyeniy rap m`
.xzei miipeviwd minxfl `weec i`zayd exara xtnw jiizyd eitly onzqnd oeeikl
mii`zay mibegae miyexca iav izay z` ezenca lnql oexhhn `weec xgap recn
ephlad `l dze`y ,oexhhn ly zxg` dpekza èvnl ile` ozip jk lr daeyz ? minieqn
zxitq mr ddefnd 77,rxe aeh zrcd ur mr xdef ipewiza oexhhn ly eiedif ìde ,lirl
,micebipd mler z` onqn oexhhn .dktktd zeki` oexhhnl dwiprn ef zedf .zekln
- xwyd leab lr eze` dcinrn ef zicebip zedf .'eke ,zeende miigd ,rxde aehd aexir
z` dxiyknd ìd ,xryl yi jk ,ef dletk zeki` .'ìaeaxrc `pli`' ,'`xwyc `pli`'
mildpny miletkd miigl ,zetilwd l` cxiy giynl ,iav izayl lnq ynyl oexhhn
z` xen`k ddfnd ,xtnw ici lr mb zhlaen ef zeki` .dxndd xg`l miax dk mi`zay
mr ,xzqpe ltyen ède zexkip zecgeind eizelebq oi` xy`k ,ezcixia giynd
78
.oexhhn
'nqy 'ewne oexhhn oke xenb zedel` èd giyndy znè 'eg xwy jzpenè jznkgy' - efecx`wl
cr zexitk dl`ke mnexzpe lcbzp mdae zeliv`c zeklnd ly zeidel`d 'itqd ea eyalzpy xenb
.(ìx 'nr ,my ,zepetq) 'xtqn oi`
yeniy dyrp ,ebieex mdxa` ly df oebk ,mipezn mii`zay mibega mb ik df xywda oiivl oiiprn 76
: aiyn ely cibnd ,zedel`d ceq z` ycg cinlzl zelbl m`d ebieex zl`yl daeyza .oexhhna
zrl ìlbzà epi` oac `fx f"kr [... ] zedel`d ceq rcei epi` oiicr (envr) èd m` el xnì dn'
iayxde `pnidn ìrx enk mler icenr eli`l zencl mileki ep` oi`y daygna m` ik ìlz `le dzr
zeèx jipir eide fè oexhhnc zeakxne oiiepik lkn d"aw hytzic onfd eze`l cr ,d"dlf edilè
ixaca dritend ,'carc `fx' len 'oac `fx'l dwelgd .bn 'nr ,(30 dxrd lirl) mely : e`x .jixen z`
oa zbxca èdyk ,ezedelà giynl xtnw ly dwelgl dèeyda ce`n zpiiprn ,ebieex ly cibnd
ezedn zxzqd ,zeytgzd ,iepik zpiga ìdy zenybzd) ezenybzda giynd len ,eia` oinil ayeid
myk eny : iepik d èd ède card èd epi`xy itk oexhhne .oexhhn zpiga èd f`yk ,(zizn`d
zrk ievnd zedel`d ceq lr dt xacn ,zi`zayd ezqitza oeznd ,ebieex ik xekfl yi ik m` .eax
zxzqpe dlbzn zidel` zeyik giynd lr `le ,'carc `fx' zpiga 'oexhhnc zeakxne oiiepk'a
.oitelgl
milyexi ,diteqelita xehwec xèz zlaw myl xeaig ,'xdfd xtq oelina miwxt' ,qail 'i : epiir 77
eppi` xtnw .dpz-`pz 'nr ,`"lyz milyexi ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz 'i ; 124-123 'nr ,a"nyz
.df iedif ezpigan ixyt` okle mipewizl xdfd seb oia lican
aeh zrcd ur mr ezedfae oexhhna ynzyn uiyaii` ozpediy ote`d ynyl leki df oiipr wefigl 78
mii`zayd zecygd z` eilrn zegcl dqpn èd eay ,(e"hwz dpehl`) 'zecrd zegel' extqa rxe
sc lìfxa y"nk ,h"hn ly zenyn cg` ède ,z"x ,dnly jl sl`d `vei dly my' : ea ewacy
[ 456 ]
[ 35
èd eay jtktdd ceqile oexhhnl mii`zayd milnqd cg` ik oiivl yi df xywda
ly ezenca xtnw dliby axd oiiprd xe`l epxear zcgein zernyn df oiiprl .dyn dhn
rwx lr mihlea mixacd 79.'dyn dhn' mya exeaig z` dpiky dcaerde oexhhn
80
.oexhhn mr zg` `l xeaigd seba ddefnd dyn dhnl xtnw ozepy dnecd zernynd
e` ygp ,zeene miig ,oexhhn èd ,dyn dhn ly zirnynecd ezeki` z` hilan xtnw
lezy da xy` ,exeaig ly dncwdd ziy`x l` `xewd z` gley èd .opeazna ielz ,dhn
in lr meid micnerd' micedid dl` .exeaig z` xtnw azek dleny zifgd lr dar fnx
milind sexiv j` ,eyi mr cin mpn` ddefn miycewd ycew .'miycwd ycew zaixn
xtq ,mirecid mii`zayihp`d qenletd ixtqn cg` z` mi`vnznd lkl xikfn htyna
,afke zn` ea yie l"f i"x`de mipewzd y"nk ,rxe aeh zrcd ur dxivi mler ceqa ezeidle .b"n
ik oreh (166 'nr ,50 dxrd lirl) xhenlxt .'oade dzcla aifka dide dly eny `xwze xn`p jkl
la` .yecg epi` rxe aeh oexhhn zeid' oky ,'xtqd ly letkd sevxtl dpeyn fnx' èd df hqwh
l` ribda ik ,cec mr xywda xèan "oird l` meid èaè" xtqae .yecig edf - afke zn` ea yiy
sqep o`ke .(rxe aeh oia lcad oi`) zeevnd z` miiwl jxev oi` ,oexhhn epiid ,`wizr epiid ,y`xd
lcad oi` - dny ribn iav izaya oin`nd ixde - oexhhn ,`wizr ,y`xd l` ribda ik ,fnx epl
.'exak ekez didi `ly zi`zayd devnl m`zda azkp "zecr zegel" xtqd ik ,o`kne .afkl zn` oia
,mely 'b : e`x ,ygpd mr ddfn èd eze`y ,oexhhna uiyaii` ozpedi ly sqep mkgezn yeniy lr
ly ezxrda epiire .683-682 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,'ze`zayl uiyaii` ozpei 'x ly eqgi zl`yl'
iptn dyecwc ygp èdy giynd jlnl iepk oexhhn ynyn' mi`zayd ixtqa wx ik ,my ,mely
.'iav izay oipnl dler (cei zlc oiy) eielinay idel`d myd ,i"cy oipnl dixhniba dler oexhhny
: e`x ,dikexa ly ebegn zi`zay dlawa qxhpewn cenll ozip mii`zay miazka oexhhn lr cer
,'mipt'd zpiga èd oexhhn dikexa begay xazqn ,df yexit itl .bty 'nr ,(65 dxrd lirl) iavoa
oteà ìd ef dpiga .(miptd xy eny z` miyxec md jk) dpikyd ly zilbpd dpigad ,epiidc
mr df rhwa ddefnd 'xeg`' zpiga ,zxzqpd zieeqend dpigad znerl dzegpd dpigad ilqwecxt
giynd z` lnqn oexhhn xtnw lv` mby meyn izernyn df oiipr .xzei dlrp ìdy ceqi zxitq
`weecy miptd zpiga ,mc` oirl zilbpde dxqgd dpigad z` epiidc ,ezedelà `le ,ezenybzda
.jlnd za ceak xzqen da
zegel' xtqa eizerinwn cg`l uiyaii` ozpedi ly exaqd z` egezip ab` df oiipr lr cner mely 79
yexc lzey èd ,ecbpk eghedy ze`zayd zecygn eze` xdhl dxen`d daeyz ly dala .'zecrd
ixwgn) mely .'dyn dhnc 'e ceqa èd l"pd ygp ceqa èdy h"hn ik k"b reci' eitly i`zay
xkf el oiè mi`zayd ixtqa wx ievn ygpd mr oexhhn ly eiedif ik xirn (682 'nr ,ze`zay
ceqa' : jk ehhive `"r dpx ,b"g ,xdefd xn`n z` uiyaii` qxiq cvik d`xn èd .i"x`d zlawa
giynd z` bviink ,dyn .'axgd hdle rxe aeh zrcd ur ceqa ygpl dhnn jtdz`c oexhhn
.izfrd ozp ly eiazka xak hlea oiiprde i`zayd mlera zernyn miperh ok` dyn dhne ,oey`xd
extqn hhvn (618 'nr ,iav izay) mely .ckw-kw 'nr ,(65 dxrd lirl) giyn zeawra ,mely : e`x
èd mday ,letepìxcà mdizeyibta eiciqgl iav izay ly eixac lr zeiecr dèx dl dc ly
it lr ige mixvn jln xvga èd s` ayiy ,oey`xd lèbd ,dynl ,oexg`d lèbd ,envr z` deeyn
eay dyn dhn z` il ìai ìapd ozp ly eèal dtvn ippd' ,dèx dl dc zprhl ,xnè mdiqenip
.'xzzqdl ilr f` cre eizeze` dyr
.(450 'nr lirl) 'dyn dhn'a hq 'nrn hhevnd rhwa e`x 80
[ 457 ]
36 ]
oileq` dxty
ze`zaya minglpd xnelk ,eilr 'micnerd' micedid cbpk `weec ileè 81.'ycw zaixn'
.xtnw ly eixac mipeekn ,'meid'
xftn èdy mifnxd xe`l xtnw ly exeaig zpeek z` oiadl jixv ileè xyt` ik d`xp
zedn xtql mb ezenke ,oexhhn ly elnqk gprtzne jled ,dyn dhn ,xeaigd my .epl
.dktktd zekiè dletk
xtnw ly zine`lde zizxagd ezedf zl`yl

: akxene jex` izxag jildza dkexk ,zxg`l zg` zedf zveawn xarn lkk ,zc zxnd
,dhilw ikldne ,miccvd ipy lv` qrke dny` iybx mieelnd ,miyw wezipe dcixt ea yi
.xnend itlk xekipe zepcyg miax mixwna dlbnd dycgd dxaga ,milw `l llk jxca
ce`n miipey`x zeixcileqe zedcfd iybx mitlgen ekldnay heyt `l inipt jildz edf
.dfl df mipiere micbepn md zeax minrty ,edpynl cg` izxag sebn mixarene
zetixg xzia dler eiiga df megzl eqgie xtnw ly zine`lzizxagd ezedf zl`y
dxnd `l` ,zixvepd zcl dlibx dxnd dziid `l ile` ezxndy zpnzqnd zexyt`d xe`l
dl yi mpn`y dle`b - dle`b iaeyiga mixeywe milzetne miakxen miizn`d diripny
zine`l dle`b dpey`xae y`xa zx`yp ìd j` ,zeinqew sè zeilqxaipe` zeiernzyd
if` ,zxzqp ze`zay ly beqa zxg` e` ef dxeva wifgdl xtnw siqed mpn` m` .zicedi
xi`ydy icedid xeaivd itlk eizeyegz odn : dnver xzia dler ely zedfd zl`y
zeprl ce`n dyw ? dfd xeaivl idylk zekiizyd e` zedcfd yg oiicr m`de ,eixeg`n
zg` zhlea dbixg j` ,iqenletd xp`'fl aiegnd ,xtnw ly exeaig jezn ef dl`y lr
.df `yepa zeax epcnll dieyr
iign rexi` dlrne exarl zexiyi qgiizn èd oday zecigid minrtd zgà xaecn
,'oekizd gixa'a miàen mixacd .dxyr rayd d`nd idlya dtexi` gxfna micedid
mc`l dpikyd zelbzd zece` lr ,qx sc ,` wlga xdefd ixac lr ,ziy`xa xdefl yexitd
: ezen iptl
mze` epiid dfd onfa miyer micedidy dn dt jl zelbl iaxwa ywywn ial la`
lk cia `l la` zg` dlitz mdl yiy epiid dyrn iypè miciqg zeidl mivexy
mdyk mzzinl jenq epiid .drcen zxiqn z`xwpe cgein cg` cia `l` `vni cg`
dyly iptl z`f drcen mixqene milltzn md mzaiky mcew dlil lka e` miqqeb
lkeiy l"x mzzin zrya exaci e` eyriy dn lk rxtnl milhan fè ,e`vni m`
`l eiykr milhany df i"re mdiiga epin`d xy` mzpen` lr f` ehxgziy zeidl
.457-453 'nr ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,exagn lre xtqd lr 81
[ 458 ]
[ 37
xy`k lkd z` elha xaky iptn zrc sexiha mzpen` cbp f` exnìy dna eciqti
dvexe milil` zcear f` mdl d`xi ohyd bxhwny mixne`y daiql z`fe .lkl
dzeìvn xwei zngn dlitzd mvrn d`xz xy`k xg` l` cearl mze` zeztl
.l"fe 'oeiv ixry' `xwpe cg` xtqa diz`vn xy`k dpd dze` aezk` z`fd uxà
zxiqn zlitz ly mixkend migqepl eaexa ddfd gqepa dlitzd z` hhvn xtnw o`k
: xneè siqen èd hehivd xg`le 82,drcend
minrtly mei lka dyrn xeara ède z`f miyery dn iptn eba mixac yi la`
de`zne reyi zpen` l` aeyie dcei qqeb ecera ezzin mcew dlegdy mlv` rxì
ohy dyrne èd sxehn xen`l mrd iptl dfd xacd z` miqkn mde ,dliahd l`
,jixaca ynn oiè xaec dz` xwy ilr mixne`d dt z` mezql icke [... ] df èd
epnfe enewn mye yi`d my z` dpkè ohw oilet zpicna didy dyrn dt xtq` okl
zpy epiid zn` xtqn enka dyrp dfe .ixack `vnp `l m` my el`yie eklie
my .`"txz sl` migeynd oipnle zgè miraxè ze`n raxè mitl` zyng
sqei 'x did yi`d mye aewxè oeh`tè aeypit xirl jenq selciy èd mewnd
qqeb ezeidae zenl dhpe dleg did epae .l"pd xirl jenq aeqhew xtkn xraeqrew
zlcd exbq micedid la` .lahidl ywae reyi my z` xne mx lewa geeve wrv
migeynd mixc mewn ezeà my ik migeynd oial elew rnyi izlal oiqixzde
zcrn dzid xy` icedid zgty ezwrv drny 'ktrè ,zg` aegxa micedide
edegwl mewn lkn .mdn lahp `le zn did xak màae mixnkd l` uxze migeynd
epgaie my l`yi il oinì `ly ine .migeyn xawa eze` exawe dwfga znd z`
`l icedi dfi`y ,dlecbd xir b`xta mipy dfi`n dyrp dyrn eze` enk .ixac
rcep xy`k idie .migeynd zpen` z` lawl dvxy xeara eze` gvxe epa lr lng
mcinrda yecw yi` epnn eyre exawn bexdd z` egwl mixeitt`d ixnekl xacd
.dpeyn dzina epc gvexd a`d zè mbdpnk my lltzdl exaw lr dnae daivn
zepigaae] '` 'epigaae zrcd sexih dtna xacd z` miqkn mde mei lka dyrn oke
.(kw sc ,oekizd gixa) zxkfpd dlitzd z` epwz [dl`
icedid zelitzd xeciqn dlitz ly dzàd .dl`y ipniq dlrne oiiprax epiptly rhwd
c zxaeg ,ap jxk ,uiaxz ,'diltexhqe`n oeyny 'x ly ezencl' ,qail 'i : e`x ,ef dlitz lr 82
oeyny x"xden yecwd ly iazk' y`xa dqtcp dlitzdy azek qail .103-101 'nr ,(b"nyz)
'mizrd xn`n xtq' seqa ci azkn ìan qail dgqep z` .f"nz mcxhqn` qetc 'dilt`xhq`n
ède ,'mcxhqn` qetc ohw jxkn eizwzrd' : azekd xird eae (b"pz hxetpxdic) ep`tn r"nxl
.oeyny 'x ly exag ,xaepd ozp 'xl zerha dqgiin
[ 459 ]
38 ]
oileq` dxty
zepyxtd od epiptly xywda zepiiprne zexfen .xtnw ly exeaiga bixg dyrn dppi`
mi`xewd iptl zelrdl ywan èdy zixehqidd zeìvnd oke dlitzl xtnw wiprny
zlitzy xazqn ? zicedid zeìvna xtnw ìany dlitzd ly dcewtz edn .mixvepd
zeixehqidd zeaiqpa diletexhqe`n oeyny 'x ici lr dxaeg epiptly drcend zxiqn
ievn dly ihxe`zd oirxbd ik m` 83,h"z-g"z zerxta 'cnyd zry' ly ce`n zecgeind
lr zeenl dlitzd z` xyewd ,dfd rwxd 84.'zixad zegel ipy' extqa d"lyd lv` xak
ulìi oday zeen zeaiqp iptn dlitzd lra ly eyyg z` xiaqny èd ,myd yeciw
zxazqn df rwx lr .eiig zpen` lk z` cbepd oteà zenle zexvpd zzinà zecedl
xeciqd ,okè .zicedid zxeqna laewnd on zbxeg dpiè dnvr jezn zehyta dlitzd
'x ly zelitzd xeciq èd ,'oeiv ixry' xeciq ,dlitzd z` ea `vn èd xtnw zprhly
ly eikiynneicinlzay mihlead on mdipy ,oeyny 'x ly aexwd exag ,xaepd rhp ozp
ipiipra wecd oteà jexk mdiig xetiqe ,'zewenr dlbn' lra ,`wxwn `xity rhp ozp 'x
85
.zerxtde cnyd
eidy zeienca dxewny dlitzd ly dxetiq z` rci `l ,aewxw cili ,xtnwy okzii `l
.eiptl zexec ipyk wx da ayiy mqxetnd axle ezecli zlidwl jk lk wecd xyw zexeyw
milrd èd z`f lkae ,myd yeciw oiiprl dlitzd oia xywl rcen did `ly gipdl dyw
,zexkpzd iptn miyyegd micedi ly mzlitzk dlitzl rwxd z` bivde oiiprl xkf lk
ztqep ddinz ? mixacd z` oiadl yi cvik .zeend rbxa mzpen`l ,inipt dxewny
dlitzd z` `vny orehd xtnw ly 'ezqxb'a zhlea dxizq lr ìd dpexg`l dxeywd
cg` cia `l` `vni cg` lk cia `l zg` dlitz' lr xtqn j` 'oeiv ixry' xeciqa
zcgein dlitzd m`d .`weec 'dyrn iypè miciqg zeidl mivex'd ly mzlitz ,'cgeine
,dlitzl rwxk myd yeciw oiipra qail ly ezcnr lr zxewia .my xkfpd exn`na qail ly ezrc ef 83
,ap jxk ,uiaxz ,[qail 'i ly exn`nl daebz] 'diltexhqe`n oeyny 'x ly ezencl' ,u"k 'i : e`x
.664-663 'nr ,my e`x ,ef zxewial qail ly daebz ; 663-661 'nr ,(b"nyz) c zxaeg
laewn ly 'mixzq zlibn'a `vn ik oiivn èd my ,`"r fnw ,migqt zkqn ,zixad zegel ipy ,d"ly 84
,l`xyi idel` 'da xetk el xneè ephyl epini lr cner ohyd eznyp oiìveny zra mc`d ik' aeyg
xa .'mixwr b"ia oieki ,epnn lvpidl dizpwz i`n ,d`ced icil èaiy e"g xytè ,zp`nn dnypde
mbe ,eia` ly extqa df oiiprl drcen zxiqn sxvn ,d"lyd oa ,lihtry i`zay 'x ik oiivn aal
oeyny 'x ly gqepl ce`n liawn epiipre ef dqitza exewny drcen gqep yi u"k odkd ilztp 'x lv`
'd yeciw zrcez zxywp cvik dti my d`xn aal xa .xtnw hhiv epnny ,execiqa diletexhqe`n
odkd ilztp 'xe dpicenn dikxa oexd` 'x' ,aal xa '` : e`x .zelitzd rwxa bxhwnd ohyd zxeqnl
xtq ,miqip axd cily zecdid ircnl dpy xtq ,zeteq` ,'mizne mileg ixtq mixagnd zea` : u"k
.gix-fhx 'nr ,(f"pyz) iriyz
dxicp ziyepè zixehqid dcerz èdy ,'dlevn oei' icegiid extqn mb epl reci xaepdn rhp ozp 'x 85
zlidw ,ezlidw mr zerxt ozeà ezbixda myd yeciw lnql jtd oeyny 'x .h"z-g"z zerxt lr
.dpieel mikxezd zyilt zra jxrpy gaha ,1683a zenec zeaiqpa zn ozp 'x mb .d`plet
[ 460 ]
[ 39
dkfy mixeciqd cgà zqtcene znqxetn ìdy e` ,cg` lk icia dievn dpiè 'ziceq'e
86
! ? zepype zexfeg zeqtcdle xzeia dlecb dvetzl
exn`na qail ìady gqepl ,xtnw lv` driten ìdy itk ,dlitzd gqep zèeyd
ep`tn r"nxl 'mizrd xn`n' xtq ly cg` wzer seqa dievnd ci azka dwzrd jezn
dwzrdl ,z`f mr 87.migqepd ipy oia znlyen hrnk zedf dlrn ,(b"pz hxetpxdic)
cqizp' : dpeyl dfe eply xywda zpiiprn zeidl dieyry dxrd wizrnd micwn zxkfpd
,`cexa w"wa 'd mr zbixda miaxa eny ycwn did xy` rhp ozp laewnd yecwd itn x"k
.'ekezn oiai likynde eznypl zlrezl mei lka exne`de
da zeievn oky ,epilrdy ddinzd oexztl oey`x gztn ile` `vnidl ieyr ef dxrda
dlitzdy my xn`p : dly xg` cewtzle dlitzd ly ibelexihxnd rwxl zeieqgiizd
mc` lr dnyly zilkzd idn .'ekezn oiai likynde eznyp zlrezl' mei mei xnìz
did azekd mby d`xpe ,dic dxexa dppi` dwnpdd ? mei mei z`fk dlitz xnel edylk
ipyd dxywda dlitzd z` xtnw xikd ile` ,ok m` .eixac meiqa ezxrd itl ,jkl rcen
qgiin èd el xy` mvnevnd miciqgd bega dcewtz lr eixacn cenll ozip ileè ,xwira
.zepivxa xtnw ly ezqxb z` wecale zeqpl èt` yi .dze`
drtez dhytzd (lynl ,b`xta mbe) dtexi` gxfna icedid mlera ,xtnw ly ezprhl
ly zeend irbxa ynn dzpen` ixwira d`ced e` ,zexvpl lahidl oevx ,zc zxnd ly
md okle mnvra migeha mpi` dyrn iypè miciqg elit` dihray drtez ; mc`d
lr xtqn s` xtnw .zeend rbxa ixyt`d dxndd hw` lehia myl ef dlitza miynzyn
.dgtynd bega gvx iyrn cr ribdy ,drteza micedid ly mil`d wa`nd
qgiizdl ieyr did xtnwy ,'oeiv ixry' ly zepey`xd zexecdnd on wecal izglvdy miwzera 86
xeciqd ly zepey`xd zexecdnd zgày okzii .ef dlitzl xkf iz`vn `l ,(ozivgnk izwca) odil`
eil` dribd ìdy e` ,xtnw ly ezecrk ,dzenlya dlitzd dqtcp ok` odil` ribdl izglvd `ly
qegii ,mewn lkn .enr dxeny dziid ìd odilr cenrl yiy zeaiqne ,zxg` zirvn` izla jxca
mb .dxeaig xywd zè dxewn z` rci xtnwy jk lr riavn xaepd rhp ozp 'x ly execiql dlitzd
,xzei zexge`na wx `l` ,oeiv ixry xtq ly zepey`xd zexecdna dlitzd z`vnp `l' ik oreh qail
dlitzd oi`y ,oiivl yi cere [... ] xtqd seql jenq dqtcp mye ,a"nwz jàvlef zxecdna oebk
qtcpd gqepd on xqg ,ynn 'd yeciwa wqerd oey`xd dwlg : oeiv ixry xtqa dzenlya driten
,(82 dxrd lirl) 'diletexhqe`n oeyny ly ezencl' ,qail 'i : e`x .'xzei xge`n ligzn dfe ,my
.102 'nr
dywd zeend lr xn`p cid azka dwzrda : qenlew zerhk yxtzdl lekiy ,cg` selig hrnl 87
ipey .'e"g sexhe zrcd leala didiye' xn`p xtnw lv` eliè ,'e"g zrcd sexihe leala didiye'
ly dpaen yiciia ,qail my xirny itk .izernyn zeidl ieyr ,mixteq zerh epi` m` ,df ohw
,xtnw ly ezqxba znlrp dlind ly zernynd ltkl zexyt`d .'zerxt' mb èd 'leala' dlind
lv` zhlead myd yeciw xywd znlrd znbn z` mèz df oiipr .'zrcd leala' sexivd riten day
.xtnw
[ 461 ]
40 ]
oileq` dxty
? idylk zixehqid zeìvn swyn èd m`d ? exetiqay zixehqidd dilìxd zcin idn
dler dxyr rayd d`nd idlya micedid axwa dxndd lr mixwgndne mixg` zexewnn
dxnd ly drtezl zcgein zeqgiizd oi` ,z`f mr 88.dlr ok` zexvpl dxndd xeriy ik
z`f lkae ,drahn al zneyz zxxerne dbixg ef oebk drtez .zeend irbxa zelahide
.onfd ipa mixvepde miicedid zexewna micd dxxer `l
dày zecbpzd ,mxiwi zexvpzdl dlidwde dgtynd ipa ly mzecbpzd xaca eixeìz
mirexi` .zixehqidd zn`d on mda yi ,xnend itlk zenilè ugl zlrtda mb iehia icil
xy` 89.zeend rbx ly xywda jk lk `l ,aey ,ik m` ,mizrd iazekl mixken df beqn
zn`l izglvd `l ,1683a selciyae b`xta xtnw ixacl erxi`y miitivtqd mixwnl
mipeekn dn cbpk ? xtnw ly exeìz qiqaa cenrl leki dn ,ok m` .mze` yigkdl e`
`l` dlitzde dxndd oiipr lk z` ealn dcea epi` xtnwy èd lawznd myexd ? eixac
90
.exear zizernyn dcewp o`k syeg
zexyt` lr le`yle xtnw ly i`zayd exara jkl rwxd z` ytgl epilry okzii
dlitz xne`y mc` .oileta mdicbpzn ibega e` mi`zayd ibega z`fk dlitz ly dcewtz
zrya `ly ,miyp` dyely iptl z`fk drcen xeqnl llka hilgn e` meia mrt ef oebk
z` jetdl oevxn yeygiy jk ick cr jaeqne akxen izcd enler `diy jixv ,cnyd
wa`n mzqd on ievn ezrcez ly dfkxna .mipexg`d eiig irbxa dit lr dlek eiig zpen`
miig oia ,yeliyd zpen`l cegiid zpen` oia ,ixw ,miixvepl miicedi zeceqi oia mipzi`
ozip dl` oebk zekqkeqn zenyp .'eke ,zizkld ler zwixte ytegl oevxl miizkld
zi`zayd dibele`zdy dtewza ,iav izay ly ezxnd xg`l oilet icedi oia lwpa èvnl
,cegiid zpenè dkld oebk ,ceqid ibyen z` dcinrde zecdid ly dizexcb lk z` dvxt
ly dtwid lr .zexvpd ly dnlerl ,epi`xy itk ,hrna `l aexwd ce`n akxen xeà
cnr xak oilet ly minkgd icinlzay miwec`de mininzd axwa dzrtede drtezd
zicedid dxnda yecige zeikynd' ,xcw f"a ; iriyz wxt ,(23 dxrd lirl) hgey : e`x ,df oiipra 88
: dycgd zrde mipiad inia zicedid dxagd zecleza miwxt ,'dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly dipnxba
milyexi ,eixage eicinlz icilr dpy ynge miray el z`lna u"k awri xeqtextl miycwen
zexewnl qgia .e"nyz milyexi ,`hil oilet zklnna mixnend ,bxacleb 'i ; rw-cpw 'nr ,m"yz
.8 ,6 zexrd lirl e`x ,miixvep
mlyl micedid evl`p ae'vpita' ik ,lynl ,oiivn bxacleb .40-39 'nr ,my ,bxacleb : e`x 89
mxifgdl eqipy drya mdl eaqdy miwfp cra mzqd on mixnen dnkl minieqn minekq zeriawa
rax` cre iqwpta mxewn oky ,xtnw xikfny mixwnl mincew mda xaecny mixwnd j` .'zecdil
.zevx`d
xebzè miwiecnd mihxtd zxiqn cr eixac zEznà rpkyl ely hlead oeiqipd jk lr ciri 90
la`' : oebk ,mda ynzyn èdy mipey miiehia oke ; eixg` wecale zkll ,epenk ,exetiqa miwtwtnd
.'dfd onfa miyer micedidy dn dt jl zelbl iaxwa ywywn ial
[ 462 ]
[ 41
ipa mixeìza miievn zeend sq lr zi`zayd dpen`d ly miriztn miielib mb .xwgnd

91
.onfd
zeilhpnd' ,miletkd miigde lealad rwx lr èt` xazqdl miligzn xtnw ly eixac
mixg` zenewne oilet icedin miaehe miax eldipy ,dze` dpkn melyy itk 'ziqep`d
ldw jxevl zc zxnd ly deeqna zei`zay zenxc xeìz epiptl m`d j` .dtewz dzeà
eze` ìany itk ,xetiqd ly ixvepd iteà mb ynn yiy e` ,xtnw ly ixvepd mi`xewd
? xtnw
z` cn` xy` ,xpeiqinl jtdy ,icedi xnen lr mely ly ezxrd zpiiprn df xywda
dxyr dpenyd d`nd zligza dgxfnae dtexi` fkxna mi`zayd micedid ly mxtqn
mi`zayd z` ayege eyia iav izay z` silgn' ,df xpeiqin .yi` sl` xyr dyingka
mixpeiqind ly mzlenrzy ezeninza oin`n èd .eyia mipin`nd micedi ly zkk
xpeiqind ly ezecr zkxrd 92.'dtexi` gxfna z`fd drepzd lk z` dxxer il`dn
,ipira ddenz ,eyi ipin`n micedik mi`zayd z` dxicbn ìdy xg`n ,drehe dninzk
zerhl ickn onfd oa icedid mlerd z` i`ceea xikdl aihidy xnen xpeiqina xaecn oky
,izkxrdl ,yi okl .mi`zay micedi mze` ly miizn`d mdiripnae zizn`d mzedna
ziy`xa mi`zay ly df iedifl mexbl leki dn .xzei dax zepivxa ezecrl qgiizdl
? eyia mipin`nd micedik dxyr dpenyd d`nd
zaxwy xexae ,zi`zayd dibele`za zexvpl miaexwd zeceqid lr epcnr xak
minxfa ik epi`x ok enk .uegan opeazn ly eipira dfk iedif xevil dlki zepeirxd
,l`ci`k izcd mfihxwpiqd miiw ,dikexa ly ebegak ,xzei miipeviwd mii`zayd
,xec lka giynd znyp leblb z` zx`znd dqitz dgztzd minieqn mii`zay mibegae
jnzqda ,syeg qail ly sl`n xwgn dpde 93.eyi mr ,xzid oia ,iav izay z` okl ddfne
,b`xta digy ,zkd ly dceqii z` .ze`zaya dxewny zixvep zicedi zk ,zexewn lr
oeiqip yi diazkay it lr s` ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly mixyrd zepyl jx`zn èd
wgvi 'x epnfa recid `texd' : milind dlà mely ìan ezen xetiq z`y ,cpiwqif 'x cibnd ,lynl 91
izaya oin`d eini lky drenya zn` m` ,eze` l`ye dpexg`d ezlgna ea lth wfg dpeknd qihxet
fè ,dxex`d zepind iazk lk `vne gzte ely miazkd zaizl gztnd z` el ozp cpiwqif 'xe ; iav
.(113-110 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely) ' "qxewitè oin ,oe`xcl jl" : el xnè ezètxn eci jyn
zepeifia dnk mdl zeyrl ebdp b`xta mbe micepn oic ebdp zkd iyp`n miznay my siqen melye
.mzen zrya
.116 dxrd ,my ,mely 92
dleagzd xwiry iptn' : azek èd my ,dikexa zk lr ocnr awril oei jexa ly eazkn ,lynl ,e`x 93
zce zecdid zc zepen`d yely aikxdl miheydl xiaqdl did e"yni rigxa ryxd lrilad ly
.352 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,'dikexa' ,mely lv` hhevn .'zg` dakxn zeyrl mixvepd zce l`rnyi
syg eizece` lr iwqaeyxie ly exwgny ,uiidcetn cec dyn 'x i`zayd laewnd ly eiazk mb e`x
.209-189 'nr ,oihiyd oia ,'u"y cr e"yi' - eizeyxcn zeaxa zxfegd htyn zipaz
[ 463 ]
42 ]
oileq` dxty
dlbn'l enk ,iav izay ztewz iptl sè xzei daxd zencwen zetewzn miyi`l dqgiil
zcd ipak mnvr e`x dipae ze`zayd on dyìizd ,qail zprhl ,ef zk .'zewenr
.zixvepd
ipa etiqed ,mze`zay inin mdl dkynpy ,'ala cg` dta cg`' ly zxeqnd llba
ly dpeynd avnd xvep jke mixvep mzeida mb zizn`d mzpen` z` xizqdl zkd
mb o`k dlaiw ef oevxn zeqip` .ixvep ipevig oehly zgz zecdil miqep` mixvep
l` (oeiqnd) zixvepd zegilyd myl uegp xacd ,ziy`x : zeibeleìci` zewcvd
eyi z` ezlawe ,miiebd lr zeticr ezxeze l`xyi mrl ,zipy ; l`xyi zelidw
,zkd iyp` eycig jka [... ] elek lr legle mrd jezn èal dkixv ixvepd
ze`nd on mixvepd micedid ly dibeleìci`d z` oircei `la e` oirceia
jxca exgay ,wp`xt awri iciqgn iahew lcad elcape ,dxitql zepey`xd
94
.mala dl efay s` inyx oteà zexvpd z` mdilr elaiwe dketdd
xiaqdl dleki dziid xzqa eyia epin`dy micedi ly e` zixvep zicedi zk ly dze`vnid
zeend iptl ynn lahidl oevxde zexvpa d`cedd zrtez : xtnw x`zny drtezd z`
xtnwy ,z`fk zixehqid drtez zniiw dziid ok`y okzii .micedi 'miqep`' mze` lv`
ygxzn ìan èdy xetiqdy ,dxyr rayd d`nd ly mipenyd zepya xak ,dilr fnex
.oda
d`nd ly mipenyd zepya dziy`x ik micirn zkd iyp` ,qail ly exn`n it lr
,'zewenr dlbn'd èd ,`xity rhp ozp 'x ,dcqiinl zidel` zelbzda ,dxyr rayd
ozpedi 'x èd jiynnd bidpnd 95.aeyhpit ìd zkd zxeqn it lr eixebn mewny
ezzin zryae ,b`xtl drepzd fkxn z` xiardy ,'zewenr dlbn'd ly eckp ,uiyaii`
.eizty lr ixvepd yeliydyk zne ,migkep zeidl eiaxewnn miipyl wx dyxd
miitxbe`bd mifkxnd ipy ,ziy`x .eply xywda miizernyn df xetiqa mihxt dnk
alya b`xte ,dxyr rayd d`nd ly mipenyd zepya aeyhpit : mdil` zqgiizn zkdy
zpya ,aeyhpitl dkenqd selciyn od xtnw ìany ze`nbecd izy dpde .xzei xge`nd
ici lr 1713a mixacd zaizk crenl xzei jenq d`xpk ,'mipy dfi`n' ,b`xtne ,1681
,qail giked xaky itk ,xy` 'zewenr dlbn'l xywd ìd zizernyn dcaer cere .xtnw
xywd mvr j` .okl mcew zexec ipyk ig rhp ozp 'x oky ,ynn ea xaecny okzii `l
itk ,dze` azky ,xtnw ìady dlitzd l` epze` xifgn eikiynn e` ebeg ipa lè eil`
.212 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,'ze`zaya dxewny zixvep zicedi ziceq zk lr' ,qail 94
ezepax xirl dzaxw caln ,aeyhpitl ozp 'x oia xyw oi` ik d`xd xak (234-233 'nr ,my) qail 95
ozp 'x oiae ,okl mcew zexec ipyk igy ,'zewenr dlbn'd oia zkd iyp` elala d`xpd lkke ,aewxw
.aewxwn èd s` ,inlyexid oae`x oa `xity
[ 464 ]
[ 43
xtnw oia sqep xyw .'zewenr dlbn'd ly ecinlz ,diletexhqe`n oeyny 'x ,epi`xy
zlitzl dzaxwe xtnw ly oexhhn zqitz jxc epi`x 'zewenr dlbn'd ly ezxezl
miaexw zeceqi xaca qail ly ezkxrd rwx lr oiiprn df lk 96.dpyd y`xa zeriwzd
oa ,xtnw ly ezaxwzd dlgd ezxez jxcy okziid 97.'zewenr dlbn'd zxeza zexvpl
? zexvpl ,exir
uiyaii` ozpedi ly ezen lr zkd iyp` ly mzecr èd xzeia aeyg oexg` oiipr
iehia mzpen`l zzl evxi zixvep zicedi zk iyp`y i`ce .eizty lr yeliyd zpen`yk
oirxbd m`d .zeizn`d mdipt ielib zryl zkted ef dry jkae ,mzzin zrya zegtl
reawl oaenk oi` ? xtnw ly eixetiq ixeg`n cnerd èd ef mixvep micedi zk ly ipey`xd
rayd d`nd ly mipenyd zepya xake ,mixazqn mixacdy okzii j` ,ze`ceea z`f
aewxwa ile` did ipey`xd mfkxn .mzena ef dpen` elibe ,xzqa eyia epin`dy eid dxyr
zipey`x zepbx`zdl xtnw jiizyd ok` m` .da ige lcb xtnwy mipya weica dizeaiaqe
mzen z` ynnl mdn erpne eixag lr mci eywdy micedid itlk eqrk ile` oaen ,z`fk
.mpevxk
lawl mbe ,ef dyxtl dze` xyew xtnwy dlitzd ly wiecnd dcewtz lr cenrl dyw
miigl mixeyw eid `ly micedid dyrnd iypè miciqgdn miax eyyg ditly dqxbd z`
zpen`l zexkpzd mdl rx`z mzen rbxay ,(ixvep e` i`zay) xkfpd beqd on miletk
mdiiga axyk ,inipt wa`na mipezp eid oiicry mi`zay ly mzlitz ef ile` .mdiig
zeleab z` xearl e` ,zexvpl jk lk zenecd zeznà zecedl jk lk cigtnd iezitd
ipaxd xeaivd itlk ef dlitz dzpted ile` .zicedid dkldd it lr milaewnd zebdpzdd
'ala cgè dta cg`' ly miletk miiga oin`nd i`zayl ixdy ,deeqn yeniy da dyrpe
dn xryl wx lkep epilrdy mifnxd jnq lr .ezetg zgkedl z`fk dlitz xnel dira oi`
z` exini `ly calae mytp xeqnl mipekp eidy ,myd iycwn zlitz ly dileblb eid
98
.zi`zayd drepzd ixg`y mipyd jaqa ,mzc
.69 dxrda lirl e`x 96
.my eizexrde 379 'nr ,my ,qail : epiir 97
zend iptl dpen`d zxdvd z` oegal ile` ozip' ik dxryd dlrn (gix 'nr ,84 dxrd lirl) aal xa 98
ybced day ,ze`zayd zeawray ef xwira ,f"hd d`nd onl zicedid dxaga dqiqzd rwx lr mb
miipevigd miigd oia gzn miiw day dxieà .zizxage zipen` dpigan zn` ly rbxk dzind rbx
,llkd on mixecbe mipey mizrl eidy miiniptd miipgexd miigd oial dibdpnae dlidwa zetzey ly
zxdvd oia xywd' ik my oiivn èd .'miipevigde miiniptd miigd oia zecg`l dìan zenay zn`d
cg`k eze` dlrn ipè ,dtewzd ipa icia dyrp epi` iec yxr lr dxitkd zrtez oial dpen`d
ozipe ,ef dkxrd mr mikqdl mihep ep` ,oiadl ozipy itk .'drcend zrtezl miixyt`d mixaqdd
exn`na x`zn èdy efl daexwd dilìxl dgked dlitzd hehiv xg`l ìan xtnwy zeiecra ze`xl
ly ezxrd ìd eppiiprl daeyge zpiiprn .xtnw odei ,dtewzd oa ici lr df rwxl dlitzd xeyiwle
mihepd z` wepgl mibdep md ik ,lbehxeta miycgd mixvepd lr elilrdy dlilrd lr (my) aal xa
[ 465 ]
44 ]
oileq` dxty
milawn 'dyn dhn'l ezncwda xtnw ly miàd eixac dl`d mixacd xe`l ik siqep
: xyt
lltzn icedidy idefe [... ] dpiky minrtl `xwp cgeina yeliyd mby rcz la`
egzyie awria xn`p z`fd dpikyd lre l` zpiky iy`x lre dhnd lr 'y'wa
'edi iziew jzreyil xnè cegid yeliya 'in`d awri ik dhind y`x lr l`xyi
mizy e` zg` dry xg` xac l` zewl el did dnl ik reyi giynd l` dewy epiid
.(ì sc ,dyn dhn) dfd ipinid reyid l` `l m` ezzin mcew
yxr lr ,yeliya dpen`d ,zizn`d ezpen` ielib ly cnrn eze` awril qgiin xtnw
cg` ìdy dpiyd iptl d`ced ly beqk dhind lry rny zìxw zlitz z` bivne ieec
.zeen ly miyiyn
wtq oi` ? xtnw ly zine`lde zizxagd ezedf lr dl` mixac epze` micnln dn
,mixacd .xteqn èdy oteàe xywda exetiq z` lawl dyw zicedi han zcewpny
mirnyp ,mixvep-micedi iqgi ly zxeqnde gznd rwx lr zeixvep miipfe` lr mltepa
,z`f zeyrl xvpzdl miywand miaxd on zenilà mirpen micedid .mc zlilrk hrnk
.'zrcd sexih dtna xacd z` miqkn mde mei lka dyrn oke' : mrt `l mze` migvex sè
zekiiye zedcfd iybx eala oi`y rnyn ,dl` mixac aezkl lbeqn did m`y wtq oi`
.ziybx axerne 'qrek' rnyp èd ,ok lr xzi .afr eze`y icedid xeaivd l` icn miwfg
zi`zayd ezpenà xzqa wifgdl siqen èd oi`y jkl dgked eixaca oi` ,z`f mr
wtq lk oi`y ,mihqiwp`xtd ìd jkl xzeia dwvend j` dywd di`xd .zigiyn
mzpenà dl dziidy zibele`zd zernynd jxevle uegle dtyd on dziid mzexvpzdy
mixacd eribde ,icedid ueaiwd mr mzedcfd dpira mxear dcnr `l z`f lkae .zizn`d
miripn jezn xvpzd xtnwy zexyt`d zcner oiicr .znqxetnd mcd zlilrl cr
ile` ,zicedid dxagd on ziybx xkepne wgexn did xak z`f lkae ,miipeviw mii`zay
.mi`zayd zticx rwx lr `weec
ezenc eixeaiga dl mikefy daxd zeifkxnd zktey xtnw ly ezedf zl`y lr sqep xe`
minrt dfinxa e` zeyxetn mixkfen mde ,ezexwtzde eiig xetiq ,diea` oa ryil` ly
,xtnw ly efl ce`n dnec ef dprh .ezen iptl zexvpl xefgl qqebd on repnl ick mdipian zenl
dibelekiqt rwx lr dywal yiy zexiaqd dlcb ,dilr xacn èdy drtezl miqep`d z` liawp mè
,u"k ilztp 'xl ,ok lr xzi .cg`k miqep`de mi`zayd ly miletkd mdiigl ztzeynd ,ziqep`
miew' ,qail 'i : e`x .ze`zayl xyw ly unyn xzei did ,dnec drcen xen`k d`vnp eiazk oiay
zelew ,(mikxer) oc 'ie xeìl` 'x : jeza ,'ze`zayl eqgie hxetwpxtn u"k ilztp 'x ly ezencl
milyexi ,(ai ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn) ` ,xniidpteù"y dwaxl oexkifd xtq : miax
.df oiipra my oiivn èdy mixg`d mixwgnd z` mb e`xe .305-293 'nr ,e"pyz
[ 466 ]
[ 45
dbibg zkqna qcxtl dqipkd dyrnl eyexit 99.dycgd zixale xdefl eiyexita xtqn
z` `weec qcxtd on melya ìvedl xgeae cenlzd xeìz z` jted èd .oiiprne ipktdn
,'cg`'a eznyp zìvi ,eteq xy` ,àiwr 'x ,'cg`' z` `le ,diea` oa ryil` ,'xg`'
,cenlza xtnw urep eyexit z` .ceqd qcxtl rqna epelyik lr xtnw zrcl giken
mikqde oinil ayei oexhhn d`x'y jka drx zeaxzl ryil` ly ezìvi z` wnpnd
.'mzpen`n `vi okle midl` èd oexhhn `nzqne cg` l`n xzei èd i`cea envra
dpen` epiid ,oexhhn ly ezedelà dpen`ke zecgà dxitkk zbven ryil` ly ezxitk
ly ezenc zkxrda df jetid .eyexita xàn èdy itk ,oexhhn zenca mlebnd yeliya
lv` jk lk ybcene ifkxn did `lnl` epxear oiiprax did `l ezpen` yexitae ryil`
ezenc mr ce`n ddcfn yi`d xtnwy jkl miizernyne mixexa mifnx eid `lnlè xtnw
ezrcez lre xtnw ly ezedf lr oeica zifkxn zeaiyg zrcep jkl .diea` oa ryil` ly
`xewd l` dpet èd dncwdd ly bi sca .ef zedcfdl fnex èd dncwda miinrte ,zinvrd
: xneè
dn zexwl dage dad` jlv` xxerl ick miwxtd iy`x dt jricedl ipevx j`
og e`vni `l dl` ixac mè .ekeza xc èdy in xkp ziad zexiwn ik ekezay
z` lkè dtilwd z` wxfy xi`n 'xk dyr wx df liaya jpir milrz l` jpira
micen [`nlr ilek] rk eilè i`gei xa oerny 'x ly wx ily dpi` ixtd ik ekez
zè ea yiy dna `l` owpwa lkzqz l` jcia df llk hewpe el xnì yecw yi` ik
.zeti mipt xaqa lawz aehd
eziiptae .diea` oa ryil`l ,lirly mixacd on dlery itk ,èt` envr liawn xtnw
ecinlz ,xi`n iax bdpnk exeaiga ebdpiy ywan èd ,d`xpd lkk ,icedid xeaivd l`
itke ,'xg`'l ezeid xg`l mb eax mr xyw lr xnyy ,diea` oa ryil` ly aexwd
.dtilwd z` wxfe eax ixacay jezd z` lk` ,eita migqepn mixacdy
ipy oia iqiqad oeincd rwx lr zpaen diea` oa ryil` mr xtnw ly ezedcfd
xtnw ly eqgi z` dxidane zgqpn mb ìd ; mdipia milican zexecy 'mixwtzn'd
zwifa x`yp j` xeaivd on `veid ryil`k yxet ly qgi edf .afr eze`y icedid xeaivl
eixac z` xexal dywad on .dwegxd dlqte`n eixac z` gley èd eilè ,enr belìc
èdy in xkp ziad zexiwn' ik dprha zwnepn ok` ìde ,dtilwe jez mda yi ik rnzyn
zernyn z` jtdn df aizke ,xqg aizka aezkl xtnw xga 'xkip' dlind z` .'ekeza xc
èd ixkp mkeza xcd `l` ,ekeza xcd lr micirn mpi` ezeipevige ziad zexiw .htynd
.exetqn itl ,ìz sc ,qgpt zyxt ,xdefl yexita ,'dyn dhn' xeaiga lynl epiir 99
[ 467 ]
46 ]
oileq` dxty
yiy dna `l` owpwa lkzqz l`' llkd z` eitlk hewpl ei`xewn ywan èd okle ,mdl
: diea` oa ryil` ly ezenc zfnxp eay dncwda ipyd mewnd oldl 100.'ea
xdfd xtqa mixfetne mixxetnd dl` izecewpe ize`xtxt l` mkal ipir `p epz
zeidl ld`d z` xagl m` ik zerihpa uvwl `l eidz xg` yi`ke mkpir exdfie
dxi`n dixlwtqà e`xz oira oire giynd qcxta epinvr riayp mzè ipè cg`
.(g sc)
ìd oi` .exear 'xg`'l dkitdd ly dzernyn idn ce`n oiiprn oteà xiaqn xtnw o`k
.'cg` zeidl ld`d z`' zxagn `l` ,cenlzd dze` jixrny itk ,zerihpa zvvwn
xne`y itk ,zlèb divaihen jezn d`xpd lkke ,cegi` jxevl 'xg`'l dkitda xaecn
lde`d xeaig ,heytd ilawd xywda .'giynd qcxta epinvr riayp mzè ipè' ,xtnw
ick zexitqd oia xywl ìadl dqpne oeilrd mlera micegii cgiiny laewnd zlert èd
lra oeiqipl o`k fnxn èd ile` .o`k dpeekd ef ik d`xp `l mle` .mexfi idel`d rtydy
.zlèb zernyn el qgiin èdy ,miicedil miixvepd zeceqid oia xagl ihqihxwpiq ite`
,mpiadl yi jk m` la` ,migken mpi` mixacd .'xg`'l jetdl gxkdd z` oiadl yi jk ile`
ipeviwd yxcnd zia ibivpl `weec xtnw z` mixyewd mifnxd zxeyl mitxhvn mdixd
.mfiwp`xtd gztzd mdn reciky ,dikexae ,j`ln miig ,enixt lènyk ,mi`zay ly
svxd ewa xtnw odei ly ezpen` dziid weica dn xexiaa reawle mkqle zeqpl dyw
zei`zayd zeqitzl miixvepd zepeirxd oia daxwd
lya ,zexvpl ze`zay oiay
ly zidel`d ezedn ,yeliyd zqitz enk ,jk lk zeifkxn zeibeqa ipeviwd oleblba
zeawr ,epi`xy itk ,mixkip xtnw ly eiyexitn miaxa .zizkldd dxezd lehia ,giynd
recn uxzl dielbd ezpeekyk ,xeaigd jxe`l zeax minrt zepey zeivìxeea xtnw xfeg df llk lr 100
z` ezqitzl mixeyw mixacde ,xdefd jezn xexa oteà mdipt lr mi`xp miixvepd zepeirxd oi`
.dfk xzqp 'la azkp dfd xdfd xtq ik daqd dzid dn dt jricedl l"pe' : dfd xtqd zaizk ote`
dfd yecwyi`de miyextd elyn fè epgiyn reyi zailv xg` mipy dnk azkp èd ik jl xneè
xve` z` xe`l ìvedl lapre befk ea ywywn eale zeadl izy oia ynn mixke xepzd oia ayei did
m` dnzz l` okle ,yleynd 'egi on zelbl dvxyk hxtae xzqp jxc aezkl jixv did okl df oenh
ayiizn epi` xdefd hyty ,epiid ,envr wecivd zegt epze` oiiprn .'jpira midenz eixac `vnz
zizn`d ezpeek z` ik ,mheytn eixac z` ìvedl yi okle ,zibelehqixkd zepyxtd mr weica
zaizk onfa i"ayx ly eavn ly jk lk mgde igd xeìzd ote` wzxn ,epzpigan .i"ayx xizqd
aezkle miletk miig zeigl ul`pd mc` ly iytpd eavn z` ewnerl oiane xikn xtnw ik xkip .xdefd
oin`nk eavnl fnex èd ile` .zeizn`d dizepeek z` dxizqnd ,dxak dkez oi`y dletk daizk
ei`xewl ozep èdy dìxwd ze`xed ok lre ,zelidwa el micbpznd mipaxd zhily zra iav izaya
`l mizrly dcaerd rwx lr cegiia mixazqn mixacd .ea yiy dna `l` owpwa lkzqdl `l od
,(drcend zxiqn zlitz z` xtnw ìan eay ,epgzipy mcewd rhwa enk) xeaigd jxe`l zewegx
.'jl zelbl iaxwa ywywn ial la`' sexiva envr iabl ynzyn xtnw
[ 468 ]
[ 47
dyere mxinn `l` èd oi`y okzii j` ,mii`zay miaihene zepeirx ,miyexc ly mihlea
,dletk dty ly unyn xzeia eyexita epgady xnel ozip ,z`f mr .ixvep yeniy mda
xtnw .dly ilìvphetd crid ldwa zerhl oi` ik dnecy ,mii`zay micewa dtevx
elkei mdipiay mi`zayd wxy mixqn gley èd ienq oteàe ,micedil exeaig z` dptn
.mpiadl
mi`zayl zcgeinde dletkd dtyd lre zei`zayd zeqitzd lr cnr xak xwgnd
mibege zezik ly mkxc mb .dxyr dpenyd d`nl iav izay zxnd oiay dtewza
odei ik dnec .epipirl etygp mkeza elrty miax micigi ly mdiig xetiqe mii`zay
,dlqteà zeigl ezxiga .laewnd on dpey jxca xga ,aewxwn odk oexd` oa dyn ,xtnw
eiazk z` glyl myne ,miienqd ze`zayd ifkxnn s` wzepn ,zicedi dlidw lkn wegx
od zei`xw` miig zeaiqp wx m`d ? ef jxc ly dxyt dn .zicegii ìd ,eig`l miperhd
? xtnw ly zedfd iletk zecica iigl eliaedy
izya d`xpd lkk lrt xtnw ik dlrn ,epwcay xeaigl xarn ,elret ly zllek dpiga
zibele`zd dtwydd `yep exeaig z` xbyl dqip èd ,micedid ,xaryl eig` l` : zezifg
zeiecra mihlea dicdy ,zevixga lrt èd dlqte` zhiqxaipeàe ; zi`zayzixvepd
eziigpd zgz .zihqi`xadd dxczwd ly dlelkyle dzagxdl 101,eizece` lr zepeyd
bevii did igiynd `yeple ,mipey mi`yepa xwgn zecear eazkpe micinlz ly xec lcb
102
.mipy ozeà dlqteà zeincw`d zeceard zniyxa cakp
ly aexwd ecinlz ,qeilxep qìxcp` ly ezenc ìd df xywda cgeina zpiiprn
z` xtnw xny d`xpd lkky wx xn`p 103.exetiq z` qextln o`k drixid dxvwy ,xtnw
zeqitzd oia oeincd lr qeilxep cnr ezen xg`l wxe ,df cinlz iptn mb i`zayd eceq
ly eizeqitz z` cinlzd miptd ,oxewn z` zrcl ilan mb j` .eax ly dl`l zei`zayd
exicbdl ozipy ,micedid itlk qeilxep ly eqgi cgeina aeyg .mipey mi`yepa eax
znwd dziid df qgi ly mihlead eiiehia oia .mfihxwpiql aexwk s` ileè inyelitk
ebved ezxbqnay ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly miyelyd zepya dlqteà icenil zqpk zia
iyinyze yeciwl qek ,mihent ,xtey diceeyl uegn eykxp jk myle ,miicedi miqwh
1730 ipeia 16a ,zixara ,qeilxep `ypy dyxcd z` oiivl yi ok enk 104.mixg` dyecw
zpya dlqte` liqpewa bxeaqbe` zpn` z` miceeyd zlaw oeivl zebibga ,dlqteà
ly ezenybzdk mfi`xadd z` miinrt qeilxep xìz dyxcd ly dkldna 105.1593
.my xkfpd qty ly exn`ne ,10 dxrd zeaiaqa lirl e`x
.iriax wxt ,(1 dxrd lirl) oileq` ; iyily wxt ,qty : e`x ,zeincw`d zeceard zniyxl
.my ,oileq` ; jliè 69 'nr ,xtnw ly eicinlz ipy lr wxta ,(34 dxrd lirl) qty : epiir
.my ,qty
miixard cid iazke miqetcd zniyx z` mb jxry sxbeilaia ,oiihyxhv ici lr dnqxet dyxcd
[ 469 ]
101
102
103
104
105
48 ]
oileq` dxty
eaey ok lre okl' : micedil `xwe (27 h 'xa) 'my ildà okyie ztil midl` zti' weqtd
.'eplek cg` a` ipae epgp` mig` ik micg`l zeidl epl zeì ik mkild` l` my ipa `p
extd 'dl zeyr zr' oerhd xn`nd hehiv ab` ,zihphqhextd dktdnd z` xikfd eixaca
dxfg mkxc z` eyr xak mixvepd ik jka fnxe ,(ezncwda exikfn xtnw mby) 'jzxez
aeyl micedid lr mbe ,giynde yeliyd zpen` mr ,ezqitzl miixewnd my ild`l
.mdil`
oteà dgikedl dywy ,zexyt` dlrn xtnw ly elretae ezenca zllek zeppeazd
e` z`fk zihqihxwpiq dqitz zeawray ,dze` lelyl oi` mb epzrcl j` irnyncg
mbegn ef d`xpd lkk) zipeviwd zi`zayd dibele`zd ileztpa rceezd dil`y ,zxg`
lrtnae zc zxnda xga xtnw ,(oiletl ìad j`ln miigy ,enixt lènye dikexa ly
jxca mec`l dkitdd ly lèbd lìvphetd z` myiil ywand ,micrie mipt letk miig
106
.zcgeine ziyi`
K. V. Zettersteen, Andreas Norrelius Hebreska Oration, Vid : e`x .dlqte` zhiqxaipeà

yubelfesten I Uppsala den 16 Juni 1730, The Christian Missionary Writtings for Jews,
ziceeyl dyxcd z` mbxz oiihyxhv .Kabbalah Addresses, Essays, and Lectures, Leipzig 1923
ine`ld mixtqd ziaa mely myxb ziixtqa ievn xn`nd qitcz .zexrde èan dl siqede
.i`hiqxaipe`de
sxhvdy sqep icedi xnen dil` ribd dlqteà xtnw ly eini seq z`xwl : dxrd cer meiql siqep 106
dpen`d ceq ,qail : e`x .gken i`zayd exary ,deel oìhqixk edf .my zihqi`xadd dxczwl
dxak heyt dkez oi` ezxnd s` ik eiazke elret ly xwgnn gkei m` .332-331 'nr ,zi`zayd
miwdl oeiqipl zecr epiptl ik dxrydd z` lelyl oi`y ixd ,zakxen zizc zedf lra èd s` ike
.zihphqhextd diceeyay dwegxd dlqteà ohw i`zay fkxn aigxdl e`
[ 470 ]
mfilidip ,zihqin ditxbezinehe` : wp`xt awril 'oec`d ixac xtq'

dxethne qezin ly divfilìxk igiynd zexigd oefge izc
xeìl` lgx
mely dipt ly dxkfl
zgkype dvin` znbxzn
The Greeks and the extq gzta oiivn ,dwizrd oeei zeaxz xweg ,qcec oeqhxaex wix`
,df dcin dpw it lr .cgte dny` ,dyea lr zqqean zeaxz lky ,Irrational (1951)
dny` lehp ,dyea xqg mc` did èd : zeaxz oa did `l (1791-1726) wp`xt awri
zecr dxny epicil dribdy daezkd zicedid zxeqndy xg` mc` lkn xzei cgt xcrpe
ixac' mya drecid ,ely ditxbezinehe`d ,eilr elg `l dl` mibiiqy xg`n .eizece` lr
zihqinde zizind daygnd ly miipeviwd dileblb lr dlrna dpey`x zecr ìd ,'oec`d
1
.dyrnd mlerl daygnd mlern miietv `ld dixarn lre zeleab dvegd
H. Graetz, Frank und die Frankisten: Eine : e`x ,'oec`d ixac' lre wp`xt awri ly eizexew lr
Sektengeschichte, Breslau 1868; A. Kraushar, Frank i Frankisci
Polscy, 1726-1816 , I-II,
1895
oldl e`x ,ea milelkd 'oec`d ixac' itirq lye df xtq ly zixarl minebxzd lr .Krakow
: dicedie divilb ,xexa

i"` : e`x ,mfiwp`xtd lr dxiwqe zeixehqid zecerz .6 dxrde 473 'nr
qtcp) 275-197 'nr ,(xexa
: oldl) d"kyz milyexi ,dxyr dpenyd d`na divilb zecleza mixwgn
ly dii`xd zieefn wp`xt awri lr zeixehqid zeiecr .( [1921 ,1918] dl ,bl ,glyd : dpey`xl
[dpehl`] mcxhyn` ,yeny xtq ,ocnr awri : e`x ,dxyr dpenyd d`na zicedid dlidwd
xeìze mipeyd zexewnd ly zhxetn zizxewia dxiwq .(d"lyz milyexi .v.c) a"kwz-g"iwz
: oldl) d"vxz-c"vxz aia`lz ,a-` ,ziwp`xtd drepzd zeclezl ,oala 'n : e`x ,zerxe`nd
332-326 'nr ,(f"vxz) a ,oeiv ,'oileta ziwpxtd drepzd zeclezl zecerz yly' ,xalb n"p ; (oala
: e`x ,mfiwp`xtae ze`zaya zelidwd wa`nl dwifa dtewzd ly ixehqid ceriz .(xalb : oldl)
qwpt ; (zevx` rax` cre qwpt : oldl) d"yz milyexi ,oixtliid 'i zkixra ,zevx` rax` cre qwpt
milyexi ,lhxa 'i icia zpwzen diipy dxecdn ,a"pwz-`"ny : oey`x jxk ,zevx` rax` cre
,'mfiwpxtde awri ,wpxt' ,mely 'b : e`x ,miixehqidd mipezpd mekiq .432 ,428-514 'nr ,o"yz
G. Scholem, Frank, Jacob, Frankism, ; 316-309 mixeh ,gk ,zixard dictelwivp`d
Encyclopaedia Judaica, 7 (1971), cols. 55-71; reprinted in: idem, Kabbalah, Jer usalem 1974,
dcerz : dwipexkd : e`x ,zihqiwp`xt dii`x zieefn miixehqidd mipezpd oekcrl .pp. 287-309
sexiva ipletd cid azk ly zizxewia dxecdn) oiel 'd zxecdn ,ezrepze wp`xt awri zeclezl
ly dii`x zieefn oekcrl .(dwipexkd : oldl) c"nyz milyexi ,(zexrde èan ,zixarl mebxz
Jakub Frank: A Jewish Heresiarch and his Messianic : e`x ,zipletd dixehqidd
J. Doktor,
Doctrine, Acta Poloniae Historica, 76 (1997), pp. 53-74, esp. 55-57
2]
xeìl` lgx
diaxenay oixaa dxyr dpenyd d`nd idlya azkpy ,df itxbeiaizin xeaiga
ceaire dxefpv `ll ,mzpizpk eixac z` wp`xt ly eipin`n enyx ,dipnxbay japteàe
,mixetiq ,zenelg ,zepexkifl qgiiznd ,df zeakr lehp iehia .zxewiae mibiiq `lle
z`y dcaerd on rap ,wdaen iyi` mzega mlek mireahd ,miqezine zexez ,zecb`
mi`zay .mkxc ikiynne dxeagd ipa xear ihqiwp`xtd dpgnd iyp` eazk xeaigd
,uxrpd bidpnd ly exkf z` xevpl eywia ,'mipin`n' mnvr epiky ,dl` mihqiwp`xt
z` exnye ,dxeagd ly dnlera ziygen zeìvnl l`bp mler lr ihqin qezin jtdy
xeaig ly cid iazk .ihnfixk drepz cqiinke oefg lra xtqnk elew z` givpnd xeaigd
.zicrlad mzeyxa exnype ewzred df
,uiaepx'va lcb ,dilecetay dwaelexewa zi`zay dgtynl clep wp`xt awri
dnpecd ibeg mr wecd xywa did my ,dikxezae owlaa ccp ,hyxweaae oihìpqa
eizenelge eizepexkif ,eixetiq .dipnxbae diaxena ,oileta ,divilba ige ,iwipelqa
enbxez jk xgè ,zixara eazkp ,epicle yicii ,zixar ly zaexrza d`xpd lkk exn`p
èxwl erci `l xak ,ipyd xecd ipa ,'mipin`n'd ipay xg`n ,ixard cid azkn zipletl
2
.dxyr ryzd d`nd ziy`xae dxyr dpenyd d`nd seqa mdizea` ztya
dnk wx `l` epicil eribd `l ely zewzrd e` 'oec`d ixac xtq' ly ixewnd cid azk
ci iazk ipy miievn aewxwa zipelbìd diixtqa .zipletd dtya ely migqep
ezxzeky ,6968 i"k :Ksiega
Sow
Panskich
zipleta iexwd ,xeaigd ly miihqiwp`xt

Sow
Panskich
,(oixaa exn`py oec`d ixac sqe`) Zbior

w Br unnie
mowionych
,mitirq 1069 oey`xd jxka : mikxk ipya 6969 i"k ; micenr 927a mitirq 756 eae
3
.mitirq 253 ,1065 sirqa gzetd ,ipyd jxkae ,6968 i"kay dl`l midf mkezn 756
eivixrn ici lr eazkpy mixtqd' ,xexa
zrcl .wexnye mely ,xexa
ly mdixac lr zqqean ef dgpd
,zipletd oeyla exnzyp - mkezn mirhw ìan extqa x``dfiexwy [...] eitn wp`xt ly mipey`xd
xtq'y orh mely mb .(275 'nr) 'minec`d miazknd oepbqa zixar dligzn eazkp wtq ila la`
,dlaw) b`xta eigy mihqiwp`xtd icia zixara hheve zipletl mbxeze zixara azkp 'oec`d ixac
,yiciia xaic wp`xt ,'oec`d ixac' ly miipletd eigqep z` xwgy ,wexny `pg zrcl .(305 'nr ,my
'g : e`x .zixar erci `ly mipin`nd icli xear zipletl enbxez seqale zixara eazkp eixac
zeclezl sq`n - crlb ,'zipletl yiciin eileblb - wp`xt awri ly "oec`d ixac xtq" ' ,wexny
dixehqid ixwgn : ìapl dìxwd ,l"pd : jeza dpexg`l qtcp) el-bk 'nr ,(d"pyz) ci ,oilet zecdi
Pana, ; (100-87 'nr ,q"yz milyexi ,lhxa 'i jxer ,zextqe
C. Shmer uk, Ksiega
Sow
`le xeaic zty dziid yicii .Jacuba Franka nowe spojrzenie, Teksty Drugie, 36 (1995)
dpet did xaecd e` oyxcdy zecnln dxyr dpenyd d`nd on zeliawn zeiecry dnece ,daizk zty
d`nd ziy`xa yiciil minebxz yiyk .zixara azkd lr eixac dlrd mle` ,eipif`nl yiciia
mipeekne zixara qtcp xewnn minbxezn md ,ongp ax ixetiqe 'h"yrad igay' enk ,dxyr ryzd
azek èdy oiiv èd ,'mixer gwet' z` yiciia azk f"yx oa xra acyk .zelikyn `l zeakyl
.` gtqp e`x ,wp`xt rciy zetyd lr .mixeae miypl cgeina
Inwentarz rekopisow
Biblioteki : zipelbìd diixtqd belhwa ievn cid iazk ly hxetn xeìz
[ 472 ]
wp`xt awril 'oec`d ixac xtq'
[3
oilaela diixtqa 4.xehwec oì jxry dxecdna 1997 zpya dyxeea xe` e`x dl` ci iazk
miiplet ci iazk dnkn miax mirhw 5.ezxecdnl epnn miwlg sxiv xehwecy ci azk ievn
azkpy ,'ezcre wp`xt' ,x``dfiexw xcpqkl` ly extqa milelk 'oec`d ixac' ly
,miilezw zexewn lr qqean xtqd .mikxk ipya aewxwa 1895a xe` d`xe zipleta
ly oey`xd jxkd zixarl mbxez xvw onf jeza .miihqiwp`xt mixeaige iziiqpk ceriz
oilet icedi zextq xweg ,wexny `pg ixacl 6.e"pxz zpya dyxeea xe` d`xe df xtq
,miiwlg md x``dfiexw ly extqa 'oec`d ixac'n miàend mihehivd ,mdizepeyle
cid iazk it lr 7.xewnd oeyln ipepbq iepiye ceair lr micirn zeaexw mizrle miixwn
eca` dl` ci iazk mle` .mitirq 2300k 'oec`d ixac' dpn x``dfiexw mda ynzydy
.mitirq 1319 wx mda yie minly mpi` exzepy dlè ,diipyd mlerd znglna
1969, p. 265f f.
Jagiellonskiej
No 6001-7000, II, ed. A. Jabrzykowska, Krakow

Warsaw 1997
Ksiega
Slow
Panskich:
ezoteryczne wyklady Jakuba Franka, I-II, ed. J. Doktor,
.a gtqpa e`x ,oilael ci azk lr

e"pxz dyxe ,aeleweq 'p : mbxz ,ezcre wp`xt ,x``dfiexw '` : e`x ,oey`xd jxkd ly ixar gqep
ziaa mely myxb ziixtqa .zeaeyg zexrde dtewzd ipa miixar zexewn siqed mbxznd .(1895)
oeilib eae ,i`cigi d`xpk ,(85431 extqn) xtqd ly wzer `vnp i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd
jxkd ly 287 cenr ixg` `vnp df oeilib .aeleweq ly enebxza ipyd jxkd ly micenr 16 oa cg`
ly iniptd xryd sc len .'f"pxz dyxe ,1896 ,ipy jxk' eilr aezky xry eze` micwne oey`xd
ipyd jxkd ly oey`xd oeilbd ea `vnp ik epina cigi qteh èd' : mely ly eci azka meyx xtqd
in iz`vn `l .'` jxk z`v ixg` xagnd zxnd llba dwqtp dceard ik ,xe`l `vi `l mlerny
micenr ly mihehiv .'1922 zpya xrF`ltFt
lv` oilxaa eizipw .df jynd ly ezeìvn xikfiy
zpya .zxg` oiev ok m` `l` ,dfd wzerd itl md x``dfiexw ly extq ly ipyd jxkd on 16-1
(2192-69 mitirq) 'oec`d ixac'n mihehivd lk z` zipnxbl zipletn hxbcleb dqcd dnbxz 1930
.zihqiwp`xtd drepzd lr mely ly eixwgna xkfpd èd df mebxze ,x``dfiexw ly extqa miievnd
.a162 èd mely myxb oeikxà oxtqn ; mixtqd ziaa ci iazkl dwlgna zexeny mebxzd zexagn
.x``dfiexw ly extqn d`xpk ,wp`xt awri ixacn mihewil iwqaeyxie miig mbxz mirax`d zepya
'dlaw ipipra minebxze zexewn miqxhpew dying' mya xtqa xe` ze`xl df mebxz cnr 1948 zpya
qxdp xcqd la` qetcl xceqn elek did df xtq' .g"yz aia`lze milyexi ,owey z`veda
.'ex`yp okezde dthrnd wxe mrt cer xfgey `le milyexia lleqd 'gxa qetcd ziaa zevvetzda
belhwa àen ède xtqd ztihrl cenv wztd .mely myxb ly eci azka wzta miaezk dl` mixac
.`p 'nr ,g"nyz milyexi ,i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd zia ,'mely myxb ,oexkf zkexrz'
minbxezn wp`xt awri ixacn mihewil' : iriaxd sirqd aezk d`xp mipiiprd okez cenr meliva
jxkn xyr cg` cr iriax miwxt zixarl ìd mb dnbxz mely dipt .'iwqaeyxie miig i"r zipletn
wpxt x`dfiexw xcpqkl`' : dazk zxagnd xrya ik m` ,(134 'nr cr) x``dfiexw ly a
98 mebxzd zxagna .'mely dipt zipletn dnbxz iriax wxt ipy jxk mipletd mihqiwpxtde
miàen a jxkn mihehiva .(mely dipt mebxz : oldl) b162 mely myxb oeikxà dxtqne micenr
ixtqn jk xgè ,dnebxz ly mitcd ileya mely dipt dpiivy x``dfiexw ly micenrd ixtqn dligz
.mebxzd zxagna micenrd
.118 'nr ,zipleta xn`nd ,my ,l"pd ; zixara xn`nd ,(2 dxrd lirl) wexny : e`x
[ 473 ]
4
5
6
4]
xeìl` lgx
cid iazk ipyn mely dipt icia zixarl eèlna hrnk mbxez 'oec`d ixac xtq'
xcq it lr ezenlya clwed cid azka ievnd lk 8.aewxwa zipelbìd diixtqa miievnd
izcnily zihqiwp`xtd drepzde wp`xt awri lr .`.n xpinq zxbqna mitirqd
zeyxl zcner ,dpey`xl ,dzr 9.f"pyz zpya milyexia zixard dhiqxaipeà
ìde ,miipia zxecdnk dry itl zxcbend ,df xeaig ly dtiwn zixar dqxb mi`xewd
i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd ziaa mely myxb sqeà mipiirnd zeyxl zcner
enler lr oixyina cirn df xeaig .qtcpd ipletd gqepl dzeeydl ozipe ,(5506.3 extqn)
zeaiqpae zihqiwp`xtd drteza oeicd z` aigxdl xyt`ne ,ezii`x zieefn wp`xt ly
.dxvei iig ly zeicegiid
zeaiqp llba minieqn zepexqga dwel mixkfpd minebxzde mixeaigdn cg` lk
ok enke ,zetqeze zehnyd ,dkixr zeieaxrzd ,zeiwlge rehiw : dxiqnde daizkd
oteà miritynd ezxiqn ly zepeyld ieaixn miraepd ,oepbq ilewiye oeyl iyeaiy
'oec`d ixac' ly ixewnd ixard gqepd epicia did eli` .zepeyd zexecdnd lr rpnp izla
,mle` .ibelelitixehqidd weicd zpigan i`ceea mixkyp epiid dxyr dpenyd d`nd on
ly minebxze zexecdn wx epzeyxl micnere `vnp `l oiicr df gqep dry itl ,xen`k
.miipletd cid iazk
zeilpinile ditxbezinehe`
xefgy èd oi` : df xp`'fa migeexd zepexqgdn sg 'oec`d ixac' ly itxbeiaehe`d hqwhd
dihd ea oi` ,zxg` e` z`fk zgeex dnxepl Dni`zne zeìvnd z` xtynd iaihwtqexhx
ea oi` mb .mcew izextq mbcl dwifa jexr èd oiè ,mieqn itxbeia oweic itlk zrcen
myl ztqez e` dhnyd zaiignd dxeva ,ditxbeiad `yen ly eizexew z` rivwdl oeiqip
'oec`d ixac'l oi`y dnec : jtdl .eiiga miccv ripvdl ick e` ely yheln oweic zcnrd
xtq' ly ci iazk ipy zipelbìd diixtqa mely dipte myxb exzi` 1959 zpya aewxwa xewia zra
yely .zixarl mnbxzl mely dipt dlgd miyiyd zepyae ,mdly meliv elaiwe 'oec`d ixac
xèxata 22a dzen xg`l dziaa e`vnp ,zeax mipy jyna zecea`l eaygpy ,mebxzd zexagn
ine`ld mixtqd ziaa mely myxb oeikx`l etxeve cid iazkl dwlgnl 2000 zpya eàede ,1999
oixaa exn`py oec`d ixac sqe`' : aezk dpey`xd zxagnd xrya .(`162 oxtqn) i`hiqxaipe`de
.'mely dipt ici lr `w`xwn ci iazk ipyn mbxez III II I jxk
mitca mely dipt mebxza 'oec`d ixac' ly ixard gqepd did 1998-1997 micenild zpyl cr
.izcez el dpezp jk lr ; izeyxl ecinrd ezeaicpay ,qail dcedi 'text ly ezeyxa eidy minlevn
zakxend dniyna wlg egwl xpinqd itzzyne mixeft micenr ly zeax ze`n dpn mlevnd cid azk
xphiid zixirl xwirae ,mlekl dpezp izcez .ezclwde ezkixk ,eneliv ,ely sivx xeciq ly
zxfgdl mwlg z` enxzy ,oxd dirxe ihia dcedi ,lbet dyn ,qixen d`lle ,xeaigd z` dcilwdy
.zixard zizeaxzd dxivid ly miigd xefgnl rcep `l ihqiwp`xt xeaig
[ 474 ]
[5
ald ielib ,iehiad zexiyi ,zinvrd zeppeazdd zpigan zicedid dixehqida micwz
micaxd rwx lr iniptd enler lye xetiqd xeaib ly rzxd zxqg dtiygde dhead
.dxyr dpenyd d`na da ig èdy dxagd ly milbpde mixzqpd
zepexkif llek ède ,ezxeag ipa ipfeà `yep wp`xty belepenk eaexa azkp xeaigd
zxiqn zeaiqp llba .dl uegn ezexba lre zicedid dlidwa eixerpe ezecli lr miaqpd
ly sl`n ceriz èd 'oec`d ixac' ,eiprnp zedfe xaecd ly izxagd rwxd ,mixacd
,zecb` ,mr ixetiq mixefy eixaca .izeaxzoia xelwlet ly mela xveè zinnr zeaxz
,zeilaw zexeqn cvl ,eicecpa ybty zepey zexeqn ly innr ceair ,minbzt ,mifexg
mixeyw mlek oky ,dpgad `lle dlrn ilcad `ll ,zepey zeieaxzn miqezine zenelg
millek eixacn xkip wlg .xzqpd mlerae dlbpd mlera eipif`n lre eilr miaqene eil`
zeivi`n miraepd ,deedae xara mdizepelyike mdiyrn lr ezxeag ipal zegkez
ekxca dkilda zeielzd ,cizrl zeqgiiznd zeghad sè ,eizeigpdle eizecewtl
miwgxznd mixzqp zenlerl zeqgiizn dghadd oeyle dgkezd znip .epefgl zepn`pae
.dlbpd mlera mdiyrn oelyik lya dxeagd ipa ly mdici byidn
dlidwd ly dizeleabl uegn ,mixnen 'mipin`n' ibega azkp mpn` 'oec`d ixac'
à èdy ycgd mlerd zxcbd : icedid mlerl zakxen dcnr swyn èd j` ,zizxeqnd
xkip .zg` dperae zra epnn mipefipe el mixkpzny oyid mlerl dwifa ziyrp x`zl
zizxeqnd zeaxzde zicedid dxagd ilakn xxgzydl ztèyd zizcd dieegdy lilra
oeyl .drited dkezay zeaxzl mipiite`d milnqae oeyla `l` `hazdl zlbeqn dpi`
dxewn j` ,mikxre zeiernyn dpyne zexveid z` zeax minrt zkted miienicde milnqd
mi`vnp mixaecdy drya mb ,icedid mlera èd ueni`d jxc lr od jetidd jxc lr od
ly dievn izla dii`x zieef zxyt`n zizeaxzzizcd zeleabd ziivg .eizeleabl uegn
.zaiign ziaihnxep zkxrnn xehte zenler ipy oia sqd lr cnerd mc`
dtetk dpiè izxagd xcql uegn ìdy zilpinil zenc ly dnler z` x`zn xeaigd
dil` qgia dnvr dxicbn ìd mle` ,zicedid dxagd zeleab z` zeppeknd zenxepd lerl
hexita mixèznd ,xekipe zedcfd ,wegixe daxw ,diigce dkiyn ly zeihpleeianà
,ibeletexzp`d xwgna rahpy izxagizeaxz byen èd 'zeilpinil' .dirney ipfeà
.oda ig èdy zelibxd zeizxagd zeixebhwdn mc` miriwtnd xarn iavn x`zn ède
znlbn ,xwtd ghya meiw e` sqd lr dcinr oeyln ,zEiRq
mizrl dpeknd ,zeilpinild
iavn zxivie zelaewnd zexbqndne izxagd xcqdn drwtd ,zezigp ,dxagdn wezip
anti-l str ucture oia dpgadl qgiizn byend .dxagd ileya ileab meiw ly miipia
oiae odilr zcqein dpezp dxagy zebdpzdde daygnd zeipaz oia xarnle str ucture
.dl` zeiaihnxep zeipaz ly ozrwtd z` mi`hand ,zwelgna miiepy mibdpne mikxr
xcqdn mibxegd ,mibyene milnq ,zeience mirexi` ly dxcbdl byend qgiizn cer
[ 475 ]
6]
xeìl` lgx
,itelg dyecw avn x`zn mb èd .elern mnvr mixhet e` eilr xrxrl mi`vei ,izxagd
ihnfixk bidpnl zrpkpd dxeag ly diiga zelaewnd zexbqnd zrixt lr qqeand
zgqepne zrcen ,zwdaen zilpinil dcnr swynd xeaig èd 'oec`d ixac' 10.ilèhix
ileya igd scxp ly dii`x zieefn zeieaxze zezc oia xarn iavn zx`znd ,zeheaa
zeizc zeiedf silgnd xnenoin`n lye ,ely `vend zxaga mwpznd scex ly ,dxagd
ea mièxd ,mixnen'mipin`n' zcr ipfeà 'midl` gily'k eiig z` x`znd ,zeizeaxz
.dlbpd mlerae xzqpd mlera zizn`d dpen`d bviin z`
,itxbezineheè itxbeibdehe` ,itxbeiaehe` hqwh ezeida èd xeaigd ly ecegii
,xzqpd enler lr ea xtqn ,dnxep lk wxete xqen xqg ,zeakr lehp ihnfixk bidpny
mipt el dxi`n dpi`y zilbpd zeìvna eizexew lre ,zilbpd zeìvnl dxizqa cnerd
zelidw oia ccepd ,exeaib iig mixèzn o`k .xzqpd enler mr cg` dpwa dler dpiè
,divilbae dileceta ,oilet gxfn mexcae owlaa ,dxyr dpenyd d`na zepey zeicedi
miyp` mr dpnp ède ,daiyi zekf e` dxkd lleyne cnrn lehp èd eay izxeqnd mlera
mlerl dwifa miielbd eiig z` x`zn èd cer .rexfd geka milrete dxagd ileya miigd
xRqnd
.i`zayilawd qezinl dwifa mixzqpd eiig zè ,ixvepde inlqend ,icedi `ld
miiegce minil` mipiixar ly mnlerl xeywd ,dlbpd mlera zegpd eavn z` znrn
dwifa egexa minwxpd xzqpd mlera milrpd eiig mr ,zicedid dxagd ileya miigd
dkiyn iqgile ,innrd xetiql ,zi`zayd zxeqnl ,ixdefd qezinl ,zi`xwnd zxeqnl
.ixvepd mlerd mr diigce
xzqp deedl jiiyd xetiql xarl jiiyd xetiqn eixaca zkted zi`xwnd zxeqnd
zxeqnl dwifa mixteqn mixzqpd eiig .ezxeag ipaae ea xeywd ,dlbziy cizrle
z`y zihqind zxeqnl dwifae ,deeda eilr zaqene aezkd hqwhdn zrwtend zi`xwnd
zxeqnle i`zayd mipin`nd mlerl mixeyw mde ,eziieeda xfgyn èd dixeaib iig
bidpn èd day zlcazn dxebq dxeagl dwifa miygxzn milbpd eiig 11.dnpecd
V. Turner, The Forest of Symbols, Ithaca, NY 1967; idem, The Ritual : e`x ,zeilpinil lr 10
Process, Structure and Unti-Structure, Ithaca, NY 1969, pp. 94-130; idem, Dreams, Fields
and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society, Ithaca, NY and London 1974
mi`zayd y`x dikexa' ,mely 'b : e`x ,wp`xt lr dritydy dnpecd ze`zay zegztzd lr 11
'i xicdd ,ze`zay ixwgn ,l"pd : jeza qpek ; 202-181 ,147-119 'nr ,(`"yz) e ,oeiv ,'iwipelqa
.389 'nra qail ly epekcr epiire ,388-321 'nr ,(ze`zay ixwgn : oldl) a"pyz aia`lz ,qail
drepzd' ,l"pd ; 651 'nra qail ly epekcr epiire ,643-642 ,320-291 'nr ,my ,mely : e`x cer
ay ; 36-76 'nr ,c"iyz milyexi ,oileta l`xyi zia ,(jxer) oixtliid 'i : jeza ,'oileta zi`zayd
: oldl) c"lyz milyexi ,dileblbe ze`zayd zeclezl zexewne mixwgn ,l"pd : jeza qtcpe
xtq ,ocnr : e`x ,dnpecle eqex dikexal wp`xt ly ezwif lr .140-68 'nr ,(zexewne mixwgn
,mi`zayd ly zegayze zexiy xtq : e`x ,dnpecd lr .112-109 'nr ,oala ; c-b mitc ,yeny
: oldl) g"yz aia`lz ,iavoa 'i dncwd ,mely 'b mixeàe zexrd ,yìh` 'n cid azkn mebxz
[ 476 ]
[7
zeleabd z` uextl dnvr lr zlawn ef dxeag ,ezbdpda .qezin opekn ,ihnfixk

.mewnde onfd zeleabl xarn lertl ick dnewne dpnf ly milaewnd miiaihnxepd
ikap z` hexita xìz wp`xt ,azkd lr eixac z` milrnd ,ezxeag ipa iptl exaca
,ezxitk z` ,eizepeibiye eiyrn z` ,eizeaygne eizepeifg ,eizenelg z` ,etebe egex
lcb èdy zicedid dxagd ly dnxepd it lr mibixge miheqk excbedy ,ezevixte ezeipin
,eze` miaaeqd mre exya ix`y mr zeakrd ilehp eiqgi z` al ieliba xìz èd .da
,eizeglvd zè ,ipevigd dcind dpw it lr eizeltne eizelgn ,eizepelyik z` hxite
zakxen zeiyi` lr micirn dl` lk .iniptd dcind dpw it lr eiielibe eizepeifg
zeqb ,zeixblee ,dhea zeilpinil ,dinepè dikxp` ,qezine dnfixk da mialzyny
dl` miipqxd zegek zazpnd ,dbdpd zlebq cva dnxep lk zvixte ler zwixt ,zeipgeke
,zinnr zeaxz mixfeyd ,mixetiq xetiqle miqezin zxivil ,zeipktdn zenxep oepikl
xfyn llkl ,zihqind zxeqnd ly miixewn miceaire zi`xwnd zxeqnd ly iyi` yexit
.dycg zihqinzizin zeìvn cinrne meiwd zeiye` zgz xzegd
lerl dtetkd ,zizelbd zizxeqnd mlerd zyitzl qgia wenr xayn xkip eixaca
lr citwne dkldd zeleaba igd icedid mlerd lr zawep zxewia mda zgznp ,zeevn
mlerd zyitzl zekiizyd zwif zxdvene ,icedi `ld mlerdn mixeng zelcazd ibiiq
ly enlera .da oenhd ihqilidipd mfinepihp`le dnpeca dxeywd zigiynzi`zayd
: miig iziayn wegae dxeza ,zexqenae zxeqna dxeyw zicedid dlidwd ,wp`xt
,bviin èdy ycgd mlerd eliè .zeene zeiv ,xvid oeqix ,yper ,`hg ,zelb ,ceary
,yteg : zizxeqnd mikxrd zkxrn lka dxitk lr zzyen ,igiyn ocir lr xyand
,zexig ,mixvil owxet ozn ,zexqen xexgy ,zeleab zvixt ,zeevn ler zwixt ,dle`b
gvp iig ly zizin zeìvna e` ,ocr oba ,oicd ocirl mcwy cqgd ocira miig ,dinep`
.micec zre
zegily lr ,zipeifgzihqin zeknq lr zqqeand zixewn dii`x zxkip eixaca
.miilawd milnqde miihqind miienicd ly iniptd oeibidd lre ,zihqikxp`zigiyn
dygnda ezrceza miytzpd ,mii`zayd diyexitae xdefd zxeqna dl` lk ly mxewn
'y ; (305 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely) dxyr dpenyd d`nl qgiizn cid azk .(zegayze zexiy
oa 'i .477-462 'nr ,d"vxz-c"vxz ìteq ,c ,mcwd zevxàe diwxeza micedid zexew ,qip`fex
,(1 dxrd lirl) dlaw ,mely ; 196-194 mixeh ,(d"kyz) ai ,zixard dictelwivp`d ,'dnpec' ,iav
oia dwifd lr .30 dxrda oldl mixkfpd yìhè ekln ,u"y ,iavoa ly mdixwgne ; 332-327 'nr
mebxz ,miipia zxecdn - wp`xt awril oec`d ixac xtq : e`x ,mihqiwp`xtd ibegl dnpecd ibeg
,48 ,1257 ,375 ,263 mitirq ,1997 milyexi ,xeìl` 'x dkixr ; mely dipt aewxw ci azkn
lr .54 ,44 ,19 ,16-15 'nr ,dwipexkd ; ehpq xeipqe ('dikexa eic in') dikexa mixkfp mday - 467
.59-55 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw : eeyde .4-3 'q ,oec`d ixac : e`x ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ielib
[ 477 ]
8]
xeìl` lgx
mitxvnd miycg miqezine milnq ly dxivi oexyik xkip mcvl .inyb oeiavae ziphyt
,wp`xt 12.ziynn zeìvnl izextq qezin oia dpgad da oi`y jxca hytenl ygend oia
dpi` dielbd dzegkepe idel`d mlera èd izn`d dnewny zizin zenck envr bivdy
zlaewn dnxep lk zvixt ab` exetiq z` xtiq ,zxzqpd dzedn ly zxeeig dèaa `l`
xàl ick ,miaxd zeyxae cigid zeyxa ,dyrnae daygna ,ytpae seba ieqike ielib ly
ezbdpd zè zidel`d ezedn z` ,ycewnd igiynd ecnrn z` xvale ecegii xyt z`
ipa ly mnler zeleabn bxegd ihqinde izind enlerl mixeyw dl` lk 13.zihnfixkd
,qezind ixdy ,zxeqnde wegd zeleabne xyt`d inegzn ,zexiaqd ineqgnn xehte selg
zpbrnd oeyla dlidwd ly szeynd dnlera xzeia zewenrd zeiernynl iehia wiprnd
zeleabn xeht ,idel` wegae ycewn xetiqa mixacd rah z` zxyewe xzqpa dlbpd z`
xerxr lr zqqean dwihqinde ,miaivn miigdy zeixebhwde zenxepdn e` zexiaqd
14
.mdilr zcqein zeaxzdy zeleab zvixte minegz
zxeqnd lr miqqeand milnqde miienicd ly iphyt geprtl xeyw izind enler
lrd ezyitzl mb xeyw èd .eizece` lr miaqend ,mii`zayd diiehia lre zilawd
innribelezin miienic mlern zwpeie zeende miigd zeleabn zbxegd qezind ly zirah
.ezxeag ipa ly mzrceza eizenelgae eizepeifga ,eixetiqa opekn èdy ihxt
oiè dfa df mibex` ezxivie xveid eay hqwhl zwdaen dnbec èd 'oec`d ixac'
onfd zeleabne dxebyd zeìvndn exeaib z` riwtnd ,qezind xvei : mdipia cixtdl
zexbi`'a zilawd zxeqnl dwifa ezxeag ipa ipira eienic lre wp`xt awri ly zinvrd ezyitz lr 12
.274-270 'nr ,xexa
: e`x ,mdil` sxhvdl micedi ripdl wp`xt ly eiciqg eazky ,'zenec`d
zefinxle zexvpd lnqk mFc` oeivl yeniy da dyrpy dnec`d eicd meyn 'zenec`' zexbi`d
.daxwe zkled minc zekity xaca zeihqiwp`xtd
'nr ,(f' 'vxz) a ,zqpk ,'dxiara dàd devn' ,mely 'b : e`x ,wp`xt ly enler zyitz gezipl 13
G. Scholem, : e`x ,ilbp` gqep .67-9 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,l"pd : jeza qtcpe ay ; 392-347
.Redemption Through Sin, The Messianic Idea in Judaism, New York 1971, pp. 78-141
,`"pxz `plie ,wpxt awri ,onley 'w : e`x ,exeaig lre wp`xt ly ezeiyi` lr zepey zetwydl
P. Beer, Geschichte, Lehren und Meinungen aller) xra xht ly extql iviln ceair èdy
bestandenen und noch bestehenden religiosen
Sekten der Juden und der Geheimlehre der

1823
.166-154 'nr ,`"lyz milyexi ,zexec ixe` : wpxt zia ilz lr ,xfy 'f ; (Kabbalah, Br unn
A.G. Duker, Polish Frankisms Duration, Jewish : e`x ,zigiyn drepzk mfiwp`xtd lr
Social Studies, XXV (1963). pp. 287-333; S. Sharot, Messianism, Mysticism and Magic: A
Sociological Analysis of Jewish Religious Movements, Chapel Hill 1982, pp. 146-157; H.
and J. Dan (eds.), Gershom
Levine, Frankism as Worldly Messianism, in: P. Schafer
Scholems Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism 50 Years After, Tubingen

1993, pp. 283-300
'nr ,(g"pyz) 15 ,miitl` ,'zicedi dwihqina mipeir - zexigd ly zepeyd dipt' ,xeìl` 'x : e`x 14
.119-9
[ 478 ]
[9
ipal xteqnd qezinde ; zepey zeieìvna zg` dperae zra igd ,qezind xeaib ; mewnde
miigd zeleab ly dycg dii`x rivne xzqpl dlbpd oia xyewd ,mdici lr azkpe dxeagd
.zeende
oia micwzd ixqg mitexivd d`xnl ze`zydl `ly leki epi` 'oec`d ixac'a `xewd
,dipnelbnae ,mixetiqe zepeifg ,zenelga dkexkd ,zibelezind zinvrd dii`xd
ly zeihnxcd zefetxenhnd oiae ,mfinepihpè mfinep` ,mfikxp` ,oerbiy ,zeixblee
l` ,jlnk wp`xt ly eziieed lr miaqen dl` mitexiv .igiynd oefgde zihqind zxeqnd
zegeka mikexke ,zeixehqidlre zeixehqid zeienc swynd ,bidpne midl` gily ,lèbe
ipfeà mixèzne eytpa millegznd dixebnqhptde qiqètezind ly miipqxde mixvei
.xzqp mler ielibl diitiva dlbpd mlera milcazn miig miigd ,ezxeag ipa
ly sexiv xen`k `l` ,sivx ipyxc dpan e` ,dhiy ,dxez epi` 'oec`d ixac' xeaigd
,miinnr miienic ,miihqin zepeifg ,zenelg ,miiyi` zepexkif ,zecb` ,mixetiq
zeihqin zebdpd ,mixf miyrn lr mixetiq ,miixehqid zepefg ,zeiyrn ,miqezin
iepyd elrete wp`xt ly ezeiyi` aiaq mlek mixefyd ,zeiaihweaext zexinè zeib`ne
jetdl mipeekn eixac .xzqpd mlera mzexfa miwzxnd eiielibe dlbpd mlera zwelgna
,dnxepe weg lk ly mneiwl mda xkpzn ède ,jetd mler èxale dipt lr zeìvnd z`
zeriaze zegkeza mikexkd ,miineineid eiig z` x`zn èd .raeze lign èdy dl` caln
zizind mlerd zii`xl ,opekn èdy miptd letk oefgl mitzeyd ,ezxeag ipan
ick miiqwhe miilelin iehia irvn` ly oeebn qiibn èd .zizxagzilklk zetzeyle
ly diielib lka zernyn ltk dèxe ,zexveid zektdzn eay itelg mler cinrdl
: dieedd
.(878 sirq ,oec`d ixac) dlbpe xzqp yi dptzy mewn lkl
[18 a 'xa] ecbpk xfr el dyr` : eazky dn dfe zelitka `xap mc` lky mkl reci
.(1191 sirq ,my)
xekr ik drxl mxeb rxd ivgd ,eketide xac ,ivg ,ivg .mipya e`xap mixacd lk
.(1271 sirq ,my) eaehl uw oi` aehd ivgd j` ,èd
abypde dlrpd ly jtednd enelib èd dfd mlera dlwpde zEgpd ,df mipt ltk it lr
xqg èd ,zilbpd zeìvna iteiaxe jxr xwi ,zernyn lra aygpy dn ; xzqpd mlera
ik erc' : l`d ly eayen mewne abypd megz èd cigtnde xerkd .zernyn lehpe jxr
didiyky mkl d`xn ipè ,mkn hnyp df ik èd oniq d`xnl cngp xac mkze`xa
z` wp`xt yxit ef gexa .(493) 'midl` my ik ezgz lè e`xiz l` ,xerike cgt mkipira
oezp ip`y ernyz m`' : gekl ezyleg z` jtde ea l`d zxigal oniqk ezwevne ezltyd
yeall cba `ll mewnl mewnn miklyene miltyen iz` xy` miyp`de dlecb dwevna
[ 479 ]
10 ]
xeìl` lgx
'minler inlerl epkilei ède jlp ekxca xy` èd midl`y ercz ,lek`l mgl `lle
onfd zeleabn zbxegd zxzqp dieed ly mixken `l miaeliy oniqa micner eiig .(903)
ztcxp ,diegc zilbp dieed cvl ,ezxeag ipa z` jilede jld èd dil`y ,mewnde
zxkip ef mipt zletk dcnr .eiyp` z` wigxde wgxzd dpnny ,miaxd zeyxa zlflefne
ux`d mre xea ly dylege xzqpd mlera l`d gily ly dnver zcg`nd zinvr dyitza
ixac'a miax zenewna iehia icil mià miktd cegi` ly dl` mitexiv .zilbpd zeìvna
: xne` èd cg` cvn .'oec`d
.(682 sirq ,oec`d ixac) midl` gily ippd
,izenck cg` miiw - mkl izxn` - mipy itl` ze`n dnk df ,mlerd ziy`xn
.(326 sirq ,my) il deey
.(1143 sirq ,my) xicè lecb mewnn izglyp ip`
.(1018 sirq ,my) ily igily mzè envra midl` ly egily ip`
.(197 sirq ,my) izecewt ixg` e`lnz [...] fer mewnn izglyp ip`
xy` lka ize` deelne ize` bidpn xy` midl` ikxca zkll mkaal dhp `l ji`
.(1089 sirq ,my) jl`
: xne` èd xg` cvne
ize` mzi`x [...] ièx lk ipira mipipvl iziid ik ,lMe` eppiè xread dpqd ip`
,my) oilet z` izxar z`f lkae oeyl ila aezkl rcei epi`y dxez ila ux`d mr
.(434 sirq
reapl milcg mpi` eininy xabznd oiirnk midl` ippg ikep` ux`d mr ik m`
.(1248 sirq ,my)
wp`xt envr d`x jxr zegt ivx` melibe zabyp zidel` dieed ly ef dletk dii`x sweza
lelig ly mfeike dlbzne jledd xzqpd mlerl dwifa zllegznd dyecw zegily `yepk
.jtdzne jledd dlbpd mlera jxrpd ycew
scxp ly micebip cegiè xzqpe dlbp ly miktd cegi` ezeiyià èt` mlbn wp`xt
mlrpae dlbpa millegznk ezrceza mieegpd ,xgape iegc ,dlrpe ltyen ,ycewne
,eyre awrik ,mine`zk zinvrd ezii`xa zxkip ef zelitk .miletk milnqa mitwzyne
,xzqpd mlera dpeae dlbpd mlera qxedk ,llewne jxeank ,iegce xgapk ,ytihe mkgk
dà ef dletk dii`xay zeilqwecxtd .miciwtz mitilgnd ,dnexne dnxnk s` mizrle
dprna .dlrne zelty ,dnkge zexea cg`nd ,invrd exeìza zvnezn iehia icil
: xne` èd ,eilr zlhend zininy zegilyl
[ 480 ]
[ 11
ik wifn df oi` ,epr ,db`c l` ? jl` jiè il oi` lkUe ,izipr ,ux`dmr ip`
.(33 sirq ,my) xzeia miltyd zenewna zxzzqn dnkgd
dnkgd ,izxn`y itk j` ; llka [il] oi` lkye ipnn lecb ux`dmr did `l ixd
.(34 sirq ,my) [12 gk aei`] `vnz oi`n
oeivl eze` zktede ,dl`yk gqepnd ,dfd weqtd z` eheytn dìven zilawd zxeqnd
byend zihqind zxeqna .oi`
zxitqn dnkg zxitq ly d`veny raewd ininy mewn
,(zexitqa dlrpd xzk zxitq ly diepik ,oi`)
seqpiè (qtè oi`)
dqit` oiivn 'oi`'
ixd ikep` ux`d mry ipe`xz l`' : ezepià eznkg xewn oebirl dfig` ea d`x wp`xte
.(1097) 'melk `ld jeza z`vnp dnkgd xnelk `vnz oi`n dnkgd ik ercz
ixac gqepa mdlzne uxgp hetiya 'oec`d ixac'n dlerd iytpd jaqd z` xehtl lw
ezeixqene ezeity z` milqetd 17,iwqaegia 'fe 16`pdk cec 15,uxb jixpiid mipeixehqidd
,diihq ,zevixt ,zeityi` ly lcan beiza azkpd zè azekd z` mililkne wp`xt ly
dlà `veike sexih ,oerbiy ,zelkep ,dlap
,ze`nx ,dibeleztekiqt ,ytp zlgn
ly dpzynd onewnne dnxepd iabl diihqd ly dzernynn minlrznd mitxeb mihetiy
ziivgn minlrzn dl` oirn mihetiy .izxagde izcd daygnd mlera dl` zeixebhw
,( [7 h ryed] 'gexd yi` rbyn
ìapd lie`') ìapd ly ezedn mvra dpenhd zeleabd
miiwd xcqd zeiye` wexita dpenhd zernyndn ,da zrvend zitelgd dnxepd zyitzn
eil`n oaend zeleabl zgzn zxzegd ,dibeql zizcd dieegd ly zakxend dzernynne
.dycg zeìvn opeknd igiyn oefg ly enya dnxepde diihqd zeleab z` dpyne
opeaznd cpe rp ly cnrna mixeyw eid ipevigd mlera wp`xt ly eiyrne eizexew
drepza mixeyw eid mixfende mixfd eiyrn .zepey zezcae zeieaxza uegane miptan
,zenxga ,mipax mr miianet migekieea ,zexvpzde zenlq`zda ,dnpecae zi`zayd
,izc rwx lr dìlka dxywp miycewn mikxra dribtd .mc zelilrae zeizc zeny`da
.zc zexnda sè zawep zxewiaa dkexk dziidy dagx dlenrzae ,zexkpzde zexfa
erpne eitlk zexyt zxqg zepiere epnn dwenr drizx dl` lk exxer mixacd rahn
18
.exeaigle yi`l zpfe`ne dlewy zeqgiizd
ly ihxtd enegza zx`ypd ,`l eze zitxbeiaehe` dcerz 'oec`d ixac' did eli`
lirl) migeex mikxre weg ,xqen lk xtnd lkepe i`nx ea d`xe wp`xtl zhlgen zepiera qgiizd uxb
.(25 'nr ,1 dxrd
dqce` dpey`x dxecdn) f"txz aia`lz ,a ,miciqgde mi`zayd ,milaewnd zeclez ,`pdk 'c
.(c"rxz
.720-703 'nr ,(a"txz) ci ,dtewzd ,'dixhìkiqtd xe`l ezzike wp`xt' ,iwqaegia 'f
.(545 'nr) b gtqpa e`x ,zwelgna miiepyd minnewnd eiyrn lre el` mipya wp`xt lr
[ 481 ]
15
16
17
18
12 ]
xeìl` lgx
,ytp ileg ,mifege mifed iazk ly wzxnd scnd lr dgipdl xyt` didy okzii ,azekd
miptd iqgi z` mrt `l exi`de zlaewnd dnxepd on ebxgy ,mixveie mirbeyn ,gex irez
ly eixac mle` .dpzyn zieefn miizeaxzd dizeleab zxcbd zè dxagd ly uegde
xeìz mizrle zeìvna zaygzn dpi`y zeiaihwiiaeq ly iehia mizrl eidy ,wp`xt
mizrle zihqin zegilyle dwenr zizc dieegl iehia mizrl ,zeìvnd ly iaihwiiae`
exxbe dagx dcedz exxer ,eizen` 'cn ebxg ,ler lk zwixtle dnxep lk zxiayl iehia
eizecnr .zicedid dlidwd lr erityde ,zizxage zizc ,zixeaiv zernyn ilra miyrn
zeceqi zgz exzgy ,miihqinmiizind eixace zihqikxp`d ezii`x ,zeihqinepihp`d
,zihqiwp`xtd drepzd zxbqna i`zayd qez`d ly dtiwn diigzl enxb ,laewnd xcqd
oepikle ,zipend zc zxndle icedid mlerd iagxa zeipeviw zeaebze zizxag dqiqzl
oey`xd yilyd cre dxyr dpenyd d`nd zivgnn elrty zelcazn zeihqiwp`xt zecr
dzehytzde zeciqgd zginv mr caa ca eygxzd dl` mikldn .dxyr ryzd d`nd ly
ecyge h"yrad iciqgl mi`zayd miciqgd oia epigad `ly ,micbpznd zeticxl eìade
19
.zlcap zizxag zepbx`zd lkae ihqin ite` zlra zipgex zexxerzd lka
ef zekexk dlawde zeciqgd ,mfiwp`xtd ,ze`zayd zerepz eid dxyr dpenyd d`na
dtewza .miakxen miipeirxe miibelepexk ,miitxbe`b mihaidae mitzeyn miyxeya efa
,ziptbqd zilawd zeciqgd z` ,zihqiwp`xtd ze`zayd z` icedid mlerd ginvd ef
ilaw rwx did dl` zeizxag zerepzl .zecbpznd zrepz zè h"yrad zeciqg z`
zè zinepehe`d drxkdd zeleab z` eaigxdy mipey miyi` wlg oda elhpe szeyn
zxeqnl mixeywd miipktdne miizxeqn miipeirx zeceqia zcd iiga zipgexd dnptdd
rbepd lka mle` .miigiynmihqin zepeirxn ertyedy miizxag mikildzae ,zilawd
enzega mireah dl` mikldn eid ,dxyr dpenyd d`na zihqiwp`xtd ze`zayl
20
.wp`xt ly wdaend
dpenyd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna mfiwp`xtde ze`zayd zehytzdl zeciqgd zticx oia xywd lr 19
gxfna zeiciqg zexeag oia dwifd : hxetwpxta ziciqgd dcrde xlc` ozp' ,xeìl` 'x : e`x ,dxyr
: zegeld lr zexig ,l"pd ; 64-33 'nr ,(c"pyz) hp ,oeiv ,'dxyr dpenyd d`na dfkxnae dtexi`
zeawra .ai ,f miwxt ,q"yz aia`lz ,miilawd dizeceqie miihqind dizexewn ,ziciqgd daygnd
zetxhvdl d`xwy zelirta wqre daegehqp'va exq`nn wp`xt xxgzyd 1772 uiwa iqexd yeaikd
.dl` mixefà md s` elrty miciqgd cbp zeticxd elgd ef dpya .dilecete divilb iagxa mi`zayl
mya miciqgd iepikl .418 'nr ,zevx` rax` cre qwpt ,oixtliid ; 273 ,9 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw : e`x
.259 'nr ,l"yz milyexi ,` ,micbpzne miciqg ,iwqplie 'n : e`x ,'iav izay zk'
eidy zeclezd lkn' : 'micneyn'e 'miwipiav izay' mihqiwp`xtd epek dlek dxyr dpenyd d`na 20
cer drnyp `l z`fk dixehqd .eply zeclezl ezeeydl xyt`y xac oi` - mrt xn` - mlera o`k
eppgzie mkgaya exaci mlek `l` micneyn `le miwipiav izay mkz` epki `l .mlerd zìxa f`n
.(65 'nr ,mely dipt mebxz = 96 'nr ,a ,x``dfiexw) 'mkizexeyl mdipa zè mze` lawl elièzy
dxeagd ipa ly mcnrn zè mny z` xicbdl miaihin wp`xt ly dl` mixac .332 'nr ,xalb : eeyde
[ 482 ]
[ 13
,iwqaegiae xexa
,`pdk ,uxb enk ,micedi mipeixehqid znerly dcaera oiipr yi
mipeixehqid eid ,zpiere dlilkn zihetiy dcnr bivdle wp`xt ly ezepba xacl eaxdy
oilet icedi z` riyedl ywiay ,zlèb dibele`ci` lra dlrp mc` ea e`xy
epeinc geka ,eizelrna biltd iwqpiegdwqi ipletd oeixehqidd ,lynl .mdizewevnn
dxag ixcq opeknd al fre gex uin` lyen ly zenc ea d`xe ,mc`d ytp z` ezpadae
z` deeyd èd ,cg` cvn : dkxrde iepib ly ikxrec qgi dlib x``dfiexw mb 21.miycg
ìxni mexna epeinc' wp`xt lr azke '`xhqezxf xn` dk' dyhip ly extql 'oec`d ixac'
zenevrz zè oeincd swez z` mièx eppd eicenl lka .ser diabd dxiyd aexk lre
mb mi`vnp eizepeifge oec`d ixac xtqa milelkd zeifde mixwy ly mi jeza' 22,'oefgd
lr mibyen ly dpina zcgein diteqelit oirk mieedn xyè oeivl miie`xd zepeirx
ea d`x xg` cvn la` 23.'zcd itlk zeaeg lr zetwyde dnypd ly dzeigvp lr ,midl`
24
.xfkè i`nx
yi`k e` d`xydax izc ycgnk eze` d`xp m` oia ,lapk wp`xt z` d`xp m` oia
,ezeiyi` zeakxen zè ezelirt zeaiqp z` zevingn dl` zellkdy dnece - dlrnd
- llk jxca minelr eidy miizeaxze miizxag micnnl dxicp dii`x zieef zexyt`nd
drtez did `le wp`xt ly ezeiyi` zeleabn bxg mfiwp`xtdy jk lr zrcd z` zzl yi
dziid zihqiwp`xtd zi`zayd drepzd .dxyr ryzde dxyr dpenyd ze`na ziley
zipktdnd dzcnr zekfa zepey zelidwn miax micedi dtgqy zizxagzizc drtez
.ihqinepihp`d diteè zihnfixkd dzbdpd zrtydae ,da ghaedy ycgd mlerd swezae
,dxyr dpenyd d`na dicbpzne dipin`n xeaiva zetiwre zexiyi zeaebz dlleg ìd
enler zyitz z` oegale dllegn ly zinvrd drceza oiirl mewn yiy i`ce ok lre
.'oec`d ixac'a ztwzynd
ihxt z` epail oixtliid l`xyie oala xi`n ,xexa
awri mdxa` ,x``dfiexw xcpqkl`
zecerz ceqi lr ,zihqiwp`xtd drepza zekexk eidy ,zeixehqidd zeieygxzdd
zizxagd zernynd lr ecnre ,dtewzd ipa miicedie miiplet zexewne zeiziiqpk
25
(1937) 'dxiara dàd devn' mely myxb ly mircepd eixwgn .oda dnelb dziidy
lre mfiwp`xtd lr agxp oeic .dxyr ryzd d`na wx rited 'mihqiwp`xt' iepikd .zicedid dlidwa
ceq ,qail 'i ; 652-631 ,391-289 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x ,ze`zayle dlawl eizewif
'awri wp`xt' ,'dnpec' mikxra zegztna e`xe ,d"pyz milyexi ,mixn`n uaew : zi`zayd dpen`d
.'mfiwp`xt'e
T. Jeske-Choinski, Neofici Polscy, Warsaw 1904 : e`x
.116 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw
.29 'nr ,mely dipt mebxz = 64 'nr ,a ,x``dfiexw
.127 ,122 ,71 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw
.13 dxrd lirl e`x
[ 483 ]
21
22
23
24
25
14 ]
xeìl` lgx
'oec`d ixac' wp`xt ly exeaigy iptl eazkpy 26,(1954) 'oileta zi`zayd drepzd'e
dlilyd ,diigcd on zihqiwp`xtd drepzd xwgn z` eriwtd ,ezenlya eiptl cnr
dxyr ryzd d`nd ly ditxbeixehqidae 'l`xyi znkg'a dwlg zpn eidy iepibde
,zicedid zizcd dixehqiddn wlgk divnihibl dl ewiprd ,mixyrd d`nd ziy`xe
ztwyd ly dwenrd dzwif lr riavd mely .ycg qiqa lr `yepd zxiwg z` eaivde
zewnra deezde ,dfn ,ipgexd dcegii lre ,dfn ,zi`zayd drepzl zihqiwp`xtd mlerd
miihwlìcd dilnqe diienic ly iniptd mpeibd it lr zilwicxd dzedn z` gex x`yae
ly zizind mzernyn lre ihqilidipde ihqikxp`d maih lr cnre ,miilqwecxtde
.miipevigd diielib
mipexg`d mixeyra miycg miihqiwp`xt ci iazke mihqwh ly mneqxt xg`l ,dzr
mebxzde ,'oec`d ixac' ly zipletd dxecdnd 27,dwipexkd mdipia ,zixarae zipleta
wp`xt ly ezenca ycgn opeazdl mewn yiy dnec ,'oec`d ixac' ly siwnd ixard
mlerl dlbpd mlerd oia zxyewd ,ely zihqind ditxbezinehe`d ly dii`x zieefn
.itxbeibd qezin zervnà xzqpd
cnrn lrake zlèb zegily `lnl dciln xgapy ink cg` cvn envr d`xy ,wp`xt
mre xeak xg` cvne ,zxeqnd lerle dxagl cearyn dxenb zexig el dpwnd irahlr
zeienc mr zedcfdl zlekia opeg ,dhetiyne dikxrn xehte dxagd ileya ievnd ux`d
lr zeigle qezin xevil ,milnqe miienic zeigdl ,innrd xetiqd ixeaib mre zeizextq
ly ozekfa .ycewd gex iielibae ,mincew miqezin ly mdileblba exetiq z` xefyle ,eit
igd xeaibke minlrp zenler dlbnd xtqnk
eziieeda ekxkpy ,dl` zeihnfixk zepekz
ezrceza bxg èd ,i`xwnd xetiqd zè xelwletd z` ,ihqind qezind z` ycgn
.xzende xeq`d ,zxeqnde wegd ,zeende miigd zeleabn ebeg ipa zxkdae
zizxeqnd dlidwde wp`xt

envr d`xy ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd oa icedi ly ditxbeiaehe` èd 'oec`d ixac' xeaigd
dxag ileya ,eUrk
,'eaxg lr' igd ,gekaxe mil` ,xea mc`k ezlef ipira d`xpe
eiprd dxezd cnel ,'mild` ayei mz yi` awri' ly eikxr z` icrla l`ci`k daivdy
.140-68 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,mely 26
ly mzeaiyg zlrna dpgad `ll wp`xt iig ly ibelepexk xcqa hxetn xeìz ìd dwipexkd 27
wp`xt z` bivne mipin`nd ibeg xear azkp xeaigd .miyrnd zernynl xaqd ozn `lle mirexi`d
z` xzeq èd ea dkexkd zegilyd zyegze df ielib ly enyae ,ycewd gex ieliba ogipd mc`k
mdipekcr mb e`x .(1 dxrd seq lirl) zitelg zizc divnihibl jkl ozepe zlaewnd zizcd dnxepd
.651-634 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely 'b : jeza ,qail lye mely ly
[ 484 ]
[ 15
mc` did ,ezecr it lr ,wp`xt .mlerd ly miipgekde miinybd eicnnn wgxznd ,beprde
dxaga ,zeiptebd eizelebqe ezenil` ,ezetiwz ,ifitd egek zekfa ecnrn z` ykxy
dzeknq z` da`y ,rexfd gekn dclq daezkd zinvrd dzii`xae zil`ci`d dzyitzay
zelebq wx dkixrde ,invr oeqixe zepcnl ,zrc ,dnkg dfkxna dcinrd ,xard on
miigle xzidde xeqi`d zeleab zxinyl ,xqenle wegl zetitkl dwifa ilky geke zeipgex
28
.zxeqnd zeleab lr miprypd 'dnyl dxez' ly
,hexita zexèznd ,wp`xt ly oqxd zxqg ezeipgeke ezenil` ,ezexea ,ezepiixar
zeevn zxiny dyciwy zizxeqnd dxaga elqtp ,'oec`d ixac'a zeixfkàe dee`ba
zeleabl zepziiv dxiwed ,miixqen mikxre mixeqi` ,miwega dzaxd ,zepcnle
qezin znlbn eziieedy mc`l jtdy ,wp`xt .miny zekln ler zlawle ,zeixebhwe
opeazde zicedid dxagd ly ef zil`ci` zinvr dyitz dgc ,zeleab uxet ipgek
ezezigpe ezeiley z` jtdy iegc ly otec z`vei dii`x zieefn dlidwd ly zeìvna
wp`xt mlib ,izcd wegl zeiv ly zizxeqn zxbqna digy ,zicedid dxaga .gek xewnl
,htyne oica ,wegd geka dxkdi` ,zeknq lka dxitk e` (miidwxic ly epeyla) dinep`
,zepigan zeixebhw ,zenxep ,zeinehekic eid `l iygend enlerae iytpd enlera oky
.cgte dny` ,dyea `l sè ,xzide xeqi`l zetitk e` zxeqn
ly wexit jildz da swzyny zitxbezinzitxbeiaehe` d`xn oirn èd 'oec`d ixac'
j` leke lekn dl xkpzny in icia zicedid dlidwd ly zizxagd zeìvnd zeiye`
,xzende xeq`d ixcq z` zkted ef zixfk` d`xn .eibyen mlera dil` dwifa envr xicbn
dlidwd ipa mr zeixcileqd z` zlhan ,zlaewnd zeìvnd ly ceqid zegpd z` zwgen
swypd mlerd .dz`xp mxhy zieefn mixacd ipt z` awep xeà dxi`ne ,deedae xara
zeìvnd z` wxtl `veid ipqxdd sgcd ly egek lr cirnd jetd mler èd da
eay ycg mlerl zqgiiznd zitelg dii`x geka zeizxeqnd zeiaihnxepd dizevlgnn
mixaca ely `vend zlidwl zxkpznd ezwif z` xicbn wp`xt .zexvei jetid llegzn
: mihea
mnvr oial mdipia oi` .mipipzle miygpl minec md ik micedil dnciy mr mey oi`
icedi md mlekn mirxde .ipyd cbp cg`d zennewzde d`py ,d`pw wx ,dad` lk
`ly mdn mkiz`ved okl .lkd dlbzi mb myn drxd gztz oetvn aezk okle oilet
.(807 sirq ,oec`d ixac) mdiyrn z` ecnlz
: zegt `l mihea mixaca dinrh zè dìvid zernyn z` xàn èd
,3xayne zxeqn ,u"k awri : e`x ,dycgd zrd ziy`xa zicedid dxagd ly zinvrd dzii`x lr 28
.g"lyz milyexi
[ 485 ]
16 ]
xeìl` lgx
ltyn iz`vi ip`y mkipira e`xz aexwae miwegd z` qenx` ip` mkl xne` ip`
izqpkpy `l` cala ef `le [...] mibrlpde mi`kcpd micedid oian dbxcnd
[...] mikixv mziid mz`' : eirneyn raeze siqen èd .(890 sirq ,my) 'dliahl
.(724 sirq ,my) 'zcd ibdpn zè miwegd zè zeevnd z` qexcle jexcl
dìvi ìd diitke dltyd ,iekic oniqa zcnerd zeìvnne dbxcnd ltyn dìvid
mibelepinixwe mibelekiqt ,mibeleiveq ,mibeletexzp` .dnxepde wegd ,zcd zeleabn
diihqd zxcbdn dnxepd zeleab lr cenrl zlekid lr hrn `l mixyrd d`na ecnl
zeaxzd oia dii`xd zieef dpzyny drya migztpd miycgd miwte`d lre ,dpzynd
ly eiptn dnk lr cenll ozipy dl`yda xnel xyt` ile` .ddeabd zeaxzl zinnrd
ipira eiiehian mb ,ddeabd zeaxza eiiehian wx llk jxca epl xkend ,izxeqnd mlerd
ly elwyn caek z` ycgn lewyl xyt`y i`ceel aexw .dxagd ileya eidy zeakyd
mwd ,ihqinde izind ,ikxp`d ,inep`d mlerd ly dii`xd zieefn ycewnd mikxrd mler
,izind mlerd ly ihwlìcd eaih lr hrn `l cenll xyt` mby dnec .ewxtl eilr
jxcd on ,'zelha zeevnd j` mlerl didz dxezd'y xne`d ,ipcxnde ikxp`d ,ihqind
èd ecbp xy` ,oeqixe zeiv raeze eikxr z` dtekd ,izxeqnd mlerd z` swyn èdy
.`vei
'oec`d ixac'a itxbezinehe`de itxbeiad oweicdn dlerd wp`xt ly ezenca
zeixvi ,zevixt ,zexea : mcbp `vei izxeqnd mlerdy mikxrd lk mialeyn dwipexkae
,dxf dcear ,zeixr ielib ,zevixr ,zeipgek ,zenil` ,zeixfk` ,al zexixy ,oqx zlehp
zxewia ,dilnqle dyecwl zexkpzd ,ceak z`xi xcrd ,d`neh ,dxitk ,minc zekity
df oweicn xkip cer .eze` mibviind mibidpnae laewnd mikxrd mler lka cxne zawep
zeaxzdy mibiiqde zeakrd on mixxgeynd ,mixevrn ilehp miyp`l yiy dkiynd gek
eznver zxkip sè ,mdixvi zè mgex z` znlea ìd mzxfrae dxeyd on miyp` lr dtek
.i`zayd eneliba ilqwecxtd igiynd oefgd z` oifnd ihqilidipde ipqxdd gekd ly
in ly diigcd a`k ici lr dyhely dii`x ly dnver zxkip ivx`d mlerd zkxrda
,(688 ,49 ,34 mitirq) ux`d mre xeak dxicbd dicnele dxez dxiwend dxagdy
.(22-18 mitirq) xcb uxete bixg e` mil` gek lra ea e`x eixerpn oda lcby zelidwde
oia xrtd z` ,izxeqnd mlerd ly ezeriav z` mityegd mixetiq xtql daxn wp`xt
.mzeipephwe mzylega ,mzeailra militynd eiielib oiae zabypd zil`ci`d ezyitz
wegd ,zn`d ly mzeiqgi z` ,dxe`kl zeipt zxqg ,zizxewia dii`xa yibcdl daxn èd
z` ,df mlera mibdepd ,xeqiè xzid ly zeirnyncgd zexcbdd lye ,wcvde
ybpzd oday eiig jxe`l zepeyd zeiepncfddd zè ,eixney ly mzebrlpe mzeixixay
.izxeqnd xcqd ixney mr
[ 486 ]
[ 17
jetidd zyitz
dnxn ,zexkpzde zepier ,zxewia oniqa cner 'oec`d ixac'a swypd ipevigd mlerd
ea swypd iniptd mlerd eliè ,dnxepde dxagd zeleab z` uextl miàd ,zeleagze
ipeincd ,zeende miigd ,mewnde onfd zeleab ea mivxtpy izinihqin mler èd
enlera .xzende xeq`d zeleab dhea dxeva ea mivxtp sè ,icb`de ikldd ,izeìvnde
oia ,iygenl ibelezind oia ,ininyl ivx`d oia dpgad dziid `l wp`xt ly iytpd
zeieed oia mixagnd zeience milnq ,mibyene ,dfgpl aezkd oia ,inybl ihqind
iehia icil dày ,zepgad zlehp ,diefd ,zilnq jxca .mqw eilr ekld dl` zeiahew
mixetiqae zernyn jetida ,miakxen milnq ,zenelg ,milèhix ,zepeifga
zra zebviind zeienc `xae mipt letk xzqp idel` mlerl aeyw did èd ,miilqwecxt
cg` lke [...] mipt ipy cinz cg` mewna ik' : xnè ay èd .eketide xac zg` dperae
zyitze df mipt ltk .zeìvnd ly miptd ltk z` rawe ,(189) 'ely dbxcnd itl dèx
ìd mixacdn dlerd dpwqnd mle` .mipey mixywda migqpzn epnn zcnlpd jetidd
eliè ,jxr xqge dlwp `l` epi` zilbpd zeìvna jxre zernyn ,ceak lra xac lky
l`d ly epkyn èd èd dielbd zeìvna ltyende dni`d lihn ,dfeand ,xreknd
.xzqpd
dlbpl qgia aiigznd miptd ltke zihqiwp`xtd jetidd zyitz dxfbp ef dcnrn
,mipipze miygp - cgtd xxerne dlwpd ,dfeand z` milnqnd miienicd ok lre ,xzqple
miienicd mb md - zeene wa`na ,cxna ,zetilwd mlera ,ypere `hga mixeywd
ygpoipzoziieelke ,gixa ygp ,giynygpk zxzqpd zigiynd eziieed z` mibviind
ienicd .zixgàe ziy`xa xeywe zeende miigd zeleabn bxegd ,oencw igvp oezlwr
mlera dlilrnd zexvpd zni` zè diiqpkd ly dgek z` ,miiebd ly mgek z` lnqnd
mFcà
dxeywd ,scexd eyr ly ezenca melbd zelbd laq zè zetcxpd z` - dlbpd
z` yaele awri icba z` hyetd scxpd wp`xt ly ezedcfd cwene ezlgp dyrp - mcae
.(520-500) cg`k eyre awrik envr dèx j` eyr icba
,eze` miaaeqd dxeagd ipa zrcezae ,epefgae eiyrna ,eixaca ,ezrceza opek wp`xt
,ocr oba oey`xd mc` zeìvnl dxfga xeywd ycg mler znlbnd ,weg zlehp zeìvn
èd .zeenl miig oiae xzidl xeqi` oia ,rxl aeh oia dpgadl mcwy ,`hgd iptly mlera
eèa lr zqqean dziidy ,zi`zayd dktdnl dwifa ef zihqikxpè zinep` zeìvn xìa
.oey`xd mc` mr ddefn giynd oky ,minid ziy`xl dxfg `l` epi`y ,igiynd ocird ly
,b ,bi x"ie) '`vz iz`n dycg dxez' ihqilidipd oeirxa dxeyw igiynd ocirl daiyd
dxez' mya drecid ,zniiwd dxezd z` lhand ,(4 `p 'yi ,'`vz iz`n dxez' it lr
dxez' ,ocr ob inin dnecwd dxezd z` xifgne ,dpnn xfbpd wegd zè ,'dìxac
[ 487 ]
18 ]
xeìl` lgx
qqean ,xarl deed oia mipnfd xcq z` jtedd ,df xywd .xzide xeqi` da oi`y ,'zeliv`c
.dle`bd ocirl zelbd ocir oia ,xnelk ,cizrl deed oia dpgadd lr mb
zxez'l ,zelbd ocirl qgiiznd ,miiwd wegd lehia zexyt` zxkfp xdefd zxeqna xak
dle`bd ocirl qgiiznd ,ycg weg ielibe ,'dìxac dxez' ìd ,'rxe aeh zrcd ur
dpgadl zqgiizn zexezd izy oia dpgadd 29.'zeliv`c dxez' ìd ,'miigd ur zxez'le
ocira dxxyy ,miigd ur zxez - `hgd iptly dxezd : zenler ipye mipcir ipy oia
ocira xexyze aeyze ,xzide xeqi` `ll ,rxle aehl xarn ,gvp iig ea ig oey`xd mc`y
xg`ly dxezd ; rxe aeh lr zeqqeand zepgadn xexgyle zeigvpl dkfi f`y ,dle`bd
miigd iwegl ea setk mc`dy zelbd ocira zxxeyd ,rxe aeh zrcd ur zxez ,`hgd
did wp`xty ,zi`zayd drepza zycegn diigzl ekf dl` zepeirx .rxde aehd ,zeende
mitirq) 'oec`d ixac'n aeye aey dlerk ,iwipelqa dnpecd ibegn dixen mr xiyi rbna
zihqiwp`xtd dxeaga meyiie gezit ztepzl ekfe ,(1257 ,467 ,420 ,375 ,263 ,4 ,3
.dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna
z` ddfnd ,zi`zayd zextqa iav izay ly miifkxnd miienicd cg` èd miigd ur
,giynd mr miigd ur iedif .miig ur dpeknd zx`tz zxitq mr ,'iigc `pli`' ,giynd
zegeld zxez ,zeliv`c dxezl xeyw ,xzide xeqi` ,rxe aeh ly zeixebhwl xarn cnerd
,dìxac dxezd on eipin`n z` lèb èd jkae cqgd cvn ìan giyndy ,mipey`xd
ceqa dpzipy rxe aeh zrcd ur mr ddefnd xzidde xeqi`d zxez ,miipyd zegeld zxez
.oicd cvn '`zenc `pli`'
,leqte xyk ,xzide xeqi` : zeixebhw yya dìxad zxez zxywp xdefd zxeqna xak
ly elrtne ,dìxac dxez lnq od dl` zeixebhw .zetilwd mlerl dwifa ,dxdhe d`neh
30
.olehiaa jexk giynd
zxiay lr (dq oewiz) xdefd zxeqn z` eyxit iav izaye izfrd ozpy oiivl ie`x
zeliv`c dxezl zqgiizn dpey`x dxez : rxe aeh zrcd ure miigd url dwifa zegeld
miigd ur ocirn eid mipey`xd zegeldy xn` izfrd ozp .dìxac dxezl diipyde
wx .mc`d i`hgl minxebd mixeqi`d z` ekeza llekd ,zrcd ur ocirn miipyd zegelde
zpada ceqiiwxt ,'dxez lr' ,mely 'b : e`x ,zilawd zxeqna zrcd ur zxeze miigd ur zxez lr 29
zyxen iwxt : eba mixac ,l"pd ; 85-67 'nr ,(ceqiiwxt : oldl) e"lyz milyexi ,dilnqe dlawd
; Scholem, The Messianic Idea, pp. 71, 111, 116 ; 178-176 'nr ,e"lyz aia`lz ,digze
.cvy-fty 'nr ,(a ,xdefd zpyn : oldl) `"kyz milyexi ,a ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz 'i
,10-9 'nr ,(iav izay : oldl) f"kyz milyexi ,iav izay ,mely 'b : e`x .`"r fk ,`"g ,xdef 30
ur zxez' ,'zrcd ur zxez' ,'`zenc `pli`' ,'iigc `pli`' mikxra gztnae ,698-694 ,259-258
,'oileta zi`zayd drepzd' ,l"pd ; 38 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,'dxiara dàd devn' ,l"pd ; 'miigd
zeknqe dwihqin' ,mely : e`x ,mfiwp`xta miigd ur zxez zernyn lr .113 ,102 ,81 'nr ,my
.350 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,l"pd ; 33-32 'nr ,ceqiiwxt ,'zizc
[ 488 ]
[ 19
31
.zrcd urn zegela aezka zaiegn dpi` ,miigd url dweac dziidy ,giynd znyp
ly dìxac dxez oehlyn xeht mlerde rxl aeh oia xexiad jildz mz giynd zcil mr
cqgd oehly ,zeliv`c dxez oehlyl xaere ,dkldde oicd oehlyn ,xzide xeqi`
dpwqnd z` ewiqd iav izay ly ezeigiyna epin`dy dl` .mixeqi` zlehp zeìvna
dìxac dxez ly dpehlyn mnvr exhte deedl igiynd cizrd z` ektd ,zywaznd
izay ly ezeigiyna mzpen`l iehiak xzqa z`f eyry eid .xzidde xeqi`d zeleabne
my ,mihqiwp`xtde dnpecd ibega ielba z`f eyry eide ,zeliv`c dxez oehlyae iav
.miigd ur zxez it lr miicedi miig miiwl mdl dxizd zexvpl e` m`lq`l dxndd
zi`zayd zigiynd zxeqnd jiynn ,wp`xt awri ly eixaca zxywp dìxac dxez
mlerd mr ,zelbd ocira dxezd ly miielbd dipt mr ,oicde dkldd mlerl cbpzdy
dxezd ,zeliv`c dxez eliè .zeene cearya ,oeqixa ,zeevn lera yprpd ,`hgd ixg`y
lehia mr zxywp ,dle`bd ziy`x mr zelbzdl dligznd zelba zxzqpd zizn`d
ddefne ,rxl aeh oia dpgadd on zexfbpd zeevnd swez zriwt mre dny`de `hgd zrcez
zexige ,zeevn lern yteg ,oqx zlehp zeixvi ,miig zrty mr ,ocr obl dxfgd mr
ly mpicn xeht mc`d eay mewnl mzgwl eipin`nl gihad èd .zeende miigd zeleabn
,zrcd ur zxez itl zeigl gxekd on mze` xht di`xl .zeigvpa dkefe selg ipa
envrl xizde ,zeende miigd zeleaba dxdhe d`neh ,xzide xeqi` ,rxe aeh lr zqqeand
,rxe aehl cer setk epi`y mixeqi`n xeht mlera ,miigd ur zxez itl bedpl mdle
z` lhia wp`xt .zeenle cearyl setk epi` oky ,dxdhe d`neh iwegle xzide xeqi`l
: xnè zrcd ur zxez
ideyxy xwr mxa idelage `pli` ecb dipèeià mkl izxn`yk mzqtz `l dnl
rnyn .dncà ex`yp eiyxey xwir j` oli`d z` ercbz [20 c 'pc] eway `rxà
zxeze miigd ur zxez ,zeliv`c dxez ,dìxac dxez ipiipra zekexkd zel`ya dnpecd zetwyd lr 31
'i ; ze`zay ixwgn ,'dikexa' ,mely ; dl` mikxra zegztna ,zegayze zexiy : e`x ,zrcd ur
zèeyd ; ekln 'i : epic`ln mebxz ,'daeh iel dcedil "jl jl" yexit' ,(mixicdn) u"y 'xe ekln
xtq) (j"yz-hiyz) c-b ,zepetq ,u"y 'x : cid azkl mixeìae zexrd ztqeza xewnl mebxzd
'ne iavoa 'i zkixra ,zi`zayd drepzd zeclezl zexewne mixwgn : xfy onlf xeìpyl laeid
zg` ly zipgexd dzencl' ,u"y 'x ; (u"ye ekln : oldl) `kwz-blz 'nr ,(j"yz milyexi ,edipa
zi`zayd dibele`zd' ,bxaplh '` ; fiz-gz 'nr epiire ,`lz-dvy 'nr ,my ,'zei`zayd zezikd
,u"y dwax zkxcda .`.n zcear ,'zexrde mebxz ,ziy`xa zyxtl yexit : daeh iel dcedi ly
,'izfrd ozp ly zi`zayd dibeleìzd' ,iwqaeyxie 'g ; 1989 milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d
zkixra ,oihiyd oia : qtcpe ay ; 243-233 'nr cgeinae ,246-210 'nr ,(c"yz-b"yz) g ,zqpk
zexiy" ly cid iazke iwipelqa mi`zayd zk' ,iavoa 'i ; 188-152 'nr ,o"yz milyexi ,lci` 'n
G. Scholem, The Crypto-Jewish Sect of the ; 13-1 'nr ,zegayze zexiy : jeza ,' "zegayze
Donmeh
(Sabbatians) in Turkey, The Messianic Idea, pp. 142-166
[ 489 ]
20 ]
xeìl` lgx
selg zepa mkl eid xy` diipye dpey`x dze` elit` ,eiykr cr xy` zezcd lky
mitprd z` mixnefyke dzenz oa ur ly mitpr wx od ik rcbidl jixv lkd ,od
lk) olek xnelk zepinl zekln jtdzz cr : mklv` aezky edfe miyaiizn md
dncà x`yp yxeyd xac ly ezn`l .ercbii ( [`"x - .zezcd lk] zeieklnd
ura mifge` mziid mkleke ea mifg`p mziid mzè yxeya fgìdl izivx ip` .[...]
.(708) mipezgzd e` mipeilrd on cgt `ll miigd
ely `vend zxag ly zeqgiizdd zipaz ,zrcd ur zxez itpr z` recbl ywia wp`xt
zizyz ,miigd ur oli` zeelr z` ginvdl ick ,cearyde zelbd lerl dtetk dziidy
silgd èd ,xnelk ; zexigde dle`bd oniqa cnry igiynd ocird ly ibelezind mlerd
mlera ,cgtde dyead ,cearyde zelbd ,zeende miigd zeleaba lretd dkldd mler z`
,ocrd ob ,dle`bd ocir l` mze` jilen èdy eiciqg ipfeà orh èd .mdn xehtd dcb`d
: mlerl gvp iig ìadl glyp èd oky ,mixeqi`n xehtd mlera igvpd miigd ur fegn
.(408) minler iigl eribzy gihadl èd ipevx
.(496) mc` eil` ltpy mewndn mkìvedle minler iigl mkìadl izivx
.(1317) gvp iig z`xwl mkz` izlaed
ura mifg`p mziid dny mià mziid el [...] xwi mewnl mkz` liaedl izivx
on `l my micgtn oi` [...] .drxl mka rebtl did leki `l xac meye ,miigd
32
.(864) mipezgzd on `le mipeilrd
zieefn zyxtzn enr mikledl mighaend gvp iig xaca zipype zxfegd ezghad
zizind zeigiynl zixvepd zeigiynd oia aeliyd z` dlbnd ,zpiiprn zihqihxwpiq
jk) zeend jlnl eyi oia dgiya wqerd ,'oec`d ixac'n rhwa .ezrceza zicedid
: xn`p ,(zeend idel` dnbxz mely dipte zeend j`ln xz` lr xirn mely .zipleta
mixacd jynda 33.'mlerl gvp iig ìadl izà ik icinlzl izxn` ip` ixde : eyi dpr'
zelylzyd jynd z` xfeye ef dghad ynnl eyi icia dlr `l recn xàn wp`xt
: gvp iig zywa oiae zeend gek oia wa`nd
jld ! jl` ip` : xnè iav izay dpr ? jlii xy` df èd in : efixkd aey df ixg`
mlerl gvp iig ìadl ize` egly xg` .miiq `l xac meye ìad `l dne`n j`
ixac' ; 'dwipexkd' : e`x ,dxezd iwegl zeivn ezxeag ipa z` zxhetd ,ef dcnrl zetqep zeygnd 32
; 'dxiara dàd devn' ,mely : eeyd .(274-270 'nr ,xexa
: jeza) 'zenec`d zexbi`d' ; 'oec`d
.'oileta zi`zayd drepzd' ,l"pd
.11 'nr ,mely dipt mebxz = 4 wxt ,a ,x``dfiexw 33
[ 490 ]
[ 21
ip` ,ical jl` `l ip` .il ozip xy` gekd z` mkl ze`xdl il epzp zeyx mb .dfd
34
.ux`d mr ipè lecb mkg cinlz did eyi .lecb ux`d mr
dieeda izedn iepiyl sepnl ektde daezkd zxeqnd on ilawd qezind z` riwtd wp`xt
ur mler ,mixtqd mler ,izxeqnd ipaxd mlerd z` xexiaa aivdy drya ziynnd
dylegd ,carynd wegd ,zeend megzk ,dkldd mler ,daezkd zeknqd mler ,zrcd
mler ,dt lray mixacd mler ,miigd ur mler ,jetdd enler z` eliè ,cgtde
: zrteyd zeipeigd znvere ytegd ,miigd megzk d`x ,qezinde dcb`d mler ,zenelgd
jtedy inl lynp mda `xewy ine eiykr cr eidy mixtqd lk ,miwegd lk ,zezcd lk'
ezcnr .(62) 'zeend cvn `vi df lk .ezn onfny mixaca hiane zipxeg` eipt z`
llek mixtqd lk' - zeknqd zexewn lxeb lr epefga ztwzynd ,zihqilidipde zinep`d
xdefde dlawd ixtq elitè mipiilzd ici lr mixrd zevega etxyii zexacd zxyr
: dxyr dpenyd d`na ef gexa mixac exn`y ,dnpecd ibegn drtyed - 35(1775) 'etxyii
dyy ìdy l`xyil dìxad zxez z` oziy d"awl daiq dzid mc` `hge zeid
dyiy z` lhiae eplèb èdy [iav izay] df mc` àe zeid j` [...] dpyn ixcq
36
.dpynd ixcq
zeidl jyegdne zecardne zeevnde miwegdn epze` livde epl dyry dreyid mei
37
.epze` xxgy mlekne miielb
z` lhai èdy d"i iav izay i"cy i"cy my èdy dfgna 'd xac did jk xg`
38
.cqg zxez gztie zevnd
lr dtekd ,zipaxd zecdid ly zxeqnd ilakae wegd lera dqi`nd z` oivgd wp`xt
jexkd zeende dkldd mler ly diitkd cbp mrfd z` `hiae ,oeqixe xvid yeaik miigd
: zcarynd eziieed mvra
miwegd lk ik [...] mixrekn zenya zeevnde miwegd lkl iz`xw oiletl ièaa
ldeà zeni ik mc` : yxetna mklv` aezky itk zeend cvn wx eid zelitzd lke
.(513) zeniy cr miwegd lr zeprzdl jixv ,dxezd lr bxdidl jixv
.12 'nr ,mely dipt mebxz = my
.(31 dxrd lirl ,bxaplh) a"r n ,ziy`xa zyxtl yexit ,daeh iel dcedi
.bz 'nr ,u"ye ekln
: eeyd ,'miig ur'l lhie miig 'x zncwda ef zihqinepihp` dcnr ly diyxey lr .giwz 'nr ,my
R. Elior, Breaking the Boundaries of Time and Space in Kabbalistic Apocalypticism,
in: A. Baumgarten (ed.) Apocalyptic Time , Leiden 2000, pp. 194-197
[ 491 ]
34
35
36
37
38
22 ]
xeìl` lgx
lk àxc` miwegd zervnà ribdl xyt` i` [...] eil` èale midl` z` ywal
.(516) dfn wgxi eytp lr xenyl dvexy in
jetid ,dnxepd zxiay z` mipt ipyl zrnzyn dpi`y oeyla miawep mixaca `hia èd
: zexigl zecarne miigl zeenn xarnd ornl miycewnd dilnq zqixde dikxr
miwegd lkn hytzdl mikixv ep` ok enk [...] zeevnde miwegd lkn z`vl uegp
.(746) zexrydd lkne
ìadl eid izeti`ye ,zezcd lk zè miwegd lk z` lhal icka wx oiletl izà
.(130) mlerl mler iig
gek mkl didi [...] zexigl zecarn e`vzy ick dpey xac lr mkz` izcnrd ip`
.(a1067) oiadl ale ze`xl miipire miigd
ikpè ohyd icin mlerd z` xxgyl à ik xn` mkl recik eyi : mkl xne` ip`
z` lqgl gxken ip` .dk cr eidy mihtynde miwegd lkn eze` xxgyl izà
39
.aehd l`d dlbzi fè ,lkd
zeyia `xead l`d ly izxeqnd byend z` silgd mb `l` miwegd z` lhia wx `l wp`xt
dìxaa wlg oi` zn`d idl`l ik' : 'aehd l`d' e` 'zn`d idl`' dpkn èdy dycg
zlaewnd zxeqnde l`d zenc ,ycewd iazk ,zcd iweg ly mztlgd .(578) 'zigkepd
envr d`x wp`xte lièd .zihqinepihp`d zilawd zxeqna igiynd ocird z` zpiit`n
iabl zellkda wtzqd `l èd ,mpnf xary miwegne cearyd ixvnn xxgyne lèbk
mkilr did' : wegd lr xearle yxetna zxeqnl xkpzdl eiciqg lr deeiv `l` envr
miiwl `l ,mkibdpn lk wiqtdl mikixv mziid' ; (96) 'mcewn eidy miwegd lk z` qenxl
o`kn zea`d ixac ly onfd xar' ; (1316) 'dyn zxez zeevn z` miiwl `le zenevd z`
: oebk ,icedid cnrna mzbdp xy` mibdpn mze`n e`vze ekl' ; (815) 'miigd xe` ligzi
ekldzz eiykre .md zeend cvn dl` lk ik ,edrx z` yi` z`wld [...] zela` ,zenev
.(977) 'miigl mkìadl md ivn`n lke miznk
miycewnd miqwhd z` lligy drya wp`xt ozp ef zinep` dcnrl ilèhix iehia
èd .(19-18) diqdxta dxez xtq leligae dicnele dxezd iefiaa x`tzde mixf miyrna
wegdy xnè aye zeend urk dxezd z` xìzy jka ef dcnrl ihqinizin iehia ozp s`
mey xikfdl xeq`' : eipin`n z` myl jilene miigd url jled èd eliè zeend cvn èd
; (813) 'mler iig z`xwl mikled epè eà mizn itn ik ,eiykr cr mkl eidy dl`n miweg
epgpè mizn itn df lk ik ,miwega xacl xy`n mixrekn mixac lek`l mkl did ahen'
.95 'nr ,mely dipt mebxz = 132 'nr ,a ,x``dfiexw 39
[ 492 ]
[ 23
dle`bd znverl zelbd zylegn xarnd z` mitwyn dl` mler iig .(814) 'miigl epipt
xyt`d zeleabl setk epi`y xzqpd mlerd l` dkldl setkd dlbpd mlerdn xarnd zè
dieed .qezinde dcb`d megza miixyt`d ,miktd cegiè zevign zxiay it lr ldpzne
dpikyd zle`ba ,miigd ura ,xg` meiwl xarna ,ocr ob qezina zxywp ef dycg
mpiè mièxl dkitdae mewnde onfd zeleabn drwtda ,zlèbd dnlrd zenc zii`xae
.(818) mi`xp
iielibae zeevn ler ly diitkd oniqa cnerd ,izxeqnd mlerd ly xebyd xcqd zxiay
zeevn ler zwixt oniqa cnerd mlera ycg xcq oepik ornl ziyrp ,cearyde zelbd
lehia ici lr l`d z` micaer dl` miycg miiga .zexigde dle`bd ziy`xl iehiak
lv` ,eipec` z` caik awri' : dfn wp`xt zeawra dkild ici lre dfn zezcde miwegd
'eke zc lke weg lk zwixt ici lr ? dna ,epipec` z` cakl epilr mb ok ,mixg` midl`
migqepn laewnd wegd lehiae dìxac dxez ziigc .(219) 'crv ixg` crv ixg`
dkilde
jl : exn` mdxa`l' : zea`d mlera miidel` miktdn lr zeknzqnd ran zefr zeìxwa
ekl : exn` mkl mb ik meid lr lgd ze`d edf .[1 ai 'xa] j`x` xy` ux`d l` jvx`n jl
; (214 sirq mb e`x ; 403) 'miiexy mziid day zcdn miwegd lkn xnelk .'eke mkvx`n
zeywdl epzip miwegd ik ,miweg cenll xy`n ytx lek`l ahen ik mkl izxn` `l ike'
.(1283) 'mc`d ly egek z` miyilgn mde miigd lr
e`xy ,zei`zayd zexezl innr ceair md wp`xt ly miihqinepihp`d eixacy dnec
eèa zè ,`hgd ixg` mc`l dpzipy dìxac dxez ly carynd diehia z` zeevn lera
eyxit md .zeevn lern zexigke dìxac dxez ly Dlern dle`bl iehiak iav izay ly
ceary oia qgik zayl leg oia qgid z` ecinrde ,zay lr fnxnk 'izay' eny z`
dxez ozn z` daiige oencwd `hgd mr dxxzydy ,d`nehd oehly oia e` ,zexigl
lr dyecwd oehly zxfgde mlerd xexgye `hgd oewiz oiae - zrcd ur zxez - dìxac
.xzide xeqi`n dxehtd zeliv`c dxez - miigd ur zxez zlgda swzynd ,epk
ly avnl dzxfgde zltepd zedel`d zle`b ìd dle`bdy rawp dnpecd zxeqna
mc` `hg lya dnxbpy ,dpikyd zlitp .oey`xd mc` `hg iptly mipey`x zegel
,zltepd dpikyd yeal ìd dìxad zxez jkitl .zeevna jxevl dìady ìd ,oey`xd
miiwl yi dzelbn dl`bp `l dpikyd cer lk .dpikyd zle`b drnyn df yeal zxqde
ecrep ode mipicd mlera èd zeevnd xewn .zelha od dzle`b mr cin mle` ,zeevn
ixeqi` oy`xae ,zeevnd jkitl .oencwd `hga dzlbpy dpikyd zeexr z` zeqkl
ly eèa .dxtrn dpikyd mewz zeevnd lehia mr wxe ,dpikyd zlitpl lnq od ,zeixrd
zeexr ieliba dkexkd ,ef zlèb zegily dlhed eilr .dpikyd zle`ba xeyw iav izay
.dfn dle`be zelrzdae dfn dlitpe dcixia e` ,zetilwd jezn zevevip hewila ,dpikyd
mr exidhd iwnra zwa`pd giynd znyp ici lr ziyrp zetilwdn zevevipd zcxtd
[ 493 ]
24 ]
xeìl` lgx
znlyd zlhen giynd lr .jildzd ly eneiq z` zlnqn mlerl dz`ve ,d`nehd

zyxtznd ,dtilwd iwnrl dcixi e` ,dxtrn dpikyd meniw ly zlèbd zegilyd
mipeilr zenlern gilyk ytzpd ,iav izay ly eèa .dle`b jxevl zc zxndk
- oencwd `hga mixeywd micnnd lky ernyn ,ig mcà zidel` dieed zenybzdke
zxeza zeixrd ixeqi`le dìxac dxezn zeevnd lerl cearyde zeend oehly my`xae
zeevn meiwià ic `l zkd ztwyda .milhazn - dxdhl d`neh oia dpgadle zn`d
etkpy zelbd iyealn dpikyd z` mihiytn mi`hegd oky ,olehiaa wlg zgwl yi `l`
.dìxac dxez lehia ici lr dxtrn dze` miniwne ,`hgd ixg`y ocira dilr
zegek ipy ea milrety ,ltepde lèbd i`zay akekk envr d`x ,iav izayk ,wp`xt
xzqd ,dtilwe dyecw ,zc zxnde zeigiyn ,dlitpe dle`b ,dqixde diipa - micbepn
lre ,zi`zayd zxeqna dle`bd ly zilqwecxtde zihwlìcd dzedn mdy - zelbzde
,oixyina mdil` xeyw did wp`xty ,dnpecd ibega .encew ly eilrtna jiynd mdit
zegel zxezl dxfg ,dpikyd zle`be miigd ur zxez ,giynd zenie zeliv`c dxez
,dìxac dxez lehia mr exywp xzide xeqi` zxez lehiae ,mixeqi`n dxehtd ,mipey`x
,`hgd iptly ocirl dxfg lr zcqeind zicb` zeìvn oepik mr ,ueg itlk zc zxnd mr
miletk miig .mipt itlk mipin`nk miig mre ,ocr ob zelbzd mr ,wegne zeenn xehtd
dhrnle ,'mipin`n'k mdiiga zelbzdl lgdy xzqpd l`bpd mlerl iehia mipzep dl`
.'mixnen'k mdiiga l`bpd mlerd l` jxca zkll mdl xyt`nd ipevigd
,dìxac dxez iweg it lr miigd zeen ipa ly zeìvnl qgiiznd ,miiwd wegd lehia
zi`zayd zxeqnd myae l`d mya dycg zeìvn opeky ,wp`xt eay iept llg xvi
dghadde zeknqd ,dnverd ,wegd xewnl jtd ,dnpecd ibega rceezd dil`y zigiyn
diielib lr ef zizeknq zidel` zedn zeyibcnd zexin` xneè ay èd .zeenl` ipal
: miilqwecxtd
z` il epzp z`f lka ,ux`d mr ip` [...] xac dyrii `l icrlae ,icia oezp lkd
icia .xg` `le dyri èd ,el deev` ip`y in wx .ici lr mlera dyrii lkdy gekd
(553) l`d ikxc mipeyne mixzqp ik ,zgwle zzl ,mnexle litydl
eklze [...] xkf mdn xnyii `ly zeevnde mihtynde miwegd lk z` gekyl uegp
.(869) ilewa ernyz miyegipe mifnx ilae dxez ilae ,heyt mc` enk ixg`
`l xy` ,lecb gekl ribi ,izeevn lkl rnype lczyn mc`yk : mkl xne` ip`
.(928) ezenky ebiyd epizea` zea` `le epizea`
iwipelqa eini z` xikfn èdy drya zi`zayd zxeqnl ezwif z` xikfne ay èd
,'iyily'k envr ezeè ,'ipyd' dikexa z` ,(1267) 'oey`xd' iav izay z` dpkne ,(1039)
.(1267 ,1051 ,1039) mkxc jiynn
[ 494 ]
[ 25
eyre awri
xvi wp`xt ,zlaewnd mz`xeda ,rxde aehd zeleabne zeende miigd zeleabn bexgl ick
awrik zizeìvnd eziieed oia ,dlbpd mlerl xzqpd mlerd oia xywy ,akxen qezin
sc ,dnexz) xdefd ixac z`xyda ,epia` awrik zilawde zi`xwnd eziieed oiae wp`xt
dvwd on gixan oekizd gixad [...] èd ,zea`d oian xgapd èd awri ik reci' : (drw
idl`'k zihqind eziieed oiae ,(400) 'dvwd l` dvwd on ixg` zkll mkilr did ,dvwd l`
miigd ur èd dlnqy ,zx`tz zxitqe ,'`yicw `kln' ,'èd jixa `ycew' ,'awri
lew'l ,'awri idl` giyn'l dwifa envr d`x cer .(527) 'zx`tzd zxitqa `vnp midl`'e
xeywd i`xwnd xetiqle ,(493) 'zn `l epia` awri' dxnina xeywd igvpd awril ,'awri
.l`xyi gvp z` mlbnd 'awri zia'a
z` zcg`nk zxiihvnd ,ely ezenc z` dpey`xae y`xa qlk`n df xzqp mler
zxitqk awri : miilawd mdinelib zè (245 ,239 ,164 ,123) mii`xwnd eyre awri
mlera .(`"r enw ,`"g ,xdef) oezlwr ygpe l`nq ,mec` xyk eyr ,miigd ure zx`tz
: miilawd dilnq lly lr zekln zxitq z` zcg`nd ,ebef za zenc mb dievn df
zè ,'oipiir dl zile `zxity `zniler' ,drex ,zipexhn ,lgx ,dlk ,dleza ,dnlr
/ dnlr ly zeletk zeizin zeienc zeler eizepeifga .ezae ezy` zeienca ivx`d dbevii
mipt ltka ycgn zeyabzn j` ilawd qezindn zewpeid ,dtilw / zilil dlene dpiky
.ezrceza
,mitlgzn miyeal ,dnxn ixetiqa mixeywd eyre awri mine`zl dwifa envr d`x ok
,185) 'awri idl`'e 'eyr idl`'k zepey zezce mixgzn zegek ibeviiae ,zefgzde zyetgz
,zihqind zxeqnd ly mixg` mixeaibl dneca .(821 ,598 ,535 ,531 ,506 ,308 ,219
ly mipeit` eziieeda miptd eincewn miax enke ,ea xacn l`dy ink envr d`x èd
ytpd zn` z` mibviind ,zilawde ziyxcnd zextqdn miihqine mii`xwn mixeaib
40
.zilbpd zeìvna dpeyd ipevigd ienicd znerl xzqpd mlera ziniptd
miipeifg miielible miihhqw` miavnl minrt dnke dnk wp`xt dkf eiig jldna
rcile xzqpd mlerl ezwif z` eyyi` ,eze` miaaeqd lre eilr mneyix z` exizedy
bk a"ny) 'awri idl` giyn'k ,'awri idl`'k ihqind eienic gezitl qiqad eide ,iceq
zeielbzd .zeaày xgaend awrike (`"r bk ,a"g ,xdef) '`lekc `nily awri'k ,(1
zeknqe dwihqin' ,mely ; 75-47 'nr ,zihqind zencd lr wxtd ,(14 dxrd lirl) xeìl` : e`x 40
xa oerny 'x ly zigiynd ezencl ,xdefd ly giynd' ,qail 'i ; 35-9 'nr ,ceqiiwxt ,'zizc
myxbl dpy mipeny z`ln lbxl oeir mei : l`xyia igiynd oeirxd ,(jxer) m`x 'y : jeza ,'i`gei
: ex`w sqei 'x ,iwqaelaxe v"x ; 218-87 'nr ,a"nyz milyexi ,g"lyz elqka d"k-c"k ,mely
.e"pyz milyexi ,oxev 'i mbxz ,laewne dkld lra
[ 495 ]
26 ]
xeìl` lgx
'awri zlgp' ,(501) 'awri zia' d`xwpy dxeag znwdle ezbdpdl zizyz eyniy dl`
awri zial mixeywd mipiit`n dniptde zihnfixkd ezbdpdl dziivy ,'awri dpgn' e`
miziivn ezia ipa lky ,wa`pde gxead ,mewnl mewnn ccepd inbiletd awri - i`xwnd
ziyxcnd zxeqna ef zenc ly dileblble - eizehlgdl xerxr `ll mitetke el
xacna `xewd lewd iziid ip`' : xexiaa zxèzn dxeagl bidpnd oia dwifd 41.zilawde
ezii`xl dn`zda .(239) 'cala ilewa renyl mkilr did .awri lew lewde ,minrd
xac `vnp mewn lka' - xzqpl dlbpd oia zxybne miktd zcg`nd ,zilqwecxtd
ezenc wp`xt ly ezrceza - (509) 'miipya letk clep ,clepy dn lk' ; (233) 'eketide
xeywe wegd zeleabl uegn eaxg lr igd ,eyr ,ibxhd ene`z z` mb zllek awri ly
ly elxeb xn mr ddcfd wp`xt awri .el zxkpzn zicedid zxeqndy ,minc zekitya
zpn eidy dnxnde dlfbd
mre ,miileyl ezwigce epealr mr ,el dyrpy leerd mr ,eyr
.zicedid zxeqna ezenc dxary dpkqde gekd zax znii`nd dxenzd mr mbe ,ewlg
ly gekdax lnql ,scexe ziqnl llewne gcipn eyr jtdy drya zllegzn ef dxenz
,diielib lly lr zexvpd e` ,diiqpkd ,`nex ly dlnql rlaenae ,axgd zxebg mec`
,wyrpd ly ef dfetxenhn mr ddcfd wp`xt 42.dleba icedid mrd lxeb z` erawy
,dxagd ly dnegzl uegn xacna igd ,eaxg lr igd lefbde iegcd ,dnexnd ,llewnd
drya ikal mixg` ìand wyerl dxn dkead wyrpn jtedd ,dnxepd zeleabn xehtd
eyr ly eziieed mr ddcfd èd .mixeqiie zeticxa mzinne mzexig z` mdn lfeb èdy
oecl daxde
,mixeqiè zelabd zlehp zeìvna wegl uegn igd ,'xg`'ke '`xt'k
,miiwd wegd zxiay ly iehiak 'eyr zrc'ae 'eyrl jxca' ,'eyr l` dkildd' zernyna
èd .(584 ,535 ,500 ,202 ,188 ,185) ytegd weg it lr miigke zxg` zeìvnl dqipkk
mlera mixeywd miycg micnn dl siqede ,zwyrpde diegcd ,daezkd zencd z` digd
iga ocd ,i`xwnd xetiqd ly dii`xd zieef oia aliyy akxen mwxn xvi mb èd .xzqpd
oeiqipae yxcna zgztznd ,zihpleeian`d zencd oiae ,(821) wegl uegn eaxg lr
gek znlbnd diiqpkl ,epiidc ,(202) 'dliahd xnelk mec` zpiga'l dxeywe ixehqidd
.diigze dle`b ,dghade zeqg ,dticxe dyprd ,`hga dny`d ,dkiyne diigc ,dniè
,eyr) dkxev lk dreci dpi` miptdzax dzedny ,zxzqp zenc eyra d`x wp`xt
; 38 'nr ,dwipexkd : e`x ,dilecetay dvpi'vitewae dipèeià wp`xt ly eizeielbzd lr 41

.11 'nr ,a ; 72 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw
,yxcnae `xwna ,xg`d iebd z` ,eketid z` lnqnd awri ly mil`d ene`z ,eyr ly ezenc lr 42
,iwvipax g"ie wilìa p"g i"r mixecq ,miyxcnae cenlzay zecb`d xgan : dcb`d xtq : e`x
L. Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, I, Philadelphia 1913, ; gl-bl 'nr ,` ,j"yz aia`lz
: eeyde .272 'nr ,d ,my ,bxavpib : e`x ,zexvpd mre mec` mr eyr ly eiedif lr .pp. 177, 315-320
.150-147 'nr ,h"kyz milyexi ,zerce zepen` : l"fg ,jaxe` `"`
[ 496 ]
[ 27
zilawd zxeqna midf mlek - xiry ,eyr ly exy ,l`nq ,ipencwd ygpd ,mFc`
mc`d zencle mlerd ihilyl dze` xyew xzqpd dgeke (43zexvpl otev my miynyne
: mler iiga xeywd igiynd ocirl dwifa oiletay mecà ievn ef zenc ly dnelib .mlyd
lk - eyr z` d`x `l yi` mey ,mlerd zìxa onfn ik - eyr z` ze`xl dkfiy in lk'
; (1262) 'eyr jeza qpkidl jixv giynd ik mkl izxn`' ; (946) 'mlerl digi ed`xiy in
icedid epweic z` eeb ixg`n jilydy xg`n .(263) 'oileta eykr mi`vnp eyr mbe oal mb'
jtd e` ,xvpzde icedid wegd ilakn xxgzyd ,'eyr l` jxca jld'e 'iawri'd epeiav zè
ly ziyxcnde zipyxtd dixehqiddn zbxegd zernyn lra dyrp oeicd ,eyrl awrin
,innrd xetiqa mdileblba `xwnd ixeaib ly akxend mlwyn lr cirne eyr zenc
.ziynnd zizxagzizcd zeìvna mznptd lre dwihqinae qezina
ezxeage xgapd - miqezin zxivie dnfixk

`vie ,ea lcby 'iawri'd mlerl ,ipaxd wegd mlerl xkpzdy ihnfixk bidpn did wp`xt
in ly zexigde dnverd geka ,'eyr ly egek'a ea ig èdy xcqd zeiye` z` zepyl
zelbzdd el epwdy mixg` zenlerl dwifd geka ,wegde zeaxzd zeleabn xehty
ze`ceea opegny in èd ihnfixk bidpn .zihqind dii`xde izind xetiqd ,zxzqpd
qiibl eze` miaiignd oefg e` dtwyd dcinrn e` ,zitelg mler zyitz zppeknd zihqin
xcqd zkitda jexkd epefg yenina el riiqze ekxca jlzy dxeag miwdle miyp` zveaw
.dycg zeìvn zìxaae miiwd
leki did `l ,icedid mlerd ly ceqid zegpd z` aixgdl `viy drya ,mixacd rahn
lr `l sè dnkqde belìc lr dzizydle zihqikxp`de zinep`d ezxez z` uitdl
xcq oepike miiwd xcqd cbp dqxzd lr wx `l` ,zlaewn zizxeqn e` zilpeivx zeknq
envr dèxd mc` ly ze`ce lre ,mipeilr zenler mr irvn` izla rbn lr orypd ycg
oryp èd .mdl mitetk yep` ipa x`yy mewnde onfd zeleabn bxegd mc` ,l`d xiga
zeizcl mbxzine mlrp mler xiivnd ininy oeifige dycg zelbzd ly dtwez lr
ihtyn migeex eixaca .xyt`d zeleabn zebxegd zeghadle miqezin zxvei zihnfixk
: xn` ezxeag ipal .el zeiva dze` mipzne ef znlrp zeìvn mippeknd dghad
dvx`y in lk eil` qipk` .midl` iptl qpkidl `le axwl yi` leki `l icrla
.(955) idel`d xreyd èd ip` [...] .qpkii `l ,ea dvx` `ly ine ,eqipkdl
iqgia dzernyne eyr zenc ly dzelylzydl .`"r `q ,(1558) g"iy daehpn ,zewl`d zkxrn 43
,2000 aia`lz ,miiccd miienic mixvepe micedi : jphaa miieb ipy ,laei 'i : e`x ,mixvepe micedi
.gztna 'eyr' jxrde ,34-16 'nr
[ 497 ]
28 ]
xeìl` lgx
dipèei`l izrbdyke .midl` ly exrey ippdy 1756 zpya cer itn mzrny ixd
ile gekd ily oiadl mkilr did o`kn .midl` z` mkl d`x`y izxn` 1759 zpya
.(958) lka il rnyidle wfg ia fgìdl did jixv okl .ia xga midl`ye oehlyd
zereay dnk jez wfgzdl lkep [...] midl`d z` mkze`xdl mkl izghady dn
.(1097-1096) mler iigl ribdle
wegd zeleabl setk epi`y ink envr d`x èd ,midl` xigak ef zinvr dii`x sweza
zeienc eziieeda dign
,zeniiw zenxep lhand ihnfixk bidpnk ezedf z` yaibe miiwd
znlrp zigiyn zn` zexyand zeycg zenxep opekne ,zeipnflr zeihqine zei`xwn
.dlbzne zkledd dycg zeìvna
hewlhe qliy cxèc` ,xae qwn ly zihnfixk dbdpde dnfixk lr miiqlwd mixwgnl
jezn lretd dnfixkd lra da opegny zirahlr dlebql dwifd lr eriavdy 44,qpeqxt
,ezexnl mitetkd ipira dfkk ytzpd idel` gekl ezwif lre zininy zegily zyegz
o` ,zihnfixkd drtezd ixweg ly mdizecear dpexg`l etqep ,ziqp zleki el miqgiind
èd ihnfixk bidpn ly mihlead eipiit`nn cg`y jk lr ecnry ,qpxa qlbce xplie
xewn mr aexw xyw jxc .zeleab iveg miizin milnq zeigdle miqezin xevil oexyikd
zirvn` izla dxeva miakxen miizc milnq yigndle miptdl ihnfixk bidpn leki idel`
z` ekeza rinhdl lekid mc` èd ihnfixk bidpny zpiivn xplie 45.ycgn mzeigdle
miqezind znptd ici lr .ezeaxz ly miqezind xb`na minelbd mibdpnde mikxrd
mdizeyegzae eiciqg ly mzrceza xagzn èd mdil` zexywzdde milaewnd
`han ède ,zevxrp zeience miicb` mixeaib ,miycewn mixevi mr zeilpeiven`d
miixehqid mixeaible mil`l eqgeiy miizxeqn mipiit`n eizelertae ezbdpda ,ezeiyià
46
.miizin e`
dixeaibe zicedid zihqind daygnd ly dixehqida mb migekp dl` mixac
M. Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, edited with introduction : e`x 44
by T. Parsons, London 1947; idem, The Sociology of Religion, tr. by E. Fischoff, Boston
zipae dnfixkd lr ,xae 'n : e`x ,dl` mixeaign miwlg ly zixarl mebxz) 1963, pp. 46-60
E. Shils, Charisma, .(m"yz milyexi ,xin` '` mebxz ,hchypfi` p"y èane dkixr ,zecqend
Order and Status, American Sociological Review, 30 (1965), pp. 199-213; idem, Center and
Periphery: Essays in Macro Sociology, Chicago 1975; idem, The Constitution of Society,
Chicago 1982, pp. 110-119; T. Parsons, The Structures of Social Actions, New York 1949
A. R. Willner, The Spellbinders, Michigan 1984; D. Burns, Charisma and Religious 45
Leadership: An Historical Analysis, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 17 (1978),
pp. 1-15
.my ,qpxa ; 63-62 'nr ,my ,xplie 46
[ 498 ]
[ 29
zwtqn al zneyz dpzip `ly dnec mle` 47.xwgna mrt `l oievy itk ,miihnfixkd
miptny in wx `l zeidl ieyr ihqin xveie ihnfixk bidpny ,epiidc ,dprhd ly dketidl
mikxrd z` uzpne wxtny in mb `l` ,mze` digne ezeaxz ly miqezind xb`n z`
.ycg qezin ly ezxivi e` itelg qezin ly ezìigd ici lr ,ezeaxz zxeqna minelbd
envr z` xyewy in èd zeniiw zekxrn xaeyd gekk dnfixka ynzynd bidpn
iwnrnn miizin mixevie zeienc ,zeivìveq` ,miienic ,milnq ly zktednd mzernynl
,oyid mlerd z` aixgdl ,mixacd xcqa dwenr dxenzl ìadl ick dixb`nne zeaxzd
.eziieeda digznd
wizrd gekd xewn ly ezeknq sweza dycg zn` zelbl

zedcfdd inbce miienicd mler jetida wdaen iehial dà zizeaxzd zexkpzdd
gek ,cgte dni` ly miizxeqnd milnqa eiciqg zè envr z` xyw wp`xt .diigcde
,mFc` ,eyr mr ,carynd ly egek ilnq mr ddcfd èd : zelbd laqe ceary ,dticxe
icba ,cnyd ,zexvpd ,zcd zxnd ,ygpd ,zeend j`ln ,dxegyd dpecnd ,eyi ,dliah
miizxeqnd miicedid zedcfdd ilnq z` dgce ,mcd zelilre ,mcn mivengd eyr
dxezd lerae cenild mlera ipgexd gekae ,zifitd dylega ,zelba ,oic zlawa mixeywd
,lilrnd ,scexd iebd ly gekd ilnq z` ztcxpd ezxeagle envrl qkip èd .zeevnde
jetid .ely `vend zlidw ly oicd zlawe dylegd ,zedcfdd ilnq z` dgce ,xg`de xfd
.dyrnd mlera dl` miqgil dketd dixhniqa cnr miienicd mlera dylegde gekd
iaihnxepd xcqd zeleabn bxegd dpey mler zcnrde zniiwd zeìvnl zexkpzd
iepiya wlg zgweld dxeag bidpdle itelg izxagipeirx cwen aivdl zlekia zeielz
lr ,df gek .ihnfixkd egekle bidpnd ly epefgl dnvr ztteke dlbpl mlrpd oia qgid
zìigdne mipeilr zenler mr irvn` izla rbnn raep ,dbidpne dxeagd ipa ztwyd it
.dlbpd mnlera mlrpd mlerd ly miizind eiiehia
,zepey zexeag ly zeizextq ze`nbec zeievn zicedid zihqind dxivid zecleza
diazky 'cgid' zxeag ,dwizrd zra : zitelg zeìvn eppeky ,zeipeicae zeizeìvn
zextqa miievn miihqind odiazky dakxnd icxei zexeage ,o`xnewa e`vnp miipdekd
zeyecwd zexeagde 49(dxyr yely d`n) xdefd lra zxeag ,miipiad inia 48; zelkidd
,milaewnd zexeage l"gnx zxeag ,dxyr dpenyd d`na 50; (dxyr yy d`n) ztv ly
dfetxenhn : h"yra l`xyi 'xe ex`w sqei 'x' ,xeìl` 'x ; (40 dxrd lirl) ex`w ,iwqaelaxe : e`x
ly giynd' ,qail ; 709-671 'nr ,(e"pyz) dq ,uiaxz ,'zipgex dnptde zilaw d`xyd zihqin
.(40 dxrd lirl) 'xdefd
,'zeipeifgzeipdek zexeqn yelye miycwn dyely : dnecwd zicedid dwihqind ly dziy`x' ixtq
.dl` zexeag ly onlera wqer ,qpb`n z`veda xe` d`xiy
.71-1 'nr ,(h"nyz) g ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn ,'xdefd xtq xagzd cvik' ,qail 'i : e`x
,exaecxew dyn 'x ly dlawd ixrya ,wf 'a ; 83-38 'nr ,(40 dxrd lirl) ex`w ,iwqaelaxe : e`x
.46-43 'nr ,d"pyz milyexi
[ 499 ]
47
48
49
50
30 ]
xeìl` lgx
mle` 51.zilawd zextqd iagxa aezkd mneyix z` exi`ydy ,miyextde miciqgd

zeaxz dxvie dxnyy ,dlikynd zilird ibeg mr llk jxca epnpy ,dl` zexeag
mlerd zeleab z` qexdl e`vi `l ,miycg zernyn icaex dl dtiqede zycewn
zenlrpd zeiernyna winrdle ,ecvl zetqep zeipeifg zeieìvn aivdl `l` iaihnxepd
dxen : zeièapzeipdek zeienc ecnr zexeagd y`xa 52.ziyep`de zidel`d dxivid ly
; idel` ielib sweza i`xwnd wegd ly ycegn xeyiè iheit oefg aliyy ,o`xnewa wcvd
l`rnyi iaxe àiwr iax oebk ,dwihqine weg ,dcbè dkld ealiyy milecb mixvei
mr epnp mlek - milaewnd zexeaga l"gnxe ex`w sqei 'x e` ,dakxnd ilra zexeaga
dlbpd mlerd oia miakxen oilneb iqgi ecinrde mpnf ly zxveide dbidpnd dhil`d
zeevne dxez ler zlawe minyn dxez ly ceqid zegpd z` zepyl ilan xzqpd mlerl
.dizeiyeà dcinrd zicedid dxagdy
epnp dixag mre dxagd ileya dgnvy zenc icia dbdpedy ,zihqiwp`xtd dxeagd
mb ik m` ,miltyene mizegp ,zevx` inre mixeak mnvr ipira eytzpy miyp` xwira
dlcazd ,zihqinepihp`d zi`zayd jxcl eytzp micneld ibeg oian dlkyd ilra
.eizeceqi z` rwrwl dywiae ely ceqid zegpdl dxkpzd ,dà epnny mlerdn
dtetkd dxeag ly dipeit` lr eriavd icedi `ld mlera zeliawn zertez ixweg
gek iqgil dwifa dly `vend zlidw ikxrl zygkznd zihnfixkzihqin dbdpdl
dnec .ef oirn dhiyl mixqnzn mpi` miwfg miyp` ,zexg` zeveawak' : dylege
.ihnfixkd bidpnl gek miwiprnd dl` mde micevipd md micea`de miylgd ,mi`kecndy
dkixv itlk mkzepn`p sxhvdl mivex mz` mè ,mdl xne` èd ,mewn dfi`l jled ip`
53
.'zhlgen zeidl
bidpnd oia ,zepn`pde zeivd ,dylegde gekd iqgi zl`ya dl` mixacl xkip oeinc
dpen` mkl zelbl ick mkil` à `l ip`' : xne`d wp`xt ly eixaca `vnp ,mibdpenl
zipaz .(1087) 'izeawra da eklzy zn`d jxc z` mkze`xdl ick `l` ,dycg (zc)
ezxeag ly miizxagd dipeit` zèeydn dler zihnfixkd dbdpdl miprpd zedfa dnec
mipaxd zeprhn ,zexewnd lkn xkipy itk' : mely myxb ly eixaca wp`xt ly
dakyd on ,micexne miiprn akxen ezzik iyp`n lecb wlg did ,mixnkd zexbi`ne
lk `ll zxeir dpenà eixg` ekldy zephw zexir iypè miixtk ly xzeia dheytd
inre mixea zxiga lr zzzyend ,ef zizxag zeìvn ly dzernyn 54.'xerxire diidz
.59-45 'nr ,(19 dxrd lirl) zegeld lr zexig ,xeìl` : e`x 51
.46-43 'nr ,(14 dxrd lirl) xeìl` : e`x ,zexeagd lr 52
L. Festinger, H. W. Ricken and S. Schachter, When Prophecy Fails, Minneapolis : e`x 53
1956, p. 175
dxeagd lr zepey zetwydl .121-120 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,'oileta zi`zayd drepzd' ,mely 54
[ 500 ]
[ 31
ztl`n dxeva zyxtzn ,mzepeaix lr xzeel mipkend ,zekenpd zeakyd on zevx`

: wp`xt ly eixaca
wx izxga dnl [1770a dzn ezy` ; eza] dceak ipzl`y oixa xira 1785 zpya
dzid `l i`cea ìd .miypd oian dze` izgwl `l dnle <...> zevx` inre mixea
,dl izipr ? micnelne minkga enler bdpi midl`y df upew dfi` ; ipnn dxq
,o`kn d`xi egekye ,xzeia miltyende mizegpd mr mlerl z`vl dvex midl`
,izxn`y itk j` ; llka oi` lkye ipnn lecb ux`d mr did `l ixd ,ia ihiade i`x
.(34) [12 gk aei`] `vnz oi`n dnkgd
xaaec .xeaivd zrc z` `hand ,dtewzd oa ,dii`x cr ixaca zxzqp ef zecr
idlya mihqiwp`xtd mr migekieea lirt wlg gwly ,(1805-1724) aeglean l`hpwxia
ixac' extqa dl` mibeg ly maih lr cirn ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly miyingd zepy
meyn eixaca cgein oiipr yi df xywda .okn xg`l mixeyr dyelyk azkpy ,'dpia
ipcnld mqegii sweza zixqend dnxepd on diihqa mzcygde mzny`d z` lqet èdy
xg`l .zxewial `yen ìd mixg` minegza mzebdpzdy drya mb eipira i`ce didy
itn mihqiwp`xtd mi`zayl miqgeind miypd itelige zeixrd i`hg z` x`zn èdy
: azek èd ,drenyd
micinzne xtq ircei ,micnel maex eidy mdilr z`fk oin`d `l mlerd aex la`
zevg exar `l mdn efiè `ziixe`c oifx epnn micnele yecwd xdfd xtqa cenll
efiè ,milaewn mya mnvr mipkne ycwnd zia oaxeg lr mila`zne dpiya dlil
55
.mdil` zybn e`xi mrdn
exnzype wp`xt ly ezxeag ipa japteà 1799a eazky ,'zenec`d zexbi`d' oeyln
migekieel dwifa dilecetae divilba eazkpy zeihqiwp`xtd zecerzd oeylne ,zixara
,l`hpwxia ixacl wven ceqi yiy dnec ,oalae xexa
ly mdixeaiga enqxtzpe miianetd
mix`z ilra miyp` zellekd ,mixnend zeniyxn mb .'xtq ircei ,micnel maex eidy'
mdil`y i`ceel aexwe ,xtq ircei micnel ly lhean `l oirxb didy dler ,miipax
.xzei miheyt miyp` etxhvd
'oec`d ixac'a dxeagd zetwzyd lr .212 'nr ,xexa
; 120 ,117 'nr ,my ,mely : e`x zihqiwp`xtd
zial zxywpd dxeagd qezin lr .(176) 'epgp` miipr ik' : e`x ,miipr zxeag bidpnk wp`xt lre
`xwie ,midl` zxeag idef ,df midl` dpgn : awri lv` aezky itk ,eà eziae yi`' : e`x ,awri
.(440 ,428 ,418 ,399 ,326 ,306-305 : my cere ; 471) 'miipgn dxeag mewnd my z` [awri]
icedi ly hand zcewpn dtewzd z` xi`nd ,'dpia ixac' ,aeglean l`hpwxia xaaec ly exeaig 55
wlg gwl s` mbxznke ,dxyr dpenyd d`na zihqiwp`xtd ze`zaya dtvy likyn izxeqn
.212 'nra ,my ievn hehivd .269-197 micenra ,xexa
lv` eaexa àen ,dnr migekieea
[ 501 ]
32 ]
xeìl` lgx
,uxè miny itlk sivgnd ,ux`d mre xead l`ci` z` dqxzda cinrdy ,wp`xt aiaq
dniiwzd ,minyd `xi l`ci` zè cnelnd mkg cinlzd l`ci` z` dyciwy dxag znerl
dxif ynyl e` 'dklpe ekl awri zia' zeidl dnikqde epefgl dnvr dttky dxeag
eze`x zcewpn dxicbd wp`xty - ef dxeag ,xen`k .izind enler iehial zilapxw
oerny 'x eze` lv` enk' ,zihqin zilkzl dtzeyd ,`xcià xdefd lra zxeaga dxeywk
,(701 ) 'mig`l mkz` izxga ip` mb ok ,zg` dxagl mlek eyrp mieqn mewnl eqpkiday
'mig`' zxeagk e` ,(326) ininyd ezenc oa z` deelnd zininyd dxeagd zetwzydk
xac l` zkll ilr ik ipexnyze ipexfrzy izgwl mkz`' : epefgl zcareynd 'zeig`'e
mkpevxay mzxn`' : mitzzynd ly mze`x zcewpn dze` x`zne ,(703) 'c`n `xepe wfg
wx dzpn `l - (570) 'zexigl mkz` ìve`y mzivx mz`' ; (922) 'midl` z` cearl
zeiecrn dlerk ,zeipaxe zelikyn zeizxag zeakyn mibivp mb `l` 'zevx` inre mixea'
dgc `l` ,'oec`d ixac'a mewn meya zernyn dl`l qgii `l wp`xty dnec mle` .zepey
zeknqde dyecwd iienic zè zedcfdd ilnq zè izxeqnd mlerd ly jxrd ibyen z`
mikxrd mleq zxiaye zexveid jetid z` yibcde ,zeevn lerae zepcnla mixeywd
: izxagizeaxzd
iig miig mde micakn iz` xy` miyp`d z`ye ocnl iziidy mrt i` ernyz m`
ip`y ernyz m` j` .zn`d idl` `le ipkilen xy` èd ohyd ik ercz ,dgeex
`ll mewnl mewnn miklyene miltyen iz` xy` miyp`de dlecb dwevna oezp
epkilei èd jlp ekxca xy` èd midl`y ercz ,lek`l mgl `lle yeall cba
.(903) minler inlerl
lapxwk dxeagd
izcd xywdd lre wp`xt awri aiaq dcb`zdy dxeagd ly dzlert iqetc lr cenrl ick
dcin ipwa dze`xl yiy dnec ,dcqiin ly eze`x zieefn ea dlrt ìdy izxagde
drtezk dzii`x cva ,mewnde onfd zeleabn mibxegd ,miilapxwe miilxh`z ,miilpinil
.mewne onf ly minieqn zeleaba ze`zayd z`xyda zlretd zizxagzixehqid
dfgn z`lrdl dxifk lapxwd z` xicbd ,rcepd iqexd zextqd xweg ,oihgà li`kin
eay ,jetd mler zxivi èd df dfgn ly epiipr .miteve mipwgyl dwelg `lle dna `ll
miycewn zeleab ,milhazn miikxxiid mixcqe mixeqiè miweg : mlelqnn mibxeg miigd
xeaicde zlaewnd zebdpzdd ,zixeaivd oirl ihxtd megzd oia dpgad oi` ,mivxtp
mitygp miixhpvqwè miwgcen miccve ,zelaewnd mdizeipazn mixxgzyn oeznd
dxeywd zizextq dxev ìdy dwqhexb ly zakxen dfgnd èd lapxwd .diqdxta
[ 502 ]
[ 33
ez`xeda ixnegd sebd zyitzae ,dcledde cilend sebd aiaq miaaeqd zeaxz ipiipra
zè ixnegd sebd ly dwqhexbd z` x`zn oihgà .oeilika mglpd diaxe dixt irvn`k
zelhazn lapxwa .zeend lr miigd oegvipk ilapxwd dieliba zipind zexwtdd
dfa df miaxrzne ,jenpl deabd oia ,inewl ipivxd oia ,ililyl iaeigd oia zepgadd
,jxrd lehpe jxrd ax ,dltyde ddl`d ,zexeae cenil ,zelkqe dnkg ,lege ycew
oiae xxgynde ryrynd oiay leabd lr cinz ievn ilapxwd xp`'fd .dfapde ycewnd
rtey ,micebip cegiè zexvei jetida wqerd ,lapxwd oky ,dni`d xxerne zeErnd
wzrp lekd eay jetd mlera ,oeaìzl ycew leliga wqer ,miycewn miqwh lr zeicext
; seyia mewna dhey ; liv` zenca car ; dyecwd dlezad zenca dxekiy dpef : enewnn
lapxwd .mixetq mini uwn dbirln dxeva gcend ,jln zenca ovil e` ipr ,xekiy ovawe
zexeywd ,dnife dltyd ly zeegnae ,eixcbn bxegd sebd ly zeiwqhexba yecb mb
ddl`de dxzkd iqwh - mketid sè ,miinqew mikildz iepiyae sebde dnc`d oeixta
qwhl dneca ,dl` miqwh ly mceqia .exqg `l miiwd xcqd zeaivi z` mixrxrnd
,zeycgzdde zeend ,zexenzde dtelgd qezt oetv ,lapxwd jln ly ilezidd dxzkdd
56
.ziy`xde seqd
awri ly iwqhexbd dfgnd z`lrdl zilapxwd dxifd dziid zihqiwp`xtd dxeagd
ea dziid mle` ,ixeaivl ihxtd oiae mitevl mipwgy oia dwelg ea dziid `ly ,wp`xt
mlera ereviaa wlg migweld dl` oiae mlrp mlerl qgiiznd qezind xvei oia dwelg
mr cgi xzqpd mlera zlretd wp`xt ly ezenca cwnzdy ,ihqiwp`xtd dfgnd .dlbpd
xya 'zeig`'e 'mig`' lr dpevx z` ztkeè dlbpd mlera zlretd ezencae mixzqp 'mig`'
mibxegd miigae ,zegekd iqgi jetida ,dlbpd mlera miigd ixcq cbp dqxzda wqr ,mce
,milhazn oyid mlerl mikiiyd miikxxiid mixcqe mixeqiè miwegy drya mlelqnn
mi`hane ,laewnde aivid mlerd zeleab z` mixrxrnd ,miycg mixcq mibven mnewnae
dnvrl dqkipy drya jetd mler dxvi zihqiwp`xtd dxeagd .ycg mlerl dkildd z`
xfd ,carynd ly eiienic zè scexde `hegd ly eilnq z` jtednd aeigd jxc lr
zxkpzn dcnr d`hia ìd .'xeari lè bxdii'd ixeqi` lr dyegp gvna xaerd ,aie`de
rpvend z` ,dfeanl ycewnd z` ,xzenl xeq`d z` miktedd milnq dxgay jka ef
z` dyignde dfignd ,dxtiqe ,iwqhexbl abypd zè ileyl ifkxnd z` ,xwtenl
57
.mketid revia ici lr zicedid zxeqnd ceqia micnerd zenkqende miwegd ly mxerxr
M. Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, tr. H. Iswolsky, Cambridge, MA 1968 : e`x 56
,19 ,18 'q ,oec`d ixac : e`x ,dlap iyrne mineià zqpkd zia ixcq zrixte dxez xtq iefia lr 57
iptl `xap mkz` dzt xy` owfd jlnd' gqepa ,zicedid zcd ilnql iepibe l`l iefia ixac .512 ,20
ixac' ly miax mitirqa miievn ,(980) 'ipiq xd lr dxezd z` mkl ozp xy` èd ède mlerd zìxa
.iav izay ly ezebdpzda èvnl wp`xt awri did leki zqpkd ziaa zellezydl d`xyd .'oec`d
[ 503 ]
34 ]
xeìl` lgx
day ,zinipt zeìvn oia dpigand zi`zayd mlerd zyitz z` igy ,wp`xty dnec
cearyd weg lg oiicr da xy` ,zipevig zeìvn oiae ,dle`bd dlgde cearyd miizqd
enlern xearle ef zipevig zeìvn lhal ick ezlekia xy` lk zeyrl jxev d`x ,zelbde
xgae ,(658) 'y`xd lr zkll uegp eyr l` ik' xnè ay èd .eyr ly enlerl awri ly
jetidl iehiak ,zicedid dlidwd zeleab z` mixicbnd 'xeari lè bxdii' ixeqi` zyelya
iiehiaa wlg dxeagd dgwl ezbdpdae ez`xyda .miiwd xcqd xerxrle ie`xd zexveid
zeheaae dqxzda diqdxta eldpzdy miqwha ,minc zekitye zeixr ielib ,dxf dcear
,laewn miig gxe`l mihlgend mixeqi`d ektd dxeagd ly zilapxwd zeìvna .zpeekn
cearyd ,zelbd ,zeend oniqa zcnerd zeìvnd zkitd zxbqna ygxzd df miig gxeè
oniqa zcnerd zeìvnl ,rxe aeh zrcd ur zxez ly xvid oeqixe zeevne dxez lerl
.miigd ur zxeza dxywpy ler lk zwixte zexigd ,dle`bd ,miigd
dxeywd zelbd zxezk ,xen`k ,dytzpy ,dìxac dxez ztlgd llk zexveid jetid
zigvpd dle`bd zxezk dytzpy ,zeliv`c dxeza ,onfa milaben ieeivle wegl
e` rxe aeh zrcd ur zxez ly dtwez lehia ici lr ygxzd jetidd .miweg zlleynd
cizr d zkitd ici lre ,`hgd ixg` yperk ozipy zeend oniqa cnerd xar d weg lehia
iptly ocr oba mixacd avn z` xifgnd ,xzide xeqi` iwegne zeevn lern xehtd igiynd
miigd oniqa cnere miigd ur zxez oniqa llegznd ihqin deed l ,xeqi`de `hgd
zeend oehlye cearyd zeìvn lr zrcd ur zxez ikxr iefia llkp df jetida .miigvpd
ly mnegza zldpznd miigd ur zxez ly zexigd zeìvnl dzkitd myl ,da melbd
: dle`bd ocira zeenl` ipa
zeend cvn df lk ik ,miwegd z` z`yl leki epi` mikled ep` eil` xy` mewnd
.(805) miigd z`xwl mikled epè èd
ixrya mkz` ìan ipè [...] .mizn midl`l mzcar icedid cnrna mziidyk
miigl mkìadl md ivn`n lke [...] miigd z`xwl mkz` izkled ip` [...] eyr
.(977)
.(1317) gvp iig z`xwl mkz` izlaed ip`
ìd miig ur'k ,'miig midl` ixac'k izxeqnd mlera miytzpd ,miwegde zeevnd ,dxezd
mikted ,zEige zeigvpke dyecwd zednk ,'miig xewn'k ,(18 b ilyn) 'da miwifgnl
,miigd ur eliè .'`xg` `xhqd cvn dxezle ,zeend cvn miweg'l wp`xt ly eixaca
miwegl cearyd one oicd on xehtd megzk ezrceza yxtzn ,cqg zxez mb dpeknd
eicba .119-118 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail ; 326-320 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : e`x
ektd ,mdilr ekldy
dni`le mixvepd icia micedid ly mzticxl lnq eidy ,eyr ly mcn mivengd
.(188 ,185 ,123) 'oec`d ixac'a ezxeag ipae wp`xt awri ly miilnqd eicbal
[ 504 ]
[ 35
zicedid zeaxzl od ezwif z` mipiit`n mpkez jetide miienicd zli`y .mtwez zeigvpne
.qpkp dil`y zixvepd zeaxzl od `vi dpnny
wegn xehte ,zexige gvp iig oiae dfn cearye dkld ,oic ,weg ,zeen oia iedifd
oiae mdixg`n eafr eiciqgy mlerd oia aehiwk wp`xt icia aved ,dfn dkldl cearyne
ipeikxà z`vnpd ,1776 zpyn dcerza .mze` jilen èd eil`y ghaend mlerd
cirde ea xfgy dxeagd oa ,ipìpil`bn awri axd xne` ,x``dfiexw ìany ,diiqpkd
lew xarie `yxel eiyp`n miax mr wp`xt rqp jk xg`' : afry ixg` da dyrpd lr
xn` ezixa ipan miax eznyke ,zeni `l ea oin`nd lke ,ecia zende miigd ik ,edpgna
eigi ik mipin`nl dxeyad' : oekp l` oiivn x``dfiexw 58.'dnly dpenà epin`d `l md ik
drpkye dirney lk z` dccer envrae eceaka `xead ly ezeqga xyeè xyera crl
wp`xt ly eztwyda xywpy ,izkldd mfinepd 59.'zrnyn ler mnvr lr lawl mze`
mfinepihpà slgzd ,ziaihnxepd zecdid ly diegcde zcarynd ,zafekd dzedna
: exiv lr jtdznd mlera zexigd zxgey zkd ly zxzqpd dzedna xywpy ,dhea ipktdn
ltyn iz`vi ip`y mkipira e`xz aexwae miwegd lk z` qenx` ip` mkl xne` ip`
.(890) mibrlpde mi`kcpd micedid oian dbxcnd
m` ik dxez edynl zzl izà `l ipè [...] `xg` `xhqdn ìd [...] dxezd
lk mklv` x`yiz `ly d`neh lkn mkz` xdh` izreyi èazyk [...] qenxl
.(798) lkdn exhtzze miyteg eidz .mkilr oic cer legi `le ,dxez
.(885) eycgzi ux`d lk ipt [...] mlerd jtdzi mFc`l
qpkipyk
zexiy'a mxewnl dèeyda dl`d miawepd mixacd zernyn z` jixrdl yiy dnec
: dnpecd zxeqna 'zegayze
/ xar xak minkgd oice zeevnd .(38) leha èd - zeevnl / zexg - cqg zxez
lha zeevnn xxgy [...] iav izay jln .(51) ft gipn lfxa gwel miiwl utgy in
xn` `vz iz`n dycg dxez [...] / epgiyn èd ipec` gk `p lcbi ax .(89) zeika
i`ce .(110) zenlerd z` owz / zedl`d ceq d`xd / zeixr lha enr .(107) epwcv
/cgi ornl / epycw ornl owz ornl laza zà dz` / [...] izay lèb miigd ur
qxd èd / [...] `xw cren epl [iav izay] èd .(128) xzen ziyr xeq` eidy dl`
/ zeevnd ly oleha .(138) zenlerd z` owz / zetilwd z` lha / zeevnd z`
zeklde miweg lha / [..] izay ceqa dxiya lìzl`y .(154) zenlerd oewzl
.(210) izay lèb iav i`ce edpd / dxezd lha ribd ezrya .(168)
.12 'nr ,a ,x``dfiexw 58
[ 505 ]
36 ]
xeìl` lgx
lèhixl qezinn xarnde ihqilècd wa`nd zxif - dxeagd
zeìvna oixeg ipal ektd `l mi`kcpd micedid ,zxeqnde dnxepd lern xexgyd zexnl
eliè dghad zpigaa dxzep zexigd : èd jetdp .zihqiwp`xtd dcrd ly zilapxwd
dler dwipexkae 'oec`d ixac'a oeirn .ceary oniqa dcnr dxeagd ly dnlera zeìvnd
mil`d ,iwqhexbd elerl cearya slgzd miny zeklne zeevn lerl cearydy xexiaa
gily envr d`xy bidpnd oia miqgid .opeky zevixrd qezinle wp`xt ly iziitkde
,minyn eilr dlhedy zegilyd yenina riiql mieEvnk eytzpy dxeagd ipa oiae midl`
zexfk`zd ,mdiig inegz lk lr zeihppinec ,zicrla zizeknq dipenbd oniqa ecnr
ip`' : mdl xne` wp`xt .rixknde yxtnd ,wwegnd lewd lr letepene ,ziptebe zipgex
mileki mziid ,igily mkpdy mz` la` .midl`d gily ippd ik ,zkll izleki `l invra
bidpn zpiit`nd zegilyd zyegz mya raeze ,(682) 'gilyd igily mziide zkll
zeiptebd eizeriaz lkl zepride ezeknql zhlgen zetitk ,xae d`xdy itk ,ihnfixk
: xneè eipn`pa xnrzn èd l` gilyk ef zinvr dii`x ly dnya .cg`k zeipgexde
mkl dncp ,izecewt ixg` e`lnz ik mkl xne` ip`yke ,fr mewnn izglyp ip`
mikixv mz` [...] ixg` xdxdl mkl xeq` miipelig mixaca mb .rahd cbp df ik
.(197) wtq ly uny `la lkd renyl
.(1144) mka jxev il oiè xicè lecb mewnn izglyp ip`
.(516) midl` z` mkl d`x` ip`
izayl xywpy akekd ,i`zayl e` mic`nl dwifa xdef akekk envr d`x mb èd ,xen`k
xywpy ,epia` awri ibelezind ezenc oa lr i`xwnd hqwhdn miienic z`xyda ,iav
: exe`l mikled mpi`y drya mcerii z` miìhgny ink d`x dxeagd ipa zè ,akekl
eze` mkpd mz`y izayg .[17 ck 'na] l`xyin hay mwe awrin akek jxc : aezk
zcxl siqei `l mlerle dlrie dlri akek eze` wx ,qxdii lkd : mkl cib` .hay
.(940)
rweyyky recie mic`n `xwp dfd akekde awrin akek jxc yxetna aezk ik
60
.(846) eziilrl uw didi `l dlrn dlriykl j` medzl cr cxei èd df akek
zaeg ezxeag ipan draze iyep`lr cnrna eze` dzkify ,opeky dycgd zeìvnd
,zipin zexwtde ler zwixt ,dnxep lk zxiay ,(861) 'mixrekn miyrn'a dkexkd dpen`
i`zay akek ly qxdd zegek lr .88 'nr ,mely dipt mebxz = 124-123 'nr ,a ,x``dfiexw : eeyd 60
.my zhxetnd ditxbeilaiaae ,df uaewa qail dcedi ly exn`n e`x ,iav izayl ezwif lre
[ 506 ]
[ 37
`linne mewnde onfd zeleabn zbxegd dieedk e` midl`k ezbvda dwcvd dl d`vn
: eipn`p ly zizxewiad dbydd zeleabn
mala dreaw dpen`dy dl` lke minlerl digie igde izin`d l`d èd awri
igde izin`d l`d èd awri wxy z`f z` mdizeala z`yle cinz oin`dl miaiegn
61
.ezxfra eryeeii dl` lk dyecwd ezxfra mipin`ny dl` lke
mixywda ef dprh yyiè ay `l` zidel`d ezedn lr zinrtcg dfxkda wtzqd `l èd
oia ,dnpecd ly zixezqnd zeìvnd oia xyiw eixetiqae eizexnà : mipey miizin
ccpy zepeyd zeieaxzd on miixelwlet miaihen oiae xdefd zxeqn ly miinnr miceair
.odipia
ikln jln ,(1275 ,418) lecbd g`d dpeknd ,l`d ly ezenc oak envr d`x cer
dni` zexxern zeizin zeieyile minlrp zegekl dxeywd zidel` zednke ,(964) miklnd
,(326 ,309) minlrp mig` 62,(806 ,679) mittern oiaw ilra ely dibelezina zeiexwd
,1260 ,1106 ,679 ,307) oiaw ilra ,(978 ,446 ,418) ày zkln ,(1274) zegexe micy
.(1267 ,1082 ,1023 ,905 ,422) micy ,(1274
lkd cixedl' el mixiznd ,mixzqp zegekl ezwif swezae zidel`d eziieed ly dnya
,zeiv ,zetitk dxeagd ipan raez èd ,(418) 'il wx ozip minexnl zelrdle dle`y
lr ,reawl dfxtd ef `dz `ly dnec .dwizye cgt ,'mixrekn miyrn' ,zilèhix diiyr
: ixhilheh bidpn ipeità oiihvd èdy ,micreznd eiyrne miyxetnd eixac ceqi
,repk oendl miipeaix miyp` zkitd ,zeiyi` oglet ,dnglne zenil` ,gek zvxrd
izla zeghad dgihand zwqet izla dlenrz ly dzrtyda zipgek zeìvn aevire
zekitye daexw dngln x`zl daxd èd .'oec`d ixac'n xexiaa miler dl` lk .zeixyt`
zipziiv zepn`pe eizengbl ceary ,znnec dripk raze (1255 ,1179 ,493 ,56) minc
gvp iige zexig ly mler ,zitelg zeìvn migihand qezinde xetiqd geka ,epehlyl
.(1106 ,1118 ,418) miicb` zexveè zeipeinc zeieyi zvigna
oky ,zbdepd zeaxzde zxeqnd lr cqeind zrc lewiy lk lr xezie eipn`pn raz èd
oehlye gek envrl raz èd xnelk ,(421) 'meyd ztilwk exayii miwegde mixtqd lk'
leab zercei opi`y zeitiv ly dnipa mixèzn ezxeag ipa oial epia miqgid .miicrla
mziid minly mziid el' : ze`ltend zeghadd eyazyp dpibay ,dafkpy diitiv lye
.(831) 'dnc`d lr jexc` `ly ick ilbx zetk l` zgzn l` mkici zetk z` miny

; 383-380 ,345 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,'dikexa' ,mely : e`x .hq oewiz ,xdefd ipewiz z`xyda 62
.147 'nr ,zegayze zexiy
[ 507 ]
38 ]
xeìl` lgx
lv` dievnd 'oec`d ixac'n dàenn mb dler oqx zxqg zepraeze zexnrzd ,zevixr
myk eikxa lr zkll jixv - wp`xt xne` did - ixvg l` axwl dvexd lk' : x``dfiexw
lr lgfie dvx` eipt lr letii ,ixcg l` il` qpkidl dvxiy ine .oiaw ilrad mikledy
dn raewd icrla inepehe` zeknq xewnk ytzp èd 63.'dnc`l eiptyk eici lre eilbx
zefg oia xywd dne miwegd md dn ,zkll yi okidl ,zeyrl yi dn ,wxtle xrxrl ie`x
mixeeir ly zelz iienica swzyn dxeagd ipal eqgi .zxzqpd mzernynl mixacd
.zeenl` oaa zeen ipae ,xacna miwzey ,rceia mixea ,gkita
,'ea oin`dl xeq` mièxy dn' dfxkdd oniqa ecnr dl` miizelz oilneb iqgi
yexitd ztcrda dielzd dpenà eztlgde iygend oeiqipl zeygkzd ìd dzernyny
zipziiv diinec zyixc epiipry ,'dnec `yn' oniqae ,zilbpd oird zi`xn lr xzqpd
cnrn lk zlily dzlr dl` miqgin .zxewia zrnyde wtq zlhd xeqiè eipn`pn
dzyrp ef drwtd .okl mcew da eig mdy dxagd megzn mzrwtde dxeagd ipan inepehe`
,dxeagd y`x ly ekxca wetwt xeqi` ,dxeagd ipa ly ipeaixd cnrnd lehia zervnà
zecerzdn dlerk ,dxagd zecqen cbp cxne ,dnxepe weg lk zwixta eizeawra dkild
.dllka zihqiwp`xtd zextqdne zeihqiwp`xtihp`d
wextl raez èdy drya inepehe` zeknq xewnl jted ixhilhehd ihnfixkd bidpnd
ezyitz .epefgl zexyt `ll zexiqne zetitk ,zepziiv raeze miiwd wegd ly eler z`
dbdpdd ly zipraezd dzedn lr qpeqxt hewlh ly eixac mr cg` dpwa dler wp`xt ly
z` `weec `l` eiciqg ly mpevx z` z`han dpi` bidpnd ly ezeknq' : zihnfixkd
mkilre mkz` izkyn ip`' : zeax minrt yxetna dler ef driaz 64.'mzeaigzd e` mzaeg
mzlynp `l recn' ; (397) 'jixg` jlp drexf `l ux`l ,le`yl elitè jixg` jlp :xnel
'? mliaeie èaiy drexl mipiznne cxen my`xyk mitetv mlek micnerd miyak o`vl
.(1147)
dxeagd ipa cecia z` o`k mb `vnp ,zihnfixk dbdpdl zetetkd zexg` zexeagak
,(977 ,805) zeend mqk zexèznd ,zelaewnd zenxepdne dxagdn dwezip zè ('dpgn')
,zepeaixe zrc lewiy lr xezie ,('dnec `yn') dwizy ,zeiceq xenyl driazd z`
zeìvna ,('eyr l` jxcd') dxyt z` rcei èd wxy jxca bidpn ixg` zipziiv dkilde
oeiqipe zlaewn zeynn lr zcqeind zxewiae dpigan dxehtd ,dèx èd wxy zxzqp
lbrnn zcxtpd ,dbixge zlcazn dlidw zxivil driazd z` `vnp cer .szeyn izeaxz
z` da dlrn bidpndy ,zccean zilapxw zibelezin dxif zxivi myl ,izxbyd miigd
one rxl aeh oia mipigand milaewnd miwegd on dxehtd ,dxeagd .dlilrd xetiq

.ai 'nr ,(44 dxrd lirl) dnfixkd lr ,xae 64
[ 508 ]
[ 39
mikledd ,cg`k mipwgyd ldwe mitevd ldw ìd ,ixeaivl ihxtd oia zepigand zenxepd
z` yxtnd ,iy`xd owgyde fgnend qezind xagn èd dxeagd bidpn .bidpnd zeawra
jxcd z` raewd ède ,mipwgydmitevd ldw ipfeà dfgnd ly zxzqpd ezernyn
`l mlerl j` mikled eil`y xzqpd mlerde yecwd mewnd zeleab zè da mikledy
zeynndn zelcazde zewgxzd ici lr dyrp oeincl dilìxd oia xrtd mevnv .miribn
ziqwh diiyra bidpnd ly ekxc yeyi` ici lre zgeexd zizeaxzd dnxepdne zizxagd
ly zeilapxwd zengbd it lr zlrete zepziivae dripka zbdepd dxeagd icia zipglet
.ycg mler opeknd bidpnd
,zxeqna milaewnd mixeqi`d lk lr xearl ezxeag ipale envrl xizd wp`xt awri
oia mibiiqde zepgaddne ,miaxd zeyxe hxtd zrpv ly zeycewnd zewelgdn bexgl
,ezxeag ipa lr dtk èd .zevixtl zeripv oiae ,zeixrl oiyeciw oia ,miiebl micedi
zcd iycew iefiaa wlg zgwl mdn raze ipin xqen ly zeketd zenxep ,mpevxl cebipa
d`hazdy ,zipin zexwtd mdn raz èd .'xeari lè bxdii' ixeqi` lr ianeta xearle
minxgenl ektd miihray ,zeixr ielibe zevixt zexar
,miianet oin iqgi ,miyp iteliga
mlerd zeleabn mitzzynd z` miriwtnd miihqinepihp` miiehia raz sè ,micepne
.cifna minc zekitye ,diqdxta myd lelige dxf dcear ipgleta zetzzyd oebk ,icedid
diiqpkl eklii ,exvpzi 'mig`'dy yxc wp`xty x`yd oia zpiivn zihqiwp`xtd zextqd
(54 ,48 ,46 ,44 'q ,dwipexkd) zixvepd dlitzd z` ecnlie alvl eegzyiy ,axre xwea
zyecw z` elhaiy yxc cer .'y`xd lr zkll jixv' eil`y 'eyr l` jxc'l iehiak
milg oi`y l`bp mlerl iehiak ,eizepeibiy it lr ezeyxl odizeyp z` ecinrie oièyipd
zecerz .(107-104 ,74 ,67 ,64 ,46 'q ,dwipexkd ; 377 ,375 ,oec`d ixac) mixeqi` ea
cbp mc zelilra zetzey mdl zeqgiin zihqiwp`xtihp`d zicedid zextqde diiqpkd
iqetc 65.mnc z` exizde mze` enixgdy mipaxd mr wa`nd zxbqna micedid mdig`
mzepn`p z` egihad ,zicedid dlidwd zeleabn dxeagd iyp` z` eriwtd dl` zebdpzd
epnn oi`y ilpinil megza miievnl mze` ektde ,mznxgde mcecia zervnà bidpnl
.dnxepd zeleabl dxfg
d`yp zeixrd ixcb zvixty zcnln ,dnpecd zextql dneca ,zihqiwp`xtd zextqd
iwqhexbd rwxl dxeywd y`xn dreci zeilnqae mieqn crena ielz didy iqwh ite`
zipaza `l` zixwn zellezydae ci xg`lk dzyrp `l ìd .lirl oecpy ilapxw
,onvrl odyk ler zwixte zexwtd ,zepf ,zevixta wxe j` xaecn oi` ,xnelk .zppkezn
oia zexveid jetid z` lnql eày ,oeekn izc ite` ilra miilèhix mikldna `l`
ly ebega dgivx xzid lr .b gtqp e`xe .266-237 'nr ,xexa

: jeza ,'dpia ixac' ,l`hpwxia : e`x 65
.13 'nr ,a ,x``dfiexw : e`x ,eze` eafry eipn`pn dl`l qgia wp`xt
[ 509 ]
40 ]
xeìl` lgx
zeaxzde rahd iwegn dxehtd zl`bp zeìvn `hale ,zeenl miig oiae oeilikl zeigvp
ceary oia e` zeenl` ipa ly mnlerl selg ipa ly mnler oia meiwd zeleab z` zvxete
zxbqna zilkze zernyn ilrae aiign ite` ilra miqwh dl` eid jkitle ,zexigl
.dnly mler ztwyd
mipt letk mlera igy ink zinvrd ezii`x zxbqna dl` miyrn yxite mfi wp`xt
ly ixdefd qezinl dwifa aehd zegekl rxd zegek oia zinqew dngln ea zldpzny
aezk qezinn xarndn dxfbp eizeriaz ly dycgd ozernyn .d`neha dyecwd zngln
lre zehyten zeilnq zeieyile mipeilr zenlerl qgiiznd ,zilawd zextqa eiyxeyy
dfd mlerl qgiiznd ,i`zayd mlera eiyxeyy deegp ilèhix qezin l` ,zeipnf
.onfde mewnd zeleaba mce xya miyp`le
oia e` dpikyl dtilwd oia wa`nl xeywd ihqilècd ilawd qezind z` ig wp`xt
,ceary oia wa`nk eze` yxite ,dyxi dnewn z`y zxzzqnd dxiabl zhlyd dgtyd
zxizr ,zakxend zilawd zxeqnd z` yxit èd .gvp iige dle`b ,zexig oiae zeene zelb
dilnqe zekln zxitq lr xdefd zxeqn z` jtde ziphyt dxeva ,miienicde milnqd
(a"r gw ,a"g ,xdef) ixtde dtilwd lre (`"r alx ,a"r `kx ,`"g ,xdef) miikxrecd
zilawd xqend zextqne ixvepd dlezad ogletn miaihen alynd ihqin xetiql
66
.zinnrd
ixetiqa lgx oia sexiv ìdy ,dlezad ly zakxen zenc zxiihvn 'oec`d ixac'a
oiae ,ihqiwp`xtd dyexita zxzqpd zidel`d dnkgde dnlrd zencl dxeywd ,awri
dxegyd dlezad ly oipewi`de (325) lcbna zxzqpd zizn`d dlezad ,dyecwd m`d
axwzdl ick miyrp mixfd miyrnd lky ,(wp`xt ly exq`n mewn) daegehqp'vn
,zekln zxitq z` zllek ,zilawd zxeqndn zrtyend ,dlezad zenc .dzvignl
m` ,l`xyi zqpk ,dlii` ,`zipexhn : mipeyd miiypd milnqa mipey miwxta zxèznd
mipeilr oia zxybnd ,zixkfe ziawp ,zl`bpe zlèb ,dieaye dlk ,daed` dyi` ,zegè
- oice cqg ,zhlgen dhytde zhlgen dyp`d da yiy ef ,zrd lk dpzyn ,mipezgzl
,qezina ,oefga ,melga zygxznd zeleabd zvixtn znwxpd miktd zcg`n zenc
zenxep zewxtzd zllegzn dl`d zefegndn cg` lka .lnqae ytpa ,oerbiya ,dcbà
zexethn ly divfilìx zygxzne miycg mitexiv mixvep ,mixeqi` zebbetzde
,oeinca hytend egeprtle aezkd hqwhl xarn mibxeg mpi`y minegz zvixt zellegnd
.wp`xt awri inil cre zi`zayd drepzd inil cr
G. Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, : e`x ,eilnqe ihqilècd ixdefd qezind lr
,dxiabde dgtyd lr .307-259 'nr ,ceqiiwxt ,'dpikyd' ,l"pd ; New York 1967, pp. 205-243
,xdefd zpyn : oldl) f"iyz milyexi ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz 'i : e`x ,dpyeyde àx medzc àwepd
.cqx-hix 'nr ,(`
[ 510 ]
66
[ 41
dpikyl dtilwd oia wa`nd ly ilawd qezinl dygndk wp`xt jxry miqwhd
ihqilècd xywda eixaca migprtzn epnf za zeìvnl xard on hqwhdn xarnke
z` dyxiy dgtyd ,`zFnc `xhqn ,'zenn dxnd drxd dxfd dy`d' oia aehiw xveid
z` dqtz'y ,le`ya dpkyny dtilwd ,dztnd zilil 67,(`"r hq ,b"g ,xdef) dzxiab
,'mlera zeievnd zezin ipin lk lre xrvd lr ,miilegd ,mia`kd lr' dpennd ,'oehlyd
cve 'zizin`d dpyeyd' ,zigvpd dlezad ,dlii`d ,lcbna zxzqpd dlrpd dnlrd oiae
.(1228 ,917 ,888 ,397 ,190 ,145) gvpd iig z` dgihand ,dyecwd
dgtyd wa`n ly ('diipyd cbpk zg`d z` dyr midl`') df ypèn ihqilèc qezina
,1135 ,397) ixtde dtilwd ,dnlrde dxfd dyi`d ,(a"r-`"r giw ,a"g ,xdef) dxiabde
,cearyde wegd ,oaxegd ,zeend oniqa zcnerd - zililyd ziawpd zencd ,(1228
avnd z` znlbn - ('wegd z` opyle mevl mkz` dzzit ìd') dxfd dyi`de ,dtilwd
xy` dxf dy` dze`' ; ('dpnn mià xrvde ae`knde dwevnd lk') deedae xara yaeynd
milczyn epgp`y dnlrd la` .dkezl miltep xy` zyxd ìd ìd mc`d ixg` ztcex
rxd zegek z` gvpl ick .(1135) 'dlva
zeqgl dvxpy z`f ìd dixg` mixfgne dprnl
,dxefnd dzyxne zililyd zencd ly dzexnn xxgzydle ihqiwp`xtd myexita
zeidl ,ea mglidle rxd iwnrnl qpkidl yi ,wegl cearyde zelbd z` znlbnd
miyeald z` xiqdl xyt` df jetida wx oky ,mixwtene mixnenl jetdle miltyen
xearl e` ,zexigl cearyn ,ixtl dtilwdn xearl ,dxtrn dpikyd z` miwdle mièvd
xearl ,xnelk .(`"r hq ,b"g) ixdefd eyexita 'oeiv za c`n ilib' weqta xèznd avnl
ìd [...] zizn`d dnlrd' ,ziaeigd ziawpd zencd ly dzeyxl `xg` `xhqd zeyxn
cizrd zè gvpd iig zghad z` ,dle`bd z` zbviind ,(397) 'dlii` zxev zyael
.sqkpd
,'oey`x' dpeknd ,iav izay ly ezxnd zyxtzn ilqwecxtd ihqiwp`xtd qezina
dyr xy` oey`x eze` elitè' : dpikyd zle`ba cwennd df wa`na izlgzd crvk
ayg ik ,[m`lq`l dxndd] èdd cnrnd z` egztae dyn iweg z` exaya aeh dyrn
ly zigiynd mkxc jiynnk envr z` d`x wp`xt .(397) 'dzyxn jk ici lr xxgzydl
dngln ,dìxac dxez mr ddefnd ,dxfd dyiàe dtilwa mznglna dikexae iav izay
dxez mr ddefnd ,dpikyd e` ,dlezad ,oeiv za ,dyecwd dnlrd zle`bl zpeeknd
dcez ixiq` zeidl epilr' .dxfd dyi`d oehly zgz le`ya dxeqè zxzzqnd ,zeliv`c
xnelk mec` zpiga z` dlby
ipyl oke .zikxezd zca dfd ycgd gztd z` gzty oey`xl
i"ayxd yxit' : 'zen' jxra xn`p ,dlawd ilnqe xdefd lr exaecxew dyn ly extq ,'mipenx qcxt'a 67
z`xwpe dxf dy` z`xwp ìdy xkfd on zlawnd dawpd dtilwd ìd ik (g"nw sc) `vie zyxt xdfa
ek sc ,miiepikd ikxr xry - bk xry ,a"kyz milyexi ,mipenx qcxt ,exaecxew dyn : e`x .'zen
.a"r
[ 511 ]
42 ]
xeìl` lgx
xtqn èd .dle`bd mlyez dteqay jxcl dqipkd ìd zcd zxnd ,xnelk ,(202) 'dliahd
sebd ilakl dxeywd dxfd dyi`d ly dzinnd dzedn xaca xdefd zxeqn z` ycgn
: mixeqiile zeenl ,wegd ilakle
l` lv` xzeia daed`d dpid ìd .dlgzddn d`ven ziy`x z` mkl dlb` eykr
ila ìd dil` ezad` .mlerd z` mibidpnd mil`d zyelyn cg` èd xy` zeend
zezin ipin lke xrvd lr ,miilegd ,mia`kd lr dze` mye da xga èd ,mixvn
,dxfd (dawpd) dy`d dl mi`xew dicia on`p ewyp lky oeeikn .mlera zeievnd
da yi ok it lr sè ,zeizgzd le`y dpid ìd .zeenn dxnd drxd dy`d z`f
dfd xacd l` axwzdl xyt` iè dkeza da oenhd xac ,c`n lecbe c`n aeh xac
l` dxitqd ,dpezgzd zlcd dpid ìd .dkez l` miqpkpy jk ici lr `l`
miyp`d lk eqip ,lecb xac da oenh ik z`f mrcia okl .(dliahd) zexvpzdd
lr zxneyd dtilwk dpid ìd ik ,dkez l` eqpkp `l j` dil` axwzdl milecbd
68
.(397) ixtd
mec`l qpkidle medzl zcxl didi giynd lr' ,i`zayd qezind ly egexa xne`d ,wp`xt
ozip il ik' : wa`na ewlg z` x`zn ,(467) '? mewnd zyecw iptn my zkll ie`x didi ine
miwegde mihtynd lk z` aixgdl lkd z` xeayl ,zexvpzd dze` jez l` qpkidl xacd
zegek z` gvpl ick dxeagd ipa z` ripkd mday miqwh jxr èd .(397) 'dk cr eidy
ixt oia ,cearyl zexig oia ,zeenl miig oia wa`n ly df ihqilèc qezinl dwifa rxd
: xexiaa zxcben sqkpd oegvipd zernyn .wegl yteg oia ,dtilwl
dzyx my ik ,izvr itl ,mikln lr jlend g`d eze` mr cg`zdl dzid izpeek
dfd lecbd g`d zxfra .dnvrn zltep dzide ,dpial epia oelie yie dyext dpi`
zeend oehlyn xexgy zxne` z`f ,mler iigle zenlyl ribdl mileki mziid
z` mibiyn mziid xy` cr [...] leab ila xyerl ,ìdy lk zecarn xexgye
.(397) envr zn`d idl`l ribdl zekfd
mkipta cenrl did leki `l yiè zhlgen zexigle mler iigl miribn mziid mzè
.(456) crl miniiwe miig eid mlek [...]
`le xac lkn oixeg ipa miyrp mziid f` ,dfd qcxtd jez l` mkz` qipkdl izivx
.(470) xac meyn cgtl mikixv mziid
wa`nd zeygxzd ly ziygende zivx`d zilapxwd dxifd ìd ,xen`k ,dxeagd
zeìvna llegznd ,zeenl` ipal zeen ipa oiae zexigl ceary oia ilnqd ilèhixd
.`"r hq b"g ; a"r gw ,a"g ,xdef : eeyd 68
[ 512 ]
[ 43
,'dtilwl dcixi'a mitzzynd mixzqpe miielb zegek wlg migwel df wa`na .zxzqpd
rxd ikkezl dqipka e` ,'mec`l dkild'a ,'dxiara dàd devn'a ,'dilr jxev dcixi'a
'ltyen zeidl jixv aeygy dn lk' orehd wp`xt .dle`bd zàd z` dpznd
,ewexit myl
,(930) 'zeizgz medzl cr èal eilry giynd lr mklv` aezky itk' xikfne ,(487)
eze` skeè ,xzqpd xeyina dlilrd xetiqa mze` szyn ,qezind z` eirneyl xtqn
: dlbpd xeyina mdilr
`kcn ip`y jezn .dpnn mkìvedle mkxdhl ick wx mkz` rvete `kcn ip`
.(397) [dtilwd ly] dgek xaype jled ,mkz`
.(506) eyrl eribzy cr miltyen zeidl mkilr
mby m` ik oird zi`xnl wx `l miltyen eidzy ick mewnl mewnn mzxared
.(217) miptan gyi mkal
cr miwnrn iwnrl mkz` litydl izà ip` ,mkz` mnexl ick izà `l ip`
midl` `l` mnexl mc` mey leki `l myn ,zixyt` dcixi cer oi` myny ceqil
oi` xy` dl`k midabl mnexle miwnrnn ìvedl ,mnexl leki egekae ecia ecal
.(1279) dcixi cer mdn
,'iceq dyrn'a dxeagd zeyp z` ebdpnk lityd xy`k ,1777 zpya dpieea ezedy zra
: xn`
dxefpd z` zelityn od dzr ixd ,oizltyd dk ipè ilv` o`k eid ody jk icilr'
jk xeara : oaend dfa wzt odil` aezkl dxed jkxgè ; '[`"x -.dtilwd]
ipta olrè onix` ipnf èaa f` ik ,lek ipta oizyiiae oizltyd ip`ye il eziivy
.(97 'q ,dwipexkd) lek
zyely ly zenxepd zvixte mixf miyrn ici lr ,deeda dizeype dxeagd iyp` zltyd
izind wa`nd ikxeva Dwnipe zetiwza wp`xt ligdy dltyd ,'xeari lè bxdii' ixeqi`
lk e`xi zeihnxcd eizeklyd z` eliè deeda dèx èd wxy mlrpd mlera ygxznd
.cizra mixg`d
dtev llk jxcae zepegvip lgep èd miwxtl eay ,izind oeifigd oia xrtd z`
xweqe zeltn lgep èd zeaexw mizrl day ,zkckcnd zeìvnd oiae ,cizra zepegvip
itke exq`ne ezxeag ipa zciba xaca mitekzd eixacn dlery itk ,xard zepelyik z`
,1232 ,1228 ,1218 ,1062 ,485) 'oec`d ixac' lk jxe`l dafk`de dgkezd znipn dlery
xqegae ziivl daexiqa - dxeagd ilcgna oelyikd ziilz ici lr yxit èd ,(miax cere
z` xenyl dxeagd ipa ly mziihpa jexk did df aexiq .dle`bd z` miakrnd ,dzepn`p
mizrl .mdn xrpzdl ezriazl cebipa ,mdit lr elcby miicedid mibdpnd zè zcd iweg
[ 513 ]
44 ]
xeìl` lgx
,xzqpd mlerae dlbpd mlera mixacd ipt ly dletk dii`x zervnà df xrt yxit
dpeek zeynnzdk eizepelyik z` yxit mizrle ,dèx èd wxy ziaihwiiaeq zeìvna
miytzpd ezxeag ipa ipfeà ezii`x zieefn mixacd zzin` z` dlrde ,zxzqp zidel`
.(31) mipaxqe mixeeirk
dxeag mr zg` dperae zra ygxzn egex ipira ig wp`xty ibelezind belìcd
eizeiye` z`y ,dlbpd mlera epevx z` ske` èd dilry ,'zeig`'e 'mig`' ly ziygen
dèx èd wxy ,xzqp mlera 'zeig`'e 'mig`' ly dxeag mre ,wxtl `vei èd eizeleabe
ipa ly mdipir cbpl df xzqp mler dlrn èd .eihxtl eze` opekn epefg gekae ,eze`
zernyn zlra zeìvnl ektede ,zenelg lrae mixetiq xtqnk ihnfixkd egeka ezxeag
,izxhn lk ìd dxeagd : dxeagd mr zeidl èd lecb xac' .dxeagd ly dnlera zrxkn
: awri lv` aezky itk ,eà eziae yi` : yexita aezky itk ixg` dkld xy` dxeagd
.(471) 'miipgn dxeag mewnd my z` `xwie midl` zxeag idef ,df midl` dpgn
oelyikd ,ipevigd mbtd zii`x dzernyn mdipt ltka mixacd zii`x ,xen`k
zii`x .inipt mbtl ieqikk zipevigd zenlyd zii`xe ,zinipt dlrnl ieqikk ,dvngdde
,dielbd zeìvna dxe`kl yiy minbtdy drnyn zxzqp dlrnl iehiak ielbd mend
èd wxy ,xzqpd mlera zizn`d dlrnd lr miqkn ,dxby jxc da miqpzn eiciqgy
rx jeza xwide aehd xacd ieag mlerl ik' zxne`d dgpdd ly dnya .wlg ea gwel
'y`xl jk xgè lbxl zcxl epilr mcew ik ,zeizgz medzl zcxl epilr'e (684) 'xrekne
ezegily ly dnya ziygend zeìvna zeprzdle leaql ezxeag ipan raez èd ,(685)
wlg el oi` leaql leki epi`y in' : xneè hytend ibelezind mlera zygxznd zlèbd
.(681) 'midlà
lgxe awri
ikln jln ,micyde oiawd ilra ,dtilwde dpikyd ly zeihqinde zeizind zeiencd cvl
dxeagd ipa zeienca zelneqnd ,mlrpd mlera zeig`de mig`d ,lecbd g`d ,miklnd
xevil wp`xt ly epexyik z` zetwynd zeifkxn zeienc izy zexiihvn ,dlbpd mlera
awri : eiaexwle el mirbepe daezkd zilawd zxeqnd iwnrnn milerd miig miqezin
ly ezenca epia` awri ly zizind ezenc zrnhda dlbzn df i`tezin oexyik .lgxe
miig ure zx`tz zxitqk awri ly zihqind ezenca dxefyd ,dlbpd mlera wp`xt
dbidpnd ziawpd zeyid ,zekln zxitq z` zlnqnd ,epn` lgx zavdae ,ilawd mlera
.xzqpd mlera eziieed z` dnilynd zicebipd zenck ,dìxad z`
wigxnd ,i`xwnd awri zenc ,invrd eienicle enyl dxeywd ,dpey`xd zencl
mixeywd mipey micax mitxhvn ,zinvrd ezyitzl zizyzd xen`k ìdy ,ze`x
[ 514 ]
[ 45
dilry ,awri ly ziyxcnd ezencae (471) midl` dpgn y`xa cnerk zizind ezenca
zeleab z` mziieeda evgy miyp` ly zihqind zxeqnl dze` sxvnd htynd xn`p
wewgd epweic ly xeìzd aqen dilre ,(a"r d ziprz) 'zn `l epia` awri' ,zeende miigd
zilawd ezencae ,(164 'q ,izax zelkid) ewagne ewypn l`d xy` ,ceakd `qik lr
zexitqd zxeza ixkfd ceqid z` znlbnd ,èd jixa `ycew ,zx`tz zxitql dxeywd
.zilawd
69
epn` lgx ly dzenc ìd ,lgx ezale dpg eziirxl dxeywd ,diipyd zencd
dv ,a"g ,xdef) 'oipiir dl zile `zxity `zniler' : zihqind dnlrd zenca zxievnd
,miipir dl oi`y dtid dnlrd ,zppewnd zxeeird dpikyd zenca dxefy lgx .(`"r
dilnqa dxeywd zxzqpe zlèb zigiyn zencl eiig jldna zktede ,znlrpe zilbpd
,'oeiv za' dpekn ef zenc .zexitqd zxeza iawpd ceqid z` znlbnd zekln zxitq ly
dwifa zxievnd zidel` ziyp zenc mr mixeyw diienice ,'dleza'e 'dnlr' ,'miypa dtid'
zencle ,(255 'q) diade`l dlbzne lkida zxzqpd ,mihtync àqn zxeeird dnlrl
èd ,ziypd zenca mikexkd dylegde oexeeird iienic znerl .ixdefd qezind on dlii`d
dwigxnd ezii`x geka mineqd z` jilend ,(62) 'ey`xa eipir cinz[y] ,mkgd'k xievn
.xzqpd mlera dle`bd z`xwl ,zeìvnd zeinq z` zgktnd ,ze`x
zigvpd l`xyi zqpk z` minlbn cg`k epn` lgxe epia` awri ,zicedid zxeqna
zeende miigd zeleabn mirwten mdipy .mii`xwnd mixeaibd ly mdiig jldnn zbxegd
lgx lr : mda wp`xt ly epiipr o`kne ,mipeilr zenlera igvp meiw miniiwk mixiihvne
dzny ,ìde ,(14 `l 'xi) 'dipa lr dkan lgx mixexnz ika idp rnyp dnxa lew' xn`p
,miigd dipa lr dpibnd epn` lgx ly zipnflrd dzenca ycgn dclepe dzcla
miiawpd miiedifl e` ,zekln zxitqle dpikyl ,zxqeinde dlebd l`xyi zqpkl zxywzn
70
.dfetxenhne dbdpd ,dlicb ,zehrnzd ,dpkq ,zelz ,dyleg mi`hand zedel`d ly
èd ixard dny mle` ,de` ipletd dnya dreci (5 'q ,dwipexkd) (1816-1754) wp`xt ly eza 69
,wp`xt' ,mely 'b : e`x .(1248 ,oec`d ixac) `yiixn lyxid lgx ,wp`xt ly en` my lr ,lgx
.144 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,l"pd ; 314 xeh ,gk ,zixard dictelwivp`d ,'mfiwp`xtd ,awri
'deg' dze` dpkn xexa
.dnya `le 'dxiab' e` 'dxiabd' mya dpekn ìd miihqiwp`xtd zexewna
xne` ,(1823) xra xht ly extq lr qqeand ,(`"pxz `plie) 'wp`xt awri' xtqa .'de`' x``dfiexwe
eza lgx mbe [...] eipa ipy mb ezc z` wp`xt xind oeyg ycega k"wz zpyae' : onley onlw xagnd
zecr it lr dibdpn z` x`zn mb èd .(70 'nr) 'dzc z` dxind (deg mya ok ixg` d`xwp xy`)
.(85-84 'nr) dii`x
mikxra ,miiepikd ikxr xry ,bk xry ,mipenx qcxt ,exaecxew : e`x ,zihqind zxeqna lgx lr 70
mingxd gekae .awri zx`tzd ingx geka zcgiznd dpigad ceqa zeklnd z`xwp lgx' .'g`'e 'lgx'
'cqgd cvn g` `xwpe zeklnd l` g` èd ik zx`tzd èd g`' ,'dipa lr dkan lgx xn`p dilr day
.(17 k 'ie) miyecw zyxta zeig`l qgia zeixrd iwegl ìd dfinxd .(ep oewiz ,xdefd ipewiz)
[ 515 ]
46 ]
xeìl` lgx
`qk lr dwewg awri zenc'e 71,'zn `l epia` awri' eilr xn`pe gvp iigl dkf epia` awri
rxf ,awri zia : zeigvpe zeikynd mipiivnd miiehial xeyw èd .(izax zelkid) 'ceakd
dxeywd zixkfd zidel`d zencle 'awrin akek jxc'e àql`xyi ,l`xyiawri ,awri
.igvp meiw zniiwzne ,èd jixa `ycewae zx`tz zxitqa
mcera miznk mnvr lr mixacnd ,laqd ireci miade`d ,lgxe awriy dnec mle`
mlern ,zihqind zextqae zicb`d zxeqna mzen xg`l miige ,zi`xwnd zxeqna miiga
mdizeienc z` dgivpnd zipyxtde zipyxcd ,zicb`d ,daezk d zxeqndn ebxg `l
ly ilèhixibelezinipeifgd enlera dig dieed k mziigzl cr ,miipebax wner icnna
.lgx zenca eza zè awri zenca envr d`xy ,wp`xt awri
'awri idl`' z` yxc ,midl`l awri ly ezwif lr miweqt envr lr aqd wp`xt awri
rbepd hehiv lk miptd ,awri z` xikfnd weqt lk mr ddcfd ,envr lr 'midl` dpgn'e
xàn awri `vie : aezk' ; (179) 'inewnn fef` `ly ,envra il xn` epia` awri' - el
zrc zxitq] zrcd eze` enk izcnr' ; (208) 'afxefcn ip` izìvi z` d`xn df .ray
zexitqd mler ly ilawd qezind z` uni` mb èd .(236) 'zexitqd oia [awril dxeywd
- awri ly ezenc oal zeidl jtd èd .ezxeag lre ezia ipa lr ,envr lr eze` aqde
zxitq ,oekizd gixad mr dlawa ddefny in ; icedid me`ld ly ebviine zeaày xgapd
diepika mb drecid ,(`k ,`"g) xdefa dpikyd ly dlrae ,zexitqd oli` fkxn ,zx`tz
eilr xne` xdefdy ,epia` awri ly ezcin ,zx`tz zxitq .i`xwnd awri zy` ,lgx
- cqgl oic oia rvnn èdy meyn ,(`"r bk ,a"g) 'zeaày xgaend `lekc enily' èdy
onfa dxecbd zivx` dieeda zg` dperae zra igd ibelezin awrik eziieed mr ddefn
awri znyp' z` envra d`x èd .mewnde onfd zeleabn zbxegd zihqin dieedae mewne
mr zx`tz zxitq z` ddfnd ,ilawd qezind ly zihnxc zilxh`z dygnd xvie 'epia`
mzd ,ytgznde dnxnd ,awerd ,scxpd ,mgeld - epia` awri ly zikxrecd ezenc
,dreayle zixal ; awri mleql ; 'awri idl`l' xeywd ,cecp wigxnd ,milde` ayei
lewl ,oale eyr ,wgvi znxnl
; lgxe awri zad`l ; cqgle oicl ; eyre awri iwa`nl
.l`xyi mrl ceqi didy miclide miypd daexn awri ziale ,eyr icie awri
(179) eita xacne eil` xaecd i`xwnd awri ly ezenc mr ddcfd wp`xt awri ,xen`k
epweicle i`xwn jìxhtk epweicle oencwd eia` ly eiigl dwifa eiig zerxe`n z` yxite
e` (1) 'mkgd awri' envr z` dpik èd epefga .èd jixa `ycewe zx`tzk ihqind
dpene eizekild zehyte ezexea z` oiivn èdy xg`le ,(806) 'awri mkg eply bidpnd'
èd ezexrapl dketd dwifa .(147) 'dtid awri èd ip`' : envr lr xne` èd ,einbt z`
l` awri dz`'e ,(239) 'awri lew lewde minrd xacna `xewd lewd iziid ip`' : xne`
.273 'nr ,xexa
: e`x ,'`lekc enily zn `ly awri' lr 71
[ 516 ]
[ 47
epefga xiivn èd .(2 cn 'yi) 'awri icar `xiz l`' weqtd it lr ,(49) 'xac meyn `xiz
'miklnd ikln jln lecb g`' eze` dpkn èdy ,zivx`d ezencl liawnd idel` me`z
ribdl ick .ielbd egilye zxzqpd ezenybzd ède ,(604 ,441 ,418 ,414 ,384 ,379)
jxcd ,'eyr l` jxcd' xen`k eita diexwd ,dycg jxc uextl yi midl` z` ze`xle eil`
,zexfge zexnda ,zepeyd zezcd iyeal jxc xarna dkexkd ,wegd zlehp zikxp`d
'eyr l` jxcd' .(456 ,446 ,441) gvp iige zexigl mikefe zecare zeenn mictp dteqay
avrn èdy miilèhix miqwhle miidel` miyrnl mitzeyd ,eziae awri rqna dkexk
.miihqind diyexite zi`xwnd zxeqnd itl
miyp rax`l lra dide zeig` izy `ypy awri lr dnpecd zxeqn z` uni` wp`xt
72
.zx`tz zxitq dlnqy zlèb zigiyn zenc awria dz`xy ,zenler oewiz ceqa
'mig`' ly dpgna wp`xt awri envr siwd ok ,lecb dpgn mr rqpy ,epia` awrik
,462 ,305 ,236 ,131) bidpnk ea miielze dfa df miielzd miininye miivx` 'zeig`'e
,ivx`d 'midl` dpgn'l zizyz deednd ,ininyd mbcd .(825 ,768 ,722 ,658 ,624 ,582
: miklnd ikln jln ,lecbd g`d ,ininyd ezenc oa lr miaqpd eixaca xèzn
,izenck cg` miiw - mkl izxn` - mipy itl` ze`n dnk df ,mlerd ziy`xn
dxev weica mdle ,eci lr ecrei m` ik ,dciln `l ,mig` xyrmipy ele ,il deey
.(326) mkzenck
raye mig` xyr mipy el yi [...] miklnd ikln jln èd ik ,egekl deyi `l yi`
.(338) zeleza raye miyp
mz` cg`zdl lke`y ick [xzqpd mlera] my mi`vnpy myk zeigè mig` cinr`
.(978) epl xqgy dna minilyn eid mde mdl xqgy dn milydle
iweg dpiipry (ep oewiz) xdefd ipewiz zxeqnl dwifa yxcp zeig`de mig`d oia cegi`d
73
.zeixrd lehia lr dnpecd zxeqnl dwifae (17 k 'ie) cqg ly zeìvna mixzend zeixrd
raye zexiab ray ,zEkln zxitqn akxend zexitqd mler z` bviin ivx`d dpgnd
,dpiky ,xdefd zxeqn z`xyda ,zetilg z`xwpd ,zekln zxitq ciwtz z` .zenlr
cr) ezy` e`lin ,drexd lgx ,dlke l`xyi zqpk ,dliiè `zipexhn ,dlezae dnlr
oitiwra exywpy ,(1791 xanvca ezxihtl cr) eza e` (1770 zpy ziy`xa dzxiht
`zniler' ,zi`xp dpiè dèx dpi`y ,dnzd zxeeird ziawpd zencd ly ixdefd xeivl
dcnrnl dwifa eza z` zepkl bdp wp`xty oiivn x``dfiexw .'oipiir dl zile `zxity
,df iepik gewl myn ,xdefay mihtyn zyxta 74.`zxity `zniler iepika midl` zak
.205-204 ,176 ,175 'nr ,zegayze zexiy : e`x 72
.141 ,110 'nr ,my 73
.279 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw 74
[ 517 ]
48 ]
xeìl` lgx
zxzqpd dnlrd xetiq z` zeax minrt xtqnd ,wp`xt .dade`l dnlrd zeprid dpecp
qezind oia zeleabd z` mrnrn ,(cere 1001 ,255 ,507) dade`l dlbzne lcbna
dnlr dze` zxzzqn eae lcbn yiy mkl izxn`' : exneà dlbpl xzqpd oiae zeìvnl
.(1001) 'lcbn epyie dleza dpyi ik [...]
lcad oi` mbe zizeìvnd zencd oiae ihqind lnqd oia dpgad oi` wp`xt ly enlera
ezyà ,ezaa d`x èd .xard on hqwhd oiae deeda zencl qgiiznd iytpd ienicd oia
oia zedf zniiwy dler eixacne ,zeidel` zeieyi ly zenlbzd ezxeag zepa 'zeig`'ae
oigad `l èdy dnec .mce xya miypd oiae zipgexzizin zeyik egexa miiwd ienicd
dneiw z` dxyt`y
ìd ef dpgadiè ,mce xyak dneiw oiae eza ly zidel`d dzenc oia
miypa cwennd izc oglet da ygxzne diaeaxra da miynyn oeince zeìvny dieed ly
zihqind zxeqnd one idel`d megzd on zeizin zeilnq zeienc d`x jk .mce xya
,lgx ,dleza ,dnlr ,dpiky - xdefa zicaexaxd ziawpd zednd z` zexveid
miypa - (1153 ,1304 ,982 ,917 ,397 ,382 ,190) dlii` ,oeiv za ,zexitq ,`zipexhn
.(1155) ezxeag zepae ezgtyn zepa mr epnpy
zepy zivgnn - dxeagd meiw ly mipey`xd mialya ,dwipexka xèznd it lr
cnrnl dzkfe zekln zxitq iiepika dzpeky ,ezy` - miyiyd zepy idly cre miyingd
elaiw ,ianeta jxrpy ,df qwha 75.'dkelnd ew' qwha ogletd `yen dziid ,idel`
wp`xt ly 'idel`d beeifd' aiaq dyrp ède wp`xt ly zidel`d ezeknq z` mipin`nd
xy` xcgl [dxeagd ipa] dl` drax` z` `xw jk xg`' : xn`p qwhd ly eteqa .ezyè
ew z` eyre cgi mlek jk xgè dnicw cg` cg` dligz ekld jke dxiabd ci lr ayi my
oia miihex` miipglet miqwh mixkfp dwipexka .'midl` xeza dxkd xnelk dkelnd
mixeìz mixkfp 'oec`d ixac'a .(66 ,56 ,54 'nr) diqdxta mikxrpd ezy`l wp`xt
oeibidd itl .(523 ,932) idel` beviik wp`xt zy` ly ilnqd dcnrn lr miriavnd
ezy` zen xg`ly okzii ,eiaexwl dwifa miiyep`miidel` milnq zyp`d ly izind
.mlern d`yip `le 1754 zpya dclepy ,eza lgx dfd ciwtzd z` d`lin 1770 zpya
ok' : 'oec`d ixac'l qgia xn`p ,aeleweq ly enebxza ,x``dfiexw ly zixard dqxba
`xw dpg ezy`le "`zipexhn" mya dl `xwie eza xac lr oefge `yn wp`xt f` daxd
76
.'dzen ixg` j` dfd myd z`
ihxtd qezinl ,ihqin mlerle izekln mlerl ilnq iehiak ezxeag z` d`xy ,wp`xt
z` dpik ,l`bp mlerl qgiiznd dnpecd ibega geexy i`zayilawd qezinle ìvndy
z` ezxeag zepa 'zeig`'a d`xe ,xdefa dpikyd ly diepik èdy ,'`zipexhn' ebef za
exywde qwhd ly miitEvd eizexewn xaca xz` lr oiel ixac e`xe .30 'q 44-42 'nr ,dwipexkd 75
.(64 dxrd 44 'nr ,my) dnpecd ibega
.260 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw 76
[ 518 ]
[ 49
zexitq ray cbpk zenlrd ray ciwtz z` odl wiprd èd .zexitqd ly ivx`d melibd
zeveaw izyl exvg zeyp z` wlige (42 ,40 'q 50 ,48 'nr ,dwipexkd ; 377 ,305) oipad
zlibna zexkfpd jlnd ziaa zexrpd ray z`xyda zeleza raye miyp ray zepa
yhyhin lneqnl lnqd oia leabd day zeìvna ,(`"r cvw ,`"g) xdefae (9 a) xzq`
,xzqè yexeeyg` ,dizpikye d"aw ,dklne jln iienic oia cg`n èd : oihelgl hrnk
g`d ,xzqpd ezenc oa lre eilr miaqend ,`zipexhne jln ,dnlrde giynd ,lgxe awri
dzenc za lre ,`zipexhnd ,dlezad ,dnlrd ,zihqind ziawpd zencd lre ,lecbd
lv` epnfa didy itk ,dze` ezxyiy miyp izcnrd' : dxeagd fkxna micnerd ,zivx`d
lv` yiy itk miyp ray cere ray izcnrd ipè .jlnd zian dl epzp miyp ray ,xzq`
.(604) 'lecbd g`d
qwh'k dwipexka xèzn mixetikd meia ebef za mr wp`xt jxry ianetd beeifd qwh
qwhd ly hxetnd epiipry it lr sè ,(64 'q 66 'nr) 'xzq` mr yexeyg` jlnd dyry
lya dinzdl ick da oi`y dcaer ,'c`n epnn dldapy' ebef za lr my xn`p ,yxtzd `l
zexiy'a iav izaye dklnd xzq` ixeìz - i`zayd xywdd lyae zeaiqpd zeianet
xeq`d megzl dqipkd z` zxyewd zilnqd zednd lr micirnd dnpecd ly 'zegayze
: dle`be zexig mr
dny dklnd xzq`
dpiky iav izay
dyr zexg èd epl
dpiky iav izay
dtilwa qpkp èd
*g"tx mze` uawl
gt [d] jeza xzep `l
dpiky iav izay
xzq` `xwp dny
'xzq dz`' ea yi ik
xzide xeq` lha èd
dpiky iav izay
77
.`yicwe xedh - xzq`
devn byenl zitihikx`d zencd ìd ,qxt zklnl zktedd diicedid dxrpd ,xzq`
ik ,iav izay ceqa xnend giynd mr ddefn ìde ,(`"r eh dlibn ,ilaa) dxiara dàd
.(my) milkd zxiaya zetilwd jezl eltpy dyecwd ly zevevipd g"tx *
.99 'nr ,zegayze zexiy 77
[ 519 ]
50 ]
xeìl` lgx
dpikyd ienic .dreyid z` ìadl ick dzpenè dnr z` dyigkde dxizqd dxe`kl
beeifl miriiqnd miidel` zegek zelnqn zenlrd eay ilaw ienic èd zenlr ztwend
78
.zininyd diqdxta idel`d
rayl wp`xt qgiiy daxd zernynd yxeya cner ixdefd ienicd wx `l mle`
zigiynd zelbzdl xeyw èd my ,dnpecd iazka df oeirx ly enewn mb `l` ,zeig`d
: zeixrd ixeqi` ler zwixtle zc zxndl ,iav izay ly
dpya ik dle`bd zpy [m`lq`l dxndd] ztpvnd zpy ìdy `"lzd ly onf à f`
eizerlvn zg` gwie weqtd xn`p dfd onfd lr .zelbd ìdy dncxzd dxar ef
odilr xn`p dl` zexrp .eppec` gwl odn zg`y zexrpd oze`n ? in ly zerlv
79
.jlnd zial ozpidl zecreind ray ody
zihqin dxez zlra dveawk dnpecd zk yeaib zpy dziid (1671) `"lz zpy
dpikyd z` miwd xak giyndy dgpdd z` `hal miàd miig zegxeè zihqinepihp`
zxèznd ,dle`bd zernyn .mipezgze mipeilr zenlera dynnzd xak dle`bde dxtrn
xexgy ìd ,cqg zxez ly xcbd zvxet dzednl mifnxae mixiyd xiy ly dad`d oeyla
mfinepihp`d .zeixrd ixeqi`n dpey`xae y`xa ,dìxac dxez ixeqi`ne zeevn lern
e` zeliv`c dxez `xwpe zeyi` iiga zevixta iehia icil à dìxac dxez lehiaay
ly dcegii mle` .zexwtzde zexwtdl dliaedy zihqinepihp`d dxezd - cqg zxez
oepike dpikyd zle`b myl dipin`n zrceza dkxrpy dcaera oenh ef zeleab zvixt
l`bp mlera miigd ,mixzqp mipin`n zxeagk miigd .mixeqi`n iytegd igiynd ocird
zc zxnd ici lr dxyt`zd efe ,zelcazda mipzen eid ,zeliv`c dxez iweg it lr
,dxeq`d dzadè ,xzqde xzq oeyln yxcp dnyy xzq`l dneca jlnd zial dqipkd)
miletk miig dxyt` zcd zxnd .(80dnpecd ixiyn miaxa zxèzn ,dle`bd z` dzpzdy
,deeqne yeal `l` epi`y ,ueg itlk dycgd mzc weg it lr miigd mixvepk e` minlqenk
mixehtd mi`zay mipin`nke ,mnrfne miixewnd mzc ipa zgbydn mixnend z` riwtnd
mipn`p mdy xzqp icedi weg it lr eig md .mipt itlk ocr oba miigd ,dpyid zcd wegn
xkfpd dle`bl dlira oia wizrd xywd z` ,mixiyd xiy ly dad`d iienic z` dignd
,el
zextq .xzq` zlibna fenxd mixeqi`d lehia oiae zexigd oia xywd zè ,zex zlibna
.enx 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz ; a"r g-c"r f ,ziy`xa ,ycg xdef 78
[cqg] oald z`' : eeyd .(31 dxrd lirl ,bxaplh) `"r elw ,ziy`xa zyxtl yexit ,daeh iel dcedi 79
zexiy) 'dlb lèbd ezpen` /iav izay j` /dlbzp ztpvnl /`"lz oniqa `wec /dlbzp ztpvnl /dlb
dxedhd ztpvndy (73 'nr ,my) oiivn mely .(200 ,78 ,73 'nr mb e`xe ; 130 'nr ,zegayze
,a ,iav izay ,mely : eeyde .cqg zxez gekn dày zc zxndl fnx cinz mi`zayd lv` zynyn
.147-145 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail ; 731-729 ,565 'nr
[ 520 ]
[ 51
,zelitz ixcq ,dxez iyexit ,mipin`nl mixfe miicedi miletk zeny zllekd ,dnpecd
l`bp mlera digy mipin`nd zk ly zicedid zedfd lr xexiaa dcirn ,zegayze mixiy
.zinlqend zefgl xarn ,zexig zexgey zei`zayzeicedi zexbqna
zl`bp zeìvna zi`zay dpen` lye ueg itlk zc zxnd ly jxca jld èd s` wp`xt
dxez iweg zeyxn ezxeag ipa zè envr z` riwtde ,mipt itlk cearyn dxehtd
zeig`l mig` oia zeixrd ibeeifl fnx èd .zeixrd ixeqi` z` xizdy drya dìxac
xyt` iè zeigè mig` mkl iz`xw ip` mb ok' : yxetna xn`y drya `xwna mixkfpd
z` miwgn odnr miipind eixywy fnex èd zeig`d iabl .(722) 'mc`d x`yk mkz` oecl
,131) ea eygxzd `xwnd ixetiqy izind mlerd z` mikiynne miklnde zea`d iyrn
eyexit itly mler ,(87 dxrde 39 sirq 49-48 'nr ,dwipexkd ; 1236 ,1222 ,392 ,348
oi` .zeixr ixeqi`l `l mbe zexge`n zetewza milaewnd xqend iwegl setk did `l
zeiawr yi mle` .eketide xac zg` `l zbviin zenc dzeè ,zeiencd zrteda zeiawr
zcg`ne eze` miaaeqle envrl qgia oeince zeìvn zaxrnd ziaihwiiaeqd ezcnra
,milneqnl milnq oia dpgad `ll ,mce xya zeienc mr zeizin zeience zeidel` zeieyi
mipeyd xzidde xeqi`d inegz oiae ,miidel` mibyenl miivx` mibyen oia ,deedl xar oia
.mdilr milgd
zeininyd zeiencd ly miivx`d minelibd itlk zipraezd ezcnra mb zxkip zeiawr
oniqa zekxrpd ,`xay ibelezind mlerl mitzeydn zeiptebde zeiytpd eizeyixcae
dfinxa qgiizn wp`xt .'jln ly ehiaxy md zeixr' daygnd zxxern zilawd dxnind
ixeqi`n mixehtd miidel`d zegekd oia zeyi` iqgi zx`znd ,xdefd ipewiz zxeqnl
: zeixr
oaae zegè gà cegi yi dlrnl jkitle ,uexite cexite ueviwe deexr oi` dlrnl
,ezeyrl utg did jk mc` èxal èd jexa yecwd ywiay drya [...] zaae
epnlva mc` dyrp xn`py enk ,cexite uxt `lae deexr `la ,epweic znbeck
cgiizdle ueviwe cexit `la ea zelelk zexitqd lk zeidl ,[26 ` 'xa] epzenck
mlerl ige lkè miigd urn mb gwle da xn`p dlrnle [...] mig` mdy za mr oa
81
.[22 b 'xa]
oi`y (864 ,708) miigd ur zxez itl ,`hgd iptly l`bpd ocira igk envr d`xe lièd
mzenlbzdl dwifa uxà zeixrd iweg zrixt lr zekf cnil èd ,xzide xeqi` da
zi`zayd zxeqna dkldd ixcb zvixte wegd zxtd ly zepeyd zeegnd .zininyd
itl .idel` ielib lr micqein eidy zihqind zxeqnd on mixeaig iyexit lr eqqazd
.gqz 'nr ,a ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz lv` mbxezn .a"r bv ,ep oewiz ,xdefd ipewiz 81
[ 521 ]
52 ]
xeìl` lgx
exzed ,ilawd zexitqd mler z` swynd ,inbiletd i`xwnd mlera ,wp`xt ly eyexit
mda zeriteny mixekf` hhvl daxd èd .zeixr ielib xzede miaexwe mig` oia beeif iqgi
izy` iehiaa ynzyde aye ,wgvie mdxa` zea`d ly mdizeig`k dwaxe dxy zedn`d
èeyl ike' : ezy` mbe ,eia` za ,ezeg` dziidy ,mdxa` zy` ixyl qgiiznd izeg`
g` eid dxye mdxa`' ; (236) '? mig` mdl e`xwiy mdizeyp z` wgvie mdxa` eywia
jk .èd dig` ik dxn` ìd [1 ai 'xa] z` izeg` `p ixn` : dxyl xn` mdxa`' ; 'zegè
eli`k df ,izeg` dl xn`yke' ; (407 ,392 ,252 : mb e`x .348) 'dwax mr wgvi mb bdp
beeif iqgi xaca zixdefd zxeqnl fnex èd dl` lka .(614) '? mixg` mr akyl dl dyxd
zeixr ,dad` ,cqg oia dxywy zi`zayd zxeqnle mdilr milg mpi` zeixrd iwegy
.lèhixl qezind oiae mixzqpd zenlerl milbpd zenlerd oia eixaca xaere ,dle`be
selg ipa ly mnler oia zeleabd zvixt z` zeixrd ixcb zvixta d`xy ,wp`xt
jlnd dnly' : 2 d mixiyd xiyn weqtd z` aeye aey hhiv ,zeenl` ipa ly mnlerl
aeye [miyp] ray yiy iptn ,ezeg` `xwiz daed`dy okzii ji` .izeg` il igzt : xn`
eeyde ; 377) 'odilr lg epi` zeende zeig` efl ef ze`xew od .zedel`d jeza mleke ray
.(1275 ,895 ,371 : zeig`d lr
iehia eid ze`zaya zygxznd xqend iweg zvixte mixeq`d miipind mixywd
- itehe`d cizrd ,igiynd ocira oky ,zxg` zeìvnl xarnle onfd ixcb zvixtl
zllegzne miigd ur gxet eay ,gezt obl jtedd lerp obk ytzpd ocrd ob avnl qgiiznd
cqgd z`xyda cqg zxez mi`xwpd ,mixeqi`n mixehtd mipey`xd zegelle ,'micec zr'
,dle`bl zkted zelbd ,ihqikxpìnep` deedl jted - (17 k 'ie) zeixrd iwega xkfpd
z` yxtl eaxd dnpecd ibega .mdl exzed zeixrdy zeenl` ipal mikted zeen ipae
`p ixn`' weqtd
ielibl dwifa ,ezyè ezeg` ,dxyl mdxa` xn`y ,(13 ai 'xa) 'z` izg`
zegè g` cegiia dèxd ,xdefd ipewiz zxeqnl xeywd ,dizpikye d"aw ly zedl`d ceq
ceqa dpiky èd giynde ,(hq oewiz) zegè m` ìd dpikyd .zeklne zx`tz ly beeif
: daeh xne` eixiya .ziy`xal daeh iel dcedi ly eyexitn dlery itk ,zekln
dpey`x dxe` mdxa` did
dxy mr cgizie
[iav izay] d"xin` `kln d`xd xy`
dxy mr cgizie
d`xd èd cqg zxez
`nvd
lha
dfa
cqg edPd
ezgwa
cgizie
[ 522 ]
[ 53
ly` lzy f`n

lèbd à xy` cr
82
.laeid z` gzt èd
laeide lèbd - dle`bd ilnqle cqgd zxezl zegè g` ly zeixrd cegii oia xyew xiyd
.zeixrd ixeqi` zgizt mr md mb migztpd
z` xikfd `l` ,zi`zayd dibele`za epecpy miihqind minrhd z` yxit `l wp`xt
`pnidn ìrxa aezkd on cnlpd ,igiynd ocira zeixrd xzidl dwifa eyxcpy miweqtd
dle`bl gztk xeq`d ipind xywd z` yxit èd 83.zelha zeevnd dle`bd onfay xne`d
zedel`d mlera ebdpy zeliv`d zxez iweg it lr ea bedpl yiy igiyn ocir deeda d`xe
: dxeagd ipal xnè ay èd 84.'micec zr ribd ik' ,cexitde `hgd iptly
zekfd cra dnc`d z` wypl mkilr did ,zeigè mig` zeidl mkz` izipinyk
awri ik : aezky itk zeigè mig` iz` eà oiletl ièaa ik .ok `xwidl mzikfy
? 'zeig`'e 'mig`' myd zernyn z` oiadl lky mkl yi ike [...] ezia lk mr à
.(236) ? mig` mdl e`xwiy mdizeyp z` wgvie mdxa` eywia èyl
igiyn deedl igiynd cizrd zkitdl iehia md zeig`l mig` oia beeifd iqgi ,xnelk
zlcaznd zeìvna gvp iig mdl mighaeny ,yep` ipal oeilrd mlerd ixcq z` un`nd
oi`y zeliv`d mlerle miigd ur ocirl daiyd z` znlbnd zihqiwp`xtd dxeagd ly
ixeqi` oi` okle ,mixeqi` mda eid `ly mipey`xd zegeld ocirle ,cexite ueviw ,`hg ea
.ea milg zeixr iaexwa zeyi`
,exvg iyp` 'mig`'d xyr mipy mi`lnn (1158) awri ipa xyr mipy ciwtz z`
xyr mipya 85,xdefd zxeqna dpikyd zeakxn mdy ,mihayd xyr mipya mixeywd
zn`d idel` ,lecbd g`d ly miidel`d eig` xyr mipyae 86(1291) eyi ly migilyd
z` dfl df zzle mig`k mnvr ze`xl mdilr deevn èd .(1281 ,1275 ,338 ,326)
xikfn èd .diqdxta z`f zeyrle ,bef zepa ody ,zeig`k ezeyxl ocinrdle mdizeyp
: ize` el`y ogand onfa dyxeea' : df ea`h zvixt lr diiqpka ezxiwg zra l`ypy
oeeknae ,mdiptn xac izxzqd `l ipè ? oz` akyl lkez ji` ,zeig` odl `xew dz`yk
.38 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,'dxiara dàd devn' ,mely
.gkx 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz : e`x
: e`x ,zezcd lk ilnq z` axrnd ,ihqiwp`xtd mfihxwpiqd lr .182 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw : e`x
.zexewne mixwgn ,'dxiara dàd devn' ,mely
[ 523 ]
82
83
84
85
86
54 ]
xeìl` lgx
mig` mkpd ik reci didi ,crepd mewnl eribiyk ornl ,mlerd lk ipta z`f z` iznqxt
.(1312 mb e`x .375) 'zeigè
ixeqi` zeleabn mibxege zegè dyi` mitxvnd `xwn iweqta zilzp ezaeyz ,xen`k
ixac zyixcae mipeilr zenlera zeixra ocd ,xdefd ipewiz xtq lr zknqp mbe ,zeixrd
z` gwi xy` yiè' weqtd lr `xwnd
ìde dzexr z` d`xe en` za e` eia` za ezg`
lr miyecw zyxta xn`py ,(17 k 'ie) 'mnr ipa ipirl ezxkpe èd cqg ezexr z` d`xz
fnxpk yxtzn zeixrd zyxta otec `veid 'èd cqg' iehiad .zeig`l qgia zeixr ielib
mikted mixeqi`d eay zeliv`d mlerl qgiiznd ,igiynd ocird èd ,cqgd ocir lr
zxez' z`xwp dycgd dxezde ,cqg mgl zlik` oeyla mixèzn zeixrd ibeeife mixzidl
,dzlbzdy dycgd dpen`d z` xikfdl daxn dnpecd ly 'zegayze zexiy' zxeqn .'cqg
zixg`de ziy`xd cegi`l ,giynd zìale ocr obl dxfgl dxeywe cqg zxez diexwd
: deedd ipic z` lhand
- zeevnl / zexg - cqg zxez .(162) epeyl lr cqg zxez / ezweg ìd dxzqp
/ ogleyd mgla owz [...] / dgexl my zexvd / ctqne ika lha [...] leha èd
i`cea icy / [...] ig ipb igitd / iav gezt ocr ob xak .(39-38) dxdha lik`d
cqg zxez / dlk [i]zeg` `xw / èd lerp ob / igitd / eixt c`n wezn / èd ob
extd 'dl] zeyrl zr .(50) èd i`ce giyn jln / c`n yecw miig ivr / `vni
lha d"aeh / cqg ,èd cqg i`cea / cqg zxez d`xd ède [...] / dreci [jzxez
.(123) `tix mlek z` / oenqxt` iav izay / `nvd z`
eidiy gihan wp`xt zeixrd ixcb zvixta zetzzyne dnlrd z` zezxynd 'zeig`'l
dxfge minler iig dgihan ,zeklnd ,dlezad dnlrd zii`xy xneè ,zeenn zexeht
,eizeriazl zeprid ,enr zedcfd raez èd mig`dn .(378-377) ocrd ob zeìvnl
ze`ln zepziive zetitk ,eiyrnle eixacl zxytzn izla zepn`pe zhlgen zexqnzd
[mig`] mkz` izipik' ,xne` èd ,dxenzae ,'mipey`xd miwegd lkl zeygkzd'e ezbdpdl
ly ea`hd zxiay zervnà izcizxagd xcqd zeleab zvixt .(428) 'igvp meiw ornl
da milgy zeìvna igvp meiwl xarnae zeende miigd zeleab zxiaya zxywp zeixrd
.selg ipa oicn mixehtd ocr ob iweg e` cqg zxez iweg
mb gwle' weqtd oia zxyewe beeifk dlik` zyxtnd zilawd zxeqnd z` gzit wp`xt
ige lkè miigd urn
zegekl lbx zqixc ea oi`y zeliv`d mler oiae (22 b 'xa) 'mlrl
zaeg zè zeigvpd cqg z` ezxeag ipal gihade ,ea milg mpi` zeixr ixeqi` ok lre rxd
.mixeq`d zeyi`d iqgi
wlg zgwl wp`xt yxc ,ezxeag zepae ipa ,zeig`de mig`d lkne ezgtyn ipa lkn
zeìvna epiidc ,zeaxzd zeleabn zbxegd zilxh`zzilapxwzibelezin zeìvna
[ 524 ]
[ 55
ef zeìvn .ea`hd zeleab zxiay lr zcqeind ,dyeae dny` zlehp ziytpe zifit
xdefd zxeqn lre 'jln ly ehiaxy md zeixr' zxne`d zilawd dxnind lr zzzyen
cegi yi dlrnl jkitle cexite ueviwe deexr oi` dlrnl' ,'deexr zil `lirlc' zxne`d
ea milg oiè mixeq` mibeeif oi` zeliv`d mleray drnyny 87,'zaae oaae zegè gà
mipind oia miqgia milaewnd miycewnd zeleabl ea swez oi` ,zeixrd ly ea`hd iweg
dxagd ixcql zizyz mieednd ,oièyip ixywe zeyi` ixyw ,mc ixywn mixfbpd
zeixrd ixzq ly iphyt yexit lr zzyend ,wp`xt ly enlera ,ok lr xzi .ziyep`d
,mixeqè mixzen ,miianete miihxt ,miielbe mirpven minegz oia lcad oi` ,miilawd
.idel`l iyep`d oia lcad oi` oky
zil `lirlc'e 'jln ly ehiaxy md zeixr'l zqgiiznd dyitzd ,miilawd mixeaiga
dpcd zfnexn daezk zihqin zxeqna xaecn .zexitqd mlerae là zwqer 'deexr
dxeaga eliè .minya xzend z` mc`d lr xeq`l dàe mipeilr zenler ixzqa
zizin zxeqnae ezxeag ipaae ezgtyn ipaa ,wp`xta mixen` mixacd zihqiwp`xtd
xzend z` mc` ipal dxizne dyrnl dkld dl` zepeirx zynnnd ,zyxetn zilèhix
z` ezxeag ipale envrl xizd wp`xt .ocr obl daiyde dle`bd zlgzd sweza minya
ezlecb mig`dn exikd mbe') l`k ezxeag ipa ipira ytzp èdy xg`n ,mixeqi`d lk
bvend ,epia` awri zenca eneia mei xac envr d`x èd ,xen`k .(88'cer oiè ig l` èdy
zi`zayd zxeqnae ,zeig` eidy ,miyp zaexn zilkxìxht dgtyn y`xk `xwna
zeidel`d zeieedd iielib z` mibviin dl` mixyw .'`zepnidn ixyw zlz'n wlgk
awrie dikexa ,iav izaya odizetwzydae zei`xwnd zeienca dle`bd jildz ziy`xa
,miicedid ,mipeyd eiieliba l`d enk èvn zrl envr d`x mb èd .(263) wp`xt
lkl 'oec`d ixac'ne 89(30 'q) dwipexkd on dlerk ,miihqinde miibelezind ,mii`zayd
zqgiiznd zihqind zxeqnd ly dtwezae dl` miidel` miielib ly mtweza .ekxe`
,beeife cegii ixywa zeievn zexitqd mlera dizeietrzqd lky ,zidel`d dgtynl
,ezxeag ipa lre envr lr dl` zepaez wp`xt ligd ,ziyep` dcin zn` it lr mixeq`d
mewnd onfd zeleabl xarn ,miigd ur mlera miigd zeliv`d mler ipak d`x mze`y
md zeixr' dxnind zqgiizn zilawd zxeqna ,xen`k .rxe aeh zrcd ur ly xeqi`de
,miipiad ini ilaewn iazka xexiaa `vnpy itk ,mler ly eklnl 'jln ly ehiaxy
: idel`d cegiia mznibta iyep`d mlera zeixrd ixeqi` z` miwnpnd
.gqz 'nr ,a ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz ; ep oewiz ,xdefd ipewiz 87

.644 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,'zihqiwp`xt zxbi`' ,mely : e`x 88
.371-370 'nr ,my ,'dikexa' ,mely : e`x 89
[ 525 ]
56 ]
xeìl` lgx
xdfen did `zz la` dzae dpae dy` leki did zeliv`d mlera cegi zeyrae
90
.rxd mr aehd aaxrl `ly ick zeixra
ynzydl epl ozip `l jkitle ceakd jln ly ehiaxy èd zeixr oipry rc
fnex èd ik sebd ixa` enk dlecb daxew ìdy `vnz ik ceakd jln ly ehiaxya
gkd ea ik dfd oipra ynzydl ozip ceakd jlnle dlecb daxew ìd ik cegid oipr
zaa ynzydl giky [zexitq] zecna ik mipeilrd zebxcnl ritydl dxeabde
lk ik xq`p epicbpk la` `kiiy ceakd jln cbpk jkitle [...] eig` ly ebef
91
.dzin aiig jln ly ehiaxya ynzynd
rityne jxazi eil` zeaexw ode jxazi seq oi`n zelv`p zexitq xyry zrci xak
zg` lr àde dlrnl zenbet dhn ly zelertd ik jizrced mb oda cgiizne oda
daxewd cegii ievn dpeilr dakxna ik jln ly ehiaxya ynzyn èd zeixrd on
liaya mb mipad m` `xwpd dpiaa mbet en` lr àd ik xnìe ewaeci eigà yi`
oda ritydl ozip `le minrt 'a èd jn` .jn` zexr aizk jkle ig lk m` ìdy
92
.dzin aiig jln ly ehiaxya ynzynde dlrzi ceakd jlnl wx
mlera dlawa wqerd ,miqezin dign ihnfixk bidpn - wp`xt awri ly ezrceza mle`
,zeliv`d mlerae dfd mlera ,dnpecd ibeg z`xyda ,zg` dperae zra ige i`zayd
zxeaga ivx`d eneliba ,dxe`kl wx zelba iexyd mlerae xac ly ezn`l l`bpd mlera
ly ehiaxy' ody ,zeixrd - zexitqd oia cegiid iqgi z` mibviind 'zeig`d'e 'mig`d'
ezxeag iypè ezgtyn ipa zaegle zicrlad ezekfl zekted ,zilawd zextqa 'jln
.eitlk
jexa' zkxa z` jxiay ,iwipelqa dnpecd bidpn ,eqex dikexa zeawra jld wp`xt
e"ld lk ektdzi zeliv`c dxeza ik dxede 93'zeixr lk xizn'e 'mixeqi` xizn 'd dz`
ef zeleab zvixt ynnn ède ,zeixrd ixeqi` lk my`xae dyr zeevnl dxezay zezixk
oeilrd mlerd oia zecg` icil ìan giynd ly eèa ,zkd ipa ly mcicl 94.dyrnl dkld
,dìxad mler iweg z` milhan ,cqgd zxez iweg ,zeliv`d mler iwege ,oezgzd mlerl
.hq oewiz ,xdefd ipewiz
sqei lr .83925 milyexi i"k ,fl deevn ,dyrz `l zeevn ,zeevnd inrh ,dxiad oyeyn sqei
.228 'nr ,h"pyz milyexi ,` ,ceqd zxeza mely myxb zixtq belhw : e`x ,dxiad oyeyn
yi` yi` d"c ,zen ixg` zyxt ,b"tx dìvipie ,zn`d jxc lr dxezd lr yexit ,ih`pwxn mgpn
.x`y lk l`
.212 'nr ,xexa
; 346-344 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,'dikexa' ,mely : e`x
.217 'nr ,oala ; 234-233 'nr ,xexa
: jeza ,'dpia ixac' ,l`hpwxia xraaec : e`x
'nr ,u"ye ekln ; a 'nr ,(31 dxrd lirl) 'dzencl' ,u"y ; 138 'nr ,(oeiv) 'dikexa' ,mely : e`x
.210 ,110 ,128 ,38 'nr ,zegayze zexiy : eeyd .cqz-bqz
[ 526 ]
90
91
92
93
94
95
[ 57
`zenc `pli` cvn zeixrd ielib ixeqi` lr dìxac dxez epiidc ,oicd zxez iweg
95
.zeixrd ielib xzid lr miigd ur cvn zeliv`c dxeza ztlgzn
[...] izay lèb miigd ur i`ce
owz ornl laza zà dz`
cgi ornl .epycw ornl
[...] xzen ziyr xeq` eidy dl`
[...] ogleyd df z` epilr zpwz
jgka zlha dz` xzid xeq`
96
.dycg dxez ,cqg zxez zgzt
miycewn mihqwh ly zepyxta zpbern oyid mlerd ixcq ly zigiynd dktdnd
mixzidd zkxrna uxà dlgd zizkldd mixeqi`d zkxrn zvixt z` obrl zxzegd
.zenlerd oewiz myl ,cqgd ziieeda oicd ziieed z` silgdle minya dlgd zihqind
`vni mlerl dedi my
[...] dpen` yxey edpd èd
dìxal mcw èd
[...] dgex
lk FOr
`wizr my epd èd
`kln lèb dNB
[xy`]
dpen` yxey edpd èd
zeixrd lha enr
zedel`d ceq d`xd
97
.zenlerd z` owz
jixa `ycewe zx`tz zxitq mb èdy ,miklnd jln lecbd g`d mr envr z` ddfn wp`xt
z` yxtne (375 ,263) ea dkiynne dikexaae izaya dzlbzdy zidel`d zednd mbe èd
zxeqnd ixac z` un`n èd df yenin myl .zxzqpd eziieed yenina mialyk milbpd eiig
zeiawpde zeixkfd zeieedd oiae zeklne zx`tz zexitq oia mibeeifde micegiid lr zilawd
.ezxeagae ezgtyna zeixr ibeeifa mze` ynnne idel`d mlera zepeyd
zenca 'inè izy` izeg` iza' lr mda xacn l`dy ,ilawe iyxcn gqepa mihtyn
miyp mr mixeq` mibeeifa miynnzn mdy drya ziygen zeìvnl mikted 98,zg` ziawp
.110-109 'nr ,my 97
df ,"en` el dxhry dxhra" ' : (d ,ap) dax zeny yxcna `vnp zeiawp zeiedf cegi`l dnbec 98
[ 527 ]
58 ]
xeìl` lgx
ecegii .da ig èdy zilapxwd zibelezind zeìvna ,ezxeag ipa eirx iype exya zex`y
hqwha oenhd inep`d utpd xneg z` lretd l` gekd on ìved èdy jka wp`xt ly
- ilawd qezind ly xcbd zvixt z` azeke `xew ,xtqne rney wx èd oi` : ilawd
zidel` zenc oia cegiie beeif iqgie zeixr iqgi da yiy zininy dxitq
ea zxèzn ok`y
zeawpe mixkf zebviind zexitq oiae 'izeg` iza in`' diexwd ziawp zencl zixkf
ilawd qezind z` aqn mb `l` - zegè g` ,zae a` ly zex`ye daxw iqgia miievnd
mya ,eizeype eiyp` lr eze` dteke eziieeda ilawd zeixrd qezin z` ynnne envr lr
'zeig`'e mig`' `xew èd ekxcl mitxhvnd dxeagd ipal .ocr obl dxfgd oeirx
zia' e` (1291 ,1270 ,1222 ,1198 ,428 ,375 ,39 ,oec`d ixac ; 43 sirq ,dwipexkd)
dtlfe ddla ,d`le lgx ly obef oa did i`xwnd awriy myk .'edpgne awri' e` 'awri
,dpgn ,dgtyn cqiiy dryae zexigl cearyn ekxca jldy drya ,zg` dperae zra
`viy drya ,ezxeag zeyp ,'zeig`'d mr beeif iqgia did wp`xt awri ok ,mre mihay
99
.ycg mler cqiil
zlkza mwexe xn`py xiievn did okynd jk zxiievn dxhrd dn `l` dxhr e`xw dnl .okynd
'x - dnlyl dxhr ray za dzyry iz`vn `le `xwnd lka izxfg wgvi 'x xn` .'eke onbxàe
? en` el dxhry dxhra edn jia`n zrnyy xyt` iqei iaxa xfrl` 'x z` l`y i`gei oa oerny
ff `l ,iza dze` `xew dide i`cn xzei daagn dide ,dcigi za el dzidy jlnl lyn ,od el xn`
: xn`py za l`xyil `xw dligza èd jexa yecwd jk ,in` d`xwy cre izeg` d`xwy cr daagn
igzt" : xn`py ,izeg` o`xwy cr oaagn ff `l ,"jia` ziae jnr igkye jpf` ihde i`xe za irny"
,in` o`xwy cr oaagn ff `l ,"dlil iqiqx izvew lh `lnp iy`xy iznz izpei izirx izeg` il
cnr ,"ribx` minr xe`l ihtyne `vz iz`n dxez ik epif`d il` ine`le inr il` eaiywd" : xn`py
,g"lyz milyexi ,zeilbxn 'x zxecdn ,xidad xtq : eeyd .'ey`x lr ewype i`gei xa oerny 'x
z` gwi xy` yiè' : eeyd ,dnpeca iyep`l idel`dn xarnd lr .ezae jlnd ilyn ,bq ,b mitirq
'dy` : m` : za : zeg` mdy mipte` draxà dlral z`xwp dy`dy oaei o`kn [...] èd cqg ezeg`
.(cqz-bqz 'nr ,u"ye ekln)
,x``dfiexw ; 105 ,104 ,86 ,79 ,74 ,70 ,67 ,46-45 ,42 'q ; 21 ,20 ,16 'nr ,èan ,dwipexkd : e`x 99
xaaec zecr z` ìan (234-233 ,216-212 'nr) xexa
; 271-270 ,268 ,128 ,112 'nr ,`
diielib zè zi`zayd zxeqnd zknqp mdilry miilawd zexewnd z` yxtnd aeglean l`hpwxia
icyn oec`d zwipi ,miyp ztlgd lr ieeiv ,miianet oin iqgi mixkfp x`yd oia .zihqiwp`xtd dcra
miipin miqwh ,mexira micewixe zeibxe` ,(`"r fi ,b"g) xdefd zxeqn z`xyda ianeta zeig`d
,zi`zayd dxeza ipind lèhixd zernyn lr .cere dxeagd ipal qxtk miyp zghad ,`zexaga
; 149 'nr ,iav izay ,l"pd ; 372-368 'nr ,zexewne mixwgn ,'dxiara dàd devn' ,mely : e`x
ìan oala .410 'nr ,(31 dxrd lirl) 'dzencl' ,u"y ; 125-124 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail
ielibl zilawd zxeqnd oia xywd lr zeiecre (121 ,118-115 'nr) xcbd zvixt lr zetqep zeiecr
ly mdizeyp ieaix z` zpiivnd ziziiqpk dcerz ìan èd .(217 ,188 'nr) mi`zayd ibega zeixr
raewd ,icexa mxg ly sixgd gqepd .(298 'nr) cxbixyn mdxa` ly ezqxb zè (280 'nr) dcrd ipa
.zihqiwp`xtd zexwtddn zexfbpd zeizkldd zepwqnl qgiizn ,mixfnn mdipae zepef mdizeypy
'nr ,mely dipt mebxz = 59 'nr ,a) x``dfiexw .418 'nr ,zevx` rax` cre qwpt ,oixtliid : e`x
`cpl l`wfgi 'x mixgd 1783 zpya .1783 zpya miianet oin iqgil wp`xt ly zeqgiizd ìan (23
[ 528 ]
[ 59
'dizpikye èd jixa `ycew cegii'a èd ilawd qezindn lhean `l wlg ly epiipr
oia oilneb iqgile zexitqd mlera mikildzl qgiizn qezind .lgxe awria milneqnd
èdy jka uerp ilawd qezind ly ecegiiy xekfl ie`x mle` ,zenlrp zeidel` zeieed
zxveid gexd inegza miidel` miqetca mc`d zè miiyep` miqetca zedel`d z` avrn
zipìxeld zilawd zxeqna .dxivide daygnd zeiteqpià mixywpd milnqd oeylae
xkf ly beeife cegii iqgil dwifa exeive l`d zyp`d z` zllekd zihwlìc dnbn `vnp
.xeaicde daygnd mlera gvp iigl dkefd mc`d zdl`d zè ,idel`d mlera dawpe
,zeene dlicb ,dwpde dcil ,oeixid ,xeair ,beeif ixeìza ztwzyn l`d ly dyp`dd
zllegzn mc`d zdl`d ; zexitqd mlerl miqgiizne 'miig ur' ilawd xeaiga mihxetnd
èvxa mc`d seziy ,iyep`de idel`d xeaicd oiae daygnde gexd mler oia iedifd ici lr
zxez zervnàe ,zevevipd z`lrd zxeze `zzlc `zexrz`d zervnà miidel`d aeye
jetida zwqer dlawd 100.zeene miig ly meiwd zeleabn mc`d z` driwtnd leblbd
lkk wigxdl ywane mfitxenetexzpà mglpd iteqelitd oeirl hlgen cebipa : zexveid
gek z` ,zeenl`d z` ,zeiteqpi`d z` mc` l dligpn dlawd ,idel`l iyep`d oia ozipd
zeipgex zeieyi zxivia daigxne ,mda dnelbd zexigd zè oeyla dìxade dxivid
zedel` l ,z`f znerl ; mc`le l`l zetzeyne zeende miigd zeleaba zexcbp opi`y
,beeif ,cegii ,zeene miig ikildz ly miakxene miwenr miiyep` mipiit`n dwiprn ìd
,dnilae oeqix ,dritye zehytzd ,diaxe dixt ,dlicbe dwipi ,dcil ,dcled ,xeair
.zidel`d zeiteqpi`l iyep`d oeiqipd wner oia miaxwnd ,dxivie xvi ,diigze dzin
,idel`d cegiid megzl mikiiyd mibyen envr lr ligd èd : jetd jldn hwp wp`xt
wp`xt zke iav izay zexewl zetqez' ,o`niixt '` : e`x ,mxgd gqep .wp`xt awri z` b`xta
d"era xy` xgè' : x`yd oia xn`p my .45-40 'nr ,(a"txz) e ,l`xyi zial dtevd ,'b`xta
oipnd on mpiè mirxevn miyp` mi`vnp rnypd itl ik zpyepd zrxv dgxt [miaxd epizepeera]
irex dyly i"tr èy dlawa migicne miziqn [...] mirezrz dyrn lad dyrn miyer miryx xyw
dylye [...] mny gni wp`xt awrie exkf gni `wip`l`qn dikxae ,gcen iav izay [...] mirer gex
yi` lkl zeixr xizdl dycg zc eìvnd uxt ipt lr uxt evxt [...] mler oe`xcl zetxgl dl`
xfrl` ly extq itl àen mxgd gqep .'micyl mdizepa zè mdipa z` micf xwy elth .dyè
zeycgzd lbxl extqa mxgd z` qitcd qlwrlt .`"r i sc ,q"wz b`xt ,cec zad` ,qlwrlt
d`xp' : dnec gexa xteq mzgd azek ,`"qwz zpya ,jkl jenq .q"wz zpya mihqiwp`xta wa`nd
mr etecxi mze` [...] mdizenvr ewgyie mgex gtiz recid y"ni u"ya mipin`nd dxex`d zkdy il
mzpenà dllkp `ly mlera f"r oiè mala drewz zepinde 'dl md mixex` mlek ik mdizepae mdipa
mbe aygi dax devnle mdipae md m"ekra eaaxrzie dlebd ldwn ecxti m` xzei aehe ztiefnd
z"ey) 'dxf dcearl mdizeaygne mdixac lke jqp oii mpiie mizek zt mzt micedid oia oiicr mzeida
.(`"qwz sxecqxhn ,cky oniq ,drc dxei wlg ,xteq mzg
,'i"x`d zlawa zipeifgd zeynnd ly dzetivxe mc`l l`d oia zixethnd dwifd' ,xeìl` 'x : e`x 100
milyexi ,(i ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn) i"x`d zlaw ,(mikxer) qail 'ie xeìl` 'x : jeza
.58-47 'nr ,a"pyz
[ 529 ]
60 ]
xeìl` lgx
jixa `ycew cegii' ,'jln ly ehiaxy md zeixr' - ixdefd qex`le ,ininyd beeifd qezinl
dwihex`d zkitda zenelbd dpkqde dnverd z` mibcdl aihide - 'dizpikye èd
zexigle dìxad gekl ,gexd megzl dxeywd ,zeleabd zlehp - zileaniqzixethnd
.xyad zeleaba zinybd mziieeda dzewgl miywand ,ux`d ipa ly mzlgpl - dxivid
megzl miqgiiznd ,dwihqine qezin ly minegz aexira dpenhd dpkqd z` yignd èd
zeleaba xcbpd ,hytend megza miniiwe daezkd milnqd oeyla eiehiaa mlrpd ininyd
megza miniiwznd mibdpne milèhix mr ,dtyd ly miiteqpi`d diwnrne oeincd zexig
mipqxnd miwegl zetitkd megzae sebd ly ezeiteql cearyd zeleaba xcbpd ,inybd
ipqxdd lìvphetd z` dlib mb èd .zeixrd iqgi ly ea`hd lr mizzyend ,dxagd ly
,dxivie xvil mixeywd ,beeife cegii ly miipgexd miilawd milnqd heyita oenhd
zeleabd lehp igvpd idel`d mlera miniiwznd ,dritye zeliv` ,dìxae zeiteqpi`
zeleabl mitetkd zeen ipa ly mziieeda miivx` miinyb zeleaba mzygndae ,mibiiqde
wizr meiw mdl yiy ,dl` mihyten milnq lhp èd .dxagd ibiiqle xqend ipicl ,sebd
iyep`d xeyind lr mze` jilyd ,daezkd zihqind zxeqnae idel`d xeyina mini
zeleabae oeinca igde azkpde `xwpd ,ixethnihqinileaniqd cnndn mze` xiarde
ygxznd ,ygnende deegpd ,ilapxwilèhixiaihnxetxtd ,iwqhexbd cnnl ,gexd
.sebd zeleaba
èd jexa yecwd zenca milneqnd miiawpde miixkfd zeceqid ,zexitqd mlera
zkynde zenyp zìxa myl cegiie beeif iqgia mi`vnp ,zipexhnde jlnd e` ,dpikyde
zxeqndy dnec .(a"r f ,b"g ,xdef) mipezgzd zenlerl mipeilrd zenlern rty
milneqnd ,zeklne zx`tz beeif e` ,dizpikye èd jixa `ycew cegii ly zilawd
miigd zeleab z` mivxet miihqinde miiyxcnd mdileblbay ,mii`xwnd lgxe awria
awri - zidel`d zednd ly miinybd di`yep ly ivx` cegiil rwxl zkted ,zeende
.eza lgxe wp`xt
ygxznd ,ezal a` oia ihex` xywk bven lgxl awri oia xywd ,xdefd zxeqna
ède ,"lgxl awri wyie" : aezk myy ,lkid eze`l qpkp jlndy oeik' : dad`d lkida
enr dze` dlrne dwagne dwypne cin micwn èd ,dyecwd dnypd z` my `ven
daiagd ezal dyer a`dy htynk ,"dl dyri zepad htynk" : èd dfe .da ryrzyne
mixèzn zininyd dad`d iqgi 101.'zepzn dl ozepe dwagne dwypn èdy ,eilr
lv` `l` dpi` cinz à` zweyz' : zeixrd zeleab z` zvxetd dweyz oeyla ef zxeqna
witqd `l ,za dl `xw ezadà .lkn xzei dadàe dweyza dilr gibyn ède [...] zad
zxne` [`n`] oeilrd mlerd ok lre .m` dl `xwe df el witqd `l ,zeg` dl `xwe df el
.gvx 'nr ,a ; fp 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz 101
[ 530 ]
[ 61
zklyd xaca ef dprh 102.'jil` zkynp ezad` lky "iyi` z` jzgw hrnd" : [zal] dl
lr ,ea`hd zeleabn mixehtd ,miininy zae a` iqgi ly zihex`d zihqind zxeqnd
oia daxw iqgi lr xqe` mpn`y) i`xwnd wegd it lr mdl mitetkd ,miivx`d zade a`d
xtqn dlerk ,yxetna ezae a` iqgi lr xqe` epi` ddinzd daxnl mle` xya ix`y
zekln zegtyna caln mewn lka zgeexd dnxepd it lr mixeqè (k ,gi miwxt `xwie
ixeqi`n dnvr dxhty dlidwa e` miihqin daxw iqgia e` ,idel` `ven onvrl zeqgiind
wp`xt z` dgpdy ihqinizind oeibidd on dler ,deevnl mze` dktdy drya zeixrd
zihqiwp`xtd zextqa mb oky ,dxryd xcbn zbxeg ìd oi` mle` ,eze` miaaeql eiqgia
,fnexna wx `l` yxetna mda mixn`p mpi` mixacdy minegz exzep mibiiqd zxqg
103
.x``dfiexw ìady gqepl dèeyddn dlerk ,exfpev epicil eribdy dwipexkd igqepe
ihex`d eqgi z` qpxtne lirl oecpy ihqinde izind mibyend mler xe`l ,mewn lkn
ly dzexiaq z` oegal mewn yiy dnec ,ezxeag ipa lkl wp`xt ly ihppinecd izepc`
md zeixr'n xarnd .ze`ceea diabl rixkdl jxc oi` m` mb ,ezal qgia ef dxryd
wp`xty qezin - iaihnxetxt qezin l` daezkd zilawd zxeqna 'jln ly ehiaxy
zervnà ezxeag ipae ezgtyn ipa lr dze` aqd okn xg`le ,envr lr ef dxin` ea ligd
m`k ,daed`k ,zak dpikyl l`d qgi z` od envr lr ligd èdy jka uerp - lèhixd
,igiynd ixdefd qezind z` od ,zeixrd ixeqi`l swez oi` eay ,l`bp mlera zegè
dzind ly zeigvpd zexenzl dwifa ,dliiàe ygpa xeywd ,df l`bp cnnl jilend
104
.zeend cbp miigd ly wa`nle ,dcilde
zlgpl ektd xdefd zxeqna mihxetne mipeilra mixzend zeixrd iqgi ,xen`k
jlnl d`ype [...] zeaizpd lk da llke zaa rbp dyr dn [...] jlnl lyn' : eeyde .hpw 'nr ,` ,my 102
dze` `xew minrtle ,eid cg` mewnn ik izeg` da ezadà dze` `xew minrtl ,dpzna el dpzp mb
.(bq sirq ,xidad xtq) 'in` dze` `xew minrtle ,ìd eza ik iza
.14 'nr ,dwipexkl èan ,oiel 103
hnx ,b"g ; `"r kx-a"r hix ,a"r ap ,a"g ,xdef : e`x ,zilawd zxeqna dlii`de ygpd qezin lr 104
,xdef) `pnidn ìrxa .er-dr ,hp-fp 'nr ,a ; hlx-flx 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz ; a"r-`"r
z` od dpikyd mr beeifd z` od zpiivn dlii`d ly dngxa ygpd zkiyp ,(`"r gq-a"r fq ,b"g
'nr ,g jxk ,d"nyz milyexi ,xwi xe` ,w"nx : mb e`x .dle`bd zìaa dpikyd ly dcild ilag
,àx `xc`d ziy`x lr i"x`d xeìa ; b xeh ,e"t ,c"lyz milyexi ,zepeekd xry ,lhie miig ; an
,l"pd ; ey-dy ,ekx 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz ; c xeh ,n"t ,i"ayx ixn`n xry ,c"lyz milyexi
'dzencl' ,u"y ; 692 'nr ,iav izay ,mely ; 793 'nr ,b"pyz milyexi ,b ,dizegelye dlaw ixwg
qail 'ie xeìl` 'x : jeza ,'`zlii`c oilifxe` oixz' ,qail 'i ; ìz-iz 'nr ,(31 dxrd lirl)
; 169-113 'nr ,a"pyz milyexi ,(i ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn) i"x`d zlaw ,(mikxer)
zlaw myl xeaig ,'i"x`d zxeza dle`b' ,fexn 'x ; 177-182 ,124 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,l"pd
A. Berger, ; 315-306 'nr ,g"nyz milyexi ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,diteqelitl xehwec xèz
Ayalta: From the Doe in the Field to the Mother of the Messiah, in: S. Liberman and
A. Hyman (eds.), Salo Wittmayer Baron Jubilee Volume, I, Jer usalem 1974, pp. 209-217
[ 531 ]
62 ]
xeìl` lgx
,`hgd iptly ocrd ob ocirle miigd ur zxezl dxfgl iehiak zihqiwp`xtd dxeagd
ocira mighaend gvpd iige zexigd ,dle`bd zernyn z` mippeknd ,xeqi`de yperd
miininy zeixr iqgi lr zihqiwp`xtd zxeqna miievnd mifnxd ly myexit .igiynd
zextqae xdefd ipewiz zxeqna mxewn zpada ielz ,ezae a` iqgil dwifa ,miivxè
mxywda 'oec`d ixac'a miàend eza ixace wp`xt ly eixac geprtae zi`zayd
.ivx`d ilèhixd mranae izinihqind
eixacn cenll lkep ,zwdaen zihex` dwifa oerhd ,ezal wp`xt ly eqgi lr
lirl eàedy miixdefd milynd z` znieqn dcina mixikfnd ,'oec`d ixac'a miyxetnd
: 'dl dyri zepad htynk' lr
miti mixcg cixt` .miti mihidxa eze` hdx` ,dti zia dpw` izreyi èaz xy`k
cg` s`l oz` `l .zexwi mipaàe zekln icbaa dze` yial` ,digzy iza ornl
[...] cgi micreq didp ,da gny` .epcal ipè ìd .dz` wx did` ,il` qpkdl
z` xikdl lkezy ick lkd lr xeviwa dz` xacè dlile mei cgi dz` ay` ipè
.(784) lkd z` xearz ìde mc` oa dpnn zeyrl czrzn ip` [...] epzpen` zlecb
i`zay byen - 'epzpen` zlecb'a xeywd ,ezal a` oia zihex` zeinihpi` ly df xeìz
oiipr yi mle` .envr cra xacn - 105zeixrd ixzqae zedel`d ceqa ,zc zxnda xeywd
ybcena mipievn beeife dcerq dnpecd ibegn mixeaigae xdefd zxeqnay dcaera
reciy' xn`p my ,daeh iel dcedi ly ' "jl jl" yexit'n dlery itk ,miliawn mibyenk
.ziy`xa zyxtl daeh ly eyexita oexg`d scd on dlery itke 106,'beef ceq èd lke`y
zernyn lr miyxetn mixac `vnp ,zilawd zxeqnd z` miyxtnd ,dnpecd iazka
lk exzed day ,zeliv`c dxezl qgiiznd `hgd iptly avnd oia mipigand ,beeifd
ixeqi` lk elhed day ,dìxac dxezl qgiiznd `hgd ixg`y avnd oiae ,mibeeifd
dìxad [...] beeifd ceqa èd lkd oezgzd mlerae zedel`d mlera miiwd lk' : zeixrd
xnelk beeifd ceq èd lek`le lkdn lek`l xzid ozip dlgzda .beeif ici lr dzyrp dlek
.'lkd mr beeif xzid ozip
fnexna aqend ,wp`xt ly enelga .mdizenelgn zade a`d iqgi lr cenll ozip cer
,dz` zexagzda izivx .icvl dcnry dnlr inelga izi`x' : xn`p ,dnlrd eza lr
ly dnelg .(`1069 mb e`xe .823) 'xgyd xi`d xak ,awri : il exn` .dileza z` zgwl
oey`xa' : ezaa dxei a`d day ,znii`n miqgi zkxrn swyn dia` lr wp`xt ly eza
oec`l eìad eli`k melga izi`x dpde : melg (dxiabd) dceak dz`x 1784 zpy ileil
l` xyi dxie sqk xecka cg` lk mze` orh oec`d .xedh sqk miieyr migcw` dyely
.gztna 'dpen`' jxrd ,zegayze zexiy ; 733-732 ,696 'nr ,a ,iav izay ,mely : e`x 105
.cpz 'nr ,u"ye ekln 106
[ 532 ]
[ 63
eppi` mle` ,(ugk dxei) zipin zernyn mb d"xi lretl zrcep zixard dtya .(839) 'ial
.melgd xteq dty efià mircei
eza z` x`zn ,(1155) 'mkilrn izny (deg) de` z` wx' eirneyl xne`d ,wp`xt
: zernyn oi` zeleable onfl eay ,miigd ur ocira dze` jxeke iyep`lr oeiava
dizepy eycgzi ji` (dìxa didzy) iza z` e`xz ,zereay dyiy cera ryeei`ykl'
lr cnrn x`zn x``dfiexw .(1024) 'ynyd xdefk xdfze dpy dxyryng zak didze
zcear z` cearl mipin`nd zeal z` oikd [èd]' : ezal cired wp`xty df iyep`
miype zenlr cecba dklnk zayeid ,(deg ,èer) `yhèe` eza ìd ,`zipexhnd
zeaeyg zelezae zezipexhn zecner - xne` did - dkln za lv`y enk .od mb zeycwp
it lr sè .dpeilr dpigaa od dly zelezade zezipexhnd mb ok ,diptl zxyl zeqgeine
mixeyw dl` miienic 107.'zezxyne zegty olek diptl ,zekln odn zg` lkl yiy
dixg` zelezae z`fd dcnd zeida' : `zipexhnd ,zekln zxitq lr xdefd ixeìzl
oia znlrzne cecba jlnk zcnerd dpikyd lre 108,'zx`tz jlna zecgiizn dizerx
109
.dizeàv
yep` ipa lr milgd zeixebhwde mixeqi`d xy` ,l`k envr d`xy ,wp`xt ly enlera
mixzqpd dipty miktd zecg`k zieegp zeìvnd ,ezaiaq lre eilr milg mpi`
,lèbke l`k eze` mièxd ,ebeg ipa lvè elv` .milbpd dipt z` mirixkn miilèhixde
milnqd z` ,zeinehekicd xcrd z` dliknd zipibexcp` zitvz zcewpn mieegp miigd
miktdd zecgà oenhd jtdnd .zeixrd iqgia mzygnd zè miptd iletk miipinecd
yal ,ipibexcp`d lnqd xizny zexzeqd zeiexyt`d ly dlkdae ihqind lnqd xizny
zenca ilnqd eran zè envr z` ,zidel`d dieedd z` ytz èd oky ,zeycg mipt
micwzd zxqg zencl egexa dktdy ,dnilynd ezenc za z` mb ytz èd jk .zipinec
idel` ,zihqind zxeqndn zwpeid ,ezyitza .ipinecd giynd e` dyi`dgiynd ly
e` lgx ,dpiky `xwp dawpd sevxt : dawpe xkf ,oitevxtec ,ipinec èd l`xyi
.`yicw `kln e` yecwd oec`d ,awri idel` `xwp xkfd sevxte ,zekln
ly dycg dpade ,dliral dle`b oia cg`nd ipeyl sexiv micner df qgi ly eyxeya
zixard oeyld .zipibexcp`l zkted zeìvnde zlèbl jted lèbd day dle`bd zedn
dlreae dlèb èd frea my ,zex zlibnn dlerk ,dliral od dle`b byend z` zcgiin
260-259 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw 107
izay zeawra eza z` jk dpkn wp`xt .a"r gk ,'zekln' jxra ,bk xry ,mipenx qcxt ,exaecxew 108
zexewn lr .758 'nr ,a ; 222 ,146 'nr ,` ,iav izay ,mely : e`x .`zipexhn ezy` z` dpiky iav
,zegayze zexiy : e`x ,`zipexhn ,dleza ,`yicwdxrp ,dnlr ,dxiab miiepikl mii`zay
.'dpiky'e 'dlra zxhr' ,'`zipexhn' mikxra ,gztna
.giz-fiz 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz 109
[ 533 ]
64 ]
xeìl` lgx
z` d`xe milnqd z` cgi` aezkd hyt z` ezìxwa wp`xty dnec .dreyil od ,zex ly
zipibexcp`d zeìvndy okzii .l`bidl cnerd lèbk envr zè zl`bpzlèbk eza
zeiencd izyn zg` lke ,ziyp zencle zixab zencl zivx`d dieeda zwlgzn zedelà
.idel`d dienic z` mbe dketid z` mb zllek
: cg`k xabke dyi`k mizrl envr d`x ,mixg` miipinec mixveik ,wp`xty dnec
zehela lr xtqn èdyke ,(1094) dyi`k mdilr jxane zexp wilcn èd enelga
dnk xneè ay èd ,mewn lkn .(119) oeixida èdy fnxn èdy okzii ,ephaa zegnevd
oeiav el qgiine ,dyi` did ,iav izay ,zi`zayd zihqind zlylya encewy minrt
èd ,ekxck .ziawp zedf lra did xzqpae zixkf zedf lra did dlbpa oky ,ipibexcp`
.i`zayd giyna xywpy àwepe xirf ceq z` yxtne ig mc` lr izind lnqd z` lign
xèznd iawpixkf xevi iav izaya dèxd zi`zayd zxeqnd lr oryp èdy okzii
èdy ezia my èd mb qepibexcp` ly ceq èdy d"i jlnd eppec` la`' - qepibexcp`k
[...] / icy l` ceq / izay lèb' : awri zencl eze` zxyewe - 110'rlqd jeza dpen`d
awri / izay lèb [...] / zeevnd lha / zenlerd ly / zetilw zind [...] / miiwe ig èd
111
.'izay lèb / qepibexcp` ceq / `p glq epl / ,`xwp
eilr xnè iav izay ly dletkd zipind ezedfl zeax minrt qgiizd wp`xt awri
: xab icbaa dyi` didy
.(552) xzqa dawp oinn didy [iav izay] oey`xd lr exn`
: eilr exn` ok it lr sè ielba `l j` dawp xzqpa did [iav izay] oey`x eze`
.(609) dfd mlerl dà dxiabd
.(813) dy` xzqa did èdy exn` eilre ,jxcdxenk did ,did xy` oey`x eze`
.(982) dawp oinn didy eilr exnè xab did oey`xd
oa yxetna xne`y itk ,iav izay ly eleblbl wp`xt aygp mihqiwp`xtd ibega
ip` .z`fd zkd ipa oia izipnp ip` mb ik xikfn ip` i`hg z`' : iwqpil`b awri dxeagd
ecy okziie 112.'zten lral ,iav izay leblbl mb ik ,mkgl wx `l wp`xt z` izayg
.wp`xt z` mb dzgpd ef ezeipin
ytzp èd oky ,i`zayd qezina dax zernyn zlra dziid iav izay ly ezeipinec
d"xin` lèb' : eeyd .(31 dxrd lirl ,bxaplh) a"r btw ,ziy`xal yexit ,daeh iel dcedi : e`x 110
lèbd izay ceq èd' ; (64 'nr ,zegayze zexiy) 'dawpe xkf èd d`xd eceak zè xn` [iav izay]
,64 ,37 'nr ,my : mb e`x .156 'nr ,my) 'dawpe xkf èd i`ceae [...] l`rnyi jezl qpkpy èd
.(158 ,60
l`xyi idl` `xwp oke ,awri mb `xwp giynd' : xz` lr xirn mely .211 'nr ,zegayze zexiy 111
.'qepibexcp` ceqa dizpikye èdy
.86 'nr ,dwipexkd : mb e`x .11 'nr ,a ,x``dfiexw 112
[ 534 ]
[ 65
lr xacn mipipzd yexca izfrd ozp .dpikye giyn beeifke ,àwepe xirf ly zecg`k
èdy okzii .ilawd cegiia àwepe xirf md èld ,lgxe awri beeif ceqa giynd beeif
xkf miiexyy mewna `l` zeievn opi` zekxady' : zxne`d zilawd zxeqnd lr jnqp
dpeiav lre 113,'dawpe xkf ly ceqa lkd dhnle dlrnl d"awd dyry dn lk' ; 'dawpe
jtdznd j`lnd oeyla dze` zx`znd ,xdefd zxeqna dpikyd ly wdaend ipibexcp`d
eytp ikap lre eizepeifge eizenelg lr xwira jnqp èdy dnec la` 114.dawpl xkfn
dpnn 'ita xaic `le dlezadn xaic seqal' : giynl dwifa ziawpe zixkf zedf miaxrnd
xy` dlezady daygne mc` zrc lr dlr `l xy` giynd ìde (9 hk 'xa) ìd drex ik
mzpad `l ji`' : 'oec`d ixac'a àenl dliawn ef dàen 115.'l`bz ìd ìd dxiabd ìd
.(671) 'ìd drex ik lgxa aezk ixde .dci lr didz dbdpdd ziy`x ik
dlilg' : xn`p x``dfiexw lv` hhevn j` epicil ribd `ly 'oec`d ixac' ly wlga
à dle`bd ceqe' : eizefxkda mipyp dl` mixac .(1506) 'xab èdy giynl zeewl mkl
meya okzii `l df ? xab èd giyndy zrcd lr zelrdl mzleki dki`' ; (725) 'dnlrd on
dgpz ìd ,zn`d giyn eze` didz xy` ìd ,(dleza) dnlr èd (ceqid) xwird ik mipt
lawl dxeagd ipa z` xiykd wp`xt .(1051) 'xqnp dicia wypd lk ik zenlerd lk z`
oia oigad `le ,(100 ,96 ,93 'q) dwipexkdne 'oec`d ixac'n dlerk ,eza zbdpd z`
beeifd zenlbzd eid ìde èd oky ,mce xya ezaa dbeviil epeinc ixt giynddnlrd
.zilbpd zeìvnae xzqpd mlera dpikyl giyn oia
dnlrde èd ea xy` miptd letk mlerl xywzn 'giynd ìde' micwzd xqg sexivd
.(629) 'dyealn did` ip`y invr ia wx dnlrd dwac mlerd zncwn' : dfa df miwac
yeal envr ea ze`xl dywzd `l ,mc` seba yeald idel` mvr envr ea d`xy ,wp`xt
qezina .zixab zigiyn dieedl ivx` iyp yeal ezaae ziyp zigiyn dieedl ixkf ivx`
zedel` ly qezinl ezkitdn wlgk 'zekln ceqa dpiky èd giynd' ,i`zayd
ìdy zekln ly ceq èd giynd jlnd' : dle`bd zàd myl iyep` seba dnybzdy
dnpecd ly 'zegayze zexiy'a 116.'iav izay ly uevipd gxf dpnne dpeilrd dpikyd
: giyna dpikyd zenybzdle ,dxhre dpiky dpeknd ,zekln zxitql lnq ìd lgx
ipec` gilyl of`
ehd
izay lèb iav ceqa ,lgx
i`cea didi ,ded ,didy dn
.qx ,bpx ,kx 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz
.kx 'nr ,my
.644 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,'zihqiwp`xt zxbi`' ,mely : e`x
.u"ye ekln : e`x ,a"r `nw ,jl jl yexit ,daeh iel dcedi
[ 535 ]
113
114
115
116
66 ]
xeìl` lgx
ecxi dil` zexitqd
egwl dpnn odizexe`
èd died myn
dznlyd
dlra zxhr ceqa dzid
dlynn daxd dbiyd FOr ik
.dlyn lka ezekln : fnx
i`ce dilr exn` xak
117
.`yicw dpiky dzid i`ce
day ,lgxe awri ,dpikye giyn ,dawpe xkf znlbnk zigiynd zencd ly dletkd zedfd
oi` / izay lèb dxeyw iytp ja / dz` epy`x lr zekln xzk' : dnpecd iazka dritene
ilawd qezina ef zi`zay zipibexcp` dyitz aliy wp`xt 118.'dpiky dz` : wtq epl
.dlii`de ygpd beeifae ,diigze zeena xeywd giynd zcil ly
dliiè ygp
,dcledde dzind ,zeende miigd xefgn ly miibelezind minelibd md dlii`de ygpd
onfd zeleabn bexgl dvexe zeigvpl sèyd ixkfd l`ci`d - ycgn dcilde dlirad
; ycgn cleeidle zeigl ick zindl zepekpa dkexkd ycgn dcil zervnà mewnde
zenl zepekpde dcledde beeifd zervnà eywean z` el wiprdl lekid iawpd l`ci`de
dbixgd z` ,zeigvpd z` lnqn ,ycgn clep eli`k exer liynd ,ygpd 119.zcll ick
ly zeihpleeian`d zè zil`td zeixabd zenca ixkfd gekd z` ,zeende miigd zeleabn
ly dizeize` mekql deeyd ,358 ,dixhniba eizeize` mekq lya .zindle zeigl
gekd
mlera znde scxpd ,xnend ,i`zayd giynd ly elnq l jtd èd ,giyn dlind
zrceza bxgy ,giyndygpd 120.xzqpd mlera mlrpe fepb ,igk ytzpy ,dlbpd
.128 'nr ,my 118
J. G. Fraser, The Golden : e`x ,zepey zexag ly milèhixa zycegnd dcilde zeend qezin lr 119
Bough, New York 1960
dcild ilag zè dpikyd mr iav izay beeif z` zlnqn dlii`d mgx z` ezkiypy yecwd ygpd lr 120
,miiwl` '` ; 698 ,692 'nr ,a ,iav izay ,mely : e`x ,i`zayd qezina dle`bd zìaa dpikyd ly
.124-112 'nr ,(e"pyz) 1 ,dlaw ,'xhtrdlxrt xra 'xl miycg miielib : giynd ly diipyd ezcil'
.706-705 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely : e`x ,xdefa ygpd ly ezedel` lr
[ 536 ]
[ 67
eèay ,ycgn clepde lread ,igvpd igdzn l jtd ,zeende miigd zeleabn eipin`n
dneliba zcleide zlrapd zeiypd z` zlnqnd ,dlii`d eliè .giyn ilag a jxkp
zxèzn ,zxqiizn zcleike diig z` zpkqn dcily mgx zxv dlezak ,dnlrk ,dpiky k
,dcil ilag a zxqiiznke ,zxeeirk ,dieayk zelzde mixeqiid ,dylegd ilnq lka
ly dlèbk xèzn lèbd giyndygpd .dzcla ycgn dznd ,dznddig l zkted
ygpk e` dlii`d ly dlreak e` (zexe frea enk zlrap / zl`bpe lrea / lèb) dpikyd
yiy dlezak ,Diayn le`bl yiy dieayk zxèzn dpikyd eliè .dngx z` jyepd
igdznd giyndy zxeeir dlezak e` ,dcil ilaga zxqiizn dlii`k ,dilezan le`bl
giyndygpd .ycgn clepd igvpd igd giynd z` clzy ick ,zextdle qep`l jixv
dle`bd eliè ,zelbd avna dlezad dpikyd z` miqpe`d ,`xg` `xhqd iygp mr wa`p
èld ,giyn ilag ixg` ycgn ezclede giynd ici lr dpikyd zlira znlyd drnyn
.dlii`d ly dclie dlrea ,dia` ly ezcil ilag md
dcixtn ziaihnxepd zizcd zeaxzdy dn z` sxvne xizn ,cg`n ihqind qezind
daihin igiynd xywda 'jln ly ehiaxy md zeixr' ihqind oeirxl ef dnbcd .zxqeè
- xeq` oin : zeigvpe dle`b ,dxeq` dlira ,zeene oin oia ihwlìcd xywd z` yigndl
zexig ,dle`bl i`pzk qtzp ,mce xya icia zeixr ielib e` - 'jln ly ehiaxy md zeixr'
cqgd zxez iweg it lr l`bp ocira eigy zeigiynd zexeagd ly onlera zeigvpe
.oicd zxez ixeqi` z` dlhiay
lr zxacnd zi`zayd zextqa mgezite xdefa mceqiy ,igiyniygpd qezind ihxt
ly miwenrd micaxle ,dyecwa dtilwd wa`nl ,dle`be zelbl mixeyw ,yecwd ygpd
oiipr yiy okzii .oeilike oeixta ,zeixr ielibe dcleda ,zeene miiga zekexkd zexenzd
izay ly zipind ezedf : eketid z` mlib df ilixie qezin ly ivx`d exeaiby dcaera
,eizeyp mr oin iqgi meiwn zerpnidle ipin mipe` oi`l dwifa dxèz miiygend eiiga iav
exiykdl zpeeknd zeyixtk eiiga oin iqgin ezerpnid z` yxit i`zayd qezinde
121
.dlezad dpikyd zliral
zeidel` zeieyi ly zeleab ziivgae zeivnxetqpxha miwqer dl`d miqezind ipy
zevegd zeiaihnxetqpxhe zeipibexcp` zeieyik miytzp dlii`de ygpd oky ,zeiyepè
jlnl lnqd èd ygpde dpikyl lnq ìd dlii`d ,ze`zaya .zeende miigd zeleab z`
: giynd
jeza edkilyiy dvx` edkilyd d"awd el aiyd [...] dhn xnìe jcia df dn
mevre ax yecwd ygpd èd ygpl idie dvx` edkilyie zetilwd iwnr
.150-144 ,100-99 ,91-90 'nr ,iav izay ,mely : e`x 121
[ 537 ]
68 ]
xeìl` lgx
ygpd èd izay [...] giynd jln èd ,lrila mc` iliige dpgn lk z` xayne
122
.mipewiz ciarc yecwd
`le giyn èd ,'diagx' dyr 'mi ixvn' ,zexg epl dyr èd ,gixa ygp - izay
123
.xg`
xkf ly milrt seliga zxèznd zipinecd dpikyd z` zlnqn dlii`d ,xdefd zxeqna
aezk [...] midl` jil` bexrz iytp ok min iwit` lr bexrz li`k gzt à` iax' : dawpe
cer .(hnx sc ,b"g ,xdef) 'cg` lkde dawp yie xkf yiy meyn zli` my aezke li` o`k
jlndy cebxtd ixeg`n rnyy' ,jlnd ly ebef za ,dlebd dpikyd z` dlii`d zlnqn
dciwtza dpikyd z` zlnqn s` ìde 124,'xtrl zakeyd dlii`d z` xkefe mei lka cewti
ygpd zkiypa zipzen ìde xvd dngx lya dilr dyw ef dcil mle` ,zenyp zcleik
z`xwp jkitle ,zelb ilag dl ìai ,xgy `xwpd ,xwead èaiyke' : dngx z` ipencwd
ik' : xn`p zi`zayd zxeqna 125.'dcleik dl milagy xwead zexcw my lr xgyd zli`
ax lnq ìd dlii`d e` dpikyd 126.'dlra lr daiage xv dngxe dli` ceqa ìd lgx
hqwha ,inqewd xeyina ipnfea meiw el yiy ,zicedid zxeqna zeiernyn xizr icaex
mizrly j`lnd' zg` dperae zra dzeida - ilawd lèhixae zihqind dieega ,aezkd
,miad` zlii` ,lii`de dlii`d ,zl`bpde dlebd l`xyi zqpk 127,'dawp mizrle xkf èd
dnlrk zxiihvnd ,zekln zxitq ly diiepik mdy ,dcya zclei dliiè ,xgyd zlii`
.dlebe zl`bp ,zlèb ,zclei ,dlera ,dpnlè dlk ,zqp`pe zqxe`n ,dleza
qezinl dxeyw ìd ,dpikyl ,ziawpd zidel`d zeyil lnq ìd dlii`d xdefd zxeqna
zedel`d zkxrna akxend iawpd oeit`d zlra dpikyd .dclede beeifa xeywd igiynd
,lgxe awri ,zeklne zx`tz z` zrcd ceqa cgiind ihqind zelelkd qwh `yen ìd
minegzd z` dvege icnncg oeit`n zbxeg ìd mle` ,dizpikye èd jixa `ycew
bef za ,daedè zeg` ,mè za zg` dperae zra dzeida ea`hd zeleab zè milaewnd
.zcleie zcwtp ,dlezae dlk ,dclie
zenc .igiynd ecerii yenink ziyp zidel` zeyi dze` z`xwl jled ezrceza wp`xt
mlera ziawpd zencd melibk 'oec`d ixac'a mipey zenewna driten `zlii`d e` dlii`d
.ckw ,ehw 'nr ,c"yz milyexi ,giyn zeawra ,mely 'b : jeza ,'dxepnd yexc' ,izfrd ozp
.hl 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz
.'zli`' jxrd ,miiepikd ikxr xry ,mipenx qcxt ,exaecxew : eeyd .dr 'nr ,a ,my
.124 'nr ,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq ,qail : e`x
,dad` il df xe`nl [...] dnyp èd mlk oia' : xn`p dnpecd zxeqna .kx 'nr ,` ,xdefd zpyn ,iayz
dawpe xkf èd ,d`xd eceak zè xn` d"xin` lèb' .(37 'nr ,zegayze zexiy) 'dawpe xkf edpd èd
.(64 'nr ,my) 'ig lkc `znyp èd [...]
[ 538 ]
122
123
124
125
126
127
[ 69
; (397) 'dlii` zxev zyael ìd ,minrtl dlbzn ìd m` [...] zizn`d dnlrd' : xzqpd
zkiyp xeìz .(1179) 'diteia dxi`n dzid ìd mk`xnle `zlià miweqr mziid aeye'
fnxp epnn zvwne ,(817) mcae dliraa jexk zilawd zxeqna geexd dlii`d z` ygpd
`vi mcew ,weica mircei mz`y itk .mlerl `vz ìdy iptl mc uegp' : 'oec`d ixac'a
.(1255) ' 'eke jk xgè `zli`d on mcd
ly zexethnd zeypèn ezencay) lread ixkfd xeaibd oia miicaexaxd miqgid
zlrapd ziawpd dxeaibl (awri ,èd jixa `ycew ,zx`tz ,giyn ,ygp ,lèb
,drex ,lgx ,dpiky ,zekln ,mgx ,dlii` ,zl`bp ly zexethnd zeypèn dzencay)
eay ,dlii`de ygpd lr i`zayilawd qezina ztqep ziptz miyael (dlezae dnlr
yecwd ygpd df qezina .dpikyd lnq ìd dlii`d ebef zae giynd ly elnq èd ygpd
.dpikyd mr iav izay beeifl lnqk dlii`d mgx z` jyep
lapxwa zeig`de mig`d oia zeixrd iqgil ilawd rwxa yxetna ocd ,'oec`d ixac'n
qezind ly eicnnn dnk xiard wp`xt awriy fnexna dler ,dxeagd ly ihqind
deegpd egqepl xteqnde aezkd egqepn ,dliiàe ygpa xeywd ,igiynd ipibexcp`d
le`bl jixvd giynke l`k envr z` d`x ,iav izayk ,èd mby i`ceel aexw : ygende
cxeqa`d oexh`za dlezad dpikyd ciwtz z` lgx ezal criie ,dilezan dpikyd z`
dze` qp` e` dilezan dze` l`by i`ceel aexw ,izind oeibidd it lr .ihqinizind
iav izay ibega mixeq` oin iqgia mixeyw eidy mixfd miyrnd z`xyda zeixr iqgia
128
.(725 ,606) 'oec`d ixac'a fnexnk ,eqex dikexae
ocirl iehiak zeixr ielibae dle`ba ,dpiky/dliià ,giyn/ygpa mikexkd miqezin
dcedzd zaizn wlg wx eid mdy okzii .zi`zayzilawd zextqa miievn l`bpd
ezy` .eiyrn lr mb erityd mdy okziie wp`xt ly eixac z` dpifdy ziaihìveq`d
dee`y dler (60) 'oec`d ixac'ne (80 'q) dwipexkd on .1770a dzn ,dpg ,wp`xt ly
lky onfa ,1771 ,dninz dpy jyna dia` mr dx`ypy dcigid dziid dxyr rayd za
elihdy xevnde xfpnd lr miqexd zetwzd zeawra daegehqp'v xvann egxa eiyp`
dil` xn` [...] miqexd llba daegehqp'va dceak dzidyk' : xn`p 'oec`d ixac'a .eilr
cnrn zwfgde zxzep z` wx ,mixagd lke zeig` mig` ,ipeafr mlek ,iza ,iza : oec`d
oi`k mleke miypa dtid iidz jze` jxan ip` okl .seqd cr `lka izepy lk ,iz` cgi
! iza' : wp`xt xne` ,x``dfiexw ly extqa df sirql aeleweq ly enebxza .(60) 'jznerl
ytp jzlef il oiè ,ipnn egxa zeig`de mig`d mb ,ekld ixag lke ,izx`yp ical ip`
zeixr iqgil izextq bevii ,xa mxei ,xagnd ozep (1995 milyexi) 'miixdva xp' ixhpnewecd onexa 128
zlidw ly dax ,iel lèny oa ongp xaryl ,iwqaeawri èd onexd xeaib .'oec`d ixac' ceqi lr dl`
mixèzn df onexa .(37 ,30 'nr ,dwipexkd ; 49 'nr ,uxb) wp`xt ly eicinlz ipey`xn ,wqea
.332 'nr ,xalb : eeyd ,wqeaa wp`xt ly eicinlz lr .(196-193 'nr) eza z` a`d iyeciw
[ 539 ]
70 ]
xeìl` lgx
miypd lkn dti iidzy ,jkxan ip` ok lre ,miywd oixeqiide dxvde xq`nd inia zg`
xzei da yiy oeyla x``dfiexw azek ef dàenl mcewd rhwa 129'! zelezad lkn dnilye
.ezy` zen ixg` mixya zngp mb wp`xt `vn gex zngp caln mpn`' : dfinx unyn
,ezae èd xq`na myeie iaya ytzp xy` iwqpilb l`kin jiqpd xac lr dcb`d drcep
,zeig`d zg` icia dwpdd xeìz ixg` .'...eza eze` wipida arxa zenn ulgp ède
x``dfiexw .'laza zg`d ezngp dzid èer ezae' : xneè miiqn èd ,dwipexka xkfpd
z` aegehqp'va melga izi`xyk' : xn`p eay wp`xt ly melg ef dtewzn ìane siqen
ezal qgiin wp`xt 'oec`d ixac'a 130.'dti dleza zencl dktdzpe il` dày dlii`d
lawzn eixagl xnè dxiabd ipir jez l` hiady' ,mc` ly ezii`x zieefn zidel` dieed
.(325) 'zizn`d dlezade dyecwd m`d ìd [de`] z`f ik xzei daxd izrc lr
wp`xt ly egexa ygxznd ivxìzeìvnd mlerd mr idelìzind mlerd cegi`
mibyena yeniyae miidel` mixywda miwdaen miivx` mibyena yeniya `hazn
zence dpikyd zenc ,dlii`d zence dlezad zency `lt oi` .miivx` mixywda miidel`
eay mlera eza zenca efa ef zekexk ,dyecwd m`d zence dxiabd zenc ,dnlrd
.dpgad `ll dfa df eaxrzd ivx`de ininyd ,ixethnde ilnqd ,ygende hytend
lityde ezxeag zepa 'zeig`'d oian miyp eil` ìadl gly wp`xty xtqn x``dfiexw
ceak z` j` `l lityd èd mpn`' : azeke siqen j` ,zeipind eizeriaza oceak z`
zvigna diig lk z` dzliae mlern d`yip `l dee` 131.'eza ceak z` mb ik eizeig`
,dliiè dleza da d`xe zekln zxitq ly miixethnd diienic lk z` dl qgiiy ,dia`
zpya zxne` ìd my ,ditn melg àen 'oec`d ixac'a .zipexhne dxiab ,dpikye giyn
zenelgdy dnec .(1168) 'yi`l mrt s` `yp` `l ot izyyg' : miyely za dzeida ,1784
xizdy zra 132,dxeagd ipa lk lr oièyipd lr xq` wp`xt oky ,exaci èey wx `l
zernynd mb .mnvr oial mpiae epial mdipia zeixr iqgie mixeq` oin iqgi raze
1785 zpya' : df xywda diidz mixxern eza lr wp`xt ly miàd mixacd ly zwiecnd
`l i`cea ìd .miypd oian dze` izgwl `l dnl [...] [eza] dceak ipzl`y oixa xira
.(34) 'ipnn dxq dzid

.229-228 'nr ,my
.15 'nr ,a ,my
: `ypidl eza lr xq` recn xàn èd ely eièyip lr xtqn èdy drya .379 'nr ,'dikexa' ,mely
l` micli il eidiyke dy`l qiletewipn dpg dnlrd z` z`yl ize` deve ekxcl jld ily jpgnd'
ribiy cr (dìxa didzy) deg iza lr xney ip` okl .mikln i`v`vl `l` `ypdl mze` zzl il
.(83 'nr ,mely dipt mebxz = 118 'nr ,a ,x``dfiexw) 'eixac eniiwzie onfd
[ 540 ]
129
130
131
132
[ 71
mekiq
zepgade zeipaz ,zeixebhw ,zecxtd lr zqqean izxeqnd mlera ziaihnxepd zeaxzd

,zeen e` miig e` ,dawp e` xkf e` : zeleab zeaivne miaxd zeyx z` zeppeknd zekezg
mb ìd .zeixr e` oiyeciw e` ,leg e` ycew e` ,xzen e` xeq` e` ,xedh e` `nh e`
lr ,rahay oqxd lehp edezl zeleab zavd lr ,qe`kd lr qenqewd zlgd lr zzzyen
zernynd llg zeleab z` miraewd minegz znigz lre mixvi oeqix lr ,mitgc znila
ly epeyla e` ,llegnde ycewnd ,xzidde xeqi`d ,zxeqnde wegd zervnà szeynd
dpibn dxagdy ,mdipiay xexa sqa
mipgaend ,str ucture and anti-str ucture xpxh
ly miienicde zexethnd ,milnqd mlera .zxeqnde htynd ,wegd zervnà eilr
zeixebhwl meiw oi` ,uxtp df sq ,cigid zeyxa ygxznd ,dwihqinde qezind ,melgd
zetitk oi` .wegd oehlyle minegz megizl ,zxeqnd zexqenl zetitk oiè dl` zepaen
mc` .uegl mipt oiae dqixdl diipa oia dpgad oi` ,zeycewn zeipazle zeirah zewelgl
zexethnde miienicd ,milnqd ,micebipd lk z` eziieeda miptdle egex ipira zencl leki
,iebe icedi ,eyre awri ,ygpe giyn ,iyepè idel` ,zne ig ,dawpe xkf zipnfea zeidle
miigd zeleabne xzende xeq`d zeleabn gexd mlerae cigid zeyxa xeht èd oky
jln lecbd g`d jtd zihqiwp`xtd dxeagd ly ziwqhexbzilapxwd zeìvna .zeende
oerbiyd ,difhptd ,dcb`d ,melgd ly cigid zeyx z` wp`xt awri miklnd ikln
megzl qgiizne diqdxta llegznd ilèhix qezinl ipgexd megza ihqind ielibde
dpgad lre ,htyne weg ,dnxepe dkld lr zzzyend ,miaxd zeyx z` eliè .inybd
ocird ly enya qexdle lhal `vi ,ycewd leligl dyecw oiae ,zeixrl oiyeciw oia
xeht mda yie ,mixeqi` mda oi`y mipey`x zegelae miigd ur zxeza fge`d igiynd
.xzende xiaqd ,ixyt`d zeleabn hlgen
zeiecrd ziiab ly milewehexta ,dwipexka ,'oec`d ixac'a zeaezkd zeiecrd
jxr wp`xty zecnln ocnr awri ly eixtqae ,zevx`d rax` cre iqwptay
z` jtde ,dxeagd ly zilapxwd dxifa dwihqind lye qezind ly zianet divfilèhix
mipeilr zenlerl qgiiznd ipeifgd ielibd zè ilawd qezind ly aezkd ihqind hqwhd
.ilèhixa ilnqd zè ygena hytend z` fignne dfd mlera ygxznd ihqin oexh`zl
inegz lka zelabde mibiiq ,zepgad opek ,dkldd zeleaba lrty ,zelbd ocir znerl
xvide sebd iig oeqix jez ,zilèhwlhpi`d dxivide gexd megza wx zexig xizde meiwd
ocir - rxe aeh zrcd ur zxezl zetitka ,`hgd ixg`y mlera igd mc`d ly
zlehp zexig xizd ,ihqiwp`xtd qezinde ze`zayd ,dlawd z`xyda lrty ,dle`bd
mc` z` giyna d`xy drya ,mixeqi`de zepgadd ler z` wxte inybd megza mibiiq
.miigd ur zxeze ocrd ob iweg it lr miigd dl` z` mipin`nae `hgd iptly oey`xd
[ 541 ]
72 ]
xeìl` lgx
ly ezenc mr wcv zeyrl ick' ,`wtw lr oinipa xhle ly eixac lr dketd dfxtxta
xdeha xaecn - cg` xac gekyl mlerl xeq` ,dly xfend iteid mre xdehd mr ,`wtw
mr ,wp`xt ly ezenc mr wcv zeyrl ick : xnel xzen ile` ,'oelyikd ly iteiae
xerikae zevixta xaecn - cg` xac gekyl mlerl xeq` ,xfend dxerik mre dzevixt
zeigl ick ,cearye zelb ,diitk oniqa dcnry zeìvnd zeleabn bexgl oevxd on erapy
.zexige dle`b ,yteg iig
: ` gtqp
dxeagd ipa ly mztye wp`xt awri ly eizepeyl

,divilbae dpiaeweaa ,clep day ,dileceta wp`xt awri xxebzd eiig ly mipey miwxta
,diaxena ,oileta ,zip`n'zerd dixtni`d inegza owlaa ,iwipelqe hyxweaa
ixac'n yxetna dlery itk .eiigl mipexg`d mixeyra xb my ,dipnxbae dixhqeà
zileiptqepicl ,yicii ,zixar ,zikxez rcie cecpl daxd èd ,dwipexkdne 'oec`d
.ziplet hrne ,(zicedi zicxtq)
zikxez zricie ,dyxeea diiqpka dxiwgd onfa da ynzydy oeyld dziid zikxez
zrici mb .(45) 'zikxeza mdilr wervl izlgzd [...] iwipelqa': 'oec`d ixac'a zxkfp
dxtq hyxweaa dy`' : hyxweaa zixar ixaec xekf` ab` 'oec`d ixac'a zxkfp zixar
migxe` zial izrlwp mrt : [wp`xt ly enyn] miàd mixacd z` eply mipin`nd cg`l
x`zn wp`xt xy`k mb ; (522) 'zixar mdipia exac xy` miyp` daxd etq`zd ea xy`
mpeyl' : yxetna xne` èd ,mi`xp mpiè mièxd ,oiawd ilra ly zeizind zeiencd z`
gekieea mbxzn didy ,l`hpwxia xaaec ly eixac .(1106) 'zixar xnelk ,eppeylk ìd
gekied oeyl o`k cr' : driny zecr xcba md ,1759a aeala mipaxl mihqiwp`xtd oia
; 'ycewd oeyle ixar azk mzeiyw xac lk eazky zeid zepeilb dnk lr azka epzpy
ìan oala 133.'ycewd oeyl ixar oeyla xnè `pxeecp w"wn rhp oa rqixw ail gzte'
xacn' èdy ,wp`xt lr xn`p eae df gekieea szzydy ixeitit`d gilyd ly azkn
134
.'zicxtqe ziztxv zileipty` ziwxeh zixar oeyla
mixacd z` zipleta xn` wp`xty oreh ,zipleta 'oec`d ixac' xicdn ,xehwec oì
ly zixard zrici z` zeeydl ie`x .245 ,243 'nr ,xexa : jeza ,'dpia ixac' ,l`hpwxia xaaec 133
iwipelqa dnpecd ly zixdefd zinx`de zixard zrici mr dxyr dpenyd d`na mihqiwp`xtd
.3 'nr ,zegayze zexiy ,iavoa cirn dilry ,dxyr ryzd d`na
zexiy ,iavoa : e`x ,dikxeza mi`zayd axwa zixare zileiptq lr .1 dxrd ,245 'nr ,oala 134
.4-3 'nr ,zegayze
[ 542 ]
[ 73
,zxewiad ogana micner mpi` dl` mixac mle` 135.yicii mda aliye df xeaiga miievnd
ef dl`ya oixyina zepcd dtewzd zepa zeixehqidd zeiecrd lkn mlrzn èd oky
rciy i`ceel aexw .miyiyde miyingd zepya ziplet rci `l wp`xty yxetna zepiivne
eirbna da ynzyde ,daegehqp'v xfpna dpy dxyr yely ayiy xg`l ziplet hrn mb
lv` mibedp eid zipletd dtyde ipletd yeald'y azek x``dfiexw .zipevigd dxagd mr
exaci `l ezxeag ipae èdy sicrd zepexg`d eizepyay okzii 136.'japteà mihqiwpxtd
la` .mixvepk japteà eayiizde lièd ,zipleta `l` zixara e` zicedi dtya miaxa
hrn cnl m` mb .zixar e` yicii dppi`y dtya exaic dnipt dxeagay gipdl ceqi oi`
eizepexkif z` aizkd day dtyd dziid efy gipdl oi` ,eiigl mipexg`d mixeyra ziplet
,yicii ly zaexrz dziid ztzeynd mzty .miyingd zepyn eze` eeily ezxeag ipal
inegzae dilecet ixtka mdixerpa ecnle mzeclia exaicy zetyd ,zileiptqe zixar
zipletd dtya mdipia exaic `l dilecet icedi .hyxweaae iwipelqa dnpecd zrtyd
xn`p zeiziiqpkd zexiwgd onfae ,yiciiae zixara `l` (xef`d zty ìd zipzex)
yniyy l`hpwxia caln ,ziplet mircei mpi` mixg`d mitzzynde wp`xty yxetna
,zi`zayd drepzd ly zwelgna iepyd ihqihxwpiqde izxzgnd ite`d .mbxzn
z` okql did lelry zipletd dtya xeaic ccer `l i`ce ,dnr epnp ezxeage wp`xty
exaryn mle` .oilet inegza eid cer lk diiqpkd gewitl mipezp eidy ,xaca mirbepd
zepy zivgnn zipleta exaice diqdxta yiciie zixar xacln erpnp mixvepk dipnxbl
.dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly mipenyd
zicedi zifpky` hrn ,zicxtq hrn : dlela dtya xaic wp`xt ,x``dfiexw zrcl
'minbztd xtq'y it lr s` .ef dtya eizeyxc z` rinydy wtq oiè ,ziplet hrne
zifpkyà ,zinxà ,xar ztya miax mixac ea yi ,oilet ztya aezk ci azka `vnpd
lke zi`texi` dty mey rci `l wpxt' : azek èd xg` mewnae 137.zifpky` zicediae
cenll eipin`nl uriil bdp okle zety zrici daeyg dnk rci j` yiciia exn`p eixac
wp`xt ly eixacn hehiv ìan x``dfiexw .'miayei md ekeza xy` mrd zty z`
mipian oi` o`ke yici` mixacn mkpde zxg` dpen`l mzqpkp ,mknr mb ok' : eipin`nl
xacle mkpeyl z` gepfl mkilr didi izreyi èazyk okle .mzcqtd okle mkpeyl z`
epiidy zevx`d lkl' : eiciqgl xne` mb wp`xt 138.'epeyla aezkle mre mr lk oeyla
xqiwd zpicnl èal ilr did eiykr la` .ux`d ztya xacl mileki mziid ,odil` mià
.(11 'nr) yicii xaic wp`xty xne` oala mle` .159 'nr ,(4 dxrd lirl) xehwec
.44-43 'nr ,mely dipt mebxz = 75 'nr ,a ,x``dfiexw ; 35 'nr ,my : eeyde
[ 543 ]
135
136
137
138
74 ]
xeìl` lgx
ykx d`xpd lkk .(808 'q ,oec`d ixac) 'miklnd ceak zty z` cnlzy ick ,iza iptn
.zixqiwd xvgd zty ,zipnxbae ziztxva mb drici ly znieqn dcin wp`xt
: a gtqp
ezwife (2118 i"k) oilael ziixtqa ihqiwp`xt ci azk

qetcae ci azka miihqiwp`xt zexewnl
,oilaela iwqpiv`tel my lr zipexird zixeaivd diixtqa ievnd ,(2118) oilael i"k
mdizexzeky mihqwh dying cid azka .1972a wivx`lwy alqlea xnekdn ykxp
xweg ,bxacleb awri xeqtext ixacl .micea`l eaygp mdixeaig mle` ,okl mcew ercep
d`nd ly oey`xd xeyra e` dxyr dpenyd d`na azkp df ci azk ,oilet icedi zeclez
102 dpend ,cid azk .wp`xt ixac ly mincew mitqe`l gtqp oirn ède dxyr ryzd
: llek ,miletk micenr
Panskich
zetqez) Dodatek do Zbior u sow

w Brunnie
mowionych
.`
xg`n ,ddbd e` dkixr d`xpk xar `l cid azk - (oixaa exn`py wp`xt ly eixacl
.mitirql dwelg oi` o`k .`lnd enya iav izay z` oiivn èdy
Panskich
zetqez) Dodatek do Zbior u sow

w Offenbach mowionych
.a
.x``dfiexwl reci did ,mitirq 68 eae ,df hqwh - (japteà exn`py oec`d ixacl
wp`xt ly eizenelge eizepeifg xeìz - (oec`d zepeifg) Widzenia Panskie

.b
d`xpk azkp hqwhd .1775-1769 mipyl miqgiiznd ,xtqna draye miryz ,oixaa
.oixaa wp`xt ly ebeg iyp`n cg` icia
,zepey zeniyx) Rozmaite adnotacje, przypadki, czynnosci
i anekdoty Panskie
.c
102-71 micenrl miliawn mixacd .japteà eazkp zeniyxd - (oec`d ixetiqe mirexi`
.oiel lld xicddy ,dwipexkd ly
- (dyxeen iwqaeawri ly eazkn) List Jakubowskiego z Warszawy .d
eicinlz ipey`xn did ,wqea zlidw ly dax ,iel lèny oa ongp xaryl ,iwqaeawri
'miixdva xp' xa mxei z`n ixhpnewecd onexd ly exeaib èd ,xen`k 139.wp`xt ly
.(1995 milyexi)
,japteà exn`py zetqezd ,oixaa exn`py zetqezd - oilael i"k ly b-` miwlg
xtqa qtcp c wlg 140.xehwec oì ly 'oec`d ixac' zxecdn seqa eqtcp - zenelgde
.37 ,30 'nr ,dwipexkd ; 49 'nr ,(1 dxrd lirl) uxb 139
.(dn`zda) 134 ,133-122 ,121-119 'nr ,a ,(4 dxrd lirl) xehwec 140
[ 544 ]
[ 75
[Jakub Frank], Rozmaite adnotacje, przypadki, : 1996a xehwec oì jxry

Warsaw 1996
.czynnosci
i anekdoty Panskie,
ed. J. Doktor,
ezeyxa eid ,'oec`d ixac'k xzei xge`n eqpeke cxtpa eazkp mxewnay ,dl` mihqwh
ly extqn 141.oilael i"ka `l` ecxy `l md mle` .x``dfiexw xcpqkl` ly
cnr 'oec`d ixac' ly cid azky dler 143zipelbìd diixtqd belhwne 142x``dfiexw
Count ly eziixtqa exewny ,zxzek `ll ,cg` gqep .miwzer ipya eiptl
681a mitirq 2191 dpne mikxk drax`l wlegn did ,(384 my extqne) Przezdziecki
x``dfiexwl li`ydy sicr gqepk xèzne ,'oec`d ixac xtq' `xwpy ,ipy gqep ; micenr
ribn mxtqny mitirq oiivn mb x``dfiexw .mitirq 2192 llk ,iwqni`p mixtqd xken
xkfpd 144,'zepeifgd xtq' z` xikfn mb èd .xg` ci azka d`xpd lkk xaecne ,2272l
: enye japteà xnen oin`n azky xtqd zè ,dwipexkd z` ,(b) oilael i"ka lirl
Proroctwa Izajaszowe, wielkiemu prorokowi - jednemu z Czlonkow
Swietego Sanhedrin, przy jego Tabernakulum, przez wielkiego Szaday z
,ycewnd oixcdpqd xag ,lecbd ìapd ediryi zèap) bialej magii objawione
145
.(dpald dib`nd cvn lecbd icy ici lr dzlbpy ,okyna
b gtqp
zexewne dibelepexk - wp`xt awri zexew

ibega xtqn mipy ddyy xg`l ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly miyingd zepy zivgna
divilb i`zay axwa dbidpn zencl wp`xt awri did 146,(1755-1753) iwipelqa dnpecd
.miitxbeilaiae miixehqid jxc ipeiv dnk oldl .dilecete
zveaw ly bidpnk oiletl wp`xt qpkp (xanvca 5a) ef dpy idlya - 1755
,dilecetay wqeae dvpi'vitew ,dpififi ,dwalexewa ddy dligz 147.mi`zay 'mipin`n'
148
.dviidcetae oihdexa okn xg`le
.14-11 'nr ,dwipexkl oiel ly èana e`x
.22-18 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw
.3 dxrd lirl e`x
.218-186 'nr ,a ,x``dfiexw : e`x ,df xtq lr
,23-22 ,19-15 ,11 ,8 ,1 ,oec`d ixac ; 34-32 'nr ,dwipexkd ; 'dikexa' ,mely ; 214 'nr ,xexa
.112 ,109 'nr ,oala ; c-b mitc ,yeny xtq ,ocnr ; 707 ,375 ,263 ,48
.104 'nr ,dwipexkd
.330-329 'nr ,xalb
[ 545 ]
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
76 ]
xeìl` lgx
149
,dpexewvp`la xèpia jxry miihqinepihp` miipglet miqwh zeawra - 1756

dpexewvp`la oicd zia zxiwg xg`l 150.xèpia 27a eiyp`n miax enre wp`xt xq`p
mxg eiciqg lre eilr fxked ,aepihphqpewa zevx`d rax` creea dxeyiè 151,aep`h`qae
153
.zeticxl exwted mde 152,ipeia 13a icexaa
z` eywia ,mdig` icia mitcxpd mihqicenlzihp`k mnvr exicbdy ,mihqiwp`xtd
icia mxgd zlhdl cbpzdy ,seyiad .wqlecetuipinwn iwqaeanc ilewin seyiad zeqg
,mipaxd mr ianet gekie enfi zeqgd ipa e` ,ezeknqa dribt jka d`xy xg`n mipaxd
154
.diiqpkd zeqga jxriiy
155
seyiad .(27-20) ipei yceg ly oexg`d reaya uipinwa jxrp gekieed - 1757
156
.mihqixdefe mihqicenlzdxhpew epeky ,mihqiwp`xtd ly mzekfl wqt iwqaeanc
ly weyd xkika cenlzd ztxy lr fxkede dxnega mipaxd eyprp xaehwe` ycega
cenlzd ztxy dwqted xanaep ziy`xa seyiad ly ine`ztd ezen mr la` 157.xird
dixtni`d inegzl ehlnp eiyp`n miaxe wp`xt 158.mihqiwp`xtd zeticx eycege
159
.enlq`zde zip`n'zerd
mihqiwp`xtl zizekln zeqg iyilyd hqebe` jlnd wiprdy xg`l - 1759-1758
dkenqd dipèei`l dikxezn eay md ,'midl`d zxkdl miaexwd' miyp`k ,oileta
dipèeià miwde wp`xt mdil` sxhvd xanvca .hqebe` ycega wqlecetuipinwl
.122-107 'nr ,oala

.216-215 'nr ,xexa ; 38-36 'nr ,dwipexkd
oicd izaa eabpy zeiecrd z` ocnr mqxt o`k .yeny xtq ,l"pd ; ze`pwd zxez ,ocnr : e`x
.miicedid
.126-125 'nr ,oala ; 81-77 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw : e`x ,'zeitit axg' ,mxgd azk
.420-415 'nr ,zevx` rax` cre qwpt ,oixtliid
: zicedi han zcewpn zerxe`nd xeìz oldl .55256-2 ,218-217 'nr ,xexa
; 38 'nr ,dwipexkd
jixcne [...] ril`c`t zelilb l` ìwxeh zpicn on y"ni cg` wprxt lrila yi` zrk à xy`'
ecklp ik mze`xa dnde mnixgdl m` ik gek epl oiè dfd rxd jxca y"ni u"y ipin`n zk z`
ly dpen`d mb mipin`n dndy exnè uipin`wl seyiad oec`d l` eàe mytp èyl e`yp dcevna
dpen`d iwqr lr seyiad al adlzpe [mihqiwp`xtd z` micedid] mze` enixgd okl exnè mixvepd
epic swezae ril`rc`t zepicn ibidpne ipax lr xfbe mdenk hrnk mipin`n dndy erny ixgè
'miwqetde cenlzd on eply ycewd ixtq lk z` yà sexyl xfbe [...] mcbpk epri ornl gixkd
.(oei ux`n jexa z` hhvn ocnr ; a"r b sc ,yeny xtq ,ocnr)
.219-218 'nr ,xexa : e`x ,mitzzynd zeny
.181 ,136 'nr ,oala ; 87 ,30 ,'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw
.188-185 'nr ,oala ; 95 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw ; 222 'nr ,xexa ; 27 'q ,dwipexkd
.193-190 'nr ,oala ; 223 'nr ,xexa
; 28-27 'q ,dwipexkd
.98 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw ; 223 'nr ,xexa ; 29 'q ,dwipexkd ; 1017 'q ,oec`d ixac
[ 546 ]
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
[ 77
àd ,l`d gek ly dig 'zeyalzd'k envr dlib o`k 160.mi`ln seziy iig digd dxeag
ueg itlk zexvpzdl zkd ipa z` oikde ,dikexae iav izay ly mzegily z` milydl
.xzqa mzpen` z` xenyl elkeiy ick
,zipend dliaha xvpzdl eywiae aeal ly seyiaikx`l ept eiypè wp`xt - 1759
dlè' : mzecdi ipnnq lr dxiny millekd ,dxndl mi`pze zeywa ly dniyx ebivd j`
zyely bga ,aeala [...] didi cnydy (`) : [...] `wilteqa eyway oihwpetd dnd
z` e`xwiy (c) ; micedi iyealn eyaliy (b) ; my`x z`te mpwf eglbi `ly (a) ; miklnd
zevx` iieb meya epzgzi `ly (d) ; rlieelree ifcp` epiid mixvep my sezya zicedi mny
(g) ; mixvepk '` meiae zay meia ezayiy (f) ; xifg xya elkì `ly (e) ; mpial mpia wx
161
.'dlawd ixtq x`ye xdefd ixtq zr lka ecnliy
yiy xarn zepgz e` dqipk ixry od zezcd lk ,mihqiwp`xtd ly mze`x zcewpn
dxeywd zizn`d dpen`d ixryl dqipkd iptl ,'dilr jxev dcixi' zpigaa ,mda xearl
,dpicnde diiqpkd zeqga xken meiw mdl gihazy ,ef jxc yenin myl .icedi cizr oefga
.(mhan zcewpn zine`ldzicedid mzedf lr xzeel ilan) diiqpkl riiql mipken eid md
oia xanhtqa 10l ileia 17 oia ianet gekie jxrp aealae ,mi`pzl daxiq diiqpkd
mdicbpzn z` x`yd oia eniy`de cenlzd z` elqt md eae ,mipaxl mihqiwp`xtd
zixvepd mcd zlilr z` eyyi` ,xnelk ,oglet ikxevl ixvep mca yeniya miipaxd
`ll miizqd gekieed 162.okn xg`l mb mrt `l ezeyrl exgay mwp dyrn ,drecid
lahp wp`xt .azka mdizeaeyze mdizeprh z` eyibd miccvd ipye ziteq drxkd
mihqiwp`xt 514 ef dpya exvpzd aeala 163.xanhtqa eiciqgn mixyrk mr zexvpl
xtqn ,zihqiwp`xtd zxeqnd itl 164.dyxeea exvpzd mb mixag ly cakp xtqne
dcerz 166.izekln qwha lahpe wp`xt ay 1759 xanaepa 165.mitl`l ribd mixnend
ick zihqiwp`xtd zexvpzdd z` enfiy md mipaxdy zcnln (1760) k"wz zpyn
oihphq`w w"w crea cgi ecqep mipfex ik' : llkd on lerd iwxet mi`zayd z` cixtdl
ipaa xaecn] xvpzdl mgixkdl zeleagz zeyrl wx epl qepn oi` ik cgi ceq ewiznde
.355 'nr ,ze`zay ixwgn ,mely ; 198-197 'nr ,oala ; 34 'q ,dwipexkd
,` ,x``dfiexw ; 207 'nr ,my eeyde ,226-225 'nr ,xexa : e`x ,aeala gekieel miiziiqpk zexewn
.207-206 'nr ,oala ; 27 'nr
,oala ; 137 ,131 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw ; 267 ,249-239 ,232-227 'nr ,xexa
; 65-64 'nr ,dwipexkd
; 118 ,'oileta zi`zayd drepzd' ,mely ; 287-286 ,265 ,250-246 ,213-212 ,209 ,201 'nr
.328 'nr ,xalb
.48 'q ,dwipexkd
.267 'nr ,xexa ; 191-190 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw ; 903 'q ,oec`d ixac
.135-133 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw : eeyd
.329 'nr ,xalb ; 61-60 'q ,dwipexkd
[ 547 ]
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
78 ]
xeìl` lgx
dfi` mdn exind xak l`l dceze [...] oekyi ccal mr od epa miewie [wp`xt ly ezriq
azekd] hyen`fn odkd mdxa` ohwd .l`xyi zcr lkn elcaiy gxkddne [...] miyp`
ihpceb ,mdly dceend xnekl exn` mixnend eiciqgn dnk 167.'[u"ari ly epzg èd
zpeekn ezxeag ipa 'mig`'d zceare ,dpk dziid `l wp`xt ly ezexvpzdy ,iwqlewit
168
.l`d ly dig zenybzdk wp`xtl
169
dxebdpqìa `lkpe diiqpkd ly oic zia iptl htyp ,xq`p wp`xt - 1772-1760
xg`l 170.df htyn zia ly oic wqt it lr laben izla onf wxtl daegehqp'v xvana
ixg` ,1772 zpya xef`d yeaik zeawra miqexd eze` exxgiy ,mewna dpy 13 ddyy
.dpey`xd oilet zwelg
sxhvdl ze`xewd ,divilb iagxa dlenrz zexbi` zvtd xg`l - 1786-1772
oixaa ayiizde 1773 qxna oilet z` wp`xt afr ,dyxeea dxvw zedye ,edpgnl
171
.diaxenay
cr ig my ,hxetwpxtl dkenqd japteà ayiizde oixa z` afr wp`xt - 1791-1787
172
.ezen mei
,oala : e`x .a"r ct ,'yeny xtq'n dwzred dcerzd .432 'nr ,zevx` rax` cre qwpt ,oixtliid
.269 ,215 'nr
.281-280 'nr ,oala ; 30 'q ,oec`d ixac
.188-176 ,27-26 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw : e`x ,dxiwgd ly hxetn ceriz
.329 'nr ,xalb ; 189 'nr ,` ,x``dfiexw ; 58-57 'q ,dwipexkd
ly ezedy ztewza exn`p aewxwa diixtqa mi`vnpd 'oec`d ixac' ly cid azka milelkd mixacd
.oixaa wp`xt
onley ; 98-95 'nr ,mely dipt mebxz = 134-132 'nr ,a ,x``dfiexw : e`x ,wp`xt ly ezxiht lr
.74-67 'nr ,(1 dxrd lirl) xehwec ; 88-86 'nr ,(13 dxrd lirl)
[ 548 ]
167
168
169
170
171
172
The Sabbatian Posture of German Jewry

Elisheva Carlebach
uxà mzeida z`f mb sè
`le mizq`n `l mdiai`
mdidl` 'd ip` ik mz` izixa xtdl mzlkl

mizlrb
(44 ek `xwie)
And yet for all that, when they are in the

lands of their enemies, I will not reject
them nor will I abhor them to destroy
them utterly, and to break My covenant
with them, for I am the Lord their God
(Leviticus 26:44)1
This pasuk nehama

was one of several verses of consolation cited in
.
the great medieval anti-Christian polemical compilation, Nizzahon
.. .
Yashan.2 Seventeenth century memoirist Glikl of Hameln cited it as one
of the several verses of consolation in the wake of her report on the
disillusionment over the failed messianic movement of Sabbatai Zevi.3
It formed part of the arsenal of consolatory material routinely used by
Ashkenazic Jews in the wake of messianic disappointment.
By the time Glikl used this passage, it had acquired a defiant connotation. It had come to signify the Jewish explanation for a seemingly
irrational hope in the face of persistent and pointed mockery. Christians, and Jews who had converted to Christianity, ridiculed the passage as goldene Affe (the gilded ape), a play on the Hebrew word
*
1
2
3
I thank audiences at the University of Scranton, the Hebrew University, the

Judische
Institut fur
Geschichte, Hamburg, and Touro College, New York, where
I delivered different versions of this lecture, for their questions and comments.
Some portions of this lecture may be published in other proceedings.
JPS Bible, Philadelphia 1951.
The Jewish-Christian Debate in the High Middle Ages: A Critical Edition of the
Nizzahon Vetus, ed. and tr. D. Berger, Philadelphia 1979, p. 227, parag. 242.
The Memoirs of Gluckel
of Hameln, tr. M. Lowenthal, New York 1977, p. 197.

Elisheva Carlebach
[2
ve-af that opens the passage, with reference to the demonic nature of
these Jewish hopes. One of the earliest mockeries of this passage appears in sixteenth century convert Antonius Margarithas Der gantz
Judisch
Glaub (The Entire Jewish Faith).4 Son and grandson of rabbinic
luminaries of fifteenth century Ashkenaz, Margaritha devoted his magnum opus to revealing Jewish traditions to the Christian world in the
most derisive and contemptuous light. No belief of the Jews provided
better grist for the mill of Margaritha, his precursors, and emulators,
than the Jewish belief in the messiah yet to come.
For medieval Christians, the messianic prophecies had been fulfilled
long ago in the person of their redeemer. The long duration of Jewish
hopes in a future messiah was explained as the result of innate Jewish
obstinacy, spiritual blindness, and even a sign that the devil had vanquished their reason. German folk-tradition often represented the devil
or evil spirits in the form of an ape, an accursed and inverse image of
man.5 By referring to their cherished hope in this particular form, the
golden ape, Christians were taunting a belief that went to the very
heart of the Jewish-Christian divide.6
This interplay between Jewish sustenance and Christian mockery of
Jewish messianic hopes is emblematic of the tension which existed for
Jews living in the Christian world. It was a theme of the great Spanish
disputations, essentially staged polemics with predetermined outcomes. After Jews were expelled from most of Western Europe, the lit4
5
Antonius Margaritha, Der gantz Judisch
Glaub, Augsburg 1530, p. 105a.
H. Bachtold-Staubli,
Handworterbuch
des deutchen Aberglaubens, I, Berlin and New

York 1987, pp. 206-207. For an iconographic example, see the apelike figure
clutching the Antichrist as he is being put to death in the Anglo-Norman
Apocalypse, ms. fr. 403, fol. 18r, BN, Paris, reproduced in R. Emmerson,
Antichrist in the Middle Ages, Seattle 1981.
For other examples, see: C.L. Fels, Weg-Weiser der Juden, Frankfurt 1703, p. 83,
who cited this passage as the greatest cause of Jewish stubbornness, since Jews
use it as proof that God will lead them out of Edom. C.J. Friedenheim, Yehudi
me-ba-Hutz: das ist der ausserliche
Jud in Ansehung ihres dermaligen vermeintlichen

Gottesdienstes..., Wirzburg 1785, p. 108, cited Maharil (R. Jacob Moellin, d. 1427)
as the source of Jews false consolation from that verse along with Deut. 30:1. He
gloated that Maharil, who offered this solace, died 357 years earlier according
to David Gans Zemah
.
. David, and still your messiah hasnt come. Gottfried Selig
(Der Jude, 1772, 9:29) cited the passage as being of such worth that they call it
the Golden Af, which designation refers to the time when the pious King
Friedrich told them: The Jews have an ape (Afen) in their holy Scriptures
which they should inscribe in gold letters. Selig linked this passage to the vain
consolations among the Jews as they waited for their messiah.
[ii]
3]
erature of ridiculing Jewish hopes remained a live and widespread tradition in German and Italian lands where Jews continued to live. Many
Spanish and Portuguese Jews settled in the Ottoman Empire which
granted conditions that seemed magnanimous and tolerant by comparison with the Christian world. These two cultural worlds form the setting for the discussion of Jewish messianic posture to follow.
I
Classical Jewish scholarship has endowed the two preeminent Jewish
cultural communities, the Ashkenazic (Jews whose predominant
cultural influence in the medieval period was the Franco-German
sphere) and the Sephardic (those whose primary cultural influence was
the Spanish sphere) with distinctive messianic postures. In an essay
written some thirty years ago, and published four times, distinguished
scholar and historian Gerson Cohen mapped out an elegant and
influential set of typologies. In the essay, Messianic Postures of
Ashkenazim and Sephardim, Cohen characterized Ashkenazim as
messianically quietistic, passive, with a penchant for martyrdom, and
portrayed Sephardim as active, dynamic and revolutionary.7
It should be mentioned at the outset, parenthetically, that while Cohen never drew lines to the more contemporary resonances of his categories, notions of Jewish passivity and military activism as responses
to persecution have taken on new meaning in this century. The pain
filled polemics over Jewish responses during the Holocaust and the values of Zionism form a silent subtext to any discussion of Jewish activism and passivity.
Cohens thesis was one of those far reaching programmatic statements that influenced all subsequent discussions of Jewish messianism.8
7
G. Cohen, Messianic Postures of Ashkenazim and Sephardim, Leo Baeck

Memorial Lecture, 9 (1967); Studies of the Leo Baeck Institute, ed. M. Kreutzberger,
New York 1967, pp. 117-156; Studies in the Variety of Rabbinic Cultures,
Philadelphia 1991, pp. 271-298; and in: M. Saperstein (ed.), Essential Papers on
Messianic Movements and Personalities in Jewish History, New York 1992, pp.
202-233. All subsequent references in this paper use the pagination of the latter
edition. For other approaches, see: S. Sharot, Messianism, Mysticism, and Magic:
A Sociological Analysis of Jewish Religious Movements, Chapel Hill 1982, esp.
chs. 4, 7, and 8; M. Idel, Defusim shel Pe=ilut Go>elet bi-Ymei ha-Beinayim,
in Z. Baras (ed.), Meshihiyut
ve-Eschatologia: Kovez. Ma6amarim, Jer usalem 1983,
.
pp. 253-279.
Cohens revisitation of the subject of Jewish messianism (Messianism in Jewish
[iii]
Elisheva Carlebach
[4
It added a new dimension to the cluster of cultural and historical characteristics commonly associated with the constr uctions Ashkenaz and
Sepharad.9 Several of the categories that form the basis of Cohens argument will require greater refinement if they are to be useful in approaching the question of Jewish messianism. These include the con
cepts active and passive, the definitions of popular and elite,
and even
the application of Sephardic and Ashkenazic as historical explanations
rather than as cultural markers. I want to address each of these issues
briefly before proceeding to a central problem in Cohens thesis, the
nature and limitations of the historical evidence.
To his description of Sephardic messianism, Cohen prefixed the adjective revolutionary and even the startling expression, aggressive
military action. The Jews of Ashkenaz ostensibly provide the starkest
contrast to this heroic and active profile. Quiescence and passivity had
somehow so permeated the whole mentality of that community
[Franco-German Jewry] as virtually to eliminate such aggressive behavior.10 In Ashkenaz, from the date of Palestines downfall through
the seventeenth century, violent apocalypse replaced action, sublimated it; These attitude and posture were doubtless conveyed to all
parts of the Diaspora over which the academies of the Holy Land exerHistory: The Myth and the Reality, Jewish History and Jewish Destiny, New York
and Jer usalem 1997, pp. 183-212) was not a scholarly presentation and not nearly
as influential. It presented a sweeping and dismissive re-evaluation of his earlier
essay as well as the entire historical enterprise that has accepted Jewish
messianism as an active reality.
9 The influence of these typologies has penetrated deeply. See most recently: S.
Eidelberg, Gilgulav shel ha-Raayon ha-Meshihi bein Yehudei Germania, in: S.
Nash (ed.), Bein Historia le-Sifrut: Sefer Yovel le-Yizhak
. . Barzilai, Tel Aviv 1997, p.
25: It is well known that in the history of Jews in medieval Germany there are
not to be found appearances of redeemers and messiahs. The controversial
essay by I.J. Yuval, Ha-Nakam ve-ha-Kelalah, ha-Dam ve-ha-=Alilah, Zion,
58
.
(1993), pp. 33-90, took Cohens essay as its point of departure, see esp. pp. 33, 59.
A statement concerning a work from the medieval Judeo-Arabic world by
historian M.R. Cohen, Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages,
Princeton 1994, is another example of how deeply the typology has penetrated:
The anecdotes are replete with depictions of classic, Ashkenazic-like responses
to suffering: fasting, prayer, and chronicling of events for posterity (p. 188), as
though these passive reactions to suffering were not universal human, as well
as Jewish, reactions to suffering. But see the more nuanced approach suggested
by Saperstein, in his introduction to Essential Papers on Messianic Movements
(above note 7).
10 Cohen, ibid., p. 219.
[iv]
5]
cised influence.11 According to Cohens constr uction, the Jews of Ashkenaz embroidered on the myth of the messiah by generating literary
apocalypses while those of Sepharad initiated genuinely apocalyptic
messianic movements. In fact, the clash or disintegration of great empires always generated messianic activity among Jews both in the Muslim and the Christian worlds.
Messianic movements were recorded from the late fifth and sixth
centuries, all apparently in anticipation of a confrontation between the
Byzantine and Persian Empires. One occurred in Crete and three in
Palestine, among the Samaritans. But even if we begin our discussion
with the messianic figures that arose within the world of Islam, we may
ask whether there was even one Jewish medieval messianic movement
which can legitimately be characterized as an aggressive, bona fide military movement. The movements which were so valorized in the influential essay by Cohen were disorganized, unarmed, often led by deluded visionaries. Cohen himself acknowledged this in a later essay.12
Cohen constr ucted an opposition between messianism and martyrdom: the first symbolizing active rebellion against history, the latter
passive resignation.13 Martyrdom was never alien to the Sephardic
world, nor messianism to the Ashkenazic, and neither accounted martyrdom as an expression of passivity.14 As the Jewish cr usade chronicles
graphically depicted, martyrdom was a last resort when every other
11 Ibid., p. 221.
12 See the excellent discussion of The Jewish Messiahs of Early Islam, in S.M.
Wasserstrom, Between Muslim and Jew: The Problem of Symbiosis in Early Islam,
Princeton 1995, pp. 47-89. The most active and popular of these Jewish
uprisings at its most militantly confrontational moment, was described as
follows: They claimed that when he was embattled he made a line around his
followers with a myrtle stick, saying, Stay behind this line and no enemy will
reach you with weapons. [...] then Abu Isa went beyond that line, alone and on
horseback, and fought and killed many Muslims [...] When he fought against the
followers of Mansur at Rayy, he and his companions were killed (p. 76). Cohens
characterization, see above note 8, p. 197.
13 See: G. Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, New York 1973, pp. 87-89; J.
Dan, Gershom Scholem and Jewish Messianism, in: P. Mendes-Flohr (ed.),
Gershom Scholem: The Man and His Work, New York 1994, pp. 75-78. Nineteenth
century Jewish historiography tended to link mysticism and messianism as
forcible er uptions into the generally rational Jewish psyche under extreme catastrophic pressure.
14 On typologies of Sephardic martyrdom, see most recently M. Bodian, Ha-=Aliya
al ha-Moked shel Nozerim
Hadashim
be-Einei Benei ha-Umah ha-Portugalit,
.
.
Pe5amim, 75 (1998), pp. 47-62.
[v]
Elisheva Carlebach
[6
active form of resistance had failed. Yet in his description of Ashkenazic

death at the hands of Christians, Cohen writes of a passive martyrdom
which simply does not accord with any remaining accounts. For example, while Cohen agreed that during the Chmielnicki pogroms in Poland, Jews had no choices because the Cossacks were determined to kill
them all, they elected to die passively at the hands of their attackers.15
Cohen linked the question of activism and pacifism to that of elite

vs.
popular messianic movements. In this constr uction, Ashkenazic quiet
ism is rabbinic, elite,
while Sephardic activism is popular . The grand
role in Jewish messianism of Sephardic rabbinic conservatism, from the
Geonim to Maimonides through Jacob Sasportas simply did not enter
into Cohens neat typology.16 In the Sephardic communities of Geonic
Babylonia and of medieval Spain, home to great Jewish population concentrations, messianic movements often took on anti-establishment,
anti-rabbinic character. In Ashkenaz, movements with a messianic
character were often led by the elite,

the rabbis themselves, and so were
of a more profound and thoroughgoing nature. In classical Ashkenazic
culture, the practice of the God-fearing community carried the same
weight as a sacred rabbinic text. When the rabbinic teachers, the
tosafists, found contradictions between a text of the Talmud and the
practice of the community, the Talmud was reinterpreted.17 In such
communities, can it be as relevant to talk of anti-rabbinic animus as in
Geonic Babylonia? In the smaller communities of medieval Ashkenaz
there was a completely different communal configuration which gave
rise to different conceptions of leadership which have little bearing on
messianic postures.18
15 Cohen, p. 224. Emphasis on this phrase, the sole passage Cohen chose to
emphasize in the original.
16 J.L. Kraemer, On Maimonides Messianic Postures, in: I. Twersky (ed.), Studies
in Medieval Jewish History and Literature, II, Cambridge, Mass. 1984, pp. 109-142;
D. Berger, Al Toze>oteha
ha-Ironiyot shel Gishato ha-Razionalistit
shel
.
.
ha-Rambam la-Tekufah ha-Meshihit,
in: A. Hyman (ed.), Maimonidean Studies,
.
II, New York 1991, pp. 1-8.
17 H. Soloveitchik, Religious Law and Change: The Medieval Ashkenazic
Example, AJS Review, 12 (1987), pp. 205-222.
18 On the contrast between the conception of Thomas Carlyle that history is the
biography of great men and of Plekhanov who saw the great men as puppets
acting out the will of the people, see: I. Malkin and Z. Tzahor, Intro., Leaders and
Leadership in Jewish and World History, Jer usalem 1992 (Hebrew), p. 7. In the
analysis of narrative in Ashkenaz and Sepharad, Sara Zfatman, The Jewish Tale in
the Middle Ages: Between Ashkenaz and Sepharad, Jer usalem 1993, pp. 150-152,
demonstrated that in Ashkenazic stories, the heroes are of the community,
[vi]
7]
The assumption that each Jewry, defined monolithically, must be

aligned with a particular messianic typology, obscures the complexities
of class, geography, and communal str ucture. The movements on the
fringes of seventh century Persia were so different from the rarefied
atmosphere of the rational courtiers of Andalusia and their mathematical messianic calculations, as to arouse questions concerning the usefulness of the r ubric Sephardic for both. Differences in liturgy are not
valid categories of historical causality.
Even the use of the cultural paradigms Ashkenaz and Sepharad as
indicators of sweeping historical postures can be questioned. Imported
from the world of custom and liturgy, nusakh and minhag, Cohen
argued that What was tr ue of halakhah, philosophy, liturgy, poetry and
Hebrew style had its counterpart in messianic posture and expression
as well.19 The constr ucts Ashkenaz-Sepharad as two absolutely distinct
cultural-geographic units is constantly being reassessed. The cultural
boundaries were not nearly as impermeable as was once thought. Mutual cultural influences, although they took time to interpenetrate, often affected the very core of what we perceive as Ashkenazic or Sephardic.20 Certain regions, such as Provence and parts of Italy, served as
centers of continuous cultural overlap.21 The two earliest anti-Christian
polemics to be written in Christian countries Milhamot
ha-Shem by
.
relying on traditions of their forefathers; in Sephardic stories, they are outside
the community and rely on their own talents.
19 Cohen, 1992 (above note 7), p. 204.
20 The entire issue of Pe5amim 57 (Autumn 1993) was devoted to this theme. For
another general discussion of the pervasive myth that there was little cultural
contact between the two spheres, see: Zfatman (above note 18), particularly pp.
128-129. For some specific examples, see: S. Assaf, Halifat
She>elot u-Teshuvot
.
bein Sepharad u-vein Ashkenaz ve-Zarefat,
Tarbiz,
. 8 (1936-37), pp. 162-171; A.
.
Grossman, Bein Sefarad le-Zarefat,
Exile and Diaspora: Studies in the History of
.
the Jewish People Presented to Professor Haim Beinart on the Occasion of his Seventieth
Birthday, Jer usalem 1988, pp. 75-101 (in Hebrew); idem, Zikata shel Yahadut
Ashkenaz ha-Keduma el Eretz Yisrael, Shalem, 3 (1981), pp. 57-92; Y.M. Ta-Shma,
Ha-Nigleh she-ba-Nistar: Le-Heker
Sheki5ei ha-Halakhah be-Sefer ha-Zohar, Tel-Aviv
.
1995, pp. 19-40 on the Ashkenazic elements in the Zohar. For a modern
manifestation, see I. Schorsch, The Myth of Sephardic Supremacy, Yearbook of
Leo Baeck Institute, 34 (1989), pp. 35-47.
21 For example, see M. Perani, The Italian Genizah: Hebrew Manuscript
Fragments in Italian Archives and Libraries, Jewish Studies, 34 (1994), p. 49.
Fragments from books produced in Germany-Austria tended to remain in that
location; fragments of Iberian works, in Iberia. In Italy, both Ashkenazic,
Sephardic, and Italian materials were to be found.
[vii]
Elisheva Carlebach
[8
Jacob b. Reuben and Book of the Covenant by Yosef Kimhi

. were
written by refugees from Muslim Spain critiques of Christianity developed within Islamic context.22 In the sixteenth century, Josel of
Rosheim, representative of German Jewry in the Empire, wrote a moralistic work which was a close paraphrase of the recently published
work by Sephardic thinker Abraham b. Shem Tov Bibago, Derekh
Bacharach recalled a tradition that SepharEmunah.23 R. Yair Hayyim
.
dic philosophical classics were studied in the yeshivot of Ashkenaz.24
In the wake of the expulsions from Spain and Portugal of 1492/7, figures like Eliezer Ashkenazi traversed both worlds and helped to diffuse
messianic dates, calculations, and ideas, so that hopes for deliverance
among Spanish Jews mingled with those of Italian and German Jews.25
Factors such as demography, geographic distribution and communal
str ucture must be taken into account along with the r ubrics Ashkenaz
and Sepharad.
I want to turn to consideration of another aspect of the comparative
dimension of Jewish messianism: the reporting, chronicling and commitment to collective memory of Jewish messianic episodes, and the
role of such memory in the shaping of subsequent messianic activities.26
Did Jewish societies record their memories in markedly different ways,
depending on whether their milieu was Christian or Muslim? Historian
Mark Cohen has argued that Jewish chroniclers in Christian lands
tended to center on the memory of persecution so that it became the
defining characteristic of their exilic experience, whereas Jewish chroniclers within Islamic lands tended to bury accounts of persecution of
Jews, along with reports about the suffering of local Muslims and larger
political events. It was the persistence and centrality of the memory of
persecution, rather than the objective number and severity of the occur-
22 D. Lasker, Judeo-Christian Polemics and their Origins in Muslim Countries,

Pe5amim, 57 (1993), pp. 5-16 (in Hebrew).
23 Iosephi de Rosheim, Sefer ha-Miknah, ed. and intro., H. Fraenkel-Goldschmidt,
Jer usalem 1970, pp. 34-52. On this phenomenon see more generally M. Breuer,
Sephardic Influence in Ashkenaz in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern
Period, Pe5amim, 57 (1993), pp. 17-18.
24 H.H. Ben-Sasson, Jewish-Christian Disputation in the Setting of Humanism and
Reformation in the German Empire, Harvard Theological Review, 59 (1966), p. 371.
25 H.H. Ben-Sasson, The Reformation in Contemporary Jewish Eyes, Proceedings
of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 4 (1971), pp. 241-326.
26 See: M. Idel, Introduction to A.Z. Aescoly, Ha-Tenu5ot ha-Meshihiyot
be-Yisrael,
.
Jer usalem 1987, p. 23.
[viii]
9]
rences that appears to have generated the noted lachrymose conception of Jewish history among Jews in medieval Christian lands.27 Emphasis on memories of suffering as the defining marker of existence
among the nations in exile may have conditioned Jews living among
Christians to see the messianic denouement as entirely transcending
the prevailing order. It would have to contain decisive vengeance
against these hideous oppressors.28 A recent study of the transformation of one sixteenth century historiographical text, the Shevet Yehudah,
as it passed from its original Sephardic milieu to Ashkenazic readers,
exemplifies brilliantly the process of cultural and literal translation that
reshaped its message.29 Theologically sensitive material was simply edited out and chapters depicting conversion to Christianity, a central experience of Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the early modern period,
were excised. While such an explicit and specific example of editorial
reinvention may be more difficult to locate for other cases, it provides
a vivid reminder of the constant process of revision and editing that
rendered collective memories suitable for their intended milieu.
II
A comparison of the way Ashkenazic Jews recorded and remembered
expressions of Jewish messianism within the Christian milieu, with
memories among Sephardic Jews of those same events, demonstrates
that there was a sharp division in the way each cultural cluster
transmitted memories of messianic activism. If we juxtapose the
historiographical treatment of two central messianic movements in the
sixteenth century, a time in which there was both a relatively rich
historiography, and considerable messianic activity, this discrepancy
becomes conspicuous.30 In the discussion which follows, I am not
primarily concerned with sifting the actual historical details of the
27 Cohen (above note 9), pp. 186-199.
28 Yuval (above note 9), pp. 34-55.
29 M. Stanislawski, The Yiddish Shevet Yehudah: A Study in the Ashkenization of
a Spanish-Jewish Classic, in E. Carlebach, J. Efron and D. Myers (eds.), Jewish
History and Jewish Memory, Hanover, NH 1998, pp. 134-149.
30 It seems to me that Cohens contention in Messianism in Jewish History (above
note 8), that sixteenth-century messianism differed radically from its
predecessors is tendentious, if the criterion is open political activism. There was
no great difference between the realism of Abulafia, Reubeni and Sabbatai Zevi.
For a more accurate typology of medieval Jewish messianic-mystical activism,
see: Idel (above note 7).
[ix]
Elisheva Carlebach
[10
movements, and have uncovered no new sources. I am interested here

in the subsequent memory of the events as they were preserved by the
respective Jewish chroniclers.
The first Jewish messianic movement of the sixteenth century came
at the very beginning of that century, when a Jew of German descent,
Asher Lemlein of Reutlingen, appeared in Istria, near Venice. Reports
concerning the details of his messianic activities differ. Most agree that
at the very least, he announced tidings of the messiah.31 Renaissance
Italian Jew Abraham Farissol was an eyewitness to the movement of
Lemlein. He described Lemlein as an Ashkenazi who had pretensions,
saying, I will rule. With his little wisdom and the few actions that he
undertook, and with the mediation of his disciples, he misled the entire
region, concerning the coming of the redeemer, and he let it be heard that
he [the redeemer] had already come. Farissol also mentioned the intense movement of penitence that Lemleins movement had inspired.32
Among Ashkenazim, the movement was recorded in the historical
chronicle of David Gans, Zemah
.
. David, published in Prague in the late
sixteenth century:
Rabbi Lemmlen announced the advent of the messiah in the year
1500/1, and his words were credited throughout the dispersion
of Israel. Even among the Gentiles, the news spread and many of
them also believed his words. My grandfather Seligman Gans z"l
smashed the special oven in which he baked matzzot, being
firmly convinced that the next year, he would bake matzzot in the
Holy Land. And I, the writer, heard from my old teacher, R.
Eliezer Trivash, head of the Bet din in Frankfurt, that the matter
was not without basis, and that he had shown signs and proofs,
but that perhaps because of our sins he [the messiah] was
delayed.33
31 For Lemleins writings, see: E. Kupfer, Hezyonotav
shel R. Asher b. R. Meir
.
ha-Mekhuneh Lemlein Reutlingen, Kobez. al Yad, vol. 8, no. 18 (1975), pp.
385-423; D. Tamar, On R. Asher Lemlein, Zion,
52 (1987), pp. 399-401. For
.
further background, see: S. Krauss, Le roi de France Charles VII et les esperances
messianiques, Revue des etudes
juives, 51 (1906), pp. 87-96, esp. 94.

32 Aescoly, Ha-Tenu5ot ha-Meshihiyot, p. 329. Farissol dated Lemleins movement to
1502. See: D. Ruderman, The World of a Renaissance Jew: The Life and Thought of
Abraham ben Mordecai Farissol, Cincinnati 1981, pp. 138, 200 note 38.
33 David Gans, Zemah
.
. David, ed. M. Breuer, Jer usalem 1983, pp. 137, #1530. Cf. the
translation in A. H. Silver, A History of Messianic Speculation in Israel: from the First
through the Seventeenth Centuries, Gloucester, Mass. 1978 [1927], p. 144.
[x]
11]
Several points in Gans account are worth noting. First, that Gans
characterized Lemlein as a herald of the messiah, not as the messiah.
Second, that Gans described in personal and poignant terms the very
profound reaction to this messianic tiding within both popular circles
his grandfather the matzah baker as well as among the scholarly elite
his rabbi. Clearly, this movement str uck very deep chords among
Ashkenazic Jews who heard the tidings.
An anonymous chronicle from Prague in the early seventeenth century contains this entry for 1502: News came of the messianic king,
causing massive repentance among the many communities of Israel.34
In this report Lemlein was apparently remembered as a messianic figure. He stimulated a very widespread penitential reaction, although the
entry is so terse that the meaning of the phrase news came is obscure.
If we turn to Sephardic chroniclers of this event, a more painful perspective emerges. In his Shalshelet ha-Kabbalah (Chain of Tradition), published in Italy in the late sixteenth century, Gedaliah ibn Yahia
. reported:
When the man [Lemlein] died and the messiah had not come, it caused
many conversions, because when the fools saw that the messiah hadnt
arrived, they apostatized immediately.35
Significantly, this incident was not recorded by Ibn Yahia
. as an inherently interesting and important event. Rather, it was related as a highlight in the life of Daniel Bomberg, the Christian printer of early Hebrew books. Chronicler Yoseph Ha-Kohen similarly had no kind words
to spare for the Ashkenazi, an evil prophet, a confused man of spirit,
to whom the Jews streamed, saying, God has sent him to r ule over his
people Israel, he will gather in the dispersed of Judah from the four
corners of the earth.36
34 A. David (ed.), A Hebrew Chronicle from Prague c. 1615, tr. L.J. Weinberger with D.
Ordan, Tuscaloosa 1993, p. 24.
35 Ibn Yahia
. was born to a Portuguese refugee family that had settled in Italy. On
his historiography, see: A. David, R. Gedalya ibn Yahyas
Shalshelet Hakabbalah
.
[Chain of Tradition]: A Chapter in Medieval Jewish History, Immanuel, 12
(1980), pp. 60-75; idem, The Spanish Expulsion and the Portuguese Persecution
through the Eyes of the Historian R. Gedalya ibn Yahya,
Sefarad, 56 (1996), pp.
.
45-59. 'exind cin à `l giyny mi`ztd ze`xa ik zelecb zexnd lblbe giyn à `le yi`d zenie'
cited in Silver (above note 33), note 144.
36 Joseph ha-Kohen, Sefer Emeq ha-Bakhah, ed. K. Almbladh, Uppsala 1981, pp.
67-68: lie` eny oilnil cg` ifpky` icedi yi` dìvipie lv` xy` dìxhqià mwie mdd minia idie'
zevetpe l`xyi enr lr cibpl edgly 'd ik èd ìap j` exnìe micedid eil` exdpe gexd yi` rbeyn ìapd
drxd ekxcn yi` eaeyie miwy exbgie zenev exfbie eixg` ehp minkgd mbe ux`d zetpk rax`n uawi dcedi
'dpyigi dzra 'de àl epzreyi daexw exn` ik ìdd zra
[xi]
Elisheva Carlebach
[12
The seventeenth century chronicler, Yosef Sambari, characterized

Lemlein as an Ashkenazi who proclaimed himself a prophet.37
Sambari recorded:
Many of the elite,

leaders and sages of Israel, tended to follow
him; he imposed upon them fast days and penances but they did
not obey him. Many of the sinners of Israel [apostates] repented
of their evil ways, but they were immersed in mighty waters and
came up empty handed, as a result of sins, as occurred in our own
day, as a result of sins.38
Sambari too mentioned the episode of Lemlein in the context of the
Sabbatian messianic movement of his own times, rather than an
inherently significant event. Lemlein is the only Ashkenazic messianic
figure to appear in Sambari.
Both ibn Yahia
. and Sambari linked the failure of messianic movement to its polemical consequences within the Christian context, particularly the conversions to Christianity in its wake. Both Ashkenazic
chroniclers were careful to avoid mentioning this aspect. Sambari noted
the power of the movement to temporarily reverse the course of recent
converts from Judaism to Christianity. When the movement failed,
many more converted to Christianity. Sambari hinted to voices of resistance to Lemleins message during the height of the movement.
Reactions to Lemlein reverberated beyond the Jewish community. Johannes Pfefferkorn, notorious convert to Christianity, recalled the strife
among the Jews of Halle in the wake of the Jewish Messiah Lemmel
and urged the Jews in his Speculum adhortationis iudaice ad Christum
(Mirror of exhortation of Jews to Christianity) to recognize the tr ue
messiahship of Christ. He noted that we Jews were often swindled,
and played the incident to the greatest polemical advantage.39
37 Yosef Sambari, Sefer Divrei Yosef, ed. Shimon Shtober, Jer usalem 1994, pp.
266-267; Joseph ha-Kohen, Sefer Divrei ha-Yamim le-Malkhei Zarfat
u-Malkhei beit
.
Ottoman ha-Tugar, Sabionetta 1554, p. 123b; Gedaliah ibn Yahya,
Shalshelet
.
ha-Kabbalah, Venice 1587, 45a-b: 'ìap envr dyry ifpky`'
38 l` exq `le zewqtde zenev mdilr xefbl eci dbiyde eixg` ehp l`xyi inkge ipivwe iliv`n miaxe'
mina ellv k"gè mditka xy` qngd one drxd ekxcn yi` eay l`xyi ipa iryetn miax mpn` .ezrnyn
'zepeera dfd onfa rxi`y enk zepeera mcia qxg elrde mixic`. Sambari was referring to
conversions that occurred following the collapse of Sabbatai Zevis movement.

39 Och wie iemerliche wir bedrogen sind. H. M. Kirn, Das Bild vom Juden in
Deutschland des fruhen
16. Jahrhunderts dargestellt an den Schriften Johannes
Pfefferkorns, Tubingen
1989, p. 30, note 68.
[xii]
13]
Sebastian Munster,
Christian Hebraist and disciple of Elijah Levita, had
the Christians say in Ha-Vikuah,
. his polemical dialogue:
And it happened in the year 1502 that the Jews did penance in all
their dwelling places and in all the lands of exile in order that the
messiah might come. Almost a whole year, young and old,
children and women did penance in those days, the like of which
had never been seen before. And in spite of it all there appeared
neither sign nor vestige, not to speak of the reality itself.
For how did that repentance of 1502 help you, when all Jews in
their habitations and places in exile [] young and old, infants
and women, repented as never before and nothing was revealed
to you[.] [The result was] You Jews [too] see and understand that
your rabbis are confused and wrong.40
Johannes a Lent, author of the seventeenth century list that was to
become the canonical reference work on Jewish false messiahs, devoted
a very substantial section to Lemlein, exceeding all prior descriptions
of the movement in length.41 It consisted of several reports by Jewish
(Ganz and ibn Yahya),
non Jewish (Genebrardus), and convert (Isaac
.
Levita) sources, along with Lents introduction and translations from
the Hebrew. In both Lents introduction to the section, as well as in the
excerpts from Genebrardus and Levita, Lemlein is described as a
40 Potissimum autem id fecer unt anno mundi q-n quies millesimo ducentesimo
sexagesimosecundo, qui fuit annus Christi 1502. quando omnes Iudaei fecer unt
publicam poenitentiam per omnes habitationes suas, in omnibus terris & per
totam captivitatem, [...] fere, per integr um annum, tam pueri quam senes,
per uuli & mulieres, qualis poenitentia nunque retroactis seculis audita est: eam
autem fecer unt pro adventu Meschiae. Sed omnia fr ustra. Nihil enim est eis
revelatum, necque signum ullum aut ullus nutus, (45) ut taceam maius
quippiam. Et certe res istra est miraculum magnum, sibilus oris & complosio
manuum apud cunctos qui id audiunt, quod nihil illis suffragatur, non lex, non
poenitentia, non oratio neque ulla eleemosyna, quae omnia per singulos faciunt
dies. Sebastian Munster,

Messias Christianorum et Iudaeorum Hebraice et Latine
[Messiah of the Christians and Jews], Basel 1539, pp. 44-45. I thank Professor
Stephen Burnett for sending this excerpt, and for sharing with me his article, A
Dialogue of the Deaf: Hebrew Pedagogy and Anti-Jewish Polemic, Sebastian
Munsters
Messiahs of the Christians and the Jews (1529/39), Archiv fur
Reformationsgeschichte, 91 (2000), pp. 168-190. English translation see in Silver

(above note 33), p. 145, note 141.
41 Johannes a Lent, Schediasma Historico Philologicum de Judaeorum Pseudo-Messias,
Herborna 1697.
[xiii]
Elisheva Carlebach
[14
messiah.42 The excerpt from the former Jew turned Christian is the most
polemical, chiding the blind Jews for continuing to await a messiah in
their sinful state.43
Until the publication of Lemleins own writings by Ephraim Kupfer,
scholars Tishby, Aescoly, and Cohen44 linked the movement of Lemlein
to the expulsion from Spain, although there was not a shred of evidence
for that assumption, and despite the fact that all the chroniclers emphasized that he was Ashkenazic. His own writings show him to have been
something of a champion of Ashkenazic culture and contemptuous of
the Sephardic, apparently in resentment of the newly arrived refugees
from Spain that entered Italy.45 The historiography of the movement
thus differed considerably depending on who was doing the reporting.
It would be even more instr uctive to compare the reports by Ashkenazim and Sephardim of a messianically charged event that occurred
within the fuller light of history. David Reubeni appeared in 1522 claiming to represent the Lost Tribes of Israel, with a scheme to liberate the
Jews in the Diaspora.46 Armed with an offer to provide an army against
42 Lent, ibid., p. 70: se pro Messia venditavit Rabbi Lemlem Judaeus Germanus.
Genebrardus: Quidam Iudaeus nomine Lemlem, imposuit quibusdam (credo in
Germania) se esse ver um Christum, quem exspectabant.
43 Aescoly, in a brief translation (Ha-Tenu5ot ha-Meshihiyot,
p. 331), did not convey
.
the full polemical sting of Levitas words. Levita translated Maimonides epistle
on astrology into Latin, and introduced the epistle with the following paragraph
on Lemlein, probably because the epistle ended with the consideration of a
report of a messianic movement among the Jews of Yemen. The relevant text of
the epistle, see: Iggerot ha-Rambam, II, ed. Y. Shilat, Jer usalem 1988, p. 479:
Tandem Lemlem Pseudo-messias, aliis propheta, periit, nusquamque magis
appar uit, cum antea conquestus esset, impoenitentiam Judaeor um adventum
Messiae retardare. In de factum, ut omnes Judaei Anno Christi 1502 in universa
dispersione sua diligentissime poenitentiam agerent, per orationem, jejunium &
Eleemosynas, ut adventum Messiae tam propinqui promover unt, sed nihil
effecer unt. Non enim vider unt coeci homines, Messiam sic nunquam ventur um,
quia peccare nunquam cessabunt. Vah, quam magnifica spe vos fr ustra toties
implestis agnoscite vel tandem o miselli, cum ne ullo seculo non seducti estis,
quod haec expectatio nimis sera sit. Adveniat Messias fatemur & forte in
propinquo est, sed non ea ratione, qua vos persuasi estis. Sed de his plura in
fine.
44 Idel, Introduction to Aescoly, Ha-Tenu5ot ha-Meshihiyot,
p. 23. According to
.
Cohen (p. 206): The call of Asher Lemmlein is an obscure and short-lived affair,
which show[s] traces of Sephardic influence on the mind of an Ashkenazic Jew.
45 See: Idel, ibid.
46 Ironically, the first Jewish historians to analyze the story of Reubeni, Neubauer
and then Aescoly, thought he may have been of Ashkenazic descent. His origins
[xiv]
15]
the Turks, he met with the Pope and with King John III of Portugal. In
Portugal he attracted the attention of Diego Pires, a Marrano who circumcised himself and took the name Shlomo Molkho. In 1532 they travelled together to Regensburg to meet Emperor Charles V. Molkho was
ultimately burned at the stake in Mantua; Reubeni met his end in a
Spanish prison.47
In addition to their own writing, or that produced by their camps,
Reubeni and Molkho occupied center stage in several of the chronicles
written by Sephardic Jews in the sixteenth century, particularly Joseph
ha-Kohen and Gedaliah ibn Yahya.
Joseph ha-Kohen reported: And a
.
shoot went forth from Portugal, his name was Shlomo Molkho, a distinctly messianic introduction to Molkho within a lengthy account of
Reubeni and Molkhos activities.48 The seventeenth century chronicler
Yosef Sambari of Egypt wove their accounts together and created one
unified chronicle.49 His account was far lengthier than any previous report of a failed messianic figure.50 It begins with the story of Shlomo
Molkho who proclaimed himself the messiah, and David Chief of
staff for the messiah. Sambari stated unambiguously from the beginning that Molkho was regarded as a messiah. Reubeni introduced holy
names, flags and the shield of king David intended for use to fight the
wars of God. Since the Reubeni/Molkho adventure was widely known
and recounted, those contemporaries who passed over it in silence or
with very minimal notice must have chosen that path deliberately.
Molkhos sojourn in Regensburg in 1532, to request permission to
draft Jews into his battle against the Turks, left a deep and lasting impression on the German Jews. Josel of Rosheim, spokesman for German
Jewry in the first half of the sixteenth century, recorded in his chronicle:
There came [to Regensburg] that speaker of a foreign tongue [lo=ez],
the righteous convert called R. Shlomo Molka [sic], may he rest in
peace, with alien doctrines [de=ot hizoniyot]
to arouse the emperor by
. .
47
48
49
50
are still unknown but that possibility seems unlikely. See the bibliography cited
in A. Shohat, Le-Farshat David ha-Reuveni, Zion,
35 (1970), p. 96, note 1.
.
For sources on the messianic careers of Reubeni and Molkho, see: A.Z. Aescoly,
Sippur David ha-Reuveni, Jer usalem 1993; idem, Ha-Tenu5ot ha-Meshihiyot, pp.
357-433.
Emeq ha-Bakhah (above note 36), pp. 71-73.
Sefer Divrei Yosef (above note 37), pp. 293-302.
Sambaris account of the Sabbatai Zevi period was excised from the manuscript
in all extant copies. A later copyist inserted the Sabbatian section from Tobias
Kohens Ma5aseh Tovia, editio princeps Venice 1707, chapter 1, part 6.
[xv]
Elisheva Carlebach
[16
saying that he had come to call all Jews to war against the Turks.51 Josel
then wrote that he had sent a letter imploring Molkho to desist from his
plan; when that failed he left the city so as not to be associated by the
Emperor with the schemes of Molkho.52 He concluded his entry by describing Molkho as having died the death of a martyr, and having
caused many Jews to repent.53
Josels report is remarkable, both for what it contains as well as for
what it omits. The word as well as the concept of messiah are totally
absent from his account. He characterized Molkho as one who espoused alien doctrines; his activities consisted solely of his entreaty to
the Emperor for a joint offensive against the Turks. There was no mention in Josels account that he was regarded by many Jews as a messiah.
The name David Reubeni, whom Josel surely heard of, even if he had
not met him, was suppressed. Molkhos image in this source is that of
an heretical fantasist, whose primary virtue resided in his martyrdom.
If no other source had survived, we might never have known the messianic character of the movement.
Other aspects of Molkhos legacy, particularly his martyrdom, were
preserved with great fidelity among Ashkenazim. R. Yom Tov Lipman
Heller recalled: Here in the Pinkas synagogue in Prague, which I had
frequented prior to my appointment as head of the Rabbinical court,
there is a pair of zizit
. . [fringed four cornered garments] exactly the color
green as in an egg yolk. It was brought here from Regensburg, and it
51 H. Fraenkel-Goldschmidt (ed.), Ketavim Historiyim: R. Yosef Ish Rosheim,

Jer usalem 1996, p. 296.
52 On Molkhos encounter in Regensburg, see: S. Eidelberg, Ha->im Nitlaveh
David ha-Reuveni le-Shelomo Molkho be-Masa5o le-Regensburg? Tarbiz,
. 42
(1972-73), pp. 148-153. That Josels fears were not baseless can be seen in an
anti-Jewish edict of 1543, in which the deceitful calumnies and lies spread by
the Jews against the tr ue Messiah were cited as justification by John Frederick,
Elector of Saxony. S. Stern, Josel of Rosheim: Commander of Jewry in the Holy Roman
Empire of the German Nation, tr. G. Hirschler, Philadelphia 1965, p. 155.
53 Text from Fraenkel-Goldschmidt, Josel of Rosheim, p. 296: frel yi`d à 'inid ozeàe'
z`vl 'iceid lk ueawl ày exneà xqwd xxerl zeipevig zrca r"p `wlen dnly iax 'peknd wcv xb
eplkì ot xqwd al xxerl `ly exidfdl eiptl zxb` izazk egexa 'zlry dn irneyke xbzd cbp dnglnl
eèaae zeipevg zerc ezk`lna ez` ici xqwd xnì `ly ick bxety oibrx xird on izwlqe .dlecbd y`d
xiqd 'iaxe l`xyi zezc myd yecw lr sxyp dny ìipela xir cr ekilede zelfxa ilaka qtzp xqwd l`
'r"ba 'xexv eznyp oern. Most historians assume that the multitudes he removed
from sin, referred to Marranos, perhaps those of Antwerp. But there is no reason
to assume that Ashkenazic Jews were not also intended, given the messianic
significance of the encounter with the emperor.
[xvi]
17]
belonged to the martyr Shlomo Molkho, may God avenge his blood.
Also two of his banners, and the caftan called kittel.54 Once again, there
is no mention of messianic aspirations. David Gans recorded in Zemah
.
.
David:
R. Shlomo Molkho, righteous convert of the conversos of
Portugal, was scribe of the king who converted in secret, and
adhered to David Reubeni of the land of the Ten Tribes [] This
R. Shlomo, although he was lacking in Torah from his youth,
became an expert in Torah. He preached in public in Italy and
Turkey and wrote a kabbalistic work. I, the writer, have seen a
copy of that work in the possession of the Gaon my kinsman, my
cousin R. Nathan Horodna. (His son later became Rosh Yeshiva
and Head of the Rabbinical Court in Worms [143] so the tradition
may have travelled there.) R. Shlomo and his companion Reubeni
had audiences with the King of France and Charles V, and they
tried to direct their hearts to the Jewish faith, for which R. Shlomo
was condemned to the flames in Mantua, 1532/3, and they put a
harness in his mouth so that he was unable to say anything.55
The word messiah or any overt references to a messianic mission are
absent. Molkho had preached a sermon before an audience of both Jews
and Christians in Mantua. References to Molkhos anti-Christian
polemical words were reported as pro-Jewish proselytization.56
The anonymous Prague chronicler of 1615 referred only to the r umors that were associated with the appearance of David Reubeni in the
entry for 1523: News of saviors from beyond the Sambatyon River
spread among all the lands, in addition to other messianic expectations.57 The chronicler did not mention Molkhos name or messianic
activities either in the entry for 1523 or in any subsequent entries. The
contrast between the laconic descriptions of the Ashkenazic chroniclers
and the expansive versions of the Sephardim chroniclers is striking.
Christian Hebraist Johann Albert Widmanstadt, a contemporary,
54 Yom Tov Lipman Heller, Divrei Hamudot;
commentary to Halakhot Ketanot
.
la-Ros"h, Hilkhot Zizit,
. . end of parag. 25. Additional references in parags. 48, 59.
Eidelberg (above note 52), p. 150. On the synagogue known as the Pinkasschul,
founded in 1535, see: H. Volavkova, The Pinkas Synagogue, Prague 1955.
55 Gans, Zemah
.
. David (above note 33), p. 138, for the year 1533.
56 M. Idel, An Unknown Sermon of Shlomo Molkhos, in: Exile and Diaspora
(above note 20), pp. 430-436 (in Hebrew).
57 David (above note 34), p. 27.
[xvii]
Elisheva Carlebach
[18
wrote: R. Solomon Molkho who prophesied that he himself was the

messiah of the Jews, and was burned in Mantua in 1532, at the command of Charles V [] wrote a book on Jewish kabbalah. I saw his banner in Ratisbon [Regensburg] in 1541, with the letters iakn.58 In his catalogue of Jewish false messiahs, Johannes a Lent described the movement of Reubeni-Molkho as qui se pro messia constanter venditavit.59
Several patterns emerge from the examples of the two sixteenth century messianic movements of Lemlein and Reubeni-Molkho. Ashkenazim tended to be laconic in their record and description of these
movements; they tended to minimize the messianic element within historical events or omit it altogether. It is no coincidence that Abravanel,
a Sephardic Jew, recorded a messianic tradition among German Jews.
There is a tradition among the Jews of Ashkenaz, that because the seat
of the emperor is there, the messiah will come there [first].60 Sephardic
chroniclers of messianic movements tended to be less interested in Ashkenazic figures but they did not detract from the messianic character of
events that came to their attention. For their own polemical reasons,
Christians or converts to Christianity did preserve the messianic character of some of these same events. Fully aware of the polemical import
of these movements, Christian lenses maximized what Ashkenazic
memory minimized.61 Christian Hebraists included lists of Jewish false
58 R. Salomonis Molchi, qui se Messiam Judaeor um esse praedicavit, atque
Mantuae propter seditionis Hebraicae metum, Carolo V. Rom. Imp. pro vidente,
concrematus fuit anno 1532, liber de Secreta Hebraeor um Theologia. Huius
vexilium vidi Ratisbonae anno 1541 cum litteris iakn. Cited in M.H. Landauer,
Literaturblatt des Orients, 27 (1845), p. 419. Landauer noted that an earlier
bibliographer had mistakenly attributed a manuscript of Abraham Abulafias to
Molkho because the stories of their meetings with the Pope were similar, and the
bibliographer had never heard of Abulafia. Hebrew translations of the text, see:
Aescoly, Ha-Tenu5ot ha-Meshihiyot,
p. 433; idem, Sippur David ha-Reuveni, pp.
.
190-191.
59 Johannes a Lent (above note 41), p. 72, parag. XI. Lent based his erroneous
account, which dated the movement at 1534 and conflated the two figures, on
Juan Luis Vives De Veritate fidei Christianae, p. 491. Lents indiscriminate use of
inaccurate sources renders his book useless as history, but it is valuable as a
Christian reading of Jewish messianism.
60 Isaac Abravanel, Perush al Nevi6im Aharonim,
Jer usalem 1955, Commentary to
.
Zechariah 1:16, 281 col. 4.
61 For examples of failed messianic movements linked with conversion of Jews,
see: D. Ruderman, Hope against Hope: Jewish and Christian Messianic
Expectations in the Late Middle Ages, in: idem (ed.), Essential Papers on Jewish
Culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy, New York 1992, p. 299; E. Carlebach,
[xviii]
19]
messiahs in their descriptions of Jews and Judaism.62 This explains why

it was that in Ashkenaz some Jewish messianic movements were preserved only in the memory of Christian chroniclers. From these observations it follows methodologically, then, that notices of messianic
movements within Ashkenaz should be read in a manner that is sensitive to the context and aware of its likely distortions. Messianic movements in Ashkenaz that were remembered in an obscure manner must
still be taken seriously.63 It is not that Ashkenazim did not produce
movements, but that they did not preserve their memory because of
their greatly negative theological valence.
Historian David Berger has noted the theological import of
messianism for Jews living among Christians. Medieval Jews living in
Christian lands lived in a state of perpetual rejection of a false messiah,
and may well have been more sensitive to claims of messianic pretenders.64 The question of the messiah was not simply that of Israels history
having come to its teleological end sooner rather than later, through one
agent rather than another. It was a matter of reading the entire postChristian history of the Jews as a deliberate fraud. This one issue alone
contained within it the power to validate the entire Christian claim, to
undermine the entire rationale for existence of Jews and Judaism in the
Christian mind.65 It should come as no wonder that Jews and Christians
would distort accounts of messianic activism accordingly.
62
63
64
65
Sabbatianism and the Jewish-Christian Polemic, Proceedings of the Tenth World

Congress of Jewish Studies, Division C, Vol. II: Jewish Thought and Literature,
Jer usalem 1990, pp. 1-7; Y.F. Baer (A History of the Jews in Christian Spain, II,
Philadelphia 1961, pp. 277-281) reports on messianic movement in Castile in
1295 which shook the Jewish community to its foundations. The only surviving
record is an apostates derisive and polemical account mocking Jews for their
false hopes.
The culmination of this listing was the monograph by Lent (above note 41).
Cohen ignored reports of movements in Ashkenaz which he regarded as obscure
yet included movements in the Sephardic world for which sources were equally
obscure, such as the Leon/Lyon movement of 1068. On that movement see: S.W.
Baron, A Social and Religious History of the Jews (=ASRHJ), V, New York 1957, p.
199.
D. Berger, Three Typological Themes in Early Jewish Messianism: Messiah Son
of Joseph, Rabbinic Calculations, and the Figure of Armilus, AJS Review, vol. 10,
no. 2 (1985), pp. 162-163, note 82. This comment was made with specific
reference to Gerson Cohens thesis.
J. M. Elukin, Jacques Basnage and the History of the Jews: Anti-Catholic Polemic
and Historical Allegory in the Republic of Letters, Journal of the History of Ideas,
53 (1992), pp. 603-630, esp. 621.
[xix]
Elisheva Carlebach
[20
Cohens r ule of evidence disregarded all accounts of messianic

movements that did not come from Jewish sources. By his decision not
to reckon reports about Jewish messianic movements that are not attested by Jews, or obscure incidents, Cohen tipped the scales in favor
of the religio-cultural sphere of Islamic influence.66 Sephardim who followed a messianist, whatever the extent of their adherents, were to be
counted; Ashkenazic sources with equally weak reverberations were
dismissed for: weak reverberations. Yet the opposite methodological
approach might be more justified in this case. Christian sources highlighted aspects of messianic movements that were inimical to Jewish
polemical interests, but that does not mean the incidents they described
were imagined. The records of messianic movements in Ashkenaz were
so fragile and elusive, that the historian can not afford to ignore evidence from sources that we have no reason to believe are fundamentally tainted. As a result of r ules which eliminated entire categories of
sources, Cohen passed in virtual silence over periods of messianic ferment within Ashkenazic Jewry:
Throughout this period, no segment of Ashkenazic Jewry is
known to have risen in messianic revolt. Indeed, we may go even
further and say that there is not a single case of a messianic
movement or of a pseudo-messiah known from Ashkenazic
Jewry until the beginning of the sixteenth century.
If enumerating incidents over half a millennium or more constitutes
sufficient evidence to draw a paradigmatic messianic posture, then it is
very likely that re-evaluation of the sources will produce a new
definition of the Ashkenazic posture. Without creating an exhaustive
catalogue, a re-reading of the sources indicates that a re-evaluation is
in order.
For the messianism of the Cr usade period, Cohen defined Jews of
Byzantium as essentially Sephardic because they were eastern, yet he
never removed the Sephardic designation from Jews of Christian Spain,
who were western.67 These Jews generated a great deal of active messianic ferment during the first Cr usade period. In Salonika, the impend66 Cohen, p. 229, note 11.
67 In a messianic report from 1096, one figure was the dayyan of the Babylonian
Jewish community in Egypt, the other was Gaon of the Palestinian academy at
Jer usalem. A. Sharf, An Unknown Messiah of 1096 and the Emperor Alexius,
Journal of Jewish Studies, 7 (1956), p. 63; J. Mann, Ha-Tenu=ot ha-Meshihiyot
.
bi-Yemei Mas=ei ha-Zlav
ha-Rishonim, Ha-Tekufa, 23 (1925), pp. 243-261.
.
[xx]
21]
ing Cr usades sparked a major messianic awakening: the rich gave their
property to the poor, all were immersed in waves of prayer and repentance: They sit in their prayer shawls, they stopped working and we do
not know what they are hoping for. And we are afraid that the thing
might be revealed to the Gentiles and they will kill us.68 This ferment
was communicated to western European Jewry, and it affected them
deeply. The Cr usade chronicle of Solomon bar Samson opened with a
statement concerning the impending redemption in a year that had
turned into one of affliction.69 It is impossible to know how widespread
such thoughts were in Ashkenaz, and whether or not they influenced
the martyrdom of the Rhine communities.70 The influential compilation
Sefer Hasidim
already bears traces of a suppression of messianic thought
.
and activism. The readers are warned to distance themselves from any
person who prophesies concerning the messiah [] for if it will be revealed to the world, in the end it will be an embarrassment and humiliation before the world.71
The mid-thirteenth century was another locus of messianic activism
among Jews in the Christian world. The fifth Jewish millennium was
inaugurated in the Christian year 1240; combined with the news of the
Mongol invasions the atmosphere was ripe for messianism. A Bohemian chronicler reported, In 1235 they [the Jews] were expelled from
the city [Prague] and scattered over the countryside, because they had
prepared to establish an army and showed letters in which they were
notified that their messiah had come.72 When Ezra of Moncontour
arose in France and prophesied that Elijah would appear in 1226, the
messiah in 1233 and the redemption itself would begin in 1240, the
news spread almost exclusively through Sephardic channels. The news
68 J. Prawer, The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Oxford 1988,
pp. 10-13. Cohen cited and dismissed without comment, two messianic
incidents in Byzantium, c. 1096, and in Sicily (p. 206) and discounted these
movements because these places had cultural affinities with the East and Spain,
respectively.
69 Cited in A. M. Haberman (ed.), Gezerot Ashkenaz ve-Zarefat,
Jer usalem 1946, p. 24:
.
awril e"px ìapd dinxi zèapk dngple dreyil epieiw f` xy` e"px xefgnl dpy dxyr zgà [...] idie'
' 'ebe miebd y`xa eldve dgny
70 Baron, ASRHJ, IV, p. 96.

71 Sefer Hasidim,
ed. Y. Wistinetsky and Y. Freimann, Frankfurt a.M. 1924, pp. 76-77,
.
parag. 212. Cited in Eidelberg (above note 9), p. 39, note 5, although it tends to
undermine his thesis rather than support it.
72 Aescoly, Ha-Tenu5ot ha-Meshihiyot,
p. 212. Aescoly notes that all the sources were
.
non Jewish or hostile.
[xxi]
Elisheva Carlebach
[22
was spread by a letter from Marseilles, to North Africa, to Alexandria,

from whence it passed into the Cairo Geniza.73
A Bavarian Chronicle reported that a comet appeared during 1337.
During this time of great controversy between Emperor and Pope,
Jews thought that the end had begun for the Roman Empire and for the
Christian religion (for in their great hatred of it, they think it to be vain),
and they believed that the time for the arrival of their messiah had
come. Toward this end, they united throughout the German lands,
against the Christians, and dared to decide that they would kill them
with poison. They stole the holy wafer of the flesh and blood of Christ
[] When the matter was revealed, all the German Jews were caught
and burned [] Nothing could save them such was the wrath of
God.74 This is very dim memory of what may possibly have been a
strong messianic movement from the time of the Armleder persecutions, and immediately following persecutions that began with shepherds.75 In Ashkenaz the memory of this movement could be preserved
only in a Christian source.
Medieval Italian Jewry, arguably a cultural unit that was neither Ashkenazic nor Sephardic did not fit neatly into Cohens paradigm either.
As historian Yosef Yer ushalmi has characterized them, Italian Jewry
was particularly susceptible to every messianic tiding and, perhaps because of its geographic location, often served as an eschatological news
agency for other parts of the Jewish world.76 An early fourteenth century text described a messianic movement in the Italian Jewish community of Cesena in North Central Italy: The Jews of Italy with their families and their entire goods started out to go Overseas [Ultra Mare, Latin
term traditionally used for Holy Land]; they said that the messiah,
whom they were expecting, was born in those parts.77 This movement
was probably stimulated by news of the fall of the last Cr usader Kingdom in 1291; it appears to have left no traces in Jewish sources. A very
73 S. Assaf, New Documents Concerning Proselytes and a Messianic Movement,
Zion,
5 (1940), pp. 112-124 (in Hebrew).
.
74 Aescoly (Ha-Tenu5ot ha-Meshihiyot,
pp. 238-239) cited from the sixteenth century
.
Johannes Adventinus, Bayerische Chronik, ed. G. Leidinger, Jena 1926, p. 175.
75 Aescoly, ibid., p. 239.
76 Y. Yer ushalmi, Messianic Impulses in Joseph Ha-Kohen, Jewish Thought in the
Sixteenth Century, Cambridge, Mass. 1983, pp. 460-487.
77 S. Schein, An Unknown Messianic Movement in Thirteenth Century Italy:
Cesena, 1297, Italia, 5 (1985), p. 98. The text is from Annales Caesenates, composed
prior to 1334, and published in the eighteenth century.
[xxii]
23]
similar expression They decided to leave their communities and emigrate Overseas [Ultra Mare], to the Holy Land without the Emperor or
lords permission and consent was used by Rudolph I of Habsburg
when in 1286 he ordered confiscation of the property of Jews in Spires,
Worms, Mainz, Oppenheim, and Wetterau.78 The end of the Cr usader
kingdom in 1291, accompanied by the massacre of the flourishing Jewish community in the Holy Land, spurred a period of intense
messianism throughout European Jewry.79
Can collective migrations to the Holy Land be counted as messianic
activities? Scholars have debated the eschatological motivation behind
various aliyot, beginning with that of the three hundred rabbis in the
early thirteenth century. While not every migration to Zion was undertaken for explicitly messianic reasons, an anonymous disciple of
Nahmanides
writing close to 1290, makes it clear that many such mi.
grations were impelled by an active messianism. Let no man assume
that the king messiah will appear in an unclean land; let him not be
deluded into imagining that he will appear in the Land of Israel among
the Gentiles [] And now many are inspired and they volunteer to go
to the Land of Israel. And many think that we are near the coming of
the Redeemer seeing that in many places the Gentiles made their burden heavier upon Israel and many other signs have already been reknown as Zion
or Zioni,
who
vealed to the Chosen.80 R. Menahem,
.
.
.
78 Baron, ASRHJ, IX, New York 1967, pp. 153-154, from Monumenta Germaniae
Historica, Constitutiones, III, 368-369: sine nostra sive domini sui speciali licencia
et consensu se ultra mare transtulerint.
79 Silver (above note 33), pp. 81-101. Abraham Abulafia calculated a date in the
1280s; Tosafot Sens, Isaac ben Judah Halevy, in his `fx gprt, calculated 1290; the
author of the Zohar, 1300. For an interpretion of the fall of the Cr usader kingdom
as a sign that the land would only absorb its own sons, see: B.Z. Dinur, Yisrael
ba-Golah, II, Tel-Aviv 1965, pp. 441-442. A similar interpretation of the loss of
Cr usader ships at sea, see: I. Perles, Die in einer Munchner

Handschrift
aufgefundene erste lateinische Uebersetzung des Maimonidischen Fuhrers,
Monatsschrift fur
Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, 24 (1875), pp. 21-22;
J. Prawer, Jewish Resettlement in Cr usader Jer usalem, Ariel, 19 (1967), pp.
60-66.
80 Perles, ibid., p. 22. Yuval cited a nearly identical passage from a disciple of `"avix
(d. 1210) and dated a series of messianic =aliyot to this time. See: I.J. Yuval, Likrat
1240: Tikvot Yehudiyot, Pehadim
Nozriyim,
Proceedings of the Eleventh World
.
.
Congress of Jewish Studies, Division B, I, Jer usalem 1994, pp. 114-115. Although
some of the links between Jewish apocalypticism and the blood libel in Yuvals
thesis have been criticized as tendentious, the suggestions that he makes in this
article concerning Jewish apocalyptic motivation are sound. See also: Yuval
[xxiii]
Elisheva Carlebach
[24
visited Israel for a time and appended the name Zion

to his name and
.
all his writings, acts which bespeak more than a passive messianism.81
Cohen reduced the entire history of migration to the Holy Land to At
best, the rabbis tolerated the yen of some Jews to settle in the Holy
Land, but the extremely restricted extent of such settlement betrays the
tr ue nature of the elitist-rabbinic

messianic posture.82 Surely the restrictions were more a function of the unbearable conditions imposed
by geography, economics, and hateful overlords than by rabbinic indifference.
For example, Cohen dismissed the migration of several hundred
rabbis from France and Germany to the Holy Land in 1210 and 1211 as
betraying little if any messianic activity.83 He characterized the movement as elitist, because they made no move to carry the masses of Jews
along with them. In thirteenth century Ashkenaz, hundreds of people
migrating to the Holy Land was a popular movement. Given the demography of north European Jewish communities in the thirteenth century, several hundred men are masses. In the very small communities
of western Europe there was not as pronounced a social distance between rabbis and lay people. Rabbinic scholars were merchants and
everyone was related. The social dynamics were so different from the
vast population and huge distances of class and geography that characterized movements on the fringes of the Geonic world, that a comparison of the two on the basis of popular resentment against a rabbinic
elite
seems to miss the mark entirely.
Cohens study was informed by the Jewish historiographical tradition to which he was heir and its biases which were deeply embedded.
In this tradition, medieval Ashkenaz became a metaphor for the rab
binic, elite
which was identified with fundamentalism and intolerance:
(above note 9); D. Berger, From Cr usades to Blood Libels to Expulsions: Some
new Approaches to Medieval Antisemitism, Lecture of the Selmanowitz Chair
of Jewish History, Touro College, New York 1997. But cf. E. Kanarfogel, The
aliyah of Three Hundred Rabbis in 1211: Tosafist Attitudes toward Settling in
the Land of Israel, JQR, 76 (1986), pp. 191-215, who does not attribute messianic
goals to this aliya.
81 On the messianic doctrines of Menahem Zion, see: I.J. Yuval, Hakhamim
.
be-Doram, Jer usalem 1988, pp. 291-310.
82 Cohen, p. 203.
83 Cohen, p. 229, note 14: Certainly the considerations of piety motivating
settlement in the Holy Land were messianically oriented, but they were
pre-millenarist in character,very similar to those motivating the move of Judah
ha-Levi.
[xxiv]
25]
Ashkenazic Jewry was always basically fundamentalist, unabashed by

anthropomorphism or outlandish legends [] Andalusian type [] had
in reality appropriated much of the Hellenic scientific spirit [] Ashkenazic fundamentalism had gained ground in many respectable areas in
Spain, and even some fine Sephardim had more or less absorbed the
Northern temper.84 The real deficiency of Ashkenaz, then, resided not
in its messianic posture, but in its deficient alignment with the temper
of the historian.85
Active expressions of messianic hope were no less integral to the
profile of one Jewish community than to the other, if the evidence is
evaluated properly. In Islamic lands, Jewish messianism was perceived
as political insubordination; whereas Jewish expressions of messianism
in Christian lands were interpreted as blasphemy, an attack on the fundamentals of the Christian faith. The interplay between Jewish sustenance and Christian mockery of Jewish messianic hope is emblematic
of the tension which existed for Jews living in the Christian world. As
a result of this unremitting cultural pressure in a hostile environment,
the recorded memories of messianic movements among Ashkenazic
Jews were muted or distorted.86 These memories shaped future perceptions of similar movements in turn. These perceptions were internalized by the chroniclers both Jewish and non Jewish who transmitted the
memory of events. This mechanism was in full operation when it came
to transmission of the memory of the messianic movement of Sabbatai
Zevi.
III
In a recent paper, Professor Shlomo Eidelberg restated some of the
popular conceptions concerning the messianic posture of Ashkenazic
Jews, with specific reference to the Sabbatian posture of German Jews.
It is well known that among the Jews of medieval Germany we find no
appearances of redeemers or messiahs.87
Even with regard to the Sabbatian messianic movement, Eidelberg
dismissed Scholems argument concerning the large scale suppression
84 Cohen, p. 212.
85 Ibid., p. 223.
86 It is significant that in one of the few passages in Sefer Hasidim,
devoted to
.
messianic prophecizing, the reason cited for its sharp discouragement was that
in the end it will cause shame and humiliation before the entire world.
87 Eidelberg (above note 9), p. 25.
[xxv]
Elisheva Carlebach
[26
of records and documents relating to the movement. Scholems source

for this assumption was the explicit description by Samuel Aboab of
reports that Jewish communities in the Holy Land, Turkey, Germany,
Holland, Poland, and Russia burned all the records that mentioned
Sabbatais name and admitted that the anti-Sabbatians were correct.
Aboab reported that he was an eye-witness to this process in Italy, and
connected the destr uction of the Sabbatian evidence to a book recently
published in a non Jewish language which to our shame, listed false
Jewish messiahs, including the most recent and worst.88 The long history of self censorship in messianic matters and the polemical sensitivity of Jews living among Christians lend credence and context to
Aboabs testimony and Scholems acceptance of it.
Within his descriptions of the widespread acceptance of Sabbatai,
Scholem noted a strong contrast among communities which received
news of the messiah. Some communities issued festive messianic proclamations, others, exhortations to secrecy lest the gentiles wreak
vengeance on Israel.89 Scholem attributed the differences to temperament rather than to history. A re-reading of the evidence marshalled
by Scholem in his closing arguments appears to sustain his picture of
the profound belief of German Jews in Sabbatais mission. We can take,
for example, Glikls paradoxical report in the Zikhroynes. On the one
hand, her account stressed that all the formal excitement took place
within the Sephardic synagogue; the Ashkenazim seemed to play a
more passive role. Glikl even framed the reports about Sabbatai within
the most personal portions of the Zikhroynes.90 Yet when we read the
account of the one person whose activity she described in detail, her
father in law, the picture that emerges is the reverse of the first superficial reading. The Sephardim r ushed into the synagogues and celebrated, but her Ashkenazi father in law already had his bags packed,
and waited for three years in this state of limbo.91 This apparent contra88 G. Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi,
Princeton 1973, p. 763 and note 205.
.
89 Ibid., p. 469.
90 The Memoirs of Gluckel
of Hameln (above note 3), pp. 46-47; in the Yiddish edition,

Zichroynos Moras Glikl Hamil, ed. David Kaufmann, Frankfurt 1896, pp. 80-81; Die
Memoiren der Gluckel
von Hameln, trans. B. Pappenheim, Vienna 1910, pp. 74-75.

All the citations that follow are taken from the English translation.
91 Our joy when the letters arrived [from Smyrna] is not to be told. Most of them
were addressed to the Sephardim who took them to their synagogue and read
them aloud; young and old, the Germans [iyhiih] too hastened to the Sephardic
synagogue. The Sephardic youth came dressed in their best finery and decked
in broad green silk ribbons, the gear of Sabbatai Zvi. With timbrels and with
[xxvi]
27]
diction between the demonstrative show of messianic loyalty by the

Sephardim, and the deeper, more private expression of hope by the
German Jews is indicative of the fundamental complication that we
have encountered in assessing memories of medieval Jewish
messianism. This complication was operative in the sixteenth century
and certainly did not cease in the seventeenth.
There is plenty of evidence that Glikls father in law was not atypical
in his profound acceptance of the messianic news. German Jews tried
to sell their property and prepared to leave; they held to their messianic
beliefs long after Sabbatais apostasy. They incorporated this belief into
the records of their transactions with one another. In the well known
case of the accord of 12 May 1666 between the Altona and Hamburg
communities over the Ottensen cemetery, the unfolding messianic
events left their mark. After agreeing that the Hamburg community
would owe the Altona community 150 Reichsthaler over a period of
time for the right to use the cemetery, the contract stipulated: Even if
the redemption were to occur [] before the stipulated time, viz.
Chanuka of 5427 [1667], the Hamburg community would still be obligated to pay the 50 Reichsthaler installment to the Altona community;
they can use it toward the building of the Temple. However, if the redemption were to occur between Chanuka of 5427 [1667] and [the Jewish] New Year 5428 [1668], then only 25 of the 50 outstanding Reichsthaler need be paid toward the building of the Temple.92
The few western Yiddish sources that refer to the movement also attest to a profound level of belief. Scholem described a series of Yiddish
letters from Hamburg, written by Shaindel Schonchenn bas R. Solomon
and Nathan ben Aaron Neumark, to Shaindels husband Jacob Segal of
Hamburg who was then languishing in an Oslo prison.93 Both used tiddances they one and all trooped to the synagogue and they read the letters forth
with joy... Some [yiliih] sold their houses and lands and all their possessions, for
any day they hoped to be redeemed. My good father-in-law ,d"r, left his home
in Hameln, abandoned his house and lands and all his goodly furniture, and
moved to Hildesheim.... For the old man expected [dheytk] to sail any moment
from Hamburg to the Holy Land.... For three years the casks stood ready, and all
this while my father-in-law awaited the signal to depart. But the Most High
pleased otherwise. I have inserted the relevant Yiddish phrases into the English
text.
92 I. Lorenz and J. Berkemann, Streitfall judischer
Friedhof Ottensen, II, Hamburg

1995, p. 36, parag. 13.
93 Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi,
p. 590. But as Beshraybung (below note 95) shows, there is
.
room in the Judeo-German tradition for a more active involvement in
[xxvii]
Elisheva Carlebach
[28
ings of the imminent messianic denouement to buoy the spirits of the

prisoner. An active Yiddish literary tradition of messianic-polemical literature existed in Glikls time. Two Yiddish chronicles, Zemach David
of Abraham Kap-Serlis,94 and the Beshraybung of Leib b. Ozer, affirm
a picture of profound popular involvement by German Jews who held
to their messianic beliefs long after Sabbatais apostasy.95 Yiddish tales
of the Ten Lost Tribes and their battles with the mythical king Prester
John from the late sixteenth century, may have served as precursors to
the Yiddish literature of Sabbatai Zevi.96 Yiddish translations of German folktales judaized the works by adding references to the coming
of the messiah.97 Yet in their public posture, particularly toward Christian neighbors and authorities, the record shows a much more restrained reaction. Glikls account sustains this dichotomy between
deep private belief and more disengaged public posture.
A significant strand in early modern German culture, popular as well
as scholarly-theological, was devoted to the theme of Jewish blindness
and perfidy embodied in the Jewish hopes for a future messiah. Early
modern German literature devoted many works in different genres to
the theme of vain Jewish messianic expectations.98 This was not simply
a theological datum of which Jews were vaguely aware; it was an ac-
94
95
96
97
98
messianism, and certainly part of a literary tradition. Zfatman-Biller (below note

96) mentions a Yiddish translation of the Prester John tales of late 16th century.
Although its origins were apparently within the Sephardic world, it shows how
the traditions were transmitted interculturally.
Abraham Kap-Serlis, Zemah
.
. David, MS. JTS mic 3543, 3b. On this work, see:
Ch. Turniansky, The First Yiddish Translations of Sefer Hayashar, Tarbiz,
. vol.
54, no. 4 (1985), pp. 567-620.
Leib ben Ozer of Amsterdam, Beshraybung fun Shabse Tsvi, ed. Z. Shazar,
Jer usalem 1978. The Beshraybung is only part of the manuscript; the first twelve
pages contain Gezeros Yeshu ha-notzri, a Yiddish version of the counterChristian Toledot Yeshu. For a critical review, see: L. Fuks, Sabatianisme in
Amsterdam in het begin van de 18e Eeuw: Enkele Beschouwingen over Reb Leib
Oizers en zijn Werk, Studia Rosenthaliana, 14 (1980), pp. 20-27.
S. Zfatman-Biller, A Yiddish Epistle from the Late Sixteenth Century concerning
the Ten Tribes, Kobez al Yad, 10 [20] (1982), pp. 217-252.
C. Daxelmuller,
Organizational Forms of Jewish Popular Culture since the
Middle Ages, R. Po-Chia Hsia and H. Lehmann (eds.), In and Out of the Ghetto:
JewishGentile Relations in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany, Washington,
D.C. 1995, p. 37.
See my forthcoming paper, The Last Deception: Failed Messiahs and Jewish
Conversion in Early-Modern German Lands, in a volume to be edited by M.
Goldish and R. Popkin.
[xxviii]
29]
tive, oppressive, constant live wire, with which they were continually
tormented. By linking Jewish messianic hope to the most negative images of Jews in polemical as well as popular representation, early modern German-Christian culture inscribed its very inhibiting imprint
upon the Sabbatian posture of German Jews.
[xxix]
Motivations for Radical Anti-Sabbatianism:

The Case of Hakham
Zevi
Ashkenazi
.
.
Jacob J. Schacter
One of the most significant and lasting contributions of Gershom
Scholem to Jewish scholarship is his serious and objective treatment of
the Sabbatian movement in all of its phases and complexity. In his magisterial two-volume history of Sabbatianism and in a number of important articles, Scholem broke important new ground in the study of this
movement, presenting the history of its rise, heyday, and ongoing impact in dramatic and comprehensive detail.1
Scholems wide-ranging studies elucidated many aspects of the
Sabbatian phenomenon: the state of mind of mid-seventeenth century
world Jewry which set the stage for the unprecedented spread of this
messianic movement against a background of Jewish messianic activism which, until that time, had been the province of only a select few;
the actual story of the movement itself until the death of Nathan of
Gaza in 1680; the backgrounds and personalities of the major protagonists in this extraordinary drama; the various complex and conflicting
kabbalistic teachings which gave meaning to the movement; the features which differentiated its radical from its more moderate factions; the role of the movement in the history of Jewry in the eighteenth
century and in setting the stage for Haskalah, Hasidut
and other devel.
1
See: G. Scholem, Shabbetai Zevi

ve-ha-Tenu5ah ha-Shabbeta6it bi-Yemei Hayyav,
.
.
Tel-Aviv 1957 (=Shabbetai Zevi).
English version, see: idem, Sabbatai Sevi:
The
.
.
Mystical Messiah, tr. R. J. Z. Werblowsky, Princeton 1973 (=Sabbatai Sevi).
See also:
.
idem, Mehkarim
u-Mekorot le-Toledot ha-Shabbeta6ut ve-Gilgulehah, Jer usalem 1982
.
[1974]. More than three dozen of Scholems articles relating to Sabbatianism
were collected, introduced and brought up to date by Y. Liebes in Mehkarei
.
Shabbeta6ut, Tel-Aviv 1991. For analyses of Scholems treatment of Sabbatianism,
see: D. Biale, Gershom Scholem: Kabbalah and Counter-History, Cambridge and
London 1979, index, s.v. Sabbatai Zevi,
Sabbatianism; J. Dan, Gershom Scholem
.
and the Mystical Dimension of Jewish History, New York and London 1987, pp.
286312; and the reviews of Werblowsky and Kurzweil, cited below in note 5.
Jacob J. Schacter
[2
opments in modern Jewish history; and, most significantly, the ideology which motivated Jews to remain believers in that most paradoxical of phenomena, an apostate messiah. In analyzing these and other
complex issues, Scholem single-handedly placed the study of the
Sabbatian messianic movement and its crypto-Sabbatian aftermath, in
all their intensity, scope and drama, on the agenda of serious Jewish
scholarship.
But while the spectacular spread and continued influence of
Sabbatianism was carefully chronicled and painstakingly presented by
Scholem, the substantial opposition to the movement, especially after
Shabbetai Zevis
apostasy, also deserves equally thoughtful considera.
tion. On first glance, it would appear that the phenomenon of
anti-Sabbatianism offers much less of a challenge to the historian. After
all, once Shabbetai Zevi
converted to Islam, it was only obvious and
.
logical to conclude that he could not be the messiah, however sad and
painful such a conclusion might have been to those who had been absolutely convinced that they had been living in the long-awaited messianic era. Simply put, an apostate messiah could not be a messiah. Yet,
the matter is not as simple as that. Scholem, his students and their students have clearly demonstrated that Sabbatian believers did not
share one single unidimensional ideology but rather, on the contrary,
held very different and often contradictory positions. The fundamental
differences between the theologies of Shabbetai Zevi
himself, Nathan
.
of Gaza, Abraham Cardozo, Samuel Primo, and the members of the
radical Salonika school, to name just a few, were so significant that it is
impossible to speak simplistically of a monolithic Sabbatian movement. And what is tr ue of the believers is also tr ue of their opponents.
A multiplicity of motives and orientations characterizes the antiSabbatian camp as well. There are factors other than the logical and
obvious one that need to be considered in a fuller and more nuanced
presentation of the anti-Sabbatian position.
For example, in attempting to explain the opposition of Isaac Cardozo (1603/1604-1683) to Sabbatianism, Yosef Hayim Yer ushalmi did
not simply assume the obvious that after Shabbetai Zevis
conversion
.
to Islam, Isaac could simply no longer believe him to be the messiah
and leave it at that. Scholem had already noted how various theories
advanced to justify Shabbetai Zevis
conversion resonated particularly
.
among former Marranos who could especially identify with a dissonance between an external conversion to another faith and an inner
reality of a far different order. The justification advanced by Isaacs own
[xxxii]
3]
Motivations for Radical Anti-Sabbatianism
brother Abraham, who took a position diametrically opposed to that of

Isaac and who emerged as one of the leading architects of postconversion Sabbatian theology, For he [the messiah] was destined to
become a Marrano like me [ipenk qep`], had a special meaning for former
Marranos and accounts for a disproportionate number of them maintaining their faith in Shabbetai Zevi
even after his conversion to Islam.2
.
However, Yer ushalmi argued that the Marrano connection can work
two ways. For if there were factors in the life experience of former Marranos which militated in favor of their being continued believers in
Shabbetai Zevi
even after his conversion, there were also equally com.
pelling factors which militated against such a belief. Yer ushalmi
showed how it was precisely his experiences as a former Marrano
which led Isaac to disavow any association with the apostate messiah,
for continued belief in Shabbetai Zevi
after that point presupposed ac.
cepting certain assumptions which smacked of the Christianity Isaac
had rejected when he moved from Spanish court to Italian ghetto.3 In
explaining the phenomenon of anti-Sabbatianism, then, additional considerations have been taken into account, other than the simple logic of
the basic position itself.
I want to extend this analysis into the next generation or two and ask
not what factors accounted for an anti-Sabbatian position per se, but
what factors accounted for a particularly vehement and extreme
anti-Sabbatianism. By the time Shabbetai Zevi
died in 1676, and cer.
tainly in the decades that followed, the rejection of Sabbatianism was
even more commonplace and obvious. Why someone could no longer
believe in a dead apostate messiah required less and less of an explanation. What needs to be addressed, however, is the issue of the intensity
of the anti-Sabbatian position. Why did some rabbis and communal
leaders became extreme in their anti-Sabbatianism while others were
2
See: G. Scholem, Mizvah ha-Ba>ah ba-=Averah, Knesset, 2 (1937), pp. 347392,

esp. 358359; reprinted in: idem, Mehkarim
u-Mekorot (ibid.), pp. 967, esp. 2324;
.
tr. into English as Redemption Through Sin, in: idem, The Messianic Idea in
Judaism, New York 1971, pp. 78141, esp. 9495. See also: idem, Major Trends in
Jewish Mysticism, New York 1946, pp. 309310. For the phrase ipenk qep`, see: A.
Freimann (ed.), 5Inyenei Shabbetai Zevi,
Berlin 1913, p. 88; reprinted in: Jacob
.
Sasportas, Sefer Zizat
ed. I. Tishby, Jer usalem 1954, p. 291.
. . Novel Zevi,
.
Y. H. Yer ushalmi, From Spanish Court to Italian Ghetto, New York 1971, pp.
302349. For a similar example in the case of Isaac Orobio de Castro, see: Y.
Kaplan, Mi-Nazrut
le-Yahadut, Jer usalem 1982, pp. 183203; idem, From
.
Christianity to Judaism, Oxford 1989, pp. 209234.
[xxxiii]
Jacob J. Schacter
[4
more moderate and subdued in their opposition to that movement?

Why, for example, did R. Jacob Sasportas (c. 1610-1698) and R. Moses
Hagiz
(1671-1751) devote so much of their enormous talents and pro.
digious energies to combating Sabbatianism while the vast majority of
their contemporaries did not? Why did R. Jacob Emden (1697-1776) become such an extreme and obsessive anti-Sabbatian while others in his
generation like R. Ezekiel Landau (1713-1793), the author of the Noda5
bi-Yehudah, for example, did not? After all, Sid Z. Leiman has shown that
Landau too, like Emden, was convinced that R. Jonathan Eybeschutz

was a Sabbatian.4 Yet, unlike Emden, his position in the famous
controversy was a far more mild and moderate one.
Emden-Eybeschutz
There is no doubt that in considering the question of extremism or
obsession in behavior, ones personal psychological predisposition
plays a major role. Some people are just more contrary and extreme in
their behavior than are others. There are always those who see huge
conspiracies and dangerous threats where others see only petty distractions and minor nuisances. But these psychological considerations
alone are insufficient to account for this phenomenon and other factors
have been and need to be introduced to provide for a fuller and more
nuanced analysis.
In her study of R. Moses Hagiz,
Elisheva Carlebach placed Sasportas
.
anti-Sabbatianism within the context of his long time role as a social
critic, expressing his strong opposition to those phenomena he observed in the Jewish community which, he believed, would undermine
himself is concerned, Carlebach
the rabbinic tradition.5 As far as Hagiz
.
4
See: S. Z. Leiman, When a Rabbi is Accused of Heresy: R. Ezekiel Landaus

in the Emden-Eibeschutz
Controversy,
Attitude Toward R. Jonathan Eibeschutz
in: J. Neusner, E. S. Frerichs and N. M. Sarna (eds.), From Ancient Israel to Modern
Judaism. Intellect in Quest of Understanding: Essays in Honor of Marvin Fox, III,
Atlanta 1989, pp. 179194.
E. Carlebach, The Pursuit of Heresy: Rabbi Moses Hagiz
and the Sabbatian
.
Controversies, New York 1990 (=The Pursuit of Heresy), p. 5. The matter of
Sasportas anti-Sabbatianism is a complicated one and it still merits further
analysis. See the problematic assessment of his personality and character in
Tishbys introduction to his edition of Sasportas Sefer Zizat
pp. 1339,
. . Novel Zevi,
.
repeated and amplified by Scholem in Shabbetai Zevi,
pp. 468470; Sabbatai Sevi,
.
.
pp. 566569. Scholems famous characterization of Sasportas portrait as
presenting the face of a Jewish Grand Inquisitor (Shabbetai Zevi,
p. 468;
.
Sabbatai Sevi,
pp. 566567) clearly shows that he went too far in his desire to
.
present the Sabbatian movement fairly and objectively, and underscores the
need for a more balanced view of the entire phenomenon of anti-Sabbatianism.
[xxxiv]
5]
noted a number of considerations: a personal proclivity for zealotry;

a desire to follow the example set by his father, R. Jacob Hagiz,
and his
.
teacher, R. Abraham Yizhaki;
and a lifelong passion for revitalizing the
..
rabbinate and rabbinic authority.6 In the case of Emden, in particular,
there is no question that psychological considerations played a major
role. The complexities of his personality and his propensity for controversy are well known and not open merely to speculation.7 Nevertheless, here too other considerations have been suggested. As in the case
of his senior colleague Hagiz,
and even more so, Emden had an almost
.
obsessive desire to relive the life of his father, Hakham
Zevi
Ashkenazi,
.
.
who, as we will see, was a leading anti-Sabbatian.8 In addition, Yehudah
Liebes has argued that Emdens messianic pretensions for himself as
well as for the members of his immediate family were a significant factor
(if not the significant factor) in accounting for the extremism of his
7
8
For critiques of their attitude towards Sasportas, see: R. I .Z. Werblowskys

review of Scholems book, Hirhurim =al Shabbetai .Zevi le-G. Scholem, Molad,
15 (1957), p. 545 (see Scholems reply to Werblowskys criticism in his =Od Davar,
Tel-Aviv 1989, pp. 98104); B. Kurzweil, He =arot le-Shabbetai .Zevi shel
Gershom Scholem, Ba-Ma6avak =al =Erkhei ha-Yahadut, Tel-Aviv 1969, pp. 130134;
A. Korman, Zeramim ve-Kitot ba-Yahadut, Tel-Aviv 1966, pp. 278283; A. Gross,
Demuto shel R. Ya=akov Sasportas mi-Tokh Sefer ha-Shu"t Ohel Ya=akov,
Sinai, 93 (1983), pp. 132141; E. Moyal, Rabbi Ya5akov Sasportas, Jer usalem 1992,
pp. 55f. In order fully to understand Sasportas motivation, it is obviously
essential to determine whether his opposition toward the movement was clear
and unambiguous from the very beginning or whether there was even a brief
period of time when he entertained a positive attitude toward it. This issue is
dealt with by Tishby in Sefer Zizat
pp. 4344, and in a later article by
. . Novel Zevi,
.
him, =Al Mishnato shel Gershom Scholem be-Heker
ha-Shabbeta>ut, Tarbiz,
. 28
.
(19581959), pp. 119123; reprinted in: idem, Netivei Emunah u-Minut,
[Ramat-Gan 1964] Jer usalem 1982, 1994, pp. 258262, and in two reviews of
Tishbys book: R. Shatz-Uffenheimer, Behinot,
10 (1956), pp. 5067; M. A. Anat
.
(Perlmutter), Ha-Sefer Zizat
Novel .Zevi le-Rabbi Ya=akov Sasportas, Tarbiz,
.
. .
vol. 26. no. 3 (1957), pp. 338344. See too: Moyal, ibid., pp. 128143.
Carlebach, The Pursuit of Heresy, pp. 6, 3940, 43, 5253, 123, 157159. Carlebach
also briefly discusses the anti-Sabbatianism of R. Jacob Zemah
.
. (p. 34), the
Frances brothers (pp. 34, 137), and R. Joseph Ergas (pp. 137143).
I am completing a critical edition of Megillat Sefer, Emdens autobiography, to be
published by Mossad Bialik, where all this will be spelled out in great detail.
Emden consistently refers to himself as a zealot, the son of a zealot [ i`pw oa i`pw].
For a list of sources, see: J. J. Schacter, History and Memory of Self: The
Autobiography of Rabbi Jacob Emden, in: E. Carlebach, J. Efron and D. Meyers
(eds.), Jewish History and Jewish Memory: Essays in Honor of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi,
Hanover 1998, p. 448, n. 30.
[xxxv]
Jacob J. Schacter
[6
anti-Sabbatianism.9 Clearly more than psychological predisposition to

controversy needs to be considered.
I would like to suggest another consideration which, I believe,
should be taken into account when assessing the factors which led
some to adopt a particularly vociferous and vehement anti-Sabbatian
position. The family backgrounds of several leading anti-Sabbatians in
the eighteenth century reveal that they shared one thing in common
close relatives who were known to have been confirmed followers of
Shabbetai Zevi
in the previous generation or two, not only before but
.
even after his conversion. For example, R. Moses Galante (1620-1689)
was a promwas a leading Sabbatian.10 His grandson, R. Moses Hagiz,
.
(c.1615-1694) had been a deinent anti-Sabbatian.11 R. David Yizhaki
..
voted follower of Shabbetai Zevi
for many years.12 His son, R. Abraham
.
Yizhaki
(1661-1729), was one of the principal opponents of Sabbatian..
ism at the beginning of the century.13 R. Moses Pinheiro (d. 1689) was a
childhood friend and early associate of Shabbetai Zevi
and remained
.
an ardent spokesman for the movement as late as 1690.14 His grandson,
R. Joseph Ergas (1685-1730), was a prominent and active antiSabbatian.15 Further research will undoubtedly yield additional examples of this phenomenon as well.
Given the enormous popularity of Shabbetai Zevi
in the heyday of
.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
See: Y. Liebes, Meshihiyuto

shel R. Ya=akov Emden ve-Yahaso
la-Shabbeta>ut,
.
.
Tarbiz,
. 49 (1980), pp. 122165; reprinted in: idem, Sod ha-Emunah ha-Shabbeta6it,
Jer usalem 1995, pp. 198211, 396421.
Moshe; Sabbatai Sevi,
See: G. Scholem, Shabbetai Zevi,
index, s.v. Galante,
index,
.
.
R. Moses; Encyclopaedia Judaica, 7 (1971), pp. 259260. There is some
s.v. Galante,
question as to how long Galante remained a believer . See: Carlebach, The
Pursuit of Heresy, pp. 3536, 42. Carlebach considers Galante to have been a
supporter as late as 1674 (p. 42).
See above note 5.
See: G. Scholem, Parshiyot be-Heker
ha-Tenu=ah ha-Shabbeta>it, Zion,
6 (1941),
.
.
pp. 8789; idem., Li-She >elat Yahasam
shel Rabbanei Yisra>el >el ha-Shabbeta>ut,
.
Zion,
1314 (19481949), pp. 5962; reprinted in: idem, R. David Y izhaki
.
..
ve-Yahaso
la-Shabbeta>ut, Mehkarei
Shabbeta>ut, pp. 194201. For an updated
.
.
bibliography on Yizhaki
(prepared by Y. Liebes), see: ibid., pp. 201202.
..
See: Carlebach, The Pursuit of Heresy, index, s.v. Yizhaki,
Abraham. See too: M.
.
Friedman, Iggerot be-Farashat Pulmus Nehemiah
Hiyya
Hayyon,
Sefunot, 10
.
.
.
(1996), pp. 490491; Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16 (1972), pp. 839840; A. Almaliah,
Ha-Rishonim le-Ziyyon:
Toledoteihem u-Pe5ulatam, Jer usalem 1970, pp. 7680.
.
Encyclopaedia Judaica, 13 (1971), pp. 536537.
Ibid., 6 (1971), pp. 839841; Carlebach, The Pursuit of Heresy, index, s.v. Ergas, R.
Joseph.
[xxxvi]
7]
the movement, it is fair to assume that almost any Jew in the eighteenth
century had some relative who had once been a believer prior to
Shabbetais conversion. What is of special significance in the examples
cited here, however, is that Yizhaki,
Pinheiro and Galante continued to
..
maintain their belief in Shabbetai Zevi
even after his conversion, at a
.
time when he had been abandoned by the vast majority of his followers.
That each of these persistent Sabbatians had direct descendants who
were later in the forefront of the movement against Sabbatianism is
what I want to highlight here.
First, a methodological consideration. To be sure, Sabbatianism in
ones family, in and of itself, is not enough to explain ones extreme and
rabid opposition to the movement. There were undoubtedly many
moderate anti-Sabbatians (who were opponents of the movement but
in a less extreme and vir ulent fashion) and even non-Sabbatians (who
simply were neither opponents nor followers of the movement) who
also had close family members who were believers even after
Shabbetai Zevis
conversion. The presence of a Sabbatian forebear
.
surely did not insure a vir ulent and extreme anti-Sabbatian descendant.
Conversely, there probably were active anti-Sabbatians in the eighteenth century who did not have a Sabbatian skeleton in their familys
closet and whose motivations stemmed from other considerations entirely. Nevertheless, for some, with a certain type of psychological temperament, having had a Sabbatian in their family might account, to some
extent, for their own unusually strong, active and vehement reaction to
that movement. This was not necessarily the only motivation, or even
the dominant one, but I suggest that it too needs to be taken into account.
There are a number of ways to explain this nexus. For example, one
possibility may be that these later anti-Sabbatians were reacting to the
extreme embarrassment and discomfort they felt over the presence of
this heresy within the confines of their own immediate families. Rather
than feel defensive, they took the initiative and positioned themselves
in the forefront of the str uggle against it, to actively search out and uproot any vestige of that foulness which had contaminated their own
loved ones. In other words, the best defense was an offense.
Or maybe it was not simply a matter of discomfort or embarrassment. Is it possible that this discomfort or embarrassment led these virulent anti-Sabbatians to feel a great deal of anger towards their heretical
Sabbatian forebears which, due to their close personal connection, they
found difficult to express? Is it conceivable that, as a result, they transferred this anger onto the Sabbatian movement as a whole?
[xxxvii]
Jacob J. Schacter
[8
Perhaps, in a different vein, the knowledge that Sabbatianism had

penetrated their own families and affected their respected forbears
made these descendants more aware than were others of the potential
power and alluring attractiveness and therefore danger of the movement. For if their beloved father or grandfather could have been misled,
so could anyone else. They knew, from their own intimate experience,
just how dangerous this heresy could be. This consideration, in and of
itself, can be operative on two different, even contradictory, ways. Perhaps their ancestors, having seen the error of their ways, became so full
of hatred and venom for the movement that led them astray and transmitted the intensity of their anti-Sabbatian feelings to their descendants. Conversely, it may even be possible that these descendants
themselves were tempted at some level to follow in their forebear s
footsteps and so, perhaps, needed to be extra vigilant to defend against
an impulse which may have been real and threatening to them. Perhaps, therefore, they needed to quiet their own inner doubts and fears
and maybe even unconscious wishes by taking the of fensive against
what for them loomed as a formidable personal threat. Unlike the first
set of possibilities that reflect unconscious (or maybe even conscious)
shame regarding personal identity, this consideration focuses on unconscious (or maybe even conscious) anxiety over potentially destr uctive behavior. In either case, the result is the same a concerted effort
to uproot and destroy the source of the evil perceived of as a threat.
Finally, perhaps the suggestion made regarding R. Abraham Yizhaki
..
could be applied to others as well: The man who was cognizant of the
original deeds of his father and of his [fathers] regret and deep remorse
became a determined opponent of the movement that led his father
astray. In this way, he sought to achieve atonement and purification for
his fathers soul.16 While all these psychological suggestions are pure
conjecture, they are plausible in helping explain a recurrent pattern
that, I believe, is worthy of consideration.
*
How relevant is this analysis to help account for the particularly strong
and extreme anti-Sabbatian behavior of Hakham
Zevi
Ashkenazi, one
.
.
of the leading opponents of the movement through the second decade
16 See: M. Benayahu, Ma=amadah shel ha-Tenu=ah ha-Shabbeta>it biYer ushalayim, in: S. Lieberman and A. Hyman (eds.), Sefer ha-Yovel li-Khevod
Shalom Baron, Jer usalem 1975, pp. 6667.
[xxxviii]
9]
moved to
of the eighteenth century?17 In 1666, as a young boy, Zevi
.
Ofen-Buda, later known as Budapest, together with the members of his
family.18 His arrival in that city directly coincided with the rise of the
Sabbatian movement which swept through almost the entire Jewish
world at that time. Ofen was no exception. Like many other Hungarian
communities, it too became a center of Sabbatian influence and activZevi
related to his son, R. Jacob Emden,
ity.19 Many years later, Hakham
.
.
some of his own eyewitness experiences with Sabbatians at that time:
My revered father, who was a child during the time of Shabbetai
Zevi,
told us and testified that at that time there were women who
.
said: Let us go and slay demons. They dressed themselves in
white linen garments and moved their outstretched arms to and
fro in the air, one here and one there. They spread out the dress20
and collected much blood from the air with their clothes, as if
with their own hands they shed much blood. [. . .] One woman
said: Who wants me to give him the aroma of Gan Eden? With
17 This major figure has not received the scholarly attention he deserves. The best
study to date is still J. Bleich, Hakam
Zebi as Chief Rabbi of the Ashkenazic
.
Kehillah of Amsterdam (17101714), unpublished Masters thesis, Yeshiva
University, New York 1965.
18 See: Jacob Emden, Megillat Sefer, Warsaw 1896 (=Megillat Sefer), p. 7, where
Emden writes that his father arrived in Buda together with his father, R. Jacob
Zak, and maternal grandfather, R. Ephraim ha-Kohen. For 1666 as the date of
their arrival, see the introduction of R. Judah ha-Kohen to the responsa of his
father, R. Ephraim ha-Kohen, She6elot u-Teshuvot Sha5ar Ephraim, Lemberg 1886
(=Shu"t Sha5ar Ephraim), beginning. It is impossible to determine young Zevis
.
precise age at that time because his date of birth is unknown, with suggestions
ranging from 1648 to 1661. See: A. H. Wagenaar, Sefer Toledot Yavez,
. Lublin 1881,
p. 4; M. Gr unwald, Hamburgs deutsche Juden, Hamburg 1904, p. 66; M. Balaban,
Shalshelet ha-Yahas
. shel Mishpahat
. Orenstein-Broda, Sefer ha-Yovel li-Khevod
Dr. Mordekhai Ze6ev Broda, Warsaw 1931, p. 21; D. Kahana, Toledot ha-Mekkubalim,
ha-Shabbeta6im ve-ha-Hasidim,
I, Tel-Aviv 1921 (=Toledot ha-Mekkubalim), p. 130;
.
Z. Y. Lerer, He=arot ha-Hakham
Zevi
ve-ha-Yavez
, Zefunot,
.
.
.
. =al Sefer ha-Bahur
.
14 (1992), p. 101. See Megillat Sefer, where Emden writes that his father was still
a lad, young in years [mipya jx xrp] while living in Buda.
19 See: Sasportas, Sefer Zizat
pp. 129, 131, 209, 215; Scholem, Shabbetai
. . Novel Zevi,
.
Zevi,
index, s.v. Budapest; Sabbatai Sevi,
index, s.v. Budapest and Ofen
.
.
(Buda). For other references, see: D. Kaufmann, Die Ersturmung
Ofens und ihre

Vorgeschichte, Trier 1895, p. 19; reprinted in: idem, Gesammelte Schriften, II,
Frankfurt a. Main 1910, p. 301; idem, Die letzte Vertreibung der Juden aus Wien und
Niederosterreich,
Vienna 1889, p. 91; Y. Greenwald, Le-Toledot ha-Mekubbalim

be-Ungaryah, Sinai, 24 (1949), pp. 193195.
20 Cf. Deuteronomy 22: 17.
[xxxix]
Jacob J. Schacter
[10
her hands outstretched towards the heavens she caught some air
and offered an exceedingly fragrant odor to whoever wanted.21
He also told a story about a young boy in Sarajevo during the days of
Shabbetai Zevi
who, for a period of time, was suddenly endowed with
.
the prophetic power of being able to inform people about all the sins
they had ever committed.22
As a young man, Hakham
Zevi
traveled to the East to study Torah,23
.
.
and there came into contact with former followers of the movement
from whom he undoubtedly heard a great deal about its traditions and
beliefs. In Adrianople, he encountered R. Jacob Straimer who had been
a believer prior to Shabbetais conversion.24 On a visit to Belgrade in
1679, he also met R. Joseph Almosnino who had been a follower of
25
Interestingly, Hakham
Zevis
first-hand knowledge of
Shabbetai Zevi.
.
.
.
Sabbatian lore is indicated by the fact that a later work quotes him as a
source for the Sabbatian tradition that the messiah died in ArnautBelgrade, Albania.26
21 Jacob Emden, Zot Torat ha-Kena6ot, Altona 1752, p. 5a. Sabbatians claimed that a
fragrant odor exuded from Shabbetai Zevis
body which they identified as the
.
smell of Gan Eden. See: Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi,
p. 139.
.
22 Emden, ibid. See also: Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi,
pp. 636637. Hakham
Zevi
served
.
.
.
as rabbi in Sarajevo for a few years beginning around 1686. See: Emden, Megillat
Sefer, p. 9; She6elot u-Teshuvot Hakham
Zevi,
Amsterdam 1712 (=Shu"t Hakham
Zevi),
.
.
.
.
introduction; R. Judah ha-Kohen, introduction to Shu"t Sha5ar Ephraim. See also:
Jewish Encyclopedia, 2 (1903), p. 202; M. Levy, Die Sephardim in Bosnien, Sarajevo
1911, pp. 1617; A. L. Fr umkin and E. Rivlin, Toledot Hakhmei
Yerushalayim, II,
.
Tel-Aviv 1969 [1928] (=Hakhmei
Yerushalayim), p. 82 and n. 1; I. Solomons, David
.
Nieto and Some of his Contemporaries, Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society
of England, 12 (1931), p. 18; Encyclopaedia Judaica, 14 (1971), p. 871.
23 Emden, Megillat Sefer, p. 8; Emden, Zot Torat ha-Kena6ot, p. 27a; Kerem Shelomoh,
vol. 10, no. 7 (1987), p. 10.
24 See: Shu"t Hakham
Zevi,
#7,141. J.L. Puhvizer, Divrei Hakhamim,
Hamburg 1692,
.
.
.
p. 28b, cited by A. Ya=ari, Ta5alumat Sefer, Jer usalem 1954, p. 21. For evidence of
Straimers Sabbatianism, see: Emden, ibid.
25 See: Shu"t Hakham
Zevi,
#41, 168. For Almosninos Sabbatianism, see: Kahana,
.
.
Toledot ha-Mekkubalim, p. 89, n. 3; Scholem, Shabbetai Zevi,
pp. 189, 535; Sabbatai
.
Sevi,
pp. 232, 636; M. Benayahu, Ha-Tenu5ah ha-Shabbeta6it be-Yavan (Sefunot, 14)
.
(19711978), p. 249, n. 138.
26 See: Leib b. Oyzer, Bashraybung fun Shabsay Tsvi, ed. Z. Shazar, S. Zucker, and R.
Plesser, Jer usalem 1978, pp. 166167. For this issue and Hakham
Zevis
central
.
.
role in it, see: Y. Ben-Zvi, Mekom Kevurato shel S"Z ve-ha-=Edah ha-Shabbeta>it
be-Albaniah, Zion,
17 (1952), pp. 7578, 174; G. Scholem, Heikhan Met
.
Shabbetai Zevi,
Zion,
17 (1952), pp. 7983; idem, Shabbetai Zevi,
p. 790; Sabbatai
.
.
.
Sevi,
p. 921; Benayahu, ibid., pp. 247251.
.
[xl]
11]
Also interesting is some anecdotal evidence which indicates that

Hakham
Zevi
was considered to have been an opponent of
.
.
Sabbatianism even in his youth. It was told that when Shabbetai Zevi
.
demonstrated that he was, indeed, the messiah by flying through the
air in Adrianople, Hakham
Zevi
ridiculed him by himself duplicating
.
.
that feat. In fact, close to two hundred years later, Adrianoples Jewish
elders were still pointing to the two houses where this miracle had allegedly occurred.27
While serving as head of the klaus in Altona during the last decade of
the seventeenth century, Hakham
Zevi
became further involved in
.
.
anti-Sabbatian activities in a variety of ways. His son later recorded
how his father opposed the itinerant Sabbatian teachers Hayyim
.
Mal>akh and Zadok
of Grodno.28 According to Emden, his father was
.
also instr umental in supporting Polish opposition to R. Judah Hasid
.
and his Sabbatian followers. He had received a request for information
about them from R. Shaul, rabbi of Cracow, who assiduously inquired
from my revered father who was reared in the East and about whom he
was certain that he knew the nature of this cursed sect. It was apparently clear that Hakham
Zevi
enjoyed a reputation as an expert on this
.
.
movement due to his early contact with some of its followers. He advised R. Shaul to harass them and, when his advice was followed, they
left Poland for Germany. Upon their arrival in Hakham
Zevis
then
.
.
hometown of Altona, he continued his personal opposition to this
Zevis
anti-Sabbatian career culminated, of
group.29 Finally, Hakham
.
.
course, in his major bitter battle against Nehemiah
Hiyya
Hayyon
.
.
.
while serving as Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Amsterdam in 1713-1714.30
In trying at least partially to account for the intensity of Hakham
.
Zevis
anti-Sabbatianism, it might be useful to examine the attitudes of
.
some of the members of his immediate family towards that movement.
There is, in fact, good reason to believe that his own mothers brother,
R. Judah ha-Kohen, and even his own father, R. Jacob Zak, were
Sabbatians, at least for some period of time. I do not enter here into the
27 See: A. Danon, Kat Yehudit-Muslemit be->Erez. Togarmah, Sefer ha-Shanah, I,
Warsaw 1900, p. 178; idem, Documents et traditions sur Sabbatai Cevi et la
secte, REJ, 37 (1898), p. 104. Danon also cites an anecdote regarding the antiSabbatianism of Hakham
Zevis
wife.
.
.
28 Emden, Zot Torat ha-Kena6ot, pp. 26b-27a.
29 Emden, ibid.
30 This entire dramatic story has been most recently treated by Carlebach, The
Pursuit of Heresy, pp. 75159.
[xli]
Jacob J. Schacter
[12
absolutely cr ucial and, I believe, ultimately most important question of

what, precisely, did it mean to be a Sabbatian in the last third of the
seventeenth century. Scholem, his students and their students have already shown in great detail that under no circumstances did
post-conversion Sabbatian theology represent one single, unified, monolithic ideology. On the contrary. The nuances not only of who is a
Sabbatian but what is Sabbatianism are still in the process of being
identified and refined. Nevertheless, as far as the argument of this study
is concerned, even a most minimal identification with the movement
will suffice and, perhaps, the evidence may suggest even more than that.
R. Judah was the son of R. Ephraim ha-Kohen, the renowned communal rabbi and author of She6elot u-Teshuvot Sha5ar Ephraim.31 R.
Ephraim had four children; one was R. Judah and another was
32
Nehamah,
married to R. Jacob Zak and mother of Hakham
Zevi.
.
.
.
The evidence for R. Judahs Sabbatianism comes from the very close
relationship he enjoyed with R. Avraham Rovigo, the well known Italian Sabbatian activist and leader. Around 1686-1687, R. Judah visited
Rovigo at his home in Italy.33 The two remained in contact, and about a
decade later, in 1697, Rovigo informed his followers, including R. Judah,
31 For R. Judah, see his introduction to his fathers Shu"t Sha5ar Ephraim; S. J. Fuenn,
Kiryah Ne6emanah, Vilna 1915, pp. 9091; Fr umkin and Rivlin, Hakhmei
.
Yerushalayim, pp. 8285; Y. Y. Greenwald, Rabbanei Ungariyah she-=Alu le->Erez.
Yisra>el mi-Shnat 5445 =ad 5655, Sinai, 26 (19491950), pp. 222225; M. Benayahu,
Halifat
Iggerot bein ha-Kehillah ha-Ashkenazit bi-Yer ushalayim ve-R. David
.
Oppenheim, Yerushalayim, 3 (1950), pp. 108, 115, 118122; idem (above note 16),
pp. 6263, 65; Y. Buksbaum, Ha-Gaon Rabbi Aryeh Yehudah Leib Katz zz"l,
.
ha-Rishon mi-Gedolei Hungariyah she-=Alah le->Erez ha-Kodesh, Moriyah, vol.
14, no. 58 (1986), pp. 3039; M. A. Z. Kinstlicher, Bein Oyvin le-Erez.
ha-Kodesh, Zefunot,
vol. 1, no. 3 (1989), pp. 9099.
.
32 For R. Jacob, see: Megillat Sefer, pp. 37 (the manuscript of Megillat Sefer [A.
Neubauer, Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, Oxford
1886, p. 590, parag. 1723:2], 117a contains an important passage missing in the
Kahana edition which will appear in my forthcoming edition of this work); Shu"t
Hakham
Zevi,
introduction; Encyclopaedia Judaica, 9 (1971), p. 1216, and the
.
.
references cited there; Greenwald, ibid., pp. 225226; Y. D. Feld, Helkei
Avanim,
.
in She6elot u-Teshuvot Nish6al David, Jer usalem 1982, pp. 24647; idem., Halukei
.
Avanim, in R. Pinhas
Katzenellenboigen, Sefer Yesh Manhilin,
Jer usalem 1986,
.
.
pp. 416417; Kinstlicher, Bein Oyvin le-Erez. ha-Kodesh, Zefunot,
vol. 1, no. 2
.
(1989), p. 91 and n. 21; S. Englard, Shibushim Nefozim
bi-Megillot Yohasin,
.
.
Zefunot,
13 (1991), p. 88.
.
33 I. Sonne, =Ovrim ve-Shavim be-Veito shel Rabbi Avraham Rovigo, Sefunot, 5
(1961), pp. 283284, parag. 18.
[xlii]
13]
about the appearance of a maggid in his school in Italy.34 R. Judah was

also the leader of a group of members of Rovigos circle who traveled
with their teacher from Livorno to Jer usalem in the winter of
1701-1702.35 Upon arriving there, Rovigo and his family stayed for a
while in R. Judahs home.36 Finally, and most significantly, Rovigo
chose R. Judah as one of a select group of ten students to study in his
yeshiva there. There is strong reason to believe that Rovigo selected
only those who shared his Sabbatian views and, indeed, many of the
members of this group which constituted Rovigos innermost circle
have already been independently identified as having been followers
of that movement.37
It has already been claimed that mere membership in Rovigos Jer usalem yeshiva may be enough to establish ones Sabbatian credentials,38
a conclusion which would seem to be certainly warranted in the case of
R. Judah whose closeness with Rovigo was of such intensity and long
duration. But the evidence here may be even stronger. A listing of
amounts of money that Rovigo sent to R. Judah in Jer usalem in 1694
and 1695 contains the following entry: Afterwards I also sent him two
other pizi for [a copy of] Derush Taninim. Isaiah Sonne, who published
this text, simply assumed that this is a reference to the well-known
Sabbatian tract by Nathan of Gaza, and concluded that it fully confirms
R. Judahs Sabbatianism.39 Like Sonne, Scholem also asserted, albeit
tentatively, that R. Judah was a Sabbatian,40 but neither he nor Sonne
34 G. Scholem, Halomotav
shel ha-Shabbeta6i R. Mordekhai Ashkenazi, Jer usalem 1938
.
(=Halomotav),
pp. 3435.
.
35 An account of this journey was printed by Jacob Mann in Me6asef Zion,
6 (1934),
.
pp. 7184, and reprinted by A. Ya=ari, Iggerot Erez. Yisrael, Tel-Aviv 1943, pp.
226242. For R. Judah, see: Mann, ibid., pp. 64, 71, 76, 79, 81; Ya=ari, pp. 226, 231,
236, 238.
36 See: Mann, ibid., pp. 64, 81; Ya=ari, ibid., p. 239.
37 See: Mann, ibid., pp. 64, 68, 84; Ya=ari, ibid., p. 241. For another link between R.
Judah and Rovigo, see: M. Benayahu, Shemu=ot Shabbeta>iyot mi-Pinkeseihem
shel Rabbi Binyamin ha-Kohen ve-Rabbi Avraham Rovigo, Michael, 1 (1973), p.
24; reprinted in: idem, Ha-Tenu5ah ha-Shabbeta6it be-Yavan (above note 25), p. 464.
38 See: M. Benayahu, Rabbi Ya=akov Vilna u-Veno ve-Yahaseihem
la-Shabbeta>ut,
.
Yerushalayim: Mehkarei
Erez. Yisrael, vol. 1, n. 4 (1953), p. 205; A. Ya=ari, Sheluhei
.
.
Erez. Yisrael, Jer usalem 1951, p. 337.
39 Sonne (above note 33), p. 284. For the text of this work, see: G. Scholem, Be-5Ikevot
Mashiah,
. Jer usalem 1944, pp. 952. For the particular significance of Nathan of
Gazas works in the school of Rovigo, see: G. Scholem, Leket Margaliyot, Tel-Aviv
1941, p. 18.
40 Scholem, Halomotav,
p. 35 ('i`zay did [... ] odk dcedi 'x mby xryl aexw'). See below, n. 42.
.
[xliii]
Jacob J. Schacter
[14
made the obviously significant familial connection between him and

Hakham
Zevi.
.
.
One may also possibly adduce proof of R. Judahs Sabbatianism from
a subtlety in a description of him by his grandnephew, R. Jacob Emden.
At the beginning of his autobiography, Megillat Sefer, Emden stated that
R. Judah moved to Jer usalem [and died] with a good name [aeh mya].41
Such a characterization is rare in Emdens writings and one gets the
impression that R. Judah did not enjoy a good name for his entire life,
perhaps due to an involvement at some point with the Sabbatian movement.42
We know that, as a child, Hakham
Zevi
enjoyed a close relationship
.
.
with his uncle. R. Judah writes at the beginning of his introduction to his
fathers She6elot u-Teshuvot Sha5ar Ephraim that the two of them were the
same age and, as boyhood friends, had studied together with R.
Ephraim in the city of Ofen where the latter served as rabbi.43 In addition, R. Judah kept in contact with R. Jacob Zak, his brother-in-law and
Hakham
Zevis
father.44 Although there is no evidence of further direct
.
.
contact between R. Judah and Hakham
Zevi,
it is unlikely that
.
.
Hakham
Zevi
was unaware of his uncles and close childhood friends
.
.
peregrinations, including his Sabbatian predispositions.45 And so, perhaps the knowledge that his own uncle had been a Sabbatian was one
factor in motivating Hakham
Zevi
to take such a strong stand against
.
.
the movement.
41 Emden, Megillat Sefer, p. 4.
42 Cf.: M. Benayahu, Kehal Ashkenazim bi-Yer ushalayim bi-Shenot 16871747,
Sefunot, 2 (1958), p. 145, who adduced this very quote as proof that R. Judah had
never been a Sabbatian. Benayahus other proof, that R. Judah was part of an
anti-Sabbatian delegation in 1704 which published a sharply worded proclamation against followers of the movement, can be challenged by the example
who was accused of being a believer in spite of the
of R. Jonathan Eybeschutz
fact that he publicly condemned and excommunicated Sabbatians. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that in his handwritten notes in the margin of his
personal copy of his Halomotav
shel ha-Shabbeta6i R. Mordekhai Ashkenazi (p. 35),
.
Scholem wrote: did c"qz zpya ik i`zay df u"k ail dix` 'x did `ly dnw 'a zepetq giked edipa'
'i`zay ihp` zegilya. See also: M. Benayahu, Ha-Hevrah
Kedoshah shel Rabbi
.
Yehudah Hasid
ve-=Aliyato le-Erez
.
. Yisrael, Sefunot, 34 (19591960), p. 157, n.
102.
43 R Judah ha-Kohen, introduction to Shu"t Sha5ar Ephraim (beginning).
44 See: Kuntres Aharon,
ibid., 99a-b.
.
45 Even though Hagiz,
Hakham
Zevis
anti-Sabbatian colleague, was not aware of
.
.
.
Rovigos Sabbatianism (see Carlebach, The Pursuit of Heresy, pp. 7677), it is likely
that Hakham
Zevi
knew the full tr uth about his uncle and his affiliations.
.
.
[xliv]
15]
But what is even more striking is that there is evidence that Hakham
.
Zevis
own father, R. Jacob Zak, may have been, for at least a short pe.
riod of time, a believer in Shabbetai Zevi.
Indeed this assertion has been
.
widely accepted as tr ue. Heinrich Graetz, David Kahana, Jecheskiel
Caro, Leopold Greenwald, Sandor Buchler,

Salomon Rosanes, Aharon
Fuerst and Gershom Scholem all asserted, with varying degrees of certitude, that he was a Sabbatian.46 The sole evidence for this assertion
comes from an admittedly biased and potentially unreliable source and
needs to be weighed very, very carefully. In responding to the charge
leveled by Hakham
Zevi
in Amsterdam, 1713, that he was a Sabbatian,
.
.
Nehemiah
Hayyon
wrote a number of pamphlets, including one enti.
.
tled Ha-Zad
which was printed in that city the following year. In
. Zevi
.
the course of his remarks in the introduction to this work, Hayyon
.
wrote:
Mr. Zevi
b. Jacob is the son of the firm believer in Shabbetai Zevi
.
.
who was in the city of Budin (called Ofen in German).47 It was he
who caused a Jew to die for refusing to make a mi she-berakh in the
synagogue for the life of Shabbetai Zevi.
He r uled that this con.
stituted a rebellion against the kingdom of the house of David
46 See: H. Graetz, Geschichte der Juden, X, Leipzig 1868, pp. 238239; H. GraetzS. P.
Rabinovitz [SPR], Sefer Divrei Yemei Yisrael, VIII, Warsaw 1899, p. 256, n. 2; D.
Kahana, Even ha-To5im, Vienna 1873, p. 34, n. 4; reprinted in: Ha-Shahar,
. 3 (1872),
p. 490, n. 4; idem, Toledot ha-Mekkubalim, p. 90, n. 4; J. Caro, Geschichte der Juden
in Lemberg, Crakow 1894, p. 128; L. Greenwald, Le-Korot ha-Shabbeta>im beUngaryah, Ha-Zofeh
me-Erez. Hagar, 2 (1912), p. 149; also printed as a separate
.
monograph, Weitzen 1912, p. 5; idem., Le-Korot ha-Hasidut
be-Ungaryah, Ha.
Zofeh
le-Hokhmat
Yisrael, 5 (1921), p. 267; Greenwald (above note 31, pp. 225226;
.
.
S. Buchler,
A Zsidok
Tortenete

Budapesten, Budapest 1901, pp. 154155; S. Rosanes,
Korot ha-Yehudim be-Turkiyah ve-6Arzot
. ha-Kedem, IV, Sofia 19341935, p. 14 0; A.
Fuerst, Budapest, 5Arim ve-6Immahot be-Yisrael, II, Jer usalem 1948, p. 127;
Scholem, Shabbetai Zevi,
p. 467; Sabbatai Sevi,
p. 565. See too: J. Zsoldos,
.
.
Encyclopaedia Judaica, 4 (1971), p. 1449. Cf.: Y. Y., Greenwald, Korot ha-Torah
ve-ha-Emunah be-Hungaryah, Budapest 1921, p. 15; L. Greenwald, Toledot Hakhmei
.
Yisrael, Kolel Toledot ha-Gaon R. Ephraim ha-Kohen mi-Vilna, Cluj 1924, p. 9; S. A.
Horodezky, Encyclopaedia Judaica, 11 (1971), p. 1216.
47 The city was known as Budin in Turkish, Ofen in German and Buda in
Hungarian. These names are often interchanged in Hebrew texts. See, for
example, Shu"t Hakham
Zevi,
introduction; Emden, Megillat Sefer, p. 4. See also
.
.
Freimann (above note 2), p. 65; Rosanes, ibid., p. 135; Y. Margalit, Seder ha-Get,
ed. Y. Satz, Jer usalem 1983, p. 311, n. 8, end; Y. Satz, Seder Get be-Kehillot
Hungaryah, Moriyah, 14 (1985), p. 9, n. 1.
[xlv]
Jacob J. Schacter
[16
and permitted the blood of that Jew [to be shed]. There are witnesses here who can corroborate this fact.48
Clearly, utilizing this text as the sole evidence of R. Jacobs alleged
Sabbatianism requires an explanation. After all, how can one accept at
face value the testimony of a bitter adversary of Hakham
Zevi
who
.
.
might have been prepared to publish anything in the heat of their controversy in order to promote his position? Indeed, Aryeh Leib Fr umkin
rejects this evidence from Ha-Zad
primarily for this reason.49 Nev. Zevi
.
ertheless, it is reasonable to argue that this source is, indeed, a reliable
one and that, in fact, all the distinguished historians who accepted it as
legitimate may have been correct.
It may be argued that what was at issue for Hayyon
here was not the
.
Sabbatianism of R. Jacob, per se. Had he so desired, Hayyon
could have
.
attempted to blunt the sharpness of Hakham
Zevis
attack
against
him,
.
.
at least to some extent, by turning around and pointing out to him that
his own father had himself been a Sabbatian. Hayyon
could have
.
plausibly and effectively responded to Hakham
Zevi
by
arguing
that
.
.
he (Hakham
Zevi)
not
be
so
quick
in
condemning
others
for
maintain.
.
ing such a position if his own father had been similarly guilty. If, in fact,
asserting the Sabbatianism of R. Jacob was the essence of Hayyons
ar.
gument (your own father was a Sabbatian; what do you want from
me?), then one could plausibly argue that this information would be
suspect. However, this was not the essence of his claim. What he did
stress in R. Jacobs behavior was not his Sabbatianism but, rather, his
callous disregard for the sanctity of human life which, in this one particular instance, happened to express itself in a Sabbatian related case.
R. Jacobs crime, according to the Sabbatian Hayyon,
was that, by being
.
prepared to kill an opponent, he was being too fervent in his Sabbatian
belief. It was this violation of the sanctity of human life that Hayyon
.
charged was shared by father and son. In the case of the latter, this hap48 N. Hayyon,
Ha-Zad
Amsterdam 1714, n.p., pp. 2b-3a.
. Zevi,
.
.
49 Fr umkin and Rivlin, Hakhmei
Yerushalayim, II, p. 152. Fr umkin also raises
.
another, less serious objection. He claims that only somebody with a great deal
of authority in the Ofen Jewish community could have the power to make such
a r uling. Since, according to Fr umkin, R. Jacob became the rabbi there only in
1678 after the death of his father-in-law, this event would have had to have
occurred at that time and it is unlikely that such a blessing on behalf of Shabbetai
Zevi
would still be recited publicly two years after his death and twelve years
.
after his apostasy. For my rejection of this argument, see the first chapter of my
forthcoming edition of Megillat Sefer.
[xlvi]
17]
pened to express itself in exactly opposite circumstances, for Hayyon

.
accused Hakham
Zevi
for being prepared to kill him for his Sabbatian
.
.
beliefs. But, for Hayyon,
the essence of his argument was that both fa.
ther and son shared a lack of concern for human life; the fact that the
father expressed such a tendency in a matter involving a Sabbatian
seems to be only incidental. If this is, indeed, the case, and if R. Jacobs
Sabbatianism was not the central focus of Hayyons
argument, then
.
there may be some tr uth to his statement and the evidence contained
therein may be, maybe, considered reliable.
In addition, Hayyon
made sure to add, there are witnesses here who
.
can corroborate this fact. He could easily have omitted this sentence
entirely or have eliminated even just the word here. The impression
he gives is that he is prepared to produce these witnesses if necessary,
a willingness which further militates in favor of the authenticity of his
report. This is especially telling because just a few pages later Hayyon
.
showed a special sensitivity to matters whose tr uth can be easily ascertained. In describing the criticism leveled at one of his works, he wrote:
He heaped calumny and [spread] various lies and fabrications upon
my book, even in a matter whose truth can easily be verified [ciarc `zlna elitè
iielibl].50 Someone who could attack others for not being sensitive to a
matter whose tr uth can easily be verified would surely be sensitive to
this charge himself. And, indeed, one should not lose sight of the fact
that Hayyon
published this in 1714, during the lifetime of Hakham
.
.
Zevi,
and there is no evidence that Hakham
Zevi,
or anyone else, ever
.
.
.
disputed it.
It is obvious that the preceding analysis is predicated upon the assumption that Hayyon
was generally a writer not prone to wild, reck.
less or wholly unsubstantiated fabrications. Indeed, a reasoned objective reading of Hayyons
works reveals an author who may have often
.
exaggerated, and even, on occasion, lied,51 but who, also, did not always disregard the tr uth in order to defend himself. Surely Hayyon
is
.
not to be automatically tr usted, especially when attacking his archenemy, but, at the same time, the veracity of his writings is not to be automatically rejected. Each statement must be carefully and objectively
assessed on its own merits.52
50 Hayyon,
Ha-Zad
(above note 48), p. 5a.
. Zevi
.
.
51 See, for example, Carlebach, The Pursuit of Heresy, p. 299, n. 33.
52 Indeed, Benayahu does give credence to an allegation made by Hayyon
in this
.
same text against R. Moses Hagiz,
another of his major adversaries. See: M.
.
[xlvii]
Jacob J. Schacter
[18
Finally, the essence of Hayyons

charges against R. Jacob and his son
.
are neither as inherently implausible nor as extreme as they may appear
to be. The merciless sentence attributed to R. Jacob could possibly have
had a precedent in the behavior of Shabbetai Zevi
himself who permit.
ted shedding the blood of non-believers and even commended those
who did.53 Furthermore, there are a number of examples of vigorous
physical str uggles in the synagogue between Sabbatians and their opponents.54 The story could have happened and, perhaps, it really did.55
In conclusion, if, in fact, either R. Judah ha-Kohen or R. Jacob Zak
were Sabbatians, maybe their behavior can be considered one factor
among others that account for the vir ulence and aggressiveness of
Hakham
Zevis
attitude towards that movement. As far as his son, R.
.
.
Jacob Emden, is concerned, this was much less of a consideration. Besides being one further generation removed, there are enough other,
Benayahu, Le-Toledot Batei ha-Midrash bi-Yer ushalayim ba-Me>ah ha-17,
HUCA, 21 (1948), pp. 1516 (Hebrew section).
53 In Venice a dispute broke out in the synagogue on the Sabbath and an opponent
of Sabbatianism was almost killed. One of the believers who was present at the
time wrote Shabbetai Zevi
and asked whether it was sinful to kill a non.
believer on the Sabbath. Shabbetai responded that, on the contrary, there is no
greater sanctification of the Sabbath than this, and promised great rewards for
such behavior. See: Freimann (above note 2), pp. 5556; Sasportas, Sefer Zizat
. .
Novel Zevi,
pp. 129130, 150. See also: Scholem, Shabbetai Zevi,
pp. 415, 421422;
.
.
Sabbatai Sevi,
pp. 505, 511512; M. Benayahu, Yedi=ot me-Italyah u-me-Holand
.
al Reishitah shel ha-Shabbeta>ut, Erez. Yisrael, 4 (1956), p. 195. See also: Emden,
Zot Torat ha-Kena6ot, p. 5b; R. Hayyim
Benveniste, She6elot u-Teshuvot Ba6ei Hayyei,
.
.
3:228; Scholem, Shabbetai Zevi,
pp. 42324; Sabbatai Sevi,
p. 514.
.
.
54 In addition to the sources cited above, see: Sasportas, Sefer Zizat
pp.
. . Novel Zevi,
.
3, 192193 (for an incident which took place in Hamburg); Benayahu, ibid., p. 199,
n. 48; Scholem, Shabbetai Zevi,
p. 481; Sabbatai Sevi,
pp. 579580; B. D. Weinryb,
.
.
The Jews of Poland, Philadelphia 1973, p. 218; Anat (Perlmutter) (above note 5), p.
341. For examples of special prayers recited in the synagogue for Shabbetai Zevi,
.
see: Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi,
pp. 262, 424425, 533534, 579580.
.
55 It must be noted that here, in the case of R. Jacob and unlike the case of R. Judah,
no evidence at all is forthcoming from the works of Emden. On the contrary,
Emden writes with only the highest regard about the grandfather for whom he
was named. See the references in Megillat Sefer cited above in note 32. Also
directly relevant to this discussion is the attitude of R. Ephraim ha-Kohen
himself to Sabbatianism. This issue is a complex one and revolves primarily on
a close analysis of two of his responsa, Shu"t Sha5ar Ephraim, #6465, and R.
Joseph Almosnino, Sefer 5Edut be-Yehosef, 2:32. For a preliminary treatment of this
matter, see: L. Jacobs, Rabbi Ephraim Ha-Kohen and a Heretical Sermon, Three
Score and Ten: Essays in Honor of Rabbi Seymour J. Cohen on the Occasion of His
Seventieth Birthday, Hoboken 1991, pp. 133141.
[xlviii]
19]
more direct, factors to account for the intensity of his antiZevi,

however, one generation
Sabbatianism.56 In the case of Hakham
.
.
closer and in the absence, as yet, of any other compelling explanation,
perhaps this can be considered a militating factor. Perhaps, like R. Abraham Yizhaki,
R. Joseph Ergas, and his colleague R. Moses Hagiz,
.
..
Hakham
Zevi
too was influenced by the Sabbatianism he encountered
.
.
within his own close personal immediate family.
56 See above notes 8, 9. This notion of one generations point of view strongly
affecting how future generations would deal with a particular issue has far
reaching implications in other areas as well. For example, Professor Ada
Rapoport-Albert suggested to me that it could account for the particular
vir ulence of some opponents of Hasidism whose close relatives were adherents
of that movement. See, for example, Y. Hisdai, Reishito shel ha-Yishuv haMitnagdi ve-ha-Hasidi
be-Erez
ve-=Aliyah shel
.
. Yisrael =Aliyah shel Mizvah
.
Shlihut, Shalem, 4 (1984), pp. 231269. Professor Moshe Idel suggested another
example of this phenomenon, but with opposite results. He hypothesized that
the reason Hakham
Zevi
and R. Jacob Emden were so adamant in denying any
.
.
halakhic validity to a golem was to provide a defense for their ancestor who killed
one, for if a golem could count to a minyan, R. Elijah Baal Shem would have been
guilty of murder. In this case, their unusually strong position supported an
ancestors behavior. For their position on this matter, see: M. Idel, Golem: Jewish
Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid, Albany 1990, p. 207ff.
[xlix]
Sabbatianism in the Seventeenth-Century

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth:
A Review of the Sources
Micha Galas
Research on the beginnings of Sabbatianism in the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth does not have a long tradition and important studies
of the origins of this movement are few. Among the scholars
researching Sabbatianism in Poland, Meir Balaban is the most
prominent. His article Sabbatianism in Poland,1 has long been
considered the most authoritative source of knowledge on
Sabbatianism in Poland. Balaban devoted half of the article to analysis
of anti-Jewish incidents in Poland prior to the inception of
Sabbatianism. The remainder of the article is devoted to sources of the
movement. Many subsequent scholars who studied Sabbatianism in
Poland based their work on this article and other similar Balaban
studies,2 in which he repeated much of the same information.
Unfortunately, as we will see, these other scholars did not verify the
sources presented by Balaban. Gershom Scholem, and Bernard D.
Weinryb the author of the well-known work, The Jews of Poland,3 both
relied on sources presented by Balaban but drew completely different
*
1
I would like to thank the Central European University (RSS/HEST No.

358/1995) for their support of my research related to this topic.
mistyki zydowskiej
M. Balaban, Sabataizm w Polsce: ustep

w Polsce,
z dziejow
in: Ksiega
jubileuszowa ku czci prof. dr. Mojzesza
Schorra, Pisma Instytutu Nauk

Judaistycznych w Warszawie, Warsaw 1935, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 45-90 [=Sabbateanism in Poland].
w Krakowie i na Kazimierzu, I-II, Cracow 1936
M. Balaban, Historia Zydow
[=History of the Jews in Cracow and Kazimierz], pp. 40-50, 487-495; idem, Rok
krakowskich w latach 1666-1670)
Zydow
zbawienia i lata niedoli (Do dziejow
[The Year of Salvation and Years of Distress], Nowy Dziennik, 190 (16.7.1928), pp.
16-17; idem, Le-Toledot ha-Tenu5a ha-Frankit, I, Tel-Aviv 1934, pp. 17-48. See also:
I.M. Biderman, Mayer Balaban: Historian of Polish Jewry, New York 1978, pp.
190-207.
B.D. Weinryb, The Jews of Poland: A Social and Economic History of the Jewish
Community in Poland from 1100 to 1800, Philadelphia 1982.
Micha Galas
[2
conclusions concerning the reception of Sabbatianism in Poland.

According to Scholem, Sabbatianism had a profound influence in
Poland, not only among Jews but also among Christians. In his works
on Sabbatianism also in Poland he paid close attention to nonJewish sources. He thought that the numerous letters and pamphlets
distributed throughout Europe and Poland at that time were an important source of information on the scope of influence of Sabbatianism.
He also thought that this material could have penetrated into Jewish
circles.4 On the other hand, he mentioned that Christians, no less than
Jews, were thirsty for news about Shabbatai Zevi.5 It has to be stressed,
however, that Scholem derived information about Sabbatianism in Poland during the period of 1665-1666 mainly from Balabans work. Most
sources cited by Scholem came from the Balabans article, Sabbateanism in Poland.
Weinryb, on the contrary, concluded that Sabbatianism in Poland
had few followers.6 He strongly criticized Scholems thesis about the
vast spread and interest in Sabbatianism in Poland during Shabbatai
Zevis life. He thought that most sources cited by Scholem were false or
misinterpreted. Weinryb rejected not only all of Scholems Polish
sources, but also some of his Jewish sources, as anti-Jewish and therefore unreliable.7 He stated that since the names of not more than six of
Shabbatai Zevis followers in Poland were known, one could not speak
about the broad spread of the movement.8 Weinrybs criticism, however, is unwarranted on a close analysis of all the sources. Perhaps
Scholem realized this, as he had never replied in writing to Weinrybs
objections.
In recent studies, Scholem and Weinrybs theses continue to clash
with each other. A few years ago Professor Michael Stanislawski
re-evaluated the positions held by both Scholem and Weinryb in an effort to determine who was correct. 9 Stanislawski analyzed the sources
4
5
6
7
8
9
See specially: G. Scholem, Le mouvement sabbataiste

en Pologne, Revue de
lhistoire des religions, 143 (1953), pp. 30-90, 209-232 (also published in Hebrew);
idem, Sabbatai Sevi:
The Mystical Messiah: 1626-1676, Princeton, NJ 1973,
.
pp. 591-602.
Scholem, Le mouvement sabbataiste

en Pologne, ibid., p. 46.
Weinryb (above note 3), ch. 10: The Sabbatai Sevi
Upheaval and Its Impact, pp.
.
206-235.
Ibid., pp. 230-231 and note 61 p. 372.
Ibid., pp. 229-230.
M. Stanislawski, The State of the Debate over Sabbatianism in Poland: A Review
of the Sources, Proceedings of the Conference on Poles and Jews: Myth and Reality in
[lii]
3]
Sabbatianism in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
on Sabbatianism in Poland in 1665-1666 cited by Scholem with a special

emphasis on Jewish sources.10 This provoked my own analysis of all
non-Jewish sources available to Balaban and Scholem, which in my
opinion may be important evidence of the spread of Sabbatianism in
Poland at the beginnings of the movement. This article presents results
of my current research and documents previously unknown.11
I
Polish sources can be divided into two groups: sources dealing directly
with Poland and sources dealing with Sabbatianism in general.
The first group, consisting of original source materials dealing directly with Poland, includes an especially interesting book, The True
Messiah,12 written by Orthodox monk Joannicjusz Galatowski (died
1688). A paragraph from Galatowskis work was cited by Balaban and
Scholem. Unfortunately, Balaban cited an excerpt, given out of context
without even providing a page number.13 In addition, Balaban made
some abridgements in the citation which were not marked. Scholem, in
subsequent translations, introduced additional changes which also
slightly distorted the character of that source.14
Galatowskis book is one of the most important sources for the his-
10
11
12
13
14
the Historical Context, ed. J. Micgil, R. Scott and H.B. Segel, New York 1986, pp.
58-69.
Among sources listed by Stanislawski only two were Polish. Stanislawski based
their analysis on Balabans and Scholems studies.
All sources quoted in this article and others will be published in full versions in
my forthcoming book: Sabataizm w Rzeczypospolitej w XVII wieku (Sabbatianism
in the 17th Century Polish-Lituanian Commonwealth). Here I present only
excerpts or summaries in English translation.
J. Galatowski, Messiasz prawdziwy, Iezus Chrystus, Syn Bozy,
od poczatku
swiata
przez wszystkie wieki ludziom od Boga obiecany i od ludziey oczekiwany, i w ostatnie
czasy; dla Zbawienia ludzkiego; na swiat Posany, po przyjsciu
zas swym za Bogosawienstwem
Wysocy w Bogu, Przewielebnego Jego Mosci

Ojca Innocentego Giziela
Archimandryty swiatey
Wielkiey Cudotworney awry Pieczerskiey, Stauropigji s.

Aecumenici Patriarchae Constantinipolitani. Od Grzesznika Joannicjusza Galatowskie[go], Archimandryty Czernichowskiego. Z Typographiey z Kijowo.- Pieczerskiey,
zydowi
niewiernemu rozmaitemi znakami, o Messiaszu napisanemi, y na Chrystusie

wypenionemi, Roku 1672 pokazany (= The True Messiah).
Balaban, Sabbatianism in Poland, pp. 79-81.
See: M. Galas, Sabbatianism in Polish Historiography, Proceedings of the EAJS
Copenhagen Congress 1994, ed. U. Haxen, K. L. Salamon and H. Trauter-Kromann,
Copenhagen 1998, pp. 240-246.
[liii]
Micha Galas
[4
tory of Sabbatianism in Poland. It was published in both Polish and

Russian and a Latin version was also planned. The book is written in
the form of a discussion between an Orthodox Christian and a Jew
about the authenticity of the messianic mission of Jesus. The introduction, foreword (a small paragraph is quoted by Balaban and Scholem)
and chapter six (where other Polish sources on Sabbatianism are listed)
are relevant. Galatowski revealed important information which explains his motivation to write this work. Neither Balaban nor Scholem
mentioned that news about the messianic aspiration of Shabbatai Zevi,
and doubts felt by some Christians of Jesus as the tr ue messiah, were
the immediate causes for writing that book.15 I believe that those paragraphs from the introduction not cited by Balaban and Scholem are
equally important. Galatowski writes:
[] I wrote this book in Little Russian, Polish and Latin dialect
because Jews in Little Russia, Polish Kingdom and in Latin
countries, were rejoicing and abusing and laughing at Jesus the
tr ue Messiah and at all Christians, hearing that in eastern parts
of Smirna their false Messiah appeared called Shabbatai Zevi []
For that Orthodox Christians living in Little Russia, Poles and all
Catholics who read that book; could show Christ, the tr ue
Messiah to unbelieving Jews.16
The Foreword begins:
To all Orthodox Christians, it contains the reasons why this Tr ue
Messiah has been written and shown to the world.[] Not long
ago, in 1666, in Volhynia, Podolia, in all the provinces of Little
Russia, in the Great Duchy of Lithuania, in the Kingdom of
Poland and the neighboring countries, Jewish godlessness raised
on high its horn and its insolent obstinacy, it hoisted the flag of
wontonness and insolence blew the tr umpet of victory at the time
when an impostor called Shabbatai Zevi appeared in the city of
Smyrna and called himself the Messiah of Jews. [] At that time,
15 About J. Galatowski and his book, see: K. Bartoszewicz, Antysemityzm w
literaturze polskiej XV-XVII w. [Antisemitism in Polish Literature], Warsaw and
Cracow 1914, pp. 138-140; J. Janow,

Galatowski Joannicjusz, Polski Sownik
Biograficzny [Polish Biographical Dictionary], VII, Cracow 1948-1958, pp.
221-222; D. Waugh, News of the False Messiah: Reports on the Shabbetai Zevi
in Ukraine and Muscovy, Jewish Social Studies, 41 (1979), pp. 301-305.
16 Galatowski, The True Messiah, fol. 15.
[liv]
5]

some Christians with small hearts and character, hearing great
Jewish impudence[,] started to fear and doubt Christ, that he was
a tr ue Messiah and started to incline their thoughts towards a
false Messiah, fearing his atrocities. That is why I wrote the book,
so that faithful Christians do not fear the false Jewish Messiah and
without doubt believe and know that Jesus is the Tr ue Messiah.
[] That false Jewish Messiah is a motivation for me to that work,
he motivated me to write this book called: The True Messiah Jesus
Christ, son of God.17
The quoted paragraphs may testify to a great interest in news about a

Messiah Shabbatai Zevi in Christian circles, because news about a
new messiah caused fear even among some priests. Galatowski
continues by describing the spread of Shabbatai Zevis followers in
Poland and their behavior during the peak of this messianic fervor.
According to Galatowski, Sabbatianism had followers throughout
the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but most were in Volhynia and
Podolia. On the one hand, Galatowski writes that Jews were happy
with the coming of a Messiah who would lead them on a cloud to Jer usalem.18 Believing that the moment was close at hand, they were selling
their belongings. On the other hand, he describes acts of penance and
asceticism. Additionally, he writes about Jewish-Christian relations
and says that Jews were threatening Christians that soon we will be
your lords and you will be our servants.
Balaban and Scholem treated the paragraph from Galatowskis book
as a very important and tr ustworthy source for the history of
Sabbatianism in Poland.19 Weinryb questioned the credibility of this
source, but his critique has no basis, in the light of Waughs research,20
as well as my own work . But it seems obvious after an initial analysis
that neither Balaban and Scholem nor Weinryb and Stanislawski had
seen Galatowskis book, otherwise they would have noted that
Galatowski listed other Polish sources in the introduction and foreword
and in the sixth chapter.
17 Ibid., fols. 20-21.
18 According to Scholem, the belief that the messiah would lead them by means of
a miraculous cloud, was present not only among Jews in Poland, but also in
Germany and Turkey (Sabbatai Sevi,
pp. 594-595).
.
19 Credibility of Galatowskis work was questioned by Weinryb, but it seems that
he also did not see the original source (above note 3, p. 372, note 61).
20 Waugh (above note 15), pp. 301-308.
[lv]
Micha Galas
[6
Balaban writes,21 and after him Scholem,22 that many anti-Jewish incidents subsequently took place. Jews overcome with messianic fervor,
who marched through the streets with portraits of Shabbatai Zevi and
his prophet Nathan of Gaza, prompted a strong reaction from Christians. In response, King Jan Kazimierz issued a proclamation, dated
May 4, 1666, which forbade Jews to carry pictures of Shabbatai Zevi and
ordered the authorities to stop harassing the Jews. Scholem gives the
text of the proclamation citing Balaban.23 Although it was thought that
the proclamation was lost and only a copy made by Balaban existed,
during my research in the archives in Lvov I found this proclamation
which served as a base for Balabans copy. The proclamation is written
in Polish and Latin and is more extensive than the version provided by
Balaban.24 Balaban quoted only a paragraph from the Polish text, a
slightly distorted version was cited later by Scholem.25 In the proclamation the King writes that he heard the news about the escalation in persecutions of the Jews due to accounts about a messiah, propagated to
simple people through printed letters and painted portraits. In response, the King ordered to protect the Jews and to treat as false all
information about this so-called Messiah, destroy all prints about him
and his portraits. Again, Weinrybs objections about the reliability of
the kings decree are baseless. There is no doubt about misinterpreting
this part of the proclamation which speaks about Sabbatian propaganda in Poland.
The intent of the proclamation is reinforced by a pastoral letter by
bishop Stanisaw Sarnowski, 26 dated June 22, 1666, in which Jewish processions and distributions of pictures and prints are strictly forbidden.27
21 Balaban, Sabbatianism in Poland, pp. 87-88.
22 See: Scholem, Le mouvement sabbataiste

en Pologne (above note 4), p. 48;
idem, Sabbatai Sevi,
pp. 596-597.
.
23 See: Balaban, Sabbatianism in Poland, pp. 88-89; idem, History of the Jews in
Cracow and Kazimierz, II, p. 45. Balaban did not provide the full text of the
proclamation and in his various works he gave different sources.
24 The Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lvov, f. 5, op. 1, no. 160, Castr.
Haliciensia, fols. 707-712.
25 See: Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi,
p. 597.
.
26 Balaban and Scholem erroneously wrote his name as Sarnicki. See: Balaban,
Sabbatianism in Poland, p. 89; Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi,
p. 597.
.
27 The letter was added to the book: Samuel Rabi Marokanski,

Prawda Chrzescijan
ska od nieprzyjaciela swego zeznana: To iest Traktat Rabina Samuela, Pokazuiacy

bedy
zydowskie
okoo zachowania Prawa Moyzeszowego,
y przyscia
Mesyaszowego, ktorego
Zydzi
czekaia [...], tr. J. Radlinski, Lublin 1733, pp. 499-502. Compare: Balaban,
[lvi]
7]
One can assume that this relates to the above mentioned demonstrations despite the fact that there is no specific mention of Shabbatai Zevi
or his followers.
Maybe the Kings proclamation and the susbequent compliance with
it resulted in the situation that only very few documents, pamphlets
and other sources to which the proclamation alluded have survived
until the present. Scholem, however, assumed the existence of such materials.28 He also thought that the Kings proclamation and the pastoral
letter of bishop Stanislaw Sarnowski served as good examples of the
popular character of the movement in Poland and that processions and
pilgrimages of Shabbatai Zevis followers were characteristic only for
Poland.29
Another little known example of interest in Sabbatianism in Polish
historiography is documented in the Chronicle of Joachim Jerlicz from
1620-1673, which includes a paragraph on Sabbatianism.30 This work
is second only after Galatowskis in terms of information written in Polish about Sabbatianism in Poland. The Jerlicz source is not included in
the works of Balaban, Scholem and contemporary scholars of
Sabbatianism. In the Chronicle, under the date May 10, 1665, one can
read:
This year [1665] news has spread among Jews in all cities, towns
and villages where Jews live in the Polish Kingdom and the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the r ule of Jan Kazimierz: that
a Messiah, a new prophet appeared. Born in Egypt, he was raised
by Jewish father and mother and at reaching his 30s, began to
perform great miracles. [] Showing various abilities and powers
which become only to God, he raised from the dead, cured the
blind and ill, destroyed walls around the cities where they were
not allowing him in and opposed him [].
[] Jews, men and women, old and young, tormented themselves
and their bodies, by making a hole in the ice of a pond or river
and jumping into the water. At that time they gave alms both to
their own people and to Christians. They sold their houses,
Sabbatianism in Poland, p. 89; idem, History of the Jews in Cracow and Kazimierz,
p. 45; idem, The Year of Salvation and Years of Distress (above note 2), pp. 16-17;
Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi,
p. 597.
.
28 Scholem, Le mouvement sabbataiste

en Pologne (above note 4), p. 48.
p. 598.
.
30 J. Jerlicz, Latopisiec albo kroniczka [A Chronicle], ed. K. W. Wojciecki, I, Warsaw
1853, pp. 99-102.
[lvii]
Micha Galas
[8
live-stock, various things, as some of them wanted to go from the

Polish state to Jer usalem. [] They placed all their trust in him for
their salvation.31
The similarity and consistency of information in Jerliczs Chronicle and
Galatowskis book seems to confirm the credibility of those sources.
Jerlicz devoted much space to Shabbatai Zevi although a lot of the
information about his life has quite a legendary nature.
Other less important Polish sources may also testify to a great interest
of Christians in Shabbatai Zevi and his movement. The epigram by Po
lish poet Wacaw Potocki (1621-1696), Nowy Mesjasz Zydowski
(A New
32
Jewish Messiah), may serve as a good example of the type of sources.
A similar illustration of interest and knowledge about the messianic
movement among Jews in Poland is found in descriptions of events
during a Sejm (Diet) session in 1668. Member of the Sejm Teodor
ukomski was laughed at by other members when he gave his opinion
on relegating foreign residents: leave me alone, do not confound me,
because I have spiritum propheticum [...], everyone started to laugh
and pointing at him they called him a new prophet or recent Jewish
Messiah.33
II
Other very important Polish sources, not related directly to Sabbateanism in Poland mentioned by Balaban, are so-called hand written
newspapers that are reports of correspondents kept by wealthy Polish
nobility in European capitals.34 Presently the reports are in the
collection of Czartoryskis Museum Library in Cracow.35 Unfortunately
suspicions arise that Balaban had not seen those reports himself
because his quotation was full of revisions and errors. He suggests the
31 Ibid.
32 W. Potocki, Ogrod
fraszek [A garden of epigrams], I, Lvov 1907, p. 278. Compare:
Balaban, Sabbatianism in Poland, p. 81; Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi,
p. 598.
.
w drugiej poowie XVII wieku
33 A. Kamierczyk, Sejmy i sejmiki szlacheckie wobec Zydow
[Seyms and Diets of nobility towards Jews in the second half of the 17th century],
Warsaw 1994, p. 154.
34 Balaban, Sabbatianism in Poland, pp. 81-87; Scholem thought that they came
from Amsterdam. Compare: Scholem, Le mouvement sabbataiste

en Pologne
(above note 4), p. 46; idem, Sabbatai Sevi,
p. 593.
.
35 Manuscript no. 1656, fols. 486-501.
[lviii]
9]
same, writing: I do not give here the origins of those letters as I do not
have adequate sources in Warsaw.36
The manuscripts include letters and accounts written in Latin and
Polish about Shabbatai Zevi and an interest in his mission in various
countries of Europe and the Middle East. Their content does not concern Poland directly. Some of them were published by Balaban and later
used by Scholem.37 The manuscripts contain the following titles in
Latin: De messia Judeorum falso et Extremo Judicio Pseudoprofeta, Relationes
ex Italia huc transmissae 1666, 20 Martii; Extractum ex Epistula Sabbea
Barbaria, 6 Aug. 1665; Copia Epistulae ab Augusto Jerosolima in Algier
transmissae; Extractum ex Literis ab Urbe Veneta et Livorno, continentibus
descriptionem neonati inter Hebraeos Prophetae, ipsius facinora et miracula;
Extractum ex Literis Roma Religiosi cuiusdam ad Amicum Contin.
Haebreorum aggregationem cum Novo Messia qui in preasenti? plurimos sibi
habet adherantes et magna perpetrat Miracula 26 Nov: 1665.38
The Polish titles include: Opisanie Nowego krola

Zyd.
Sabetha Sebi,
ktorego
poczatek,
starosc,
osoba, uczynki i cuda, jako tez Chrzescijanow,
Turkow
Zydow,
i inszych zadanie, i cokolwiek z roznycha
pism o tym dotad
wiadomo jest opisano. Przy tym Proroka Natana Levi, i krola

Sabeta Sevi
40
Zydostwa
Continuatio o
wasnej osoby contrafect,39 Do Obakanego
41
Messiaszu Zydowskim. Balaban published in his article large fragments

of manuscripts written in Polish but he made many mistakes and the
text contains many inaccuracies. Therefore, these fragments cannot
serve as a base for scholarly research.
In the above mentioned work by Galatowski, in chapter 6, Sixth
Prophecy, a Christian arguing with a Jew about the tr ue messianism of
Shabbatai Zevi refers to three pamphlets printed in Polish: Opisanie
nowego krola
zydowskiego,
Obszerna Continuantia Dziwny poczatek
a
strasny
koniec, tak zwanego zydowskiego
Krola:
Sabetha Sebi, roku 1666

wydany. A comparison between the titles of Polish fragments of manuscripts from the Czartoryskis Library and the titles of printed pamphlets quoted by J. Galatowski42 provokes the search for parallels and
confirms similarities.43
36
37
38
40
42
43
Balaban, Sabbatianism in Poland, p. 82.

See: Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi,
p. 963 index (Balaban M.).
.
Manuscript no. 1656, fols. 486-490.
39 Ibid., fols. 490-492.
It is the name of a poem.
Galatowski, The True Messiah, fols. [44-54].
The following evidence suggests that Balaban, as well as Scholem, did not know
Galatowskis work in its entirety.
[lix]
Micha Galas
[10
During my research I was able to find the three old prints quoted by
Galatowski.44 They are anonymous, anti-Sabbatian pamphlets. Many
scholars doubted their existence, as they were not mentioned by
Balaban nor by Scholem. Zalman Rubashov (Shazar),45 Daniel C.
Waugh46 and Kazimierz Bartoszewicz47 wrote about their probable existence and origin but they did not have access to them, and Hanna
Swiderska, who first wrote about their existence, was not able to classify
them correctly.48
The first of the pamphlets, Opisanie nowego krola

Zydowskiego
(De49
scription of a New Jewish King), was published in 1666. It is probably
a translation from a German pamphlet: Beschreibung des neuen judischen
Konigs
Sabetha Sebi or its Dutch edition. In the Polish version, however,

pictures of Shabbatai Zevi and Nathan of Gaza were not included.50
The second pamphlet, Obszerna Continuatia (Extended Continuatia),51 was also published in 1666. It consists of two parts, the first is
entitled: Copia listu przez nie jakiegos przyjaciela zyczliwego
o powroceniu
zydow
do obiecanej Ziemi (A copy of a letter by some well-wishing
friend about a return of Jews to the Promised Land).52 The second is
44 The three above mentioned pamphlets are from the British Library collection;
about other copies see: Judaika polskie z XVI-XVIII wieku: Material do
bibliografii, czesc
nie-zydowskich,
ed., K. Pilarczyk, Cracow
I: dr uki w jezykach
1995, p. 104.
45 Z. Rubashov, Kristori sabbationetva w Polski Evriejskaia Starina, 5 (1912), pp.
219-221.
46 Waugh (above note 15), p. 304.
47 Bartoszewicz (above note 15), p. 140.
48 H. Swiderska, Three Polish Pamphlets on Pseudo-Messiah Sabbatai Sevi, The
British Library Journal, 15 (1989), pp. 212-216.
49 The title in Polish is: Opisanie nowego krola
zydowskiego
Sabetha Sebi, ktorego
poczatek,
starosc,
osoba, uczynki [] innych zdanie y cokolwiek z roznych
pism o nim
dotad
wiadomo jest opisane. Przy czym y prorok tegoz wtasney osobey prawdziwy
contrefect. W roku 1666 dr ukowany.
50 Waugh considers this pamphlet to be a translation of: Beschreibirung Des Newen
Juedischen Koenigs Sabetha Sebi ... (above note 15, p. 304 and note 17).
51 The full title in Polish is: Obszerna continuanta, w ktorej
sie znajduje dalszy progress,
tego co sie w orientalnych krajach, mianowicie w Jeruzalem, Szmyrnie, i Alkairu: takze
w inszych roznych
miejscach w nadzieie zydowskiego
do swoiey Ojczyzny powrocenia,
jako y przytomne onychze

do wiary nawrocenia.
Z occasie ich pomazania krola

i proroka
stato; i co za cuda a dziwny u nich sie dzieja z okolicznoscia
mi opisano iest; jako tez i
proroka Nathana Levi prawdziwy contrafect, dziwny ksztat y odzienie w miedzy
wyrazone,
przytomne sa.
Dr ukowano w roku 1666.
52 Waugh considers it to be a translation of: Umbstaendliche Continuation ... (above
note 15, p. 304 and note 17).
[lx]
11]
Zebranie z roznych
pisaniow
(A collection of various writings), containing
two letters: one letter from Jer usalem and Smyrna to Amsterdam, dated
March 10, and another, dated December 26, year 5426. It seems that it
is a translation of a German pamphlet, Umbstandliche Continuation...,
published in 1666. In the German version there is a poem at the beginning, An die verirrcte Judenschafft, which is not published in the Polish printed version but which is placed in Polish manuscript from the
Czartoryskis Library in Cracow.53
The third pamphlet was published in 1666. Its origin is the easiest to
establish because its title and content are in Polish and German. The
Polish title reads: Dziwny poczatek
a straszny koniec(Strange beginning
and dreadful end) and German title is: Wunderlicher Anfang und
Schmahlicher
Aussgang54 However, the text is longer than the one included by Scholem under the same title.55 It also does not contain illustrations, although twelve illustration titles are listed at the end. According to Waugh, the Polish version of this pamphlet was later translated
into Russian.56
The first two pamphlets described above are not identical to the manuscripts of the same titles, as Swiderska suggested.57 The manuscripts
are an independent translation from the German printed version of
pamphlets by a correspondent. Existence of those pamphlets published
in Polish confirms the reliability of Galatowskis book and direct interest in Sabbatianism in Poland among non-Jews.
News about Shabbatai Zevi sent from Poland to Western Europe, especially to Germany, can be treated as a supplement to Polish sources.
In 1666, three such incidents were published in German newspapers.58
54 The full title, in German and in Polish, is: Wunderlicher Anfang und schmachlicher
Aussgang des judischen
Koniges
Sabetha Sebi. Welcher Gestalt derselbige auff Befehl des

Turckischen
Kaysers
gerichtet worden. Hat der Leser auss folgender Relation und dem
beygefugtem
Kupfer mit mehrem zu vernehmen. Anno 1666; Dziwny poczatek

a strasny
koniec tak zwanego zydowskiego
Krola,
Sabetha Sebi, Jakim sposobem tenze

na
Rozkazanie Tureckiego Cesarza z swiata znoszony y stracony. askawy czytelnik z
najstabujacego
Opisania y przytomnego Obrazu szerzy obaczy. Anno 1666.

picture VI.
.
56 Waugh (above note 15), p. 304 and note 14. According to Waugh, this pamphlet
served as a basis for a Russian translation .
57 Swiderska (above note 48), p. 216.
58 Ch. Ahrens, Sabbatai Zwi (1626-1676). Untersuchungen zu einer messianischen
Bewegung und ihrer Rezeption in deutscheprachigen, zeitgenoessischen Quellen,
Schriftliche Hausarbeit zur wissenschaftlichen, Pr uefung fuer das Lehramt am
[lxi]
Micha Galas
[12
Nordischer Mercurius published news from wow from March 26 with

information about the imprisonment of the Jewish Messiah by the Emperor of Turkey.59 In Wochentliche Donnerstags other similar accounts
from Warsaw appeared, dated April 4,60 and Nordischer Mercurius also
published news from Kamieniec Podolski from April 12,61about the torture of Shabbatai Zevi in prison.
The number of sources related to the origins of Sabbatianism in the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its dissemination throughout
this territory is rather small. Because of this, our knowledge about the
movement and its reception among Jews and Christians at that time is
incomplete . For many years scholars relied on Balabans studies and
tr usted their reliability without doing new research or searching for additional sources. But from sources and information which survive to
our times, one can draw some general conclusions. The Polish sources
which were found recently, and were unknown to Scholem, can prove
his thesis about the wide spread news about Sabbatai Sevi and his mission in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth among Jews and Christians
alike.
Paramount among the sources is the existence of at least one Polish
pamphlet which served as a base for its Russian version and that
through this pamphlet, information about Sabbatai Sevi was sent from
Poland to Western Europe.
Analyzing all sources Jewish and Polish it seems that we have
enough evidence to substantiate great interest in Sabbatianism in Poland, at least similar to other countries in Western Europe. The sudden
appearance of Sabbatai Sevi as the Messiah and his surprising apostasy,
and spontaneity of the movement, could be the reason for the lack of
information about names of his followers in the extant sources. In addition to that, documents on Sabbatai Sevi and his followers were ordered destroyed not only by the King and bishops an unusual case in
other countries but also by rabbis and the Council of the Four Lands.
Presented in this article, the anti-Sabbatian pamphlets and other previously unknown sources in Polish confirm the reliability of the sources
which were questioned by some scholars. Naturally, a rehabilitation of
Polish sources should cause greater interest in them, attract the attenGymnasium, 1979, pp. 137-138, 150. I used a copy from the Gershom Scholem
Library.
59 Nordischer Mercurius, 1666, pp. 223-224.
60 Wochentliche Donnerstags, 15 (1666), p. 3.
61 Nordischer Mercurius, 1666, p. 268.
[lxii]
13]
tion of historians of the movement and lead to a new, detailed research

on the comprehensive history of Sabbatianism in 17th-century Poland.
New study and increased understanding of the origins of Sabbatianism
in Poland can be very helpful in the study of the Sabbatianism and
Frankism in Poland in later periods, as well as in studies on PolishJewish and Jewish-Christian relations during that period.
[lxiii]
Should Napoleon Be Victorious:

Politics and Spirituality in Early Modern
Jewish Messianism
Hillel Levine
Should Napoleon be victorious, wealth among the
Jews will be abundant and the glory of the children of
Israel will be exalted. But the hearts of Israel will be
separated and distanced from their father in heaven.
But if our master Alexander will triumph, though
poverty will be abundant and the glory of Israel will
be humbled, the heart of Israel will be bound and
joined with its father in heaven.
Shneur Zalman of Lyadi, 1812
Can we establish how political and spiritual orientations and agendas

of Jewish messianism relate in the early modern period? For this
period, the internal discourse on the messianism of post-conversion
Sabbateanism in Frankism and Hasidism have been well analyzed. Are
there developments, external to the Jewish community, that in this
period particularly encroach on Jewish life, and which influence the
political and spiritual dimensions of messianism?
Michel Foucault tells us: If it moves it is political; and it is emancipatory, at that. But both Foucaults radical reductionism and his optimism in relation to history and any method with which we might
interpret that history are more than problematic; and they are certainly
suspect when it comes to understanding experiences and aspirations of
Jews and their messianism on the eve of modernity. Can the boundaries
between the political and spiritual be readily fixed? Can they be altogether blurred?
Granted, in this period, the political realm, at least as defined by the
power of the state, begins to infringe considerably more upon Jews in
positive and negative ways making political questions more timely,
even urgent. That state now challenges such intermediary str uctures as
the guild and the church that stood between the states macropolitical
Hillel Levine
[2
domain and the individuals microspiritual domain. That state now

possesses new administrative tools and technical apparatuses for the
control of individual citizens as well as the political resolve, concentrated and ready, to implement that control. Is it any wonder, therefore,
that seemingly impertinent questions of the nature and implications of
Jewish messianism were raised in some of those early political discourses about Jewish rights and emancipation? For the Jews themselves, some times participating in this discourse about the status of
Jews and Judaism in the changing polities and societies, in other situations, avidly watching over their shoulders and speculating upon the
consequences of these developments, concerns about their political future in this fluid situation may have taken on a new measure of salience
influencing their messianism as well. But there was a more subtle issue
in regard to these changing political str uctures. The questions for Jews
of messianism in the early modern period, as in other periods, continued to have to do with how the political and spiritual means by which
that messianism transforms but now, also, more with where the social
location in which eschatological beliefs would be protected from the
new demands of the centralized absolutist state and could continue to
be compellingly plausible.
A well known Hasidic text, the above cited letter, written by Shneur
Zalman of Lyadi, reveals to us at first glance, seemingly, in such an
explicit manner how and why he analyzed and made decisions about
choosing sides at an apocalyptic moment. This epistle, pulsating with
realistic assessments of the machinations of readily identifiable,
thisworldly r ulers, so well illustrates how not all that prompts movements primarily expresses political motivations political at least in the
sense of maximizing security and worldly benefits in relation to political r ulers. It illustrates in programmatic terms the interdependence of
the spiritual and political aspirations for the future if not the actual
messianism, then the responses made to a messianically charged moment by a principle and influential Hasidic thinker. It illustrates the
equivocal terms of emancipation. It illustrates complexities of reading
Hasidic texts. In regard to early modern messianism, political and
emancipatory simply do not describe the fullest range of possibilities.1
1
J. Katz, The term Jewish Emancipation: Its Origin and Historical Impact, in:
A. Altman (ed.), Studies in Nineteenth-Century Jewish Intellectual History,
Cambridge, MA 1964, pp. 125; P. Birnbaum and I. Katznelson (eds.), Paths of
Emancipation: Jews, States, and Citizenship, Princeton 1995, pp. 336.
[lxvi]
3]
Should Napoleon Be Victorious
A contemporary of Shneur Zalman, a man from a similar background, whose path may have crossed that of Shneur Zalmans in one
Hasidic court or another is Solomon Maimon (1749-1800). He became
one of our great informants about early modern East European Jewish
life, including its messianism. As the promulgator and popularizer of
the image of the blurry eyed and otherworldly Ostjude if it moves, it
is spiritual, he might have said Maimons descriptions of their milieu
well illustrate the interpretive problems at the opposite extreme posited
by Foucault. Solomon Maimon often neglected to pay sufficient attention to the political motives and movements of the Jews he described.
Born in Lithuania, he emancipated himself sufficiently from the shtetl,
including those Hasidic courts which he frequented in his youth, to
move to Berlin, to write Versuch uber
die Transzendentalphilosophie in response to the Critique of Pure Reason, and to win Kants attention as his
leading disciple. Maimon also wrote a vastly popular autobiography,
in the tradition of Jean Jacques Rousseaus Confessions. Published serially, in 1792 and 1793, in what was a coffee table publication, it became
favored reading in German salon circles. Sundry parvenus found in
Maimons memoirs both slapstick amusement and credible confirmation for their prejudices against those who came to be known as
Ostjuden.
His elliptic and ungenerous reading of worldly and otherworldly orientations can be found in the portraits that he presents of his own family. His grandfather, for example, was an arendar, a lease holder for an
estate of Prince Radziwill, who came of a family known for its Calvinist
attachments. The estate, in a small village on the Neman River, included houses, fields, and a tavern as well as a toll bridge. Maimon
describes the dire neglect of these estates reflecting the thwarted
entrepreneurialism of autarkic Poland. But Maimon ultimately attributes the neglect to his grandfather who could not tolerate any innovations; all matters had to be conducted in the old manner.
Maimon tells of the comic and pathetic situation of a bridge that had
fallen into disrepair longer than anyone could remember. Gentry carriages traversing the broken bridge would be damaged. The lords
would quickly vent their spleen on the Jewish manager and his family.
Maimons grandfather, however, trained the family to take evasive
measures. Each time a magnates carriage would approach, the family
would escape into the forest. After slaking their thirst and spilling out
what would remain of the grandfathers liquor supply, the lords could
avenge themselves by ransacking the house. But members of the family
[lxvii]
Hillel Levine
[4
would not be harassed nor wounded. Solomon Maimon asks the obvious question: Why didnt his grandfather repair the bridge? Maimon
presents this as evidence for the otherworldliness and backwardness of
his grandfather, his incapacity to plan, his lack of assertiveness and responsiveness to quotidian reality while waiting for the messiah. Traditional society, Maimon would lead us to believe, was as precarious as
his grandfathers bridge.
The bridge was never repaired. What Maimon does not tell us is that
in accordance with the standard form of the late feudal gentry-Jewish
contract, capital improvements and repairs were to be at the expense of
the owners who often tried to pass the responsibility on to their Jewish
agents. What he may not have known is now evidenced by abundant
archival documents. Otherworldly Jews, like his grandfather, often
were busy battling it out in the courts with the Polish gentry, even those,
like the Radziwills, imbued with the spirit of capitalism.2
In fact, if you calculate the interest rates and the rates of return on
investment, you quickly realize: within the autarkic economic and political system of serfdom, Solomon Maimons grandfather was demonstrating what might be considered higher rational economic thinking
and decision making capacity. His Kantian grandson did not sufficiently appreciate the singularly significant fact: in strictly economic
terms, it did not pay to repair the broken bridge. Foucault, narrative historians, and post-modernists of various sorts would overlook other types
of movement that bolstered broken bridges. Indeed, there is evidence
that what was really moving was capital; that through the unrivaled,
expanded, international circles of tr ust and accountability that a member of Jewish civic society enjoyed, Solomon Maimons grandfather
could invest in entrepreneurialism and state building, elsewhere. The
Court Jews of Germany and Central Europe, funding princes in the constr uction of consolidated and absolutist states, were at the same time
venture capitalist investing on behalf of Jews in Eastern Europe.3
Maimon directs us to the questions that we must ask when trying to
interpret Shneur Zalmans choice of the Tsar over Napoleon and his
motivations. What other broken bridges did Jews in the early modern
period confront in relationship to the disintegrating autarky with
2
3
S. Maimon, Sefer Hayyei

Shelomo Maimon, tr. Y.L. Bar ukh, Tel-Aviv 1953, pp.
.
213214.
H. Levine, Economic Origins of Antisemitism: Poland and Its Jews in the Early Modern
Period, New Haven 1991; J. Israel, European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism,
15501750, Oxford 1985.
[lxviii]
5]
which they were most familiar and the new forms of autocracy and
totalitarian democracy4 that partitions and wars were bringing to
their doorstep? How did they understand and by what criteria did they
choose among the respective modes of state building and the allowance
of social space for a civic society within which Jews could locate themselves and live the collective, associational lives that they desired? How
did the macrostr uctures of modernizing, often somewhat elusive, present the background for important shifts in Jewish cognition and
strategizing for their own safety and future?5 How were they motivated by messianism? And, perhaps most important, in the shifting demands of the state and their own desire for security, even for a modicum of participation, how did Jews seek to carve out the social space in
which they could sustain the plausibility of their eschatological beliefs?
In all fairness to Foucault, it must be pointed out that his bon mot is
not too distant from interpretative models of the late Gershom Scholem
and his generalizations about Jewish messianism.6 If it moves, particularly, if it mobilizes a messianic movement, it is political and somewhat emancipatory. We hear echoes of this in his critique of Martin
Buber who, Scholem claims, presents Hasidism as a spiritual phenomenon and not a historical one.7
Scholems own position is now coming under the respectful but
sharp critique of a younger generation of scholars, precipitating vigorous debates in Jer usalem. Yehuda Liebes takes Scholem to task for his
over emphasis of the political side of messianism. Scholems magisterial study of the early modern messiah-claimant, Sabbatai Sevi, for example, makes Sabbatai Sevis plan sound too similar to Herzls charter. Liebes claims that in reviewing thousands of pages of Sabbatean
4
5
6
7
J. Talmon, The Rise of Totalitarian Democracy, Boston 1952.

In Moses Mendelssohn, the icon of Aufklarung
for Jews and Germans of his time,

we find similar misreadings of the political macrostr ucture. He overstated the
good intention of autocratic r ulers. In the 1770s, fashionably scientific concepts
of the indicators of mortal death were used to criticize and intervene in the
communal life of Jews. Mendelssohn tried to defend specific Jewish interests in
practice. But he sided with the autocratic r ulers in regard to the quality of their
science as well as the legitimacy of their intervention into the internal domain of
Jewish life, what might be considered civic society. See: A. Altmann, Moses
Mendelssohn: A Biographical Study, Alabama 1973, pp. 288295.
G. Scholem, The Messianic Idea in Judaism and Other Essays on Jewish Spirituality,
New York 1971.
G. Scholem, Martin Buber s Interpretation of Hasidism, Commentary, XXII
(1961), pp. 305316; idem, op. cit., p. 230.
[lxix]
Hillel Levine
[6
texts, he found virtually no trace to the idea of political and national

redemption.8 He acknowledges traces of this in the early period
among the hoi polloi. The messianism of the conceptual leaders of the
Sabbatean movement has nothing to do with political redemption but
rather with another sphere: metaphysics and faith.9 Moshe Idel, in
contrast to Scholems messianic idea, emphasizes that there are messianic ideas. But, he boldly states, the main point of the messianic phenomenon moves from the outside to the inside, from history to the soul,
from the many to the individual.10 And Scholems grand interpretative scheme, an elegant, parsimonious, counter-intuitive theory of Jewish modernity first adumbrated in 1937 (Redemption through Sin) his
efforts to locate the roots of Jewish Enlightenment and worldly political
action in antinomian mysticism and messianism falters on the fate of his
single case study and questions posed by evidence from new archival
material.11
The sociological analysis of messianism that Liebes implies and Idel
directly calls for would likely, for starters, describe a continuum between Jewish messianism as territorial politics versus messianism as
unencumbered spirituality; it would not impose a priori definitions of
one extreme position or another. Moreover, in attempting a more systematic theory for analyzing theological ideas in relation to social behavior, it would be worthwhile to reappropriate Max Webers notion of
order, further developed by Kenneth Burke,12 Northrop Frye,13 David Little14 and others. These concepts of order bring together questions of meaning and purpose, organization and coordination.
Messianism must be seen in terms of order: its reciprocal relationship
with the social forms that it takes on as well as its reciprocal relationship
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Y. Liebes, On Sabbateanism and Its Kabbalah: Collected Essays, Jer usalem 1995, pp.
1018 (Hebrew).
For an excellent summary of the debate, see: M. Idel, Messianic Mystics, New
Haven and London 1998, pp. 137.
M. Idel, Introduction to A.Z. Aeshkoly, Jewish Messianic Movements, I: From the
Bar-Kokhba Revolt until the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain2, Jer usalem 1987, pp.
1114 (Hebrew).
Ha-Khronika Teuda le-Toledot Yaakov Frank u-Tenuato, Jer usalem 1984 [=The
Kronika On Jacob Frank and the Frankist Movement ], ed. and tr. H. Levine,
Jer usalem 1984.
K. Burke, The Rhetoric of Religion, Boston 1961.
N. Frye, Academy of Criticism, Princeton 1957.
D. Little, Religion, Order, and Law: A Study in Prerevolutionary England, New York
1969.
[lxx]
7]
with the authority, commands, and legitimations which it expresses. As

such, messianism is not only the yearning for an improved worldly existence nor the yearning for otherworldly experiences but different
combinations of both.
A sociology of knowledge analysis of this raging intergenerational
conflict may in and of itself be a messianic act in the biblical terms of
turning the hearts of fathers unto their sons and the hearts of sons unto
their fathers. But it borders on the banal to point out that Scholem, born
to an assimilated family in late 19th century Germany who became an
ardent Zionist, might have different perspectives from his disciples
who came of scholarly age decades after the establishment of the State
of Israel, are Zionists of absolutely no less ardor than Scholem, have
fought Israels wars, and have made personal, existential, and professional choices to live in that country but for whom political emancipation is not a paramount concern.15
There are current developments, outside of the scholarly domain,
that may influence the concerns, the reactions, and the interpretations
of scholars of messianism. In our generation, not part of Scholems experience, we have observed the development of still two more full
blown messianic movements within Judaism, to be added to the prior
list of Christianity and Sabbatianism: dangerous millennial statements
are being made publicly and, more likely, harbored as esoteric teachings among some of the religious nationalists on the West Bank.16
Moreover, against Scholems characterization of the messianism in
Hasidism, what has developed in recent years within the largest, most
powerful, and public Hasidic group, the Lubavitcher, during the illness
and after the demise of its leader, Rabbi Menahem Mendel Schneerson,
surely qualifies as a messianic movement, political and emancipatory,
in Foucaults terms. That messianism percolated precisely among those
Hasidim who showed little enthusiasm for anything other than systemic, rational thinking, systematic political action, community building, and, an outside observer might have assumed, enough worldly
activity with which to keep themselves altogether busy until the Messiah does come.
It is in this regard that our enigmatic text, the first Lubavitcher Rebbes
15 D. Biale, Gershom Scholem, Kabbalah and Counter-History, Cambridge, Mass. 1979,
pp. 5278.
16 For a delightful fictional treatment of messianism among the West Bank settlers
that is becoming frighteningly plausible, see: T. Reich, The Jewish War, New York
1995.
[lxxi]
Hillel Levine
[8
response to Napoleon, is all the more intriguing. Why did Shneur Zalman choose the Tsar over Napoleon? Do we have a glimpse at any trace,
in the founder of the movement and in the unique manner in which he
reacts to a serious cataclysm that is spurring apocalyptic messianic responses, of what is so messily exoteric and overt seven generations
later? Notwithstanding the temptations and dangers of the most common of historical fallacies, the genetic fallacy, can we discover any
roots to the contemporary and most perplexing Lubavitcher messianic
movement, so powerfully abrogating centuries of Jewish reticence, in
Shneur Zalmans politics and his impressive cost/benefit analysis?17
Post Modern historians have no monopoly on contextualizing: we
must try to interpret Shneur Zalmans response to Napoleon within the
range of Hasidic responses to Napoleon; we must relate the Hasidic
leaders response to his personal experiences, particularly his experiences with tsardom.
The Napoleonic incursions into the large population centers and Hasidic communities of East European Jewry in 1807 into the Polish territories that had been annexed by Pr ussia, in 1809 into Western and a
sliver of Eastern Galicia, and in 1812, into the very heartland of Eastern
Europe should provide a very special Rorschach Test, a proto clash of
civilizations, an early 19th century remaking of the world order.18
Napoleon, for Jews in remote corners, was their first unmediated experience of the French Revolution. More than two decades after the fall of
the Bastille and after a variety of messianic French Revolution radicals
had turned the message of that revolution inside out and outside in,
slogans about liberty, equality, fraternity were trouncing upon the vestiges of feudal autarky and threatening Russian autocracy.
Napoleon himself seems to have had messianic fantasies. There are
reports, even documents, not wholly authenticated, that Napoleon was
trying hard to arouse messianic responses as well as political support.19 Rumors were spread about his conquests in Palestine and his
recr uitment of Jewish soldiers from exotic communities of the East. Na17 D.H. Fischer, Historians Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought, New York
1970, p. 155. The genetic fallacy mistakes the becoming of a thing for the thing
which it has become. Historicism, the most hateful forms of the genetic fallacy,
converts a temporal sequence into an ethical system, history into morality.
18 B. Mevorakh, Ha-Yehudim Tahat
. Shilton Napoleon, Jer usalem 1970; idem (ed.),
Napoleon u-Tekufato: Reshumot ve-5Eduyot Ivriyot Shel Benei ha-Dor, Jer usalem 1968,
pp. 171-189.
19 F. Kobler, Napoleon and the Jews, New York 1976.
[lxxii]
9]
poleon, in his first round, so demonstrably opened the ghetto gates. The
same Napoleon in 1806 convened nothing less than a Sanhedrin, reminiscent of the Great Assembly of Rabbis, a legislative body not convened since the Talmudic period. Did Napoleon know that according
to some rabbinic opinions, the reconvening of the Sanhedrin was one of
the precursors to the coming of the Jewish messiah? Yet the early modern emancipator used this Sanhedrin to pry into the inner life of Jews
with forcefulness from which ancient, classical, and medieval enemies
of the Jews, politically and spiritually motivated, would have had
much to learn from Napoleon. Dangling the promise of full citizenship,
he tested Jewish loyalties. In inquisitorial tones, he elicited the position
of rabbis in Paris and elsewhere under his control, pressuring them to
make politically correct statements by the standards of his Enlightenment, tragic choices for them as rabbinic leaders.
The Napoleon who opened the ghetto gates is the same Napoleon
who tried to control Jewish communal life. The messianic fervor was
confused and confusing as he made his incursion into Eastern Europe.
What of his equivocal reputation was salient and where, what reality
factors, what range of concerns might have been encoded in mythic
language and how might these illuminate the junction of large scale
social processes, motives, and the personal decisions of historical actors; what insights into early modern messianism can we derive from
the diverse responses to Napoleon from Jews in different regions all
of these questions require much research, particularly, if we are to assess relationships between the political and spiritual and make any
evaluations of what is emancipatory.
Martin Bubers novel, For the Sake of Heaven, presents a fictionalized
version of responses, across the Hasidic world, to Napoleon and the
messianic interpretations engendered by the French liberator, far away
from home.20 In other sources we find, for example:
During the first Napoleonic War, Rabbi Menahem Mendel of
Rymanov wanted to make of him Gog and Magog. He
supplicated through his prayer that he should win in order that
there should be redemption and he said that in his opinion it
would be beneficial for Jewish blood to be spilled, from Frystak
to Rymanov. They should go up to their knees in Jewish blood in
order that there should be an end to our exile. But the masters of
20 M. Buber, For the Sake of Heaven, tr. from the German by L. Lewinson,
Philadelphia 1945.
[lxxiii]
Hillel Levine
[10
Koznitz and Lublin did not agree with this and they prayed that
he should fall in the war because they saw through their vision
that the end had not yet arrived [] And the Holy Rabbi Naftali
of Ropczyce, then young of years, lived in the town of Dokle. He
sided with the rabbis of Koznitz and Lublin and visited the Rabbi
of Rymanov to try to dissuade him. He arrived on the eve of
Passover, a day of particularly fierce fighting. Rabbi Mendele was
standing there, placing Matzahs into the oven. Each time he
would say: Another five hundred Russians have fallen. And so
it was in the war.21
Another tale about Hasidic responses to the fall of the King Napoleon,
describing reactions to his downfall, provides the dramatic background
for Bubers treatment:
After 1813, when the mightiness of God was apparent in the fall
of the King Napoleon who was taken into exile, many prophesied
that Gods name would become exalted. And the Rabbi of Lublin
always anticipated Gods redemption that the redemption would
be made by the King the Messiah soon in our days, Amen. And
this is what Levi Isaac of Berditchev said before he died that he
would not give any rest to the masters because the Son of Jesse
has not arrived.22
What do these point to in regard to ways in which Napoleon might
have been perceived? To be sure, these Hasidic masters were not
systematic thinkers. Nevertheless, can we try to identify patterns in
their cosmological thinking that correspond with phenomenological
categories in the history of religion such as pantheism, theism, theurgic
magic and explore their sociological correspondances with social
boundaries and internal organization?
Buber tries to present the responses as an intra-Hasidic debate on
magic versus non-theurgic religious action, more spiritual in its orientation. The legends that he uses, we note, were transmitted and preserved as oral traditions; they were transcribed during and after the
first decade of the 20th century. For Buber, Shneur Zalmans response
to Napoleon and the elaborate explanations that Shneur Zalman and
21 Mevorakh, Napoleon u-Tekufato (above n. 18), pp, 186187. See Mevorakhs
discussion of the oral sources of these legends and their first appearance in
writing, ibid., pp. 183184.
22 Ibid., p. 188.
[lxxiv]
11]
others provide for this response were of scant interest even though
Shneur Zalmans 1812 letter provides what is most likely the earliest
written record.
Most of the responses seem to have been prompted by a very practical consideration: Why waste a good war! Lets make something of it
in terms of the churning of the messianic gears. The Hasidic Masters
and presumably their growing number of disciples interiorized Napoleons sojourn across the lands of East European Jewry and gave it
meaning within their Jewish framework of life and the Jewish spiritual
world. Bracketing Bubers glosses and insofar as the anthologies of Hasidic tales transcribed a century later preserve any reliable reportage,
Napoleon was experienced largely as an external event, not someone
introducing radical differences into the governance of their lives. Even
those Jews who had lived since 1772 under Russian autocracy preserved the political thinking of Jewish experiences under Polish autarky. The political and economic orders were considered to be based
on decrees and capriciousness which Jews could negotiate, not on principle.
The hand of a later generation of transcribers of Hasidic tales is recognizable in a pious spin given to these reports: Perhaps because of
their inappropriate zeal in hastening the end and for their applied
messianism, the major Rebbes involved in this experiment died within
the same year. But those native ethnographers and pious oral historians
were not oblivious to those internal Hasidic politics. The Napoleonic
incursion was used to demonstrate the power of the Hasidic master or
the competition between the different courts.23
All this makes Shneur Zalmans response, within the context of his
own life, all the more interesting. Another monopoly not possessed by
narrative historians involves the joys of unpacking an exemplary
tale.24 The Alte Rebbe, as he is lovingly called by his disciples, to this
day, lived in the northwest sector of the Hasidic world, in that area of
the Polish Commonwealth that had been annexed by Catherine the
Great and that is now in Belar us and Lithuania. He wrote profound
theological tracts that point to a deep spiritual life. At the same time,
his communal ordinances would be a proud piece of work for a
McKinsey consultant. And anyone who has observed Congressional
23 Ibid., pp. 173175.
24 The recent work of John Demos, Natalie Zemon Davis, and David Hackett
Fischer well illustrate this point.
[lxxv]
Hillel Levine
[12
advocacy, Lubavitcher style, will have no doubts about political propensities that Shneur Zalman of Lyadi was able to pass on.
Let us examine his epistle in its entirety:
On the first day of Rosh Hashana, prior to the Musaf prayer, they
showed me: Should Napoleon be victorious, wealth among the
Jews will be abundant and the glory of the children of Israel will
be exalted. But the hearts of Israel will be separated and distanced
from their father in heaven. But if our Master Alexander will
triumph, though poverty will be abundant and the glory of Israel
will be humbled, the heart of Israel will be bound and joined with
its father in heaven. And here is a sign: In the coming days the
delight of your eyes will be taken from you and they will begin
to recr uit soldiers from among the brethren of Israel. And do
remember how when we last parted recalling, Princes have
persecuted me without a cause; But my heart stands in awe of
your words. And for Gods sake: Burn this letter.25
A line of commentators interpret Shneur Zalmans motives, expressed
in cost/benefit analysis terms, so disarmingly stark and pithy, as a call
for asceticism.26 When you are oppressed then you will discover the
Lord your God. Napoleon the liberator, Napoleon who would
establish a rational economy in which Jews would be allowed to
participate in productive enterprises, Napoleon the false Messiah
would lead the Jews to political and economic security and to
religious indolence. Shneur Zalman, according to this reading of the
epistle, picked up a whiff of what Jewish emancipation and modernization is all about. He sensed that if it will be good for the Jews it will
be bad for Judaism. Perhaps he envisioned Jewish opulence in an open
society with an intermarriage rate of over 50% and, conservative ascetic
that he was, had the courage to reject this.
Yet, this interpretation of what might be called the Jews love tsuris
school is out of character with Shneur Zalman of Lyadi and his thinking. Was the author of the most detailed set of communal ordinances
and an architect of governance and leadership which has endured to
this very day, fearful of mortally-imposed security? Would a leader
25 Mevorach, Napoleon u-Tekufato (above n. 18), pp. 182183.
26 S. Dubnow, Toledot ha-Hasidut, Tel-Aviv 1975, pp. 325344. Alan M. Dershowitz
begins his recent book, The Vanishing American Jew: In Search of Jewish Identity for
the Next Century, Boston, MA 1997, with this tale of Shneur Zalman of Lyadi
calling this the Jewish delight in tsuris.
[lxxvi]
13]
who was concerned with the economic pursuits of his followers, whose
administrative ordinances included detailed considerations of matters
of livelihood and finance, would this type of leader welcome persecution and summarily dismiss opportunities for stability?
His son and successor made proposals to the government for vocational schools and agricultural colonies saying, No Jew need be
ashamed of engaging in farm work, for our ancestors in Palestine were
farmers. If we will purchase or rent the land for long periods, we shall
obtain a livelihood.27 That son, better than the Maskilim, the Jewish
modernist savants who accepted French physiocratic notions of what
in later years would be called pruduktivizatsya, productive contributions to the wealth of the state that son of Shneur Zalman, and likely
Shneur Zalman himself, understood that Enlightenment inspired reform in Eastern Europe was little more than a fraud and that agriculture was a code word for serfdom.
There is little else in Shneur Zalmans Hasidism that suggests that he
accorded such religious significance to tsuris. He was not particularly
on the ascetic side of Hasidism. Furthermore, his rejection of Napoleon
was so vehement as to suggest some other motives.
The opening of the archives in the former Soviet Union, for now, at
least, holds limited promise for a solution to these problems. A new
cottage industry among underpaid academics and librarians has generated custom made forgeries. Moreover, the demonstrated alacrity
and competence of contemporary Lubavitcher Hasidim in moving documents from Moscow and St. Petersburg to Crown Heights makes access even a greater problem than in the days of the former Soviet Union.
An examination of the original epistle seems to be impossible for the
moment.
We do have a cache of documents that round out the reports of
Shneur Zalman of Lyadis imprisonment in St. Petersburg, fourteen and
twelve years before Napoleons arrival on Hasidic turf. Indeed, Shneur
Zalman was incarcerated by Tsar Paul and Tsar Alexander I which
should make him no great fan of tsardom. Could his enthusiasm be
little more than an early and undiagnosed symptom of the Stockholm
Syndrome?
27 M. Teitelbaum, Ha-Rav Mi-Lyadi u-Mifleget Habad, Warsaw 1910, pp. 238246. On
Shneur Zalman teachings and on his son, see: R. Elior, The Paradoxical Ascent to
God, New York 1992; idem, Torat ha-Elohuth ba-Dor ha-Sheni shel Hasidut Habad,
Jer usalem 1982; N. Loewenthal (ed.), Communicating the Infinite, Chicago 1990.
[lxxvii]
Hillel Levine
[14
He was also released by those tsars, it might be pointed out. This

should provide some explanation for his gratitude. Indeed, we now
better understand those circumstances under which he was released.
And it may be those circumstances that shed new light on Shneur Zalmans loyalty to the Tsar. The new documents provide some insight into
what the Russian prosecutors were fishing for, how Shneur Zalman
handled them, and ultimately, why, unlike so many Old Believers and
religious leaders of various sorts that were subject to these types of investigations and ultimately sent to Siberia, why Shneur Zalman was
freed not once but twice.
Let us allow for the possibility of a rather pedestrian explanation. As
to the unexpectedly happy ending to Shneur Zalmans political problems, let us once more evoke the image of politically active Lubavitcher
Hasidim; lobbying in the Tsars court; this surely involved one primary
means bribes. It could be that what Shneur Zalman liked about the
Tsar and his administration is their inefficiency and corr uptibility. From
the first annexations of Polish territory by Catherine the Great and the
first encounters with Jews, all sorts of reforms were promulgated, some
fair and favorable to the interests of many Jews now residing in Russian
territory, most absolutely not. The common denominator: virtually
none was implemented.
New documents indicate that Shneur Zalmans first arrest, at least,
was not primarily the consequence of the Jewishly prompted
anti-Hasidic agitation and internecine warfare, as we thought; neither
was it planned by the tsarist officials to provide the opportunity for
extortion.28 We now have the text of the first accusation against
Shneur Zalman, made on May 8th, 1798 by a certain Hirsch the son of
David of Vilna. He accuses the rabbi and his associates of fomenting
rebellion among the youth, a fairly standard accusation; the Hasidim
live unbridled lives with no framework of law, again, not an unusual
mode of defaming. An accusation that he makes that is not standard is
that Shneur Zalman is sending money to assist the French Revolution.
Rabbi Zalman the son of Bar ukh [] tries to assist the French Revolution is written on the cover page of the investigation. Shneur Zalman
was accused of sending money to the Sultan as well as to Napoleon in
28 These documents from the Prosecutor Generals archives in Petersburg are
reviewed in Kerem Habad, Kefar Habad 1992, pp. 1721, 2931. Kerem Habad, a
journal of the movement, is not always up to scholarly standards. But a
reproduction of the original accusation is presented.
[lxxviii]
15]
Palestine. The irony should not be lost; Shneur Zalmans efforts to establish a well r un Hasidic court, to protect his followers from Russian
autocracy and its administrators involved political maneuvering about
which those officials said little. The accusation against him for political
activity is based on Shneur Zalmans most messianic act organizing
financial support for pious Jews residing in the Holy Land who were
praying for the redemption. This was seen as a political act of supporting the French Revolution.
There is good reason to believe that the accuser, Hirsch the son of
David of Vilna, did not exist and that a clumsy effort was being made
to attribute this particular attack to Jews. The accuser recommends to
the Tsar that the Hasidim be sent into exile and there they will have
their promised land for which they have been hoping and also the messianic wild ox and leviathan. Though Jewish attacks on Hasidim in no
way lacked vir ulence, this frighteningly cynical taunt does not sound
like it comes from a Jewish voice. The Prosecutor General Lopukhin
reports these accusations in a letter to the Tsar. Paul who was having
enough problems consolidating power during his short-lived reign
seems to have had the time and concern to review this case himself. On
August 14th, 1798 he writes, should it turn out that they indeed did
participate in any type of rebellion, of these do send them to me immediately.
We are still left with the question as to who organized this initiative.
Whatever the case may be, it is evident that Russian autocratic leaders
could hardly be characterized as interested only in the surfaces of Jewish life. Napoleon, however, was certainly more the interventionist and
generally a lot more efficient. In view of the serious charges leveled
against him by the tsarist administration and what he likely did not
know Paul himself, Shneur Zalman had reason to be grateful, perhaps,
even loyal.
If archival material up to this point has been suggestive but not conclusive as to Shneur Zalmans tr uest motives for his enthusiastic support of the Russian autocrats, perhaps we should take a more careful
look at the epistle itself. In comparing some of the printed versions of
this letter, it is clear that there have been deletions. Some of the historians who wanted to like Shneur Zalman as one of the more reasonable
of Hasidic masters, did not pay attention, even took liberties with some
phrases that they did not understand or that did not lend support to
their image of this Rebbe. The recipient, we should note, is Moses
Meizeles, who was also a friend of Shneur Zalmans most important
[lxxix]
Hillel Levine
[16
and vitriolic enemy, the Gaon of Vilna. Meizeles was himself, like his
Vilna friend, a man who combined traditional study, even mysticism,
with scientific er udition. Meizeles seemed to be under some suspicion
of organizing a spy ring on behalf of Napoleon. He escaped to Palestine
and years later made a most positive impression on the secretary of the
visiting magnate and philanthropist, Moses Montefiore. From our perspective, his singularly great contribution to Jewish history is that he
did not follow Shneur Zalmans instr uctions to burn the letter. Shneur
Zalman makes two predictions that will serve as a validation for his
position. The delight of your eyes will be taken from you,29 he tells
Meizeles, sharing an intuition about his own numbered days, and also
that some other precious ones will be taken away, perhaps with less
permanence. Shneur Zalman alludes to the conscription of young Jewish men, even children, which had been instituted in another part of the
lands of former Poland. This reminds us that Napoleonic influences
were closer to the heartland of East European Jewry a few years before
the War of 1812. The Duchy of Warsaw, which Napoleon had much to
do with the assemblage of its parcels, was also governed by the Napoleonic Code. There, as well as in the lands of Joseph II, going back to the
early 1780s conscription was imposed upon the Jewish community.
Shneur Zalman was reminding his friend that Napoleons political and
emancipatory program may not only weaken Jews ties to their celestial
father but also to their terrestrial children.
But there seems to have been a heading to the letter in fact, an encoded secret heading ignored by most historians. It is the way of the
world to leave behind the hides and empty jugs. In and of itself, this
statement is seemingly meaningless. But it refers to a discussion in the
Babylonian Talmud, Yoma, 12a. How should the pilgrims to Jer usalem
during the three major festivals handle their fiscal affairs, the Talmud
asks. Insofar as the holy city belongs to the entire Jewish people, it
would violate that principle for pilgrims to pay their hotel bills. On the
other hand, as much as the rabbis, like medieval scholastics, were concerned to save the appearance not allowing reality to interfere with
theory and principle, their economic savvy encouraged them to predict
a desolate future for Jer usalems tourist industry if pilgrims did not pay
for their accommodations and hotel keepers had no economic incentives to provide public services. The solution to the dilemma? It is the
way of the world to leave behind the hides and empty wine jugs.
29 Mevorakh, Napoleon u-Tekufato (above n. 18), pp. 182183.
[lxxx]
17]
How does this respond to Jer usalems problems or to Shneur

Zalmans problems and what was his association to that Talmudic formulation at the moment that he was making his inspired cost/benefit
analysis of Jewish choices in the modern world? The hides were the one
part of the animals for which pilgrims, bringing their sacrifice to the
Temple, had no use. They could not be a part of any special sacrifice or
priestly gift. On the other hand, they were not without intrinsic value.
Similarly, the wine jugs that had been used to transport the fr uits of
local vineyards, dedicated to spiritual elevation during the festivals,
were now merely empty vessels that would be a burden to transport
back home. They, too, were far from worthless. It is the way of the
world. That is how you pay the hotel bill while preserving the principle that Jer usalem belongs to all of the people. But what does this have
to do with Napoleon?
Here we have a real opening into Shneur Zalmans political thinking
and spiritual proclivities. In the lands of the Tsar, he thought, It is the
way of the world to leave behind the hides and the empty jugs. One
can pay tutelage with objects that have value, to be sure, that are external, functional, and ultimately empty in relation to the core of Jewish
living. The Tsar demanded, even deserved, loyalty. But Napoleon
would be satisfied with nothing less than patriotism, the fullest, the
most enthusiastic, and most exclusive commitment.
Shneur Zalman of Lyadi was no less inclined than his colleagues to
find deeper eschatological meaning in the War of 1812. But seeing the
events outside of his window as the representation of predestined
apocalyptic battles did not exonerate him, he believed, from worldly
choices and activities. He could envision cosmic circles while at one and
the same time organizing spy rings. Indeed, while praying for Tsar Alexander, he organized espionage against Napoleon; he ingratiated himself and his followers, by services rendered, to the Russian generals.
In this cryptic letter we hear what he is telling the sixty wagons of his
disciples who are escaping with him, eastward, through the fall and
winter of 1812, hardly staying ahead of Napoleons troops. His son reports about his fathers last days in a letter sent to the same Moses
Meizeles. The peril and the impurity that Shneur Zalman associates
with Napoleon seem to meld as he urges his followers to move, quicker
and quicker, in their escape. Napoleon is the quintessence of evil, violence, and what he seems to condemn the most hubris and arrogant
secularity. The Kings of the North are the source of compassion. In an
extraordinarily ecumenical observation, Shneur Zalman, as reported
[lxxxi]
Hillel Levine
[18
by his son, notes with appreciation the manner in which the Tsar includes in his soldiers preparedness for battle the blessings and sprinkling of holy water administered by Russian Orthodox priests. Each
Napoleonic victory is accorded hidden blessing in the transvaluated
world of messianism. He succumbed to the difficulties of the journey
and the anguish of choosing between paths of emancipation, before
witnessing the fulfillment of one of his predictions nafol tipol Napoleon, verily will Napoleon fall.
With all of his messianism, Shneur Zalman was not opposed to
long-range strategic planning. With his characteristic deliberation, he
examined the redefinition of the relationship of Jews to the state,
change that was taking place across Europe and in America. He realized that the future welfare of Jews as individuals, the viability of their
collective lives, and the plausibility of their faith could not depend on
charters here or concessions there as had been the case in feudal societies and in societies organized by estates and with corporate str uctures.
He confronted a tragic choice envisioning greater opportunities for
civic society and associational life in the interstices of tsarist autocracy
than in Napoleonic totalitarian mass society. He was prescient about
Napoleon and his heirs; less so in regard to the Tsar and tsardom in its
metamorphoses.
The Hasidic movement that Shneur Zalman of Lyadi founded and
inspired endured under the unique duress of the autocratic repressiveness of the Tsar and the totalitarian democracy of Napoleon, as their
commissar disciples institutionalized both legacies in the Soviet Union.
The stories of the survival of Lubavitcher Hasidism under the most repressive conditions of Communism and the reconstr uction of East European Jewish life in the corners of liberal democracies on our planet,
such as Brooklyn and Bnai Brak, following Nazi mass murder of Jews
and massive delegitimation of Jewish faith are stories yet to be told.
That social space, the intermediary str uctures of civic society, were offered neither by Napoleon nor by the Tsar. How did the delayed reaction to the Holocaust as it was expressed in that cognitively and socially
well protected civic society of liberal democracies catalyze shifts in the
delicate balances of the spiritual and political dimensions of Shneur
Zalmans messianism and worldly preoccupations that contribute to a
messiansim that was by no means sublimated, that addressed the political as well as the spiritual domain, and that was as thisworldly in its
orientation as the messianism of early Christians and Sabbateans?
Whatever may be learned from Shneur Zalman of Lyadis deliberations
[lxxxii]
19]
that might reflect on the means or how questions the political and spiritual dimensions of Sabbateanism and other earlier forms of
messianism the where questions, of the social location of messianism
and how to retain their plausibility, which confronted Shneur Zalman
were quite different than those facing Sabbateanism and other earlier
messianic movements.
So much for reductionism, post-modernist or otherwise. There was a
lot that moved that was demographic and economic, spiritual, certainly, but even political in a fashion that Foucault would not quite recognize. Whether or not modernity for Jews and for others ultimately
will be emancipatory, for those of us who possess neither Shneur Zalman of Lyadis messianic optimism nor planning skills, we might ever
so cautiously state not all of the data is in.
[lxxxiii]
Shabbtai Zvi and the Seductions of Jewish Orientalism

David Biale
In one of his earliest diary entries, dated just before the outbreak of
World War I, Gershom Scholem describes a trip to the Swiss Alps.1
There he engaged in a series of romantic meditations which include a
reference to Shabbtai Zvi who, he says, astonished the people by going
into the marketplace in Izmir and pronouncing the four-letter name of
God. Despite the popular belief that he should have been str uck by
lightning, nothing happened. Scholem uses this historical anecdote as
a rather surprising way of demonstrating the deluded nature of the
Jewish people, who cannot recognize the metaphysical meaning of the
grandeur and beauty of the high mountains. Whatever this obscure text
may have actually meant to him, one has the distinct feeling that
Scholem is comparing himself to Shabbtai Zvi, a comparison that gains
some support from his later claim in the diary to be the Messiah.2
How and what did Scholem know about Shabbtai Zvi in 1914? He
certainly might have encountered him in Graetzs History, which, as he
tells us in his memoirs, he already read in 1911.3 What I wish to argue
in this paper, however, is that Shabbtai Zvi was in the air in many different forms in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the
first sentence of his great essay, Redemption Through Sin, Scholem
says that no chapter in the history of the Jewish people during the last
several hundred years has been as shrouded in mystery as that of the
Sabbatian movement.4 Despite the common belief today, cultivated in
David Biale
[2
part by Scholem himself, that he rescued the Sabbatian movement from

obscurity and turned it into the major watershed between the Jewish
Middle Ages and modernity, there was a rich historical and imaginative
literature about Sabbatianism available in German, Yiddish, Hebrew,
English and Russian when Scholem was a young man. In his biography
of Shabbtai Zvi, Scholem refers occasionally in passing to this literature
and generally dismisses it as historically worthless, an accusation that
is largely accurate, if exaggerated. But regardless of their historical validity, these novels, biographies and essays created a climate of interest
in Sabbatianism that must have caught the young Scholems attention
and suggested certain themes for his later investigations.
Some of this literature about Sabbatianism was surveyed by Shmuel
Werses in a his book on Sabbatianism and the Haskalah.5 But Werses
ends where I propose to begin: with the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which witnessed perhaps an even greater profusion of
writing about Sabbatianism than had been the case earlier in the nineteenth century. Werses concludes with a short chapter on the way Jewish nationalist writers transformed attitudes towards Sabbatianism
from the negative stance of much of the Haskalah to a new appreciation.
Although some of the material that I will cover overlaps with this chapter and some with material that he covers in other chapters I want
to look not only at literature written by Jewish nationalists, but also by
some who are often labeled as assimilationists.
Beyond staking out a somewhat different literary territory from that
of Werses, I am interested in some very different issues. Sabbatianism
functioned as a kind of cultural code for authors working on the borders between Judaism and modernity, as a projection back onto the seventeenth century of modern problems of Jewish identity and assimilation. The most interesting literature of the fin de siecle
` period was neither
pro- nor anti-Sabbatian in the sometimes dichotomous sense we find in
Werses. Instead, these works often involve ambiguities that point in
suggestive ways to the ambivalence of their authors towards a whole
host of contemporary issues: rabbinical authority, heresy, conversion
and messianism, among others.
[lxxxvi]
3]
Jewish Orientalism
One issue that I want to address in particular is Sabbatianism as a
vehicle for constr ucting a kind of Jewish Orientalism at a time when the
Orient was exerting a particularly complex fascination on Jews. As I
shall try to show, ambivalence about the Jewish Orient captured many
of the other ambivalences of these writers about contemporary Jewish
culture. It is in the context of this Jewish Orientalism that I also want to
situate the young Scholems fascination with Sabbatianism, a context
quite different from where he is usually located.
In his now classic work, Orientalism, Edward Said suggests that the
range of European associations with the Orient, such as the Oriental
character, Oriental despotism, Oriental sensuality and the like, are really projections or constr uctions by Westerners, primarily during the
age of Imperialism.6 The power to constr uct the Orient as a field of
knowledge in certain stereotyped ways was part and parcel of the projection of Western power into the area of the Near East. Yet, because
Orientalism had little to do with the actual Orient, it tells us much more
about those doing the constr ucting than those being constr ucted:
Orientalism is and does not simply represent a considerable dimension of modern political-intellectual culture, and, as such, has less to do
with the Orient than it does with our world.7
The history of Jewish Orientalism remains to be written,8 and I can
[lxxxvii]
David Biale
[4
only offer the barest outlines here, insofar as they connect to the theme
of this paper. Paul Mendes-Flohr has suggested that Jewish views of the
Orient shifted with Jewish attitudes towards assimilation. In the middle of the nineteenth-century, Jews sought to distance themselves from
their ostensibly Oriental behaviors; with the rise of Zionism and other
forms of Jewish self-affirmation at the fin de siecle,
`
many Jews, following
Martin Buber,9 enthusiastically embraced their Oriental heritage in rebellion against the bourgeois West.10
Without disputing this overall picture, I believe that even those Jews
who affirmed the Oriental in themselves did so in ways that were often
quite ambivalent, an ambivalence typical of the way the Western imagination generally depicted the Orient. Although Jewish attitudes often
resembled those of other Europeans, Jewish treatments of the Orient
were complicated by several factors. Jewish Orientalism, as opposed to
non-Jewish, involved constr ucting an object which was also in some
sense ostensibly ones self, the subject which was doing the constr ucting: those who imagined a Jewish Orient were always conscious of the
fact that they themselves were being imagined by non-Jews as Orientals. If the Orient became the classic site of the Other, Jewish Orientalism involved a complex dialectic of projection and displacement of oneself onto an object that was never really other. The fact that the Jewish
people originated in the Orient as well as the presence of real Jews in
the contemporary Orient aroused contradictory feelings among European Jews of identification and alienation.11 These Oriental Jews might
represent the vestiges of biblical Jews or, alternatively, primitive Jews
still mired in medieval obscurantism and irrationality. If one imagined
Jewish identity to be primarily European, the Oriental Jews were an
inconvenient embarrassment; on the other hand, if one wished to see in
Judaism the spirit of the Orient, one might represent both the Orient
and the Orientals in far more positive terms. What has not been sufficiently noticed is the way these contradictory attitudes might exist simultaneously even in those eager to affirm their Oriental otherness.
When Zionism emerged as both a political and settlement move-
[lxxxviii]
5]
ment, the question of the Orient took on great urgency.12 Zionist Orientalism, undoubtedly indebted to both European and Jewish Orientalism of the nineteenth-century, developed its own peculiar dynamic, especially once European Zionists confronted real Oriental Jews, such as
the Yemenites, who came to settle in the Land of Israel. Since the Zionists proposed to take the Jews out of Europe and back to the Middle
East, ambivalence about becoming once again Levantine turned into
a touchstone for the tension in early Zionism between Eurocentric modernism and anti-European anti-modernism. Was Zionism to be part of
the Orient or was it to be a movement of European modernity projected
into the Middle East?
European Orientalism itself can be divided between those who had
actual contact with the Orient and those whose images were constr ucted much more out of sheer imagination. The French and the English fit loosely into the first category and the Germans into the second.
Similarly, Jewish Orientalism divides between those who had direct
contact with the Jews of the Middle East and those who did not. Because of the French involvement in the region, French Jews were among
the first to develop complex direct relationships with Jews in North
Africa, Turkey and other areas of the Ottoman Empire. This new interest in the Orient was awakened by the Damascus Blood Libel in 1840
and, as Aron Rodrigue has shown in recent work, was expressed in the
educational network of the Alliance Israelite

Universelle.13 The Alliances project of bringing French Enlightenment to the backward Jews
of the Ottoman Empire was the product of Orientalist images of these
Jews, but it also contributed towards the production and dissemination
of these images.
German and East European Jews had less direct contact with Jews of
the East, but the images were often similar. Much, although not all, of
the late nineteenth and early twentieth century literature on
Sabbatianism was produced in German. As we will see, these German
Jewish authors often conflated images of the Orient with images of the
Ostjuden, who, as Steven Aschheim has shown, functioned for German
[lxxxix]
David Biale
[6
Jews in a similar cultural fashion as Oriental Jews.14 An additional aspect to the German Jewish literature about the Orient is the curious role
of the Sephardic Jew. As Ismar Schorsch has argued, Sephardic Jews
often served for enlightened German Jews as models of acculturation
without assimilation; the Sephardic Jew represented a kind of Jewish
nobility, as opposed to the obscurantist and vulgar Ostjuden.15 With the
discovery of the degraded Oriental Jews as an ostensible offshoot of
the Sephardim, the image of the Sephardim shifted to a contradictory
mixture of nobility and degeneration, a mixture which is particularly
evident in the representations of Sabbatianism.
Sabbatianism and the Orient
One example of this ambivalent representation can be found in a
travelogue written by the German-Jewish newspaper publisher, Esriel
Carlebach, under the title Exotische Juden.16 For Carlebach and, one
presumes, his readers, the exotic was the Orient, defined primarily as
the Mediterranean. The first chapter treats the proud Spaniards (Stolze
Spanier), the Sephardic Jews of Salonica. Following the long tradition
described by Schorsch, Carlebach contrasts the nobility and pride of
these Jews with the hunchback (gebeugten-Ruckens) Jews of the North.
The Spanish Jews of Salonica set the stage for Carlebachs journeys to
other exotic communities of the Orient, including Morocco, Tunis,
Tripoli, Yemen and Smyrna. There he found a variety of exotic Jews,
not only exotic because of their geographical location, but also because
of their heterodox beliefs: Karaites, Marranos and Sabbatians.
Carlebachs Sabbatians are the remains of the Donmeh

sect in Izmir.
He describes the half-darkened synagogue, mysterious and virtually
r uined where he encounters old men and women, the vestiges of the
community. In contrast with this contemporary scene of decay,
Carlebach describes the birth of Sabbatianism in almost revolutionary
terms. Shabbtai Zvi was a sensitive, ecstatic young man who dared to
duel with God in protest against the slaughter of the Polish Jews by
Chmielnitski. Anticipating Scholem and in line with most of the other
[xc]
7]
descriptions of the impact of Sabbatianism, Carlebach claims that the

movement swept the whole Jewish world. Yet, Carlebach blames the
failure of Sabbatianism on Shabbtai Zvi who, he says, thought more
about himself than about redemption; he was a Messiah not fully committed to messianism.
Carlebach sees the continuing faith of latter-day Sabbatians like Jon and the Donmeh
athan Eibeschutz
sect not as a belief in Shabbtai Zvi
himself, but as a belief in the spiritual phenomenon represented by
Sabbatianism; it is therefore curiously positive and even prescriptive
for modern European Jews: the Donmeh

Sabbatians read Maupassant
and Voltaire, but when they pray, they put away Western literature, just
as they do the Koran, speak only Hebrew and refer only to sacred Jewish texts. Like European Jews, many of the sect became Greek and married foreigners. Those who remained faithful had learned the art of
dissembling, of seeming to be Muslims while actually remaining Jews.
To be able to believe in Shabbtai Zvi nearly three hundred years after
his apostasy is a trick of the soul not that different from that required
to be a Jew in modern times.
Thus, the movement that began in ecstasy, but failed due to the weakness of its leader, still held a message for Jews facing the challenge of
assimilation. In this conclusion, the Sabbatian community of Smyrna
represented for Carlebach a peculiar mixture of antiquated decay and
stubborn national pride, a combination typical of others of Carlebachs
exotic Jews of the Orient.
The role of the Orient as the birthplace of Sabbatianism is evident as
well in Josef Kasteins vivid biography, Shabbtai Zewi: Der Messias von
Ismir, published in Germany in 1930. Kasteins book resembles much of
the nineteenth-century literature discussed by Werses in combining
historical sources with fictional embellishment. Although Scholem dismissed Kasteins work as little more than a novel, his bibliography includes many of the sources in Hebrew and European languages from
the time of the events. Even if Kastein did allow himself poetic license,
he did so after some fairly extensive historical research. Seeking to explain the widespread impact of the movement, Kastein argues that,
he succeeded, for the people he was addressing were not only
credulous Jews, but also Orientals. In this connection, one should
not forget that there were two factors which did much towards
increasing credence for the reports that were circulated in the
Orient, the fickle receptivity towards fantasy [die leichte, phantasie[xci]
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[8
begabte Empfanglichkeit],
and in the West the allure of the alien [der

Reiz der Entfernung] and respect for the written word.17
If the movements attraction in the East had to do with Oriental
irrationalism, the Western Jews were drawn in by two contradictory
impulses: a kind of rationalism connected with respect for written
reports, and the enchantment of the exotic. Kastein is describing a kind
of seventeenth-century Jewish Orientalism as the source for Western
Sabbatianism. But he also captures the reasons for contemporary
fascination with Sabbatianism. In the twentieth century, the Orient still
represented the exotic, as it did in the seventeenth, but knowledge of
the Orient, mediated through the written word (that is, Kasteins own
book), gives this exoticism a veneer of scientific respectability. This is
exactly the combination that Said describes in his analysis of
nineteenth-century European accounts of the Orient.
Despite the impression a passage like this might leave, Kastein was
not at all hostile to Sabbatianism. In fact, his attitude was generally
quite sympathetic since he saw Sabbatianism as a legitimate response
to Jewish homelessness, a theme that he repeats almost like a litany in
his introductory chapter. As a Central European Jew, Kastein needed to
account for how the more rational and skeptical Jews who were his
ancestors were attracted to the movement in a way different from the
alien Oriental Jews. For example, in Venice, the news was received with
skepticism: here is intelligent soil, where much is investigated and
much is doubted. Here is no more of the fantastic Oriental imagination.18 Similarly, in Hamburg and Amsterdam, the descendants of the
Marranos were more fully equipped with spiritual or intellectual
(Geistigen) qualities than the Polish Jews, because their suffering was
sublimated. These Jews, who are clearly Kasteins heroes,
regarded [Sabbatianism] from a more worldly, concrete and
political point of view than the Oriental and Polish Jews. To the
other Jews it was a fresh beginning; to them it was a continuation
on a higher and clearer plane. And in their response they showed
passionate joy and unfettered exuberance rather than dark and
painful penitential practices.19
[xcii]
9]
The East whether Eastern Europe or the Middle East is dark and
ascetical, while the West is joyful and worldly, a theme to which I will
return.
Among the political responses to Sabbatianism, Kastein includes
Spinozas famous Zionist passage in his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus:
Jewish sovereignty might in fact be restored under the proper political
constellation.20 In connecting Spinoza with Sabbatianism in this positive sense, Kastein turned Graetzs association of the two on its head:
where Graetz had seen Spinoza as the mirror image of Shabbtai Zvi
rationalism versus irrationalism Kastein brought them together under the category of politics.21 Spinoza understood the import of
Sabbatianism politically. While it is unlikely that Spinoza was in fact
commenting on Sabbatianism in this passage, Kastein may well have
been on to something interesting. Following Scholem, much of the
work on Sabbatianism has focused primarily on mystical ideas and less
on the overtly political side of the movement, such as the persistent use
of royal titles for Shabbtai Zvi and the way the movement unfolded
within the political relations between the Ottoman Jewish communities
and the Turkish state. Interestingly, this fr uitful direction for research
was anticipated by some of the literature that Scholem dismissed, such
as Kasteins work, which typically focuses much more on the political
than on the mystical.22
Despite his identification with the ostensibly reasoned position of the
Amsterdam and Hamburg Jews, Kastein was by no means a dogmatic
rationalist. In language reminiscent of Martin Buber, he notes that an
Age is ripe for a great experience [Erlebnis], when it has the courage
momentarily to abandon the lamentable control of the brain and surrenders oneself to necessities of the heart.23 This distinction between
brain and heart corresponds to Kasteins dichotomy in his introductory
chapter between the Bible, which stirs the emotions, and the rationalism of the Talmud. He saw the Talmud as a legal system of endless
interpretations, reflections, speculations and theories that weaned the
Jews from the emotional sustenance of the Bible. He even claims that
[xciii]
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[10
the rabbis forbade Jews from reading the Bible before age twenty!24 The
Kabbalah attempted a synthesis between the Bible and the Talmud, and
Shabbtai Zvi represented the great experience in which the dictates of
reason were suspended in favor of a higher law. For a secular Jew like
Kastein (and Scholem), Sabbatianism was a precursor of the modern
revolt against rabbinic legalism.
As for Carlebach, the failure of Sabbatianism was a failure of its
leader, who was not himself transformed by this great experience. Here
Kastein becomes rather obscure: Shabbtai Zvi emulated an historical
form of leadership without any adequate spiritual equipment. He
never tr uly transcended the religion against which he rebelled. In a
sense, Kastein holds that Sabbatianism was not radical enough: it did
not address the universal desire for redemption, the fundamental fact
that a whole world wished to be reconciled with its God and its own
existence. This desire for redemption continued to echo weakly in
movements like Hasidism and Zionism, but it succeeded in neither;
writing in 1930, Kastein, who was himself sympathetic to Zionism and
ended up emigrating to Palestine, declared that in Zionism, which was
an attempt at a partial solution on the plane of reality, it [redemption]
met with defeat.25
Interestingly enough, it was only in the philosophy of Martin Buber
that Kastein found the tr ue realization of the idea of redemption and,
as we have just seen, there are several places in his book where such
Buberian terms as Erlebnis and Zwiesprache appear. Arguing that nothing can so disfigure Gods countenance as religion,26 he seems to have
believed that Shabbtai Zvi was not able to translate his antinomianism
into a tr ue spirituality of dialogue. Might it be that, for Kastein,
Shabbtai Zvis Oriental origins precluded the possibility of such philosophical messianism? Only the spiritual equipment of the Central European Jews, and not the fantastic imaginations of the Oriental or East
European Jews, could provide the necessary synthesis between emotion and reason.
If Kastein saw in Shabbtai Zvis Orientalism the fatal flaw of the
movement, the same perhaps was tr ue for Theodor Herzl. A number of
early Zionist writers, such as Shai Ish-Hurwitz, drew explicit compari-
[xciv]
11]
sons between Zionism and Sabbatianism and between Herzl and

Shabbtai Zvi.27 Herzl himself was evidently uncomfortable with such
associations, although he devoted relatively little attention to his ostensible seventeenth-century forer unner. At one point in his diaries Herzl
says: the difference between Shabbtai Zvi and myself is that he made
himself great to be like the great ones of the world, whereas I find the
great just as small as I am.28 This is a rather enigmatic entry, given Herzls megalomania attested in other places in the diaries.
A more decisive statement of Herzls position on Sabbatianism, and
one more relevant for our purposes, can be found in his utopian novel,
Altneuland. When his two protagonists return to Palestine after twenty
years on a desert island, they tour the now-thriving Jewish utopia. At
one point, their hosts propose attending one of the cultural offerings of
the colony. The choices are a play about Moses at the National Theater ,
which they reject as too pietistically uplifting, several popular Yiddish
farces, which they dismiss as beneath them, and an opera about
Shabbtai Zvi, advertised as the most beautiful of all modern Jewish
operas. Curious about this figure of whom they claim ignorance, they
are told: Shabbtai Zvi was a false Messiah who appeared in Turkey at
the beginning of the seventeenth century [sic]. He succeeded in gathering a great following among Oriental Jews, but later he became a Moslem and met a sorry end. The visitors declare: The perfect villain for
an opera,29 and off the party goes to see the performance.
This brief passage deserves some careful attention. The opera about
Shabbtai Zvi stands culturally somewhere between pious high religion, represented by the theatrical treatment of Moses, and the low culture of the Ostjuden, represented by the Yiddish farces. In light of Herzls dismissal of religion and patronizing attitude towards the
Ostjuden, only the theme of a messianic movement can be said to have
national significance. The opera treats a theme out of Jewish history
[xcv]
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[12
whose value, Herzl suggests, is as a cautionary tale about the pitfalls

that Zionism must avoid: although initially sincere, Shabbtai Zvi became a villain as the mob began to follow him. Here is an example of
Herzls own ambivalence about leading a popular movement; his own
theory of Zionism as a vanguard suggests rather a certain elitism.

Unlike other contemporary treatments of Sabbatianism, Herzl sees
the movement as primarily an Oriental affair, thus implicitly contrasting it with his own movement. In one place in his diaries, Herzl insists
that while Sabbatianism was based on utopian fantasy, his movement
will succeed since we have machines,30 that is, Western technology.
For the Jews of the Middle Ages, only fantasies based on charismatic
figures might inspire action, while in modern times when the people
are able to gauge its own strength, miracles and charismatic leaders
would no longer be needed. Here, once again, we encounter a certain
ambivalence on Herzls part about his own status as a charismatic
leader.
Despite Herzls explicit distancing from Sabbatianism, expressed in
his narrative description of the movement, the capsule libretto of his
fictional opera tells a somewhat different story. Shabbtai is persecuted
by a choir of angry rabbis, but his strong personality charmed even
his opponents and they fell back before him. Here, Herzl may have in
mind his own controversies with orthodox authorities who opposed
his movement and, in fact, he suggests that sensible pious Jews have
rejected the partisan rabbis and joined the Zionist movement.
The opera about Shabbtai Zvi is the only place in Altneuland with
one exception31 in which Herzl refers to Oriental Jews. The
Eurocentric character of Herzls Zionism is, of course, no great surprise
and he was not the only one to suffer from a blind spot about the Orientals, whether Jews or Arabs. But his treatment of Sabbatianism was
designed to contrast those backward Jews, whether of the Orient or
elsewhere, who believed in miracles and were therefore swept up by
false messianism, with an enlightened, modern movement based on
technology. The Orient represented for Herzl the religious obscurantism and utopian thinking that Zionism had to oppose. The lack of any
identifiable Oriental Jews in the Altneuland (as opposed to the presence
[xcvi]
13]
of enlightened, pro-Zionist Arabs) suggests that Herzl proposed to ignore rather than modernize the real Jews of the Middle East.
Erotic Messianism and the Orient
In Altneuland, Shabbtai Zvis finest moment comes when a young girl,
who is his disciple, tries to defend him in a grand aria and is attacked
by rabbis in a great rage. The prophet then returns to save her and she
follows him after the rabbis ban him from Smyrna. At this point,
Friedrich, the character who might be called Herzls alter ego, stops
following the opera when he spies the now decrepit woman he had
been in love with twenty years earlier and as a result of whose betrayal
he had left Europe. The contrast between the manly, charismatic
Shabbtai Zvi and the jilted Friedrich is clear: the European Jew cannot
find his erotic fulfillment in Europe, for the woman of his initial dreams
will turn into a middle-aged hag. Only by the end of the novel does
Friedrich find tr ue romantic fulfillment in Miriam, the daughter of the
Jewish colony in the Orient.32
In his fictional opera about Shabbtai Zvi, Herzl never exploits the
erotic possibilities of Sabbatianism. The young female disciple is described only as following Shabbtai and not as his romantic partner. In
this chaste presentation, Herzl may, in fact, be suggesting his own repressed ambivalence about the erotic energies inherent in leading a
great political movement. Yet, Herzls avoidance of explicit eroticism
left him very much in the minority, for most of the writers about
Shabbtai Zvi from our period focused disproportionate attention on the
erotic and, not surprisingly, on Eros linked to the Orient.
One aspect of the Orient as imagined by Orientalists has almost invariably been its effeminate sensuality, personified, as Said demonstrates, in Flauberts courtesan, Kuchuk Hanem.33 For Jewish Orientalists, the Sabbatian movement provided a rich opportunity for imagining an Oriental eroticism within the traditional Jewish world. This opportunity was a result of the stories that circulated already in the seven-
[xcvii]
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[14
teenth century about Shabbtai Zvis marriages, the first two unconsummated and the third to the mysterious Sarah, who some accounts claim
was a Polish orphan of the Chmielnitski pogroms and who had pursued an adventurous and promiscuous life before marrying Shabbtai
Zvi in Egypt. The figure of Sarah allowed authors to conflate East Europe with the Near East. Thus, for example, Kastein calls this eccentric,
erotic and uncommonly vital creature a child of the East.34 Kastein
claims that the rabbinical response to Sarahs eroticism was similar to
that of the Christian witch trials, but it never reached quite the same
extreme: the Christians hated Eros and stifled the weird sensations
provoked by witches by putting them to death. The Jewish rabbis and
scholars were also afraid of Eros, but they tried to circumvent it by sublimating its influence.35 In any event, Shabbtai himself was never
tempted by Sarahs seductions and Kastein argues, quite implausibly,
that he no more consummated this third marriage than he had the previous two. We recall that for Kastein the spirit of the Orient was ascetic,
and in his account Shabbtai Zvi never gives in personally to the erotic.
However, Sarah instigates orgies and has relations with Shabbtais
young followers. She also agitates for equality of women at Shabbtais
table and in the reading of the Torah. At her instigation and as a tactic
for gaining power, Shabbtai adopted a proto-feminist position, freeing
women from the curse of Eve. As a result, says Kastein, women took an
active part in the movement, as sometimes happens in the case of revolutions when feminine instinct, added to the deliberations and motives of men, acts as a liberating and inciting factor.36 Whether or not
one wants to accept Kasteins dubious claim for the liberatory nature of
feminine instinct, his observation of the importance of women in the
movement deserves further investigation.37
Other authors exploited the erotic possibilities of Shabbtais marriages to the hilt. Israel Zangwills 1898 anthology, Dreamers of the
Ghetto, contains a chapter on The Turkish Messiah among other fictional and factual tales of marginal Jews. Zangwill revels in Orientalist
imagery throughout his tale:
[xcviii]
15]

Obediently marrying [] the maiden provided by his father, the
young ascetic passionately denied himself to the passion ripened
precociously by the Eastern sun and the marvelling Beth-Din
released the virgin from her nominal husband. Prayer and
self-mortification were the pleasures of his youth. The enchanting
Jewesses of Smyrna, picturesque in baggy trousers and
open-necked vests, had no seduction for him, though no muslin
veil hid their piquant countenances as with the Turkish women,
though no prescription silenced their sweet voices in the
psalmody of the table, as among the sin-fearing congregations of
the West.38
The Orient is the sun-drenched land of sensuality and liberation, the

Jewish women seductive and available, unlike either the Muslims or
the women of the Western Jewish communities. Shabbtai denies
himself these pleasures, but his asceticism is itself a passionate denial
of the passions. Sarah comes to free him from his self-abnegation:
She was clad in shimmering white Italian silk, which draped
tightly about her bosom, showed her as some gleaming statue
[] Her eyes had strange depths of passion, perfumes breathed
from her skin. [] Not thus came the maidens of Israel to
wedlock, demure, spotless, spiritless, with shorn hair, priestesses
of the ritual of the home.39
There can be little doubt that Zangwill prefers this Oriental Jewess to
the more conventional domestic priestesses of Western Jewry. Sarah
declares to Shabbtai: Thou hast kept thyself pure for me even as I have
kept myself passionate for thee. Come, thou shalt make me pure and I
will make thee passionate.40
Zangwill plays out Shabbtais conversion to Islam as a str uggle between the yin of his divinity and the yang of her worldliness. Shabbtai
at first blames Sarah for his failure to embrace martyrdom:
Tis through thee that I have forfeited the divine grace [] Thou
hast made me unfaithful to my bride the Law [] Woman, thou
has polluted me! I have lost the divine spirit. It hath gone out from
[xcix]
David Biale
[16
me; it will incarnate itself in another, in a nobler. Once I was

Messiah, now I am man.41
Then he reverses himself and embraces love as the Kingdom and his
humanity as his tr ue destiny. He is now prepared to become a Muslim,
if only to live with Sarah: I am a man, and thou a woman. But Sarah
for her part declares that if Shabbtai is only a man, then her love for him
is dead: Nay, as a man, I love thee not. Thou art divine or naught.42
Then, when he is taken to the Sultan, she realizes that she has come to
love him as a man and not only as Messiah. Zangwill produces this
str uggle between Shabbtai and Sarah with a great deal of ambiguity,
neither allowing his characters to take a definitive position on the
apostasy, nor, it would seem, taking one himself either.
Dreamers of the Ghetto was Zangwills attempt to work out a Jewish
identity on the margins by identifying with other heterodox Jews. It is
also a surreptitious str uggle with Christianity, as the poem on the frontispiece, entitled Moses and Jesus, attests. Moses and Jesus, the two
Jews who met by chance:
Then for the first time met their eyes, swift-linked
In one strange, silent, piteous gaze, and dim
With bitter tears of agonized despair.
The encounter between Judaism and Christianity has no positive,
definitive outcome as it would in Zangwills later, assimilationist play,
The Melting Pot,43 but, instead, like Shabbtai Zvis conversion to Islam,
it is fraught with ambiguity and agonized despair .
The very ambiguity of the ending of his Sabbatian chapter signals
Zangwills own ambivalence about whether a Jewish identity was even
possible in the modern world. Within a few years, he was to become
engaged to and marry a non-Jewish woman, an act which earned him
the opprobrium of a number of his friends in Jewish and Zionist circles.44 Perhaps Shabbtai Zvis str uggle between ascetic purity and Juda-
[c]
17]
ism on the one hand, and erotic worldliness and apostasy on the other
was a projection of Zangwills own inner str uggles. In this light, it is no
surprise that he invested his account of Shabbtai Zvi with such melodramatic sensuality and romance, a tale of the passionate Orient far
removed from the straitlaced Jews of late nineteenth century England.
The intersection of eroticism, interfaith relations and the Orient appears as well in Sholem Ashs 1908 Yiddish play Shabbtai Zvi. Ashs
admittedly mediocre melodrama cannot be divorced from its authors
preoccupation with Christianity, which, several decades later, would
result in such controversial works as Der Man fun Natseres. Ashs
Shabbtai Zvi is announced in phrases reminiscent of the Christian appropriation of the prophecy of Isaiah (7:14): The voice of God came to
me thus: A son is born to Mordecai in the city of Izmir in the East, near
the sea. And I have called him Shabbtai Zevi.45 The several references
to Izmir as the East in Act 1 are revealing because the setting is supposed to be Jer usalem, relative to which Izmir would be in the West. It
is, of course, the author and his audience who are in the West and for
whom Izmir, Jer usalem and, indeed, the whole drama of Sabbatianism,
all lie in the Orient.
But, of course, the Orient is also important for Ash as the site of Jesus
origins. His comparison of Shabbtai to Jesus in the opening Act is reinforced later in the play by Shabbtais claim that I have torn the human
from my heart and have become God, and Sarahs statement that
Shabbtai is a Man-God, formulations that have no basis in Sabbatian
theology, although they do appear in other ninteenth-century imaginative literature about Shabbtai Zvi.46 For Ash, it seems, Sabbatianism
was a seventeenth-century version of Jewish Christianity, an episode in
Jewish history that might perhaps make Jews more understanding of
the Christian heresy. For if, as he suggests in his monumental novel of
the life of Jesus, Judaism and Christianity differ only in whether one
believes that the Messiah has already come, then the Sabbatian experience means that many Jews also once believed in an historical Messiah.
[ci]
David Biale
[18
Ashs account of Shabbtais failure is, however, theologically confusing. At one point, Shabbtai blames God for having sent him, but then
having taken fright at how people considered him like a god, retracted
Shabbtais divine powers. Much of the dialogue in the latter part of the
play focuses the blame on Sarah, the erotic seductress who, as in
Zangwills story, represents sensual worldliness in opposition to
Shabbtais spirituality.
Shabbtais first two, rejected wives, significantly named Leah and
Rachel, refer to Sarah as the black queen and Ash attributes to her the
urge towards antinomianism. In one speech, she castigates the Torah as
a set of prohibitions given by foreign gods and pleads with Shabbtai
to choose her as a bride rather than the Torah, since she represents a
Nietzschean mixture of sin, death [] repentance, resurrection, anger
and reconciliation, loneliness and companionship, desire and negation.47 It is Sarah who attracts followers to the movement by her eyes,
her hair and her passion, and she does so precisely because she is human, a daughter of the Earth, but also the emissary of Satan. Despite
her Eastern European origins, Sarah is depicted as Oriental, promising
Shabbtai a paradise made of Middle Eastern imagery, drawn in part
from the language of the Song of Songs.48 In the end, Shabbtai has been
irrevocably contaminated by Sarahs sensuality and he surrenders to
his humanity by converting to Islam. The scene of his apostasy ends
with the Sultan promising him his most beautiful slave girls as wives.
The Orient triumphs.
Like Zangwill, Ash ends his play in ambiguity. Where does he really
stand on the choice between the Torah and Sarah as the Messiahs
bride? Can Jewish messianism sustain the idea of a man-God without
collapsing either into antinomian sensuality or ascetic spirituality? The
play gives no definitive answers, but it certainly suggests how perilous
the course is for those Jews who reject the strictures of the law for a
more worldly (modern?) existence, represented, here as elsewhere, by
the sensuous Orient. If, indeed, sensuality is a sign of modernity, then
the Orient here is pressed into an unexpected role as the site of modern
virtues.
The erotic implications of Shabbtai Zvis biography were not discovered first by writers of the fin de siecle
` and, in fact, these writers probably
borrowed from earlier nineteenth-century models. S. Meschelssohns
[cii]
19]
Sabbathey Zwy, for example, published in 1856, demonstrates as

much fascination with Shabbtais asceticism in his first two marriages
as with his later consummated marriage to the mysterious Sarah.
Meschelssohn exaggerates Shabbtais rejection of a first wife named
Rachel by describing in exquisite detail Rachels beauty and her attempts to seduce the celibate Messiah. One has the sense in this novel,
as in others as well, that Shabbtais initial celibacy and later presumed
libertinism, as alien as both were to conventional Jewish marriage, exerted equal erotic attraction.
Perhaps the most bizarre instance of erotic exploitation of Shabbtai
Zvis biography is a novella written by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch,49
best known as the author of the sadomasochistic work of pornography,
Venus in Furs (the sexologist Richard Krafft-Ebbing invented the term
masochism from Sacher-Masochs name, just as he invented sadism
from the Marquis de Sade). Sacher-Masoch was both a pornographer
(at least in twentieth-century terms) and a writer of Ghettogeschichten
(romanticized stories of the ghetto).50 Sacher-Masochs Shabbtai Zewy is
a fascinating reworking of the Shabbtai Zvi story for modern purposes.
Drawing on earlier literature, Sacher-Masoch suggests that Shabbtai
Zvi deliberately chose beautiful wives to put his asceticism to the test
and, like Meschelssohn, he embellishes on the erotic attempts of his two
first wives, named here Sarah and Hannah, to seduce the young
Kabbalist.
It is with the third wife, named mistakenly (but perhaps, as we shall
see, intentionally) Miriam, that Sacher-Masoch interjects his own sexual inclinations. Unlike the previous wives, Miriams tactic is to forbid
her husband to touch her rather than to seduce him. As might be the
case for any good masochist, this only inflames him. Miriam sees her
task as converting Shabbtai from a saint into a man, since she no
longer believes that he is the Messiah. To convince him of this, she must
force him into sin. Claiming to be overcome by the spirit of God, she
[ciii]
David Biale
[20
leads Shabbtai to the river and forces him to bathe her in a remarkably
erotic scene. She then takes him into a garden where she binds a crown
of thorns around his head until he bleeds and proceeds to flagellate him
with a thorn branch. After this sadomasochistic scene, Miriam tells him:
I have made you a man, you saint. [] Shabbtai Zewy, you are not the
savior of Israel, you are not the Messiah. Shabbtai then converts to Islam and lives out his days as a Moslem practicing the Jewish religion
in secret.
Sacher-Masoch mixes his own sexual proclivities here with religious
allegory. He regards Shabbtai Zvi as deluded because of his sexual asceticism. He must be transformed from an ascetic saint into a man and
this can only be accomplished by a domineering woman. The release of
Shabbtais sexuality, which symbolizes his return to humanity, is connected with sin: conversion to Islam. Yet, as in Ashs drama, Shabbtais
treatment also conjures up associations of Christianity, particularly in
the crown of thorns and, perhaps, with the name Miriam, not as mother
of the Messiah, but as his wife. For Sacher-Masoch, Christ seems to have
represented the incarnation of God in an inverted sense: the turning of
religion into worldliness. From other writings, it appears that SacherMasoch tried to constr uct a kind of secularized Christianity in which
redemption consists in accepting and even rejoicing in the cr uelties of
this world. It is possible that Sacher-Masoch intended the Shabbtai Zvi
story as an allegory of the modern Jewish problem: Jews must give up
their ostensibly ascetic separatism in favor of his vision of worldliness,
represented by women. In fact, in many of Sacher-Masochs Ghettogeschichten, it is powerful Jewish women who are the forces of modernization and enlightenment.
The figure of Sarah, as a Jewish woman who, according to some accounts, was converted temporarily to Christianity, allowed writers to
explore the relationship between Judaism and its Christian offspring.
Some writers, such as Kastein, went so far as to claim that Christian
millenarianism actually inspired the Sabbatian movement. For all the
writers I have discussed, the Sabbatian episode could be exploited as a
site for working out problems of Jewish identity in the modern world,
and particularly the boundaries between Judaism and Christianity.
And, women repeatedly played a critical role in their works as the catalysts for transgressing those boundaries.
A final example of this complex of ideas which I should like to treat
is Jacob Wassermanns Die Juden von Zirndorf, first published in 1897.
Wassermann is often considered an assimilationist, a contention that
[civ]
21]
has recently been challenged.51 Although severely critical of both Western and Eastern European Jews, Wassermann extolled by contrast the
Oriental Jew as certain of himself, of the world, of humankind. [] He
is free, while they are slaves, he lives with his mother, he rests and creates, while they are the eternally wandering unchangeables.52 As Michael Brenner has pointed out, Wassermann, although not a Zionist,
claimed hyperbolically that the lengthy prologue of his book, which is
a fictional account of the impact of Sabbatianism on the Jews of Franconia, was one of the most important causes of the emergence of the
entire Zionist movement.53
Many of the themes that we have already encountered eroticism,
Jewish-Christian relations and, more indirectly, the Orient inform
Wassermanns story. As in Isaac Bashevis Singers 1935 novel, Satan in
Goray, the Jews, believing that the Messiah had come, throw off all legal
restraints, abandon their religion and indulge in wild sexual orgies, including lesbianism. Two women are at the center of the story: Zirle,
who is modeled on the historical Sarah, except that she never actually
marries Shabbtai Zevi, and Rachel, who conceives a child out of relations with a Christian seminarian. Zirle is said to be the Messiahs bride,
but after Shabbtai Zvis apostasy, she vanishes forever. Her wild beauty
attracts the son of an anti-Semitic Pastor, named Wagenseil (after the
anti-Jewish Christian Hebraist), who converts to Judaism and brings
catastrophe upon the Jews.
Rachel, on the other hand, is the daughter of a materialistic usurer,
described by Wassermann in terms indistinguishable from those of contemporary anti-Semites. Wassermann says of Rachel: she could not be
called beautiful but she had the opulent figure and superficial passionateness of the Jewess and there was in her eyes some dull sensuous
gleam that drew the men to her.54 Her Christian lover puts out a story
that she has conceived her child as a virgin and that the child is destined
to be the Messiahs bride, a kind of parody of Christianity. Thus, a cer-
[cv]
David Biale
[22
tain dramatic tension is set up between Zirle and Rachels child. As the
Jews travel towards the East in response to Shabbtais call, Rachel gives
birth, but to a boy, which causes her opportunistic father to go insane.
Wassermann seems to be suggesting in this episode that the Jews are
incapable of realizing their deepest desires, whether it be for sexual relations with Christians or for the coming of the Messiah: The dark God
of the Jews was not to be jested with; he stretched out his cr uel hand till
it stood like a wall cutting them off from the sweet and seductive prospects conjured up by an oriental imagination.55 The messianic liberation of the European Jews, originating out of the Orient, fell victim to
the cr uel dictates of (Western?) Judaism, which had irrevocably distorted the character of the Jews.
Yet, anticipating Scholem, Wassermann suggests that Sabbatianism,
the abortive movement of liberation from the East, formed the great
watershed between the Middle Ages and modernity, serving, as in
Carlebachs tale of the Donmeh

sect, as a model for the modern Jew:
And what came was always greater, freer and more perfect than
what had gone before and the Jew, at first only a bondsman, fit to
suffer the kicks of his angry lord, opened his eyes, discovered the
weaknesses and guessed the secrets of his master. [] Shabbtai
became a Moslem, though some say but outwardly. The Jew
became a civilized man, and again some say but outwardly. []
This is certain: an actor or a tr ue man, capable of beauty, yet ugly,
lustful and ascetic, a charlatan or a gambler, a fanatic or a
cowardly slave the Jew is all these things. [] the nature of a
people is like the nature of an individual: its character is its fate.56
In his autobiography, Mein Leben als Deutscher und Jude, Wassermann,
torn between his Jewish and German identities, describes his need to
see the Jews as neither totally saintly nor totally materialistic, but rather
a human synthesis of all extremes. As the above passage suggests,
underneath the modern Jews civilized exterior lurked all the
complexities of the Jews real identity. Sabbatianism itself was the first
movement of liberation that created this modern bifurcated identity.
For Wassermann, writing Die Juden von Zirndorf was also an act of
personal liberation,57 an attempt to reconcile his Jewish and German
[cvi]
23]
identities. Story-telling, which he calls an Oriental instinct in my

blood,58 functioned for Wassermann as his personal form of Sabbatian
liberation, an attempt to reconnect with the Oriental Jews he so
admired.
Wassermanns Die Juden von Zirndorf brings us back to Scholem. In
the July 28, 1915 entry to his diary,59 Scholem relates an intense discussion he had of Wassermanns novel with his friend, Meta Jahr. As a book
written not out of literary impulses, but rather the necessity of the soul
(Seelennot), Scholem describes Die Juden von Zirndorf as, together with
Herzls life, the two monuments, two myths of Jewish suffering from
the nineties of the nineteenth century. Wassermann had provided a
myth for the Western Jews; another would be needed for the Jews of the
East.
Scholem does not clarify exactly what he found so mythical in Wassermanns novel and it would perhaps be hasty to conclude that the
long Sabbatian prologue was what particularly drew his interest. Yet,
his preoccupation with questions of Jewish national redemption, attested repeatedly in the diary entries from these years, as well as the
early reference to Shabbtai Zvi mentioned above, suggest that
Sabbatianism could not have been far from his mind. At the same time,
Scholem was equally obsessed with longings for the Orient. Part of this
longing came from Martin Bubers essay on Judaism and the Orient,
which exercised a powerful early influence on the young Scholem. But
it also stemmed from his disillusionment with Germany, fed in part by
his revulsion at German war fever, and with his belief that personal
salvation, like salvation for the Jews, lay in the East.60 As he wrote on
December 11, 1915,
It is clear that I would like to be away from here, but would I not
like just as much to go to Arabia, Persia, China, the Orient? I have
in me a great love for the Orient and believe that Eretz Israel can
only enjoy its resurrection [Auferstehung] in conjunction with the
rest of the Orient. But I also believe that while I wish to journey
to the Orient, I wish to live in Eretz Israel. And this is the
difference.61
[cvii]
David Biale
[24
If one can draw conclusions from this passage, Scholems early

relationship to the Orient was marked by ambivalence: the Orient
would be the site for Zionism to establish itself outside of Europe, but
Eretz Israel would nevertheless be different. How, we might ask, did
this difference play itself out in Scholems historiography, especially his
work on Sabbatianism? Can we identify an Orientalist dimension to his
reading of Shabbtai Zvi?
On the face of it, the more obvious hallmarks of Orientalism that we
have discovered in the fiction and popular histories about
Sabbatianism are absent from Scholems work. To take one example, he
devoted relatively little attention to the erotic side of the Shabbtai Zvis
biography, especially by contrast to the more popular writers.62 Similarly, the role of women as early followers of Shabbtai Zvi, which we
have seen in a number of accounts, failed to attract his interest. The
Sabbatian movement remained for him largely a male affair. This
one-sided focus corresponds to his more general position on the role of
women in Jewish mysticism,63 which he stated at the beginning of Major
Trends in Jewish Mysticism:
The long history of Jewish mysticism shows no trace of feminine
influence. [] [Kabbalah], therefore, lacks the element of
feminine emotion which has played so large a part in the
development of non-Jewish mysticism, but it also remained
comparatively free from the dangers entailed by the tendency
toward hysterical extravagance which followed in the wake of
this influence.64
If the ostensibly effeminate qualities of hysterical emotionalism and
extravagance are those commonly associated with the Orient,
Scholem was seemingly determined to portray Jewish mysticism as
non-Oriental. Yet, as Gil Anidjar has persuasively argued, such
overtly anti-Orientalist statements may well conceal a more subtle,
quite possibly unconscious Orientalist agenda in the field of Kabbalistic
[cviii]
25]
historiography.65 Like others who wrote on Sabbatianism, Scholem

focused on the curious bouts of passivity which Shabbtai Zvi exhibited,
explaining them with a diagnosis of manic-depression. Yet, how far is
such modern clinical language from the less clinical hysterical
extravagance? Isnt this passivity exactly the kind of effeminacy
typically associated with the Orient? Similarly, Scholem associates the
degeneracy of the later Frankist movement with its explicitly feminine
theology, which may explain his surprising expressions of revulsion at
this eighteenth-century by-product of Sabbatianism: one of the most
frightening phenomenon in the whole of Jewish history: a religious
leader who [] was in all his actions a truly corr upt and degenerate
individual.66
One might extend this analysis further. Scholems interpretation of
Sabbatianism as first and foremost a mystical movement has been accepted as virtually canonical. Yet, as we have seen, it is possible to offer
a political interpretation in which the Kabbalistic theology of the movement is no longer primary. According to the typical Orientalist view, the
West is the realm of politics and reason, the East of impotent mysticism
and emotionalism. By attributing such weight to the mystical and virtually ignoring the political, Scholem perhaps unwittingly painted a
portrait of Sabbatianism that was almost quintessentially Orientalist.
The obvious response to this suggestion is that, for Scholem, mysticism was anything but pejorative and Sabbatianism itself was to be
given pride of place in the dialectic of Jewish history. Yet, my hypothesis that Scholems reading of Sabbatianism may have involved Orientalist ambivalence can help solve one of the central tensions in his
thought. As is well known, Scholem was politically active in the Brit
Shalom group in the 1920s. In his polemics against the Revisionists, he
repeatedly labeled these extreme nationalists latter-day Sabbatians.
He used almost identical language at the end of his life to describe the
religious Zionists of the Gush Emunim.67 How can one reconcile his
positive historiographical estimation of Sabbatianism with this use of
the term as a politically pejorative remark?
[cix]
David Biale
[26
The answer, it seems to me, lies in the ambivalence of the European

Orientalist who is at once fascinated and repelled by the mysterious
East. Scholem famously called Zionism a retreat back into history and
denied that it should have anything to do with apocalyptic
messianism.68 Zionism meant a turn to politics and not to mysticism. In
this respect, for Scholem, Zionism was quintessentially a Western
movement of political rationality and pragmatism, a male movement,
if one wishes, as opposed to the female extravagance of the East. Despite his efforts to purge Jewish mysticism of the feminine element
and Sabbatianism of its female side, his unease about their possible recurrence in Zionism demonstrates the anxiety of the European confronting the ambiguities of the Orient.
In this respect, despite the sophistication and er udition of his research on Sabbatianism, Scholem remained in the same Orientalist universe of discourse as the many popular works on Shabbtai Zvi that proliferated early in the century: the messianic movement out of the East
became the site for projection of the str uggles and anxieties of a generation living between tradition and modernity.
[cx]

The Sabbatian Movement and Its Aftermath Messianism, Sabbatianism and Frankism

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The Sabbatian Movement and Its Aftermath Messianism, Sabbatianism and Frankism

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ENGLISH ABSTRACTS OF THE HEBREW ARTICLES

SABBATIANISM AND THE BOUNDS OF RELIGION

English Abstracts of the Hebrew Articles

English Abstracts of the Hebrew Articles

has been highly venerated amongst the intellectual elite

English Abstracts of the Hebrew Articles

A NEW SOURCE ON THE SABBATIAN MOVEMENT AND ITS

English Abstracts of the Hebrew Articles

THE EVENTS OF 1667 IN THE YEMEN: SABBATIAN MOVEMENT

English Abstracts of the Hebrew Articles

SOME SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE POLEMICS BETWEEN

English Abstracts of the Hebrew Articles

ON THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN SABBATIANISM

English Abstracts of the Hebrew Articles

A NEW COLLECTION OF SABBATIAN HYMNS

English Abstracts of the Hebrew Articles

English Abstracts of the Hebrew Articles

English Abstracts of the Hebrew Articles

ANOTHER GLANCE AT SABBATIANISM, CONVERSION, AND

English Abstracts of the Hebrew Articles

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