Electrical Load Calculation Course

2013
ElectricalLoadEstimationCourse
AliHassan
CertifiedEnergyManagerAEEUSA
CopyrightsReservedforwww.ElectricalKnowhow.com
AboutAuthor
Hi,I'mAliHassanelAshmawy,Ibeganmycareerfrom1999
asasiteelectricalengineerthenasareamanagerfrom2001
thenaselectricaldesignerfrom2003thenassenior
electricaldesignerfrom2006anduptodate.
Inmypastexperience,Idesignedandconstructabout100
projectsindifferentcountrieslikeEgypt,Kuwait,Indonesia,KSA,GabonandIraq.
MydesignswereapprovedbymanyinternationalauthoritieslikeUSAcorpsof
engineersandUSAministryofexteriorOBOOffice.
I'mcertifiedenergymangerCEMfromAEEUSAsince2006andIhopetobecomea
wellknowndesignerinthefieldofelectricaldesign.
TocontactmepleaseemailtoAli1973hassan@yahoo.com
Page2of41
CourseDescription:
Thiscourseisintendedtopreparethetargetpersonswiththeabilitytorecognize,
understand,andperformpreliminaryelectricalloadcalculation/estimationforany
buildingtypebymanycalculationmethods.
ThetargetPersons:
Designengineers,newgraduateengineers,undergraduateengineeringstudents.
SkillsDevelopment:
Oncompletionofthiscoursethetargetpersonwillbeableto:
Recognizedifferentcalculationmethodforelectricalloadestimation.
Understandtheproceduresandlogicofeachmethodforelectricalload
estimation.
Performthecalculationsstepsofeachmethodforelectricalloadestimation.
Page3of41
TableofContents
S/N
1
2
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.7.1
3.8
4
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.6
Item
Introduction
ImportanceofElectricalLoadEstimation(PreliminaryLoad
Calculations)
DefinitionofImportanttermsinLoadEstimation
Connectedload
Demandload
DemandInterval
Maximumdemand
Demandfactor(inIEC,Factorofmaximumutilizationku)
Coincidencefactor(inIEC,Factorofsimultaneityks)
Diversityfactor
Differencebetweendemandanddiversityfactor
Loadfactor
MethodsofElectricalloadestimation
PreliminaryElectricalLoadestimate
Differencebetweenpreliminaryandfinalloadestimate
Preliminaryloadcalculationssubmethods
SpacebySpaceMethod(functionalareamethod)
UsageconditionsofSpacebySpaceMethod
AreaMeasurementinspacebyspacemethod
MethodofestimationbyusingSpacebySpaceMethod
FirstCase
Secondcase
TheBuildingMethod
Comparisonbetweenspacebyspaceandbuildingmethods
UsageconditionsofBuildingMethod
AreaMeasurementinBuildingMethod
Methodofestimationbyusing BuildingMethod
FirstCase
Secondcase
Areamethod
UsageconditionsofAreaMethod
MethodofestimationbyusingAreaMethod
First:basicmethod
Second:OptionalMethod(Loadcentersmethod)
Generalnotesforallmethodsofelectricalloadestimations
Page
No.
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
10
11
18
19
19
19
20
21
21
21
21
21
25
29
29
29
29
29
30
31
35
35
36
36
38
41
Page4of41
1Introduction
Atthebeginningoftheproject,inthedraftdesign(earlydesign)stage,theelectrical
designprofessionalshoulddothefollowing:
MakeAnalysisofloadcharacteristics,
ReviewTheavailablevoltagesystemtypes/classesandlevels,
Reviewtheutilitysratestructure,
Makeroughlyakeysinglelinediagramandasetofsubsidiarysingleline
diagrams.Thekeysinglelinediagramshouldshowthesourcesofpowere.g.
generators,utilityintakes,themainswitchboardandtheinterconnectionsto
thesubsidiaryorsecondaryswitchboards.
DevelopDemandfactorrelationshipbetweenconnectedloadsandtheactual
demandimposedonthesystem.
2ImportanceofElectricalLoadEstimation(PreliminaryLoadCalculations)
ElectricalLoadEstimationisveryimportantinthedraftdesign(earlydesign)stage
becauseithelpto:
PlantheconnectiontoupstreamnetworkandMVcircuitconfigurations.
Planthetransformerssubstation(s)(ifany)andthemainswitchgearroom.
ApplytoPowerCompanyforsupply.
Calculateinitialbudgetfortheelectricalworks.
3DefinitionofImportanttermsinLoadEstimation:
Therearemanyimportanttermswhichmustbeunderstoodbeforeperformingthe
loadestimation,thesetermsare:
3.1Connectedload
ItistheSumofalltheloadsconnectedtotheelectricalsystem,usuallyexpressedin
watts.
3.2Demandload
Itistheelectricloadatthereceivingterminalsaveragedoveraspecifieddemand
Page5of41
intervaloftime,usually15min.,30min.,or1hourbasedupontheparticularutilitys
demandinterval.Demandmaybeexpressedinamperes,kiloamperes,kilowatts,
kilovars,orkilovoltamperes.
3.3DemandInterval
Itistheperiodoverwhichtheloadisaveraged,usually15min.,30min.,or1hour.
3.4Maximumdemand
Itisthegreatestofalldemandsthathaveoccurredduringaspecifiedperiodoftime
suchas5minutes,15minutes,30minutesoronehour.Forutilitybillingpurposes
theperiodoftimeisgenerallyonemonth.
3.5Demandfactor(inIEC,Factorofmaximumutilizationku)
Innormaloperatingconditionsthepowerconsumptionofaloadissometimesless
thanthatindicatedasitsnominalpowerrating.
Thedemandfactoristheratioofthemaximumdemandonasystemtothetotal
connectedloadofthesystem.
Demandfactor=Maximumdemandload/Totalloadconnected
Notes:
Thisfactormustbeappliedtoeachindividualload,withparticularattention
toelectricmotors,whichareveryrarelyoperatedatfullload.
Demandfactorsforbuildingstypicallyrangebetween50and80percentof
theconnectedload.Formostbuildingtypes,thedemandfactorattheservice
wherethemaximumdiversityisexperiencedisusually60to75percentof
theconnectedload.Specificportionsofthesystemmayhavemuchhigher
demandfactors,evenapproaching100percent.
Page6of41
3.6Coincidencefactor(inIEC,Factorofsimultaneityks)
Itisamatterofcommonexperiencethatthesimultaneousoperationofallinstalled
loadsofagiveninstallationneveroccursinpractice,i.e.thereisalwayssomedegree
ofdiversityandthisfactistakenintoaccountforestimatingpurposesbytheuseofa
simultaneityfactor(ks).
Thecoincidencefactoristheratioofthemaximumdemandofasystem,orpart
underconsideration,tothesumoftheindividualmaximumdemandsofthe
subdivisions.
Coincidencefactor=Maximumsystemdemand/Sumofindividualmaximum
demands
Notes:
Thefactorksisappliedtoeachgroupofloads(e.g.beingsuppliedfroma
distributionorsubdistributionboard).
Example#1(seeFig.1):
5storeysapartmentbuildingwith25consumers,eachhaving6kVAofinstalled
load.
Calculatethefollowing:
1. Thetotalinstalledload,
2. Theapparentpowersupply,
3. Themainservicesize,
4. Thethirdlevelservicesize.
Solution:
1CalculationofThetotalinstalledload,
FromFig.1,Thetotalinstalledloadforthebuildingwillbethesumoftheinstalled
loadsinthe(5)storeyswhichwillbeasfollows:
Groundfloor:
Page7of41
Thereare(4)consumers,theinstalledloadsinthisstorey=4consumersx6KVA
installedloadperconsumer=24KVA
FirstFloor:
Thereare(6)consumers,theinstalledloadsinthisstorey=6x6=36KVA
SecondFloor:
ThirdFloor:
ForthFloor:
So,thetotalinstalledloadforthebuilding=24+36+30+24+36=150kVA
Fig(1)
Page8of41
Table#1:Factorofsimultaneity(ks)forApartmentsBlock
FromTable#1inabove,itispossibletodeterminethemagnitudeofcurrentsin
differentsectionsofthecommonmainfeedersupplyingallfloors.
Forverticalrisingmainsfedatgroundlevel,thecrosssectionalareaofthe
conductorscanevidentlybeprogressivelyreducedfromthelowerfloorstowardsthe
upperfloors.Thesechangesofconductorsizeareconventionallyspacedbyatleast
3floorintervals.
2Calculationofapparentpower
FromTable#1,sincethenumberofdownstreamconsumers=25,theFactorof
simultaneityks=0.46
So,theapparentpowersupplyrequiredforthebuilding=150KVAx0.46=69kVA
3CalculationofThemainservicesize
Thecurrententeringtherisingmainatgroundlevel(mainservicesize)=(150x0.46
x1000)/(400x3)=100A
4CalculationofThethirdlevelservicesize
Thecurrententeringthethirdfloor(thethirdlevelservicesize)=sumofcurrents
deliveredtothirdandfourthfloors
Thenumberofconsumersinthethirdandfourthfloors=4+6=10consumers
FromTable#1,fornumberofdownstreamconsumers=10,theFactorof
simultaneityks=0.63
Page9of41
So,thecurrententeringthethirdfloor(thethirdlevelservicesize)=(36+24)x0.63
x1000/(400x3)=55A
3.7Diversityfactor
thediversityfactoristhereciprocalofthecoincidencefactor.
Diversityfactor=Sumofindividualmaximumdemands/Maximumsystem
demand
Notes:
TheDiversityFactorisappliedtoeachgroupofloads(e.g.beingsupplied
fromadistributionorsubdistributionboard).
Example#2:
Considerthatafeedersuppliesfiveuserswiththefollowingloadconditions:
OnMonday,useronereachesamaximumdemandof100amps;
OnTuesday,tworeaches95amps;
OnWednesday,threereaches85amps;
OnThursday,fourreaches75amps;
OnFriday,fivereaches65amps.
Thefeedersmaximumdemandis250amps.
CalculatetheDiversityFactorforthisfeeder?
Solution:
Thediversityfactorcanbedeterminedasfollows:
Sumoftotaldemands=100+95+85+75+65=420A
Diversityfactor=SumoftotaldemandsMaximumdemandonfeeder=420A
250A=1.68
Page10of41
Example#3:
Calculatethesizeofamainfeederfromsubstationswitchgearthatissupplyingfive
feederswithconnectedloadsof400,350,300,250and200kilovoltamperes(kVA)
withdemandfactorsof95,90,85,80and75percentrespectively.Useadiversity
factorof1.5.
Solution:
1Calculatedemandforeachfeeder:
Feeder#1demand=400kVA95%=380kVA
2Sumalloftheindividualdemands=380+315+255+200+150=1,300kVA
3Ifthefeederweresizedatunitydiversity,thenthesizeofthemainfeeder=1,300
kVA1.00=1,300kVA
However,usingthediversityfactorof1.5,thesizeofthemainfeeder=1,300kVA
1.5=866kVA.
3.7.1Differencebetweendemandanddiversityfactor:
Mostoftheelectricalengineersconfusebetweenthedemandanddiversityfactors,
tosolvethisconfusion,don'tforgetthat:
TheDemandfactormustbeappliedtoeachindividualload,withparticular
attentiontoelectricmotors,whichareveryrarelyoperatedatfullload.
TheDiversityFactorisappliedtoeachgroupofloads(e.g.beingsupplied
fromadistributionorsubdistributionboard).
Example#4:
Anindustrialbuildingconsistsof(3)nos.workshopsA,B&C,eachworkshopwill
includethefollowingloads:
Page11of41
WorkshopA:
4nos.lathewith5KVAeach,
2nos.pedestaldrillwith2KVAeach,
5nos.socketsoutlets10/16Aononecircuitwith18KVAtotal,
30nos.fluorescentlampsononecircuitwith3KVAtotal.
WorkshopB:
Onenos.Compressorwith15KVA,
3nos.socketsoutlets10/16Aononecircuitwith10.6KVAtotal,
WorkshopC:
2nos.ventilationfanswith2.5KVAeach,
2nos.Ovenwith15KVAeach,
5nos.socketsoutlets10/16Aononecircuitwith18KVAtotal,
Drawakeysinglelinediagramforthisbuilding?
Determineboththedemand(utilization)factorandsimultaneityfactorwith
thehelpoftables#2&3inbelow?
Calculatethedemandloadforeachlevelinthekeysinglelinediagram?
Table#2:Factorofsimultaneityfordistributionboards(IEC60439)
Page12of41
table#3:Factorofsimultaneityaccordingtocircuitfunction
solution:
Followthesolutionstepsinbelowandinfig.2.
fig.2
Page13of41
Step#1:Listalltheloadsineachworkshopandwritetheapparentpowerofeach
loadinKVAbesideit.
Step#2:writetheutilizationfactorforeachload,IECgivesKuestimationvaluesfor
theseloadsasfollows:
FormotorKu=0.8
ForsocketoutletsKu=1(dependonthetypeofappliancesbeingsupplied
fromthesocketsconcerned)
ForlightcircuitsKu=1
TheTableofCalculationforSteps#1&2willbeasfollows:
Workshop
Name
Workshop
A:
Workshop
B:
Apparent
Power
Demand
Max.KVA
LoadType
LoadNo.
lathe
No.1
0.8
No.2
0.8
No.3
0.8
No.4
pedestaldrill
No.1
No.2
5nos.socketsoutlets10/16A
30nos.fluorescentlamps
Compressor
3nos.sockets
outlets10/16A
10nos.fluorescent
lamps
ventilationfan
No.1
5
2
2
18
3
15
0.8
0.8
0.8
1
1
0.8
4
1.6
1.6
18
3
12
10.6
10.6
2.5
2.5
15
15
18
2
2.5
2.5
15
15
18
No.2
Workshop
C:
Utilization
Factor
Max.
Apparent
Power
(KVA)
Oven
No.1
No.2
Step#3:calculatetheMax.DemandapparentpowerinKVAforeachload=apparent
powerXKuforeachload.
Step#4:groupsametypeofloadsononedistributionpanel/boxandthiswillbethe
firstLevelofdistribution(LEVEL1).
Page14of41
Step#5:inlevel1andfromtable#2,writethesimultaneityfactorforeach
distributionpanel/boxandfromtable#3writethesimultaneityfactorforeachfor
eachseparateload.
Step#6:calculatetheMax.DemandapparentpowerinKVAforeachdistribution
panel/box=sumofallbranchloadsMax.DemandapparentpowerinKVAX
simultaneityfactorforeachdistributionpanel/box.
TheTableofCalculationwillbeasfollows:
Worksho
pName
Worksho
pA:
Worksho
pB:
LoadType
Load
No.
lathe
No.1
0.8
No.2
0.8
No.3
0.8
No.4
pedestaldrill
No.1
No.2
Compressor
3nos.sockets
outlets10/16A
10nos.fluorescent
lamps
ventilationfan
No.1
5
2
2
18
3
15
0.8
0.8
0.8
1
1
0.8
4
1.6
1.6
18
3
12
10.6
1
2.5
2.5
15
15
18
2
No.2
Worksho
pC:
Appar Utilizat
ent
ion
Power Factor
(KVA) Max.
Level1
Appar
ent
Appar
Power
ent
Dema simultan Power
nd
Dema
eity
Max.K
nd
factor
VA
Max.K
VA
4
Oven
No.1
No.2
0.75
14.4
0.2
1
1
3.6
3
12
10.6
0.4
4.3
2.5
2.5
15
35
15
18
0.28
Step#7:groupthedistributionpanel/boxineachworkshopinonemaindistribution
panel/box.So,wewillhave(3)maindistributionpanel/boxforthe(3)workshops
andthiswillbethesecondlevelofdistribution(LEVEL2).
Page15of41
Step#8:inlevel2andfromtable#2,writethesimultaneityfactorforeachmain
distributionpanel/box.
Step#9:calculatetheMax.DemandapparentpowerinKVAforeachmain
distributionpanel/box=sumofallbranchdistributionboxesMax.Demand
apparentpowerinKVAXsimultaneityfactorforeachmaindistributionpanel/box.
Worksh
op
Name
Works
hopA:
Works
hopB:
Works
hopC:
LoadType
Load App
No. aren
t
Pow
er
(KVA
)
Utiliz App
ation aren
t
Facto
Pow
r
er
Max.
Dem
and
Max.
KVA
Level2
simult App
aneity aren
t
factor
simult App
aneity aren
factor t
0.75
Pow
er
Dem
and
Max.
KVA
14.4
1.6
1.6
18
0.2
3.6
15
0.8
12
12
10.6
10.6
0.4
4.3
No.1
0.8
No.2
0.8
No.3
0.8
No.4
0.8
pedestaldrill
No.1
No.2
5nos.socketsoutlets
10/16A
30nos.fluorescent
lamps
Compressor
2
2
18
0.8
0.8
1
lathe
Level1
3nos.sockets
outlets10/16A
10nos.
fluorescent
lamps
ventilationfan
No.1
2.5
35
No.2
2.5
Oven
No.1
15
No.2
2.5
2.5
15
15
18
15
18
0.28
5nos.socketsoutlets
10/16A
20nos.fluorescent
lamps
0.9
Pow
er
Dem
and
Max.
KVA
18.9
0.9
15.6
0.9
37.8
Page16of41
Step#10:groupthe(3)maindistributionpanel/boxinonemaingeneraldistribution
boardMGDBandthiswillbethethirdlevelofdistribution(LEVEL3).
Step#11:inlevel3andfromtable#2,writethemaingeneraldistributionboard
MGDB.
Step#12:calculatetheMax.DemandapparentpowerinKVAformaingeneral
distributionboardMGDB=sumofthe(3)workshopmaindistributionboxesMax.
DemandapparentpowerinKVAXsimultaneityfactorformaingeneraldistribution
boardMGDB.
Workshop
Name
Works
hopA:
Works
hopB:
Works
LoadType
Load
No.
No.
1
No.
2
No.
3
No.
4
pedestaldrill
No.
1
No.
2
5nos.socketsoutlets
10/16A
30nos.fluorescent
lamps
Compressor
lathe
3nos.sockets
outlets10/16A
10nos.
fluorescent
lamps
ventilationfan
Level1
Level2
App
aren
t
Pow
er
(KVA
)
Utiliz
ation
Facto
r
Max.
App
aren
t
Pow
er
Dem
and
Max.
KVA
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.6
0.8
1.6
18
18
0.2
3.6
simult
aneity
factor
App
aren
t
Pow
er
Dem
and
Max.
KVA
0.75 14.
4
15
0.8
12
12
10.
6
1
10.
6
0.4
4.3
simult
aneity
factor
App
aren
t
Pow
er
Dem
and
Max.
KVA
simult
aneity
factor
App
aren
t
Pow
er
Dem
and
Max.
KVA
0.9
18.
9
0.9
65
0.9
No.
Level3
15.
6
2.5
2.5
35
0.9
37.
Page17of41
1
hopC:
No.
2
Oven
No.
1
No.
2
5nos.socketsoutlets
10/16A
20nos.fluorescent
lamps
2.5
2.5
15
15
15
15
18
18
0.28
3.8Loadfactor
Theloadfactoristheratiooftheaverageloadoveradesignatedperiodoftime,
usually1year,tothemaximumloadoccurringinthatperiod.
Loadfactor=Averageload/Maximumload
Freedownload
Youcandownloadtablesfordifferentfactorslistedabovebyclickingthefollowing
links:
IEEEDemandFactorValues
UnifiedFacilitiesCriteriaUFCDemandFactorValues
NECDemandFactorValues
DemandFactorValuesFromOtherRegulations
DiversityFactorValues
UnifiedFacilitiesCriteriaUFCLoadFactorValues
IECFactorofSimultaneityValues
Page18of41
4MethodsofElectricalloadestimation
Thereare(5)methodsforElectricalLoadEstimation,whichare:
APreliminaryloadcalculation
Thismethodissubdividedinto(3)submethodsasfollows:
1. Spacebyspace(functionalareamethod),
2. Buildingmethod.
3. Areamethod.
BNECloadcalculations.
CFinalloadcalculations.
Note:
Inthiscourse,Iwillexplainthepreliminaryloadestimationmethods,andthetwo
othermethods;NECloadcalculationsandFinalloadcalculationswillbeexplained
laterincourse"EE3:BasicElectricaldesigncourseLevelII,becausethe
preliminaryloadestimationmethodsareusedintheearlydesignphasewhilethe
othertwomethodsareappliedinthefinalstagesofdesign.
5PreliminaryElectricalLoadestimate
5.1Differencebetweenpreliminaryandfinalloadestimate
beforegoingthroughthecalculationstepsforPreliminaryElectricalLoads,weneed
tohighlightthemaindifferencesbetweentheloadestimationorcalculationbythe
preliminaryandfinalmethods.Thefollowingtableshowsthesedifferencesas
follows:
S/N
1
Preliminaryloadcalculations
Finalloadcalculations
UnitsofLoadswillbein(W/ft2) UnitsofLoadswillbeinKW(kilowatt),
wattspersquarefootor/and
or/andKVA(kilovoltampere),or/andHP
(VA/ft2)voltamperespersquare (horsepower)
foot
Page19of41
unitsareusedinterchangeably
becauseunitypowerfactoris
assumed
Unitypowerfactorisassumed
Demandandloadfactorsvalues
willbeselectedfromtables
basedonthedesignerestimation
andtheywillbeUsedto
calculatethetransformerand
servicesize.
Theconnectedloadwillbe
estimatedbasedonareaor
population
EasyandFastcalculations
Unitscantusedinterchangeably.So,Hp
willbeconvertedtokVA;andkVAmaybe
multipliedbytheestimatedpowerfactor
toobtainkWifrequired
Differentvaluesofpowerfactors
accordingtoloadtypes.
DemandandloadfactorsvaluesareReal
valuesthatwilldocumentandreflectthe
number,thetype,thedutyrating
(continuous,intermittent,periodic,short
time,andvarying),andthewattageor
voltampereratingofequipmentsupplied
byacommonsourceofpower,andthe
diversityofoperationofequipment
servedbythecommonsource.
Actualdemandloadwillbecalculated
basedonsummationofindividual
buildingconnectedloadsmodifiedby
suitabledemandanddiversityfactors
economical,costeffectivecalculations
insuringthatitemsofequipmentand
materialsareadequatetoserveexisting,
new,andfutureloaddemands
5.2Preliminaryloadcalculationssubmethods:
AsIindicatedbefore,thismethodissubdividedinto(3)submethodsasfollows:
1. Spacebyspace(functionalareamethod),
2. Buildingmethod.
3. Areamethod.
Note:
AparticulardesignmayuseonePreliminaryloadestimatemethodoracombination
fromtwooreventhethreemethods.
Page20of41
5.3SpacebySpaceMethod(functionalareamethod)
IntheSpacebySpaceMethod,thebuildingwillbedividedintodifferentspace
basedonitsfunctionlikeoffices,conferencehalls,corridorsandlobbies,shops,
parkingareas,workshopsandetc.
TheLoaddensityin(W/ft2)or/and(VA/ft2)isprescribedforthesedifferentspaces,
theseloaddensitiesinadditiontospacesareawillbeusedtoestimatethe
preliminaryelectricalloadofthisbuildingasdescribedinbelow.
5.3.1UsageconditionsofSpacebySpaceMethod
TheSpacebySpaceMethodisusedonlyforindividualspacesinthebuilding.
TheSpacebySpaceMethodmaybeusedforanybuildingorportionofa
building.
5.3.2AreaMeasurementinspacebyspacemethod
Thesquarefootageismeasuredfromtheoutsidesurfaceofexteriorwallstothe
centerlineofwallsbetweeninteriorpartitionsofthespaces.
AndthesumoftheGrossInteriorAreaequalsthetotalGrossAreaofthebuilding.
5.3.3MethodofestimationbyusingSpacebySpaceMethod
inthismethod,wehavetwocasesasfollows:
Firstcase:availabilityofgroupedloaddensity(i.e.onevaluecoveringall
lighting,generalpowerandpowerloads)in(W/ft2)or/and(VA/ft2)foreach
space.
Secondcase:availabilityofindividualloaddensity(i.e.individualvaluesfor
lighting,generalpowerandpowerloads)in(W/ft2)or/and(VA/ft2)foreach
space.
Firstcase:
MethodofestimationbyusingSpacebySpaceMethodwillbeasfollows:
1Dividethebuildingintodifferentspacebasedonitsfunction(forexample,office,
Page21of41
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