10 mwptpay;

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ntw;wpf;F top

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

muRj;Nju;tpy; Nfl;fg;glf;$ba Ie;J kjpg;ngz; Gj;jf tpdh tpilfis ,g;gFjpapy; nfhLj;Js;Nshk;. mtw;wpy;
2> 7> 10> 17 Mfpa ghlq;fspy; cs;s tpdhtpilfis ed;F gbj;Jfnfhz;lhNy 15 Kjy; 20 kjpg;ngz;fs; tiu
ngw KbAk;. ghJfg;gpw;fhf 3> 4> 13> 15 Mfpa ghlq;fis rw;W NkNyhl;lkhfNt gbj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
xUNtis Gj;jfj;jpy; ,y;yhj tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gl;lhy; ,it ifnfhLf;Fk;. jpwd;ngw;w khztu;fs; ,e;j 8
ghlq;fisAk; gbj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. Gj;jf tpdhf;fisj; jtpu $Ljy; tpdhf;fisAk; ,g;ghlq;fspy;
jahupj;Jitj;Jf;nfhz;L gbj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. nky;yf;fw;Fk; khztu;fs; ,q;FnfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fspy; 2>
7> 10> 17 ghl tpdhf;fis kl;Lk; ed;F gbj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf
];lhu; Fwpapl;l tpdhf;fis
ed;F gbj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

capupay;
muRj;Nju;tpy; vOj Ntz;baJ:
tpdh vz;: 46 (Neha; jilf;fhg;G kz;lyk;) my;yJ tpdh vz;: 47 (kdpj cly; cWg;G kz;lyq;fs;)
tpdh vz;: 46f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (Neha; jilf;fhg;G kz;lyk;)
1. fyh
vd;gth; Foe;ij ngw;Ws;shh;. m) gpwe;j Foe;ijf;F Kjy; MW khjq;fSf;Fs;
toq;fNtz;ba Neha;j;jLg;G+rp ml;ltizia vOJf M) ,j;jLg;G+rpfs; %yk; ve;nje;j
Neha;fis jLj;jpl ,aYk;. (khu;r; 2012> [{d; 2012>13> nrg; 2013> khjpup 2013> Vg; 2014> [_d; 2014)
m) jLg;g+rp ml;ltiz
vz;
taJ
jLg;g+rp
msT
1.
gpwe;j Foe;ij
Kjy;
jtiz
BCG
2.
15 ehl;fs;
NghypNah nrhl;L kUe;J
Kjy; jtiz
Kj;jLg;g+rp (njhz;il milg;ghd;>
3.
6 tJ thuk;
Kjy; jtiz
ff;Fthd; ,Uky;> nll;ld];)
4.
10 tJ thuk;
Kj;jLg;g+rp kw;Wk; NghypNah
2tJ jtiz
5.
14 tJ thuk;
Kj;jLg;g+rp kw;Wk; NghypNah
3tJ jtiz
M) jLg;g+rpfshy; jLf;fg;gLk; Neha;fs;:
1. BCG
- fhrNeha;
2. NghypNah nrhl;L kUe;J - ,sk;gps;is thjk;
3. Kj;jLg;g+rp
- njhz;il milg;ghd;> ff;Fthd; ,Uky;> nll;ld];
2.

cq;fs; gFjpapy; kNyhpah gutp cs;sJ. m) ,jidf; fl;Lg;gLj;j cq;fs; gFjpapd; chpa
mYtyh;fSf;Fj; jFe;j MNyhrid toq;Ff. M) kNyhpahtpd; rhpahd Neha; mwpFwpapid
Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. (Fsph;, eLf;fk; kw;Wk; fLq;fha;r;ry;,Ngjp) (khu;r; 2013)
m) Rfhjhu mjpfhhpf;F MNyhrid
vq;fs; FbapUg;gpy; thOk; kf;fs; kNyhpah Nehapdhy; nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
FbapUg;igr; Rw;wp ed;dPh; Fsq;fs; cs;sJ. njUf;fspy; ePh; Njq;fpAs;sJ. ,jdhy; kNyhpah
nfhRf;fs;> Fsj;J ePhpYk;> njUf;fspy; cs;s ePhpYk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
1. khNyupahthy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fis kUj;Jtkidfspy; Nru;j;J rpfpr;ir mspj;J NkYk;
guthky; ,Uf;f eltbf;if vLq;fs;.
2. vq;fs; gFjpapy; midj;J Rfhjhu eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;J nfhRf;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
cjTq;fs;.
3. njUf;fspy; cs;s Fopfis kz;zhy; ePug;gp ePh; Njq;Ftij jLq;fs;.
4. Mq;fhq;F fpUkp ehrpdp kUe;Jfis njspf;f Vw;ghL nra;Aq;fs;.

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10 mwptpay;

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ntw;wpf;F top

5. Fsq;fspy; mapiu vd;w fk;g+rpah kPid tsh;f;f Vw;ghL nra;Aq;fs;. ,e;j kPd;fs;
nfhRtpd; ,sk; caphp yhh;thf;fis cl;nfhz;L kNyhpah nfhR ngUf;fj;ij
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
6. rhf;filfis Rj;jk; nra;J ePu; Njq;fhky; ,Uf;f eltbf;if vLq;fs;. rhf;filfis
%bnfhz;L %bitf;f eltbf;fif vLq;fs;.
7. kNyhpah nfhR ey;y jz;zPhpy; kl;LNk guTk;. njhl;bfisAk; ePUs;s ghj;jpuq;fisAk;
%b itf;f cj;jutpLq;fs;. my;yJ jpdKk; Ie;J epkplq;fs; jz;zPh; njhl;bapy; cs;s
ePiu xU fk;G nfhz;L fyf;fpdhy; kNyhpah nfhR yhh;thf;fs; Rthrpf;f Mf;]p[d;
fpilf;fhky; %o;fp ,we;JtpLk;.
8. kf;fs; J}q;Fk; NghJ nfhRtiy kw;Wk; nfhR tpul;Lthid gad;gLj;j tpopg;Gzu;T
Vw;gLj;Jq;fs;.
9. Rfhjhu Kiwfis filgpbf;FkhW kf;fsplk; tpopg;Gzu;T nra;a Vw;ghL nra; Aq;fs;.
M) kNyhpah Nehapd; mwpFwpfs;: Fsph;> eLf;fk; kw;Wk; fLq;fha;r;ry;
3.

4.

mf;Nlhgu; 15> if fOTk; ehshff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. m) cq;fs; ez;gDf;Ff; if fOTjypd;

ed;ikfisf; $Wf. M) xU ehspy; ve;nje;j Neuq;fspy; if fOTtPuf
; s;?
m) if fOTjypd; ed;ikfs;
1. cs;sq;iffspy; mjpfkhd tpau;it Rug;gpfs; cs;sd. ,jdhy; tpau;it mjpfkhfp
Ez;fpUkpfSk; khRfSk; cs;sq;iffspy; ,Uf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ. cztpw;F Kd;G if
fOTtjhy; ifapYs;s Ez;fpUkpfs; czNthL Nru;e;J clYf;Fs; nry;yhky; jLf;fyhk;.
2. tpuy; ,ilntspfis ed;F fOTk; NghJ nrhwp rpuq;F tUtijj;jLf;fyhk;.
3. tpuy; Edpapy; cs;s efq;fis ed;F fOtp mjpy; cs;s mOf;Ffis ePf;fpdhy; efr;
Rj;jp tUtijj; jLf;fyhk;.
4. njhw;W Neha; cs;stu;fSld; if nfhLj;j gpd;G ifia ed;F fOtpdhy; njhw;W Neha;f;
fpUkpfs; ek;ikj; jhf;FtjpypUe;J fhj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
5. Ntjpg; nghUl;fisf; ifahz;l gpd; iffisf; fOTtjhy; cly; ghjpg;ig jLf;fyhk;.
M) if fOTk; Neuq;fs;:
1. czTf;F Kd;Gk; gpd;Gk; 2. rpWePu;> kyk; fopj;j gpd;G 3. rikay; nra;Ak; Kd;Gk; gpd;Gk;
4. tpisahl;L kw;Wk; clw;gapw;rp Kbj;j gpd;G 5. Rj;jk; nra;jy; my;yJ Ntiy nra;j
gpd;G 6. Nehahspfisr; re;jpj;j gpd;G 7. Ma;tfj;jpy; Ma;T nra;j gpd;G 8. Rfhjhuf;
Fiwthd nghUl;fis ifahz;l gpd;.
Neha;j;jLg;ghw;why; vd;why; vd;d? Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wypd; tiffisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G vOJf.
Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wy; : kdpj clypy; Neha;fSf;F vjpuhd Fwpg;gpl;l xU tif Neha; fpUkp my;yJ
mjd; nghUs;fSf;F vjpuhf ekJ cly; vLf;Fk; vLf;Fk; eltbf;ifNa Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wy;.
Neha;j; jLg;ghw;whypd; tiffs;:

Neha; jLg;ghw;wy; ,U tifg;gLk;.

1) ,aw;ifahd Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy; gpwg;gpypUe;Nj ngwg;gLtJ.
2) ngwg;gl;l Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy; gpwe;j gpd; ehk; ngWtJ.
,aw;ifahd Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy;:
,J ,aw;ifahfNt gpwg;gpypUe;Nj fhzg;gLk; jLg;ghw;wy;. kuGtopahf ehk; ngw;w
jLg;ghw;wYk;> nts;isaZf;fspd; %yk; ehk; ngWk; jLg;ghw;wYk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
ngwg;gl;l Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy;:
NehAw;W gpd; ngwg;gLk; jLg;ghw;wy; ,JTk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
1) nray;kpF ngwg;gl;l Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wy;
2) ke;jkhf ngwg;gl;l Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wy;

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10 mwptpay;

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ntw;wpf;F top

nray;kpF ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy;:

,J vjph; Njhd;wpj;Jhz;Ljyhy; ngwg;gLtJ ,U tifg;gLk;.
1) Neha; fhuzkhf ,aw;ifahf ngwg;gLtJ. Nehapd; NghJ cUthf;fg;gLk; Mz;bghb
ePz;lfhyk; jq;fpapUe;J Neha;fSf;F vjpuhf nray;gLk;. ,J ,aw;ifahd nray;kpF
ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy;.
2) fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Neha;f;fpUkpfis Neha; jLg;g+rp %yk; nraw;ifahf nrYj;jp mjd;
fhuzkhf clypy; Vw;gLk; Md;bghb ePz;lfhyk; jq;fpapUe;J Neha;fSf;F vjpuhf
nray;gLfpwJ. ,J nraw;ifahd nray;kpF ngwg;gl;l Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wy;. v.fh.
NghypNah jLg;G+rp
ke;jkhf ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy;
Neha;f;F vjpuhd vjpu;nghUl;fs; ,aw;ifahd Kiwapy; my;yJ nraw;ifahd
Kiwapy; ngwg;gLtJ. ,U tifg;gLk;:
1) jhapd; ,uj;jjpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; Md;bghb fUTf;F nry;tJk; jha;g;ghy; %yk;
Foe;ijf;F nry;tJk; ,aw;ifahd ke;jkhf ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy;.
2) Md;bghb nraw;ifahf gpw caphpfsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;L nrYj;jg;gLtJ
nraw;ifahd ke;jkhf ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy;.
5. kdpjdpy; eilngWk; gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpia tpthpf;f.
gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; mdhgpy]; ngz; nfhRtpYk; ghypyh
,dg;ngUf;fk; kdpjhpYk; eilngWfpwJ.
kdpjhpy; gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; tho;f;if Row;rp:
1) kdpjdpd; clypy; gpsh];Nkhbak; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpwJ.
2) gpsh];Nkhbaj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz; mdhgpy]; nfhR Nehaw;w kdpjh;fisf; fbf;Fk; NghJ
nfhRtpd; ckpo;ePhpy; NrfukhfpAs;s gpsh];Nkhbaj;jp;d; ];NghNuhRtha;Lfs; kdpjdpd;
clYf;Fs; nry;fpwJ.
3) ,it fy;yPuy; nry;fspy; irrhz;LfshfTk; gpd; kPNuhNrhapl;LfshfTk; Row;rp Kiwapy;
ngUFfpwJ.
4) gpd; kPNuhNrha;Lfs; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fis jhf;fp cl;nry;fpwJ.
5) mq;F l;Nuhg;NghNrha;LfshfTk; irrhz;LfshfTk; Row;rp Kiwapy; gd; klq;F ngUfp ,Wjpapy;
,uj;j rptg;gZf;fis ntbf;fr;nra;J Mz; ngz; Nfkpl;Nlhirl;Lfshf ntspNaWfpd;wd.
6) ,jd; tpisthf `PNkhNrhapd; vd;w er;Rg;nghUs; ntspg;gl;L FspiuAk; fLk; fha;r;riyAk;
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
7) ,f;fha;r;ry; 3 Kjy; 4 ehl;fs; ePbf;fyhk;.
6. rj;Jg;gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; Vw;gLk; gy;NtW Neha;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. me;Neha;fSf;fhd mwpFwpfis
vOJf.
ey;y cly; eyj;jpw;F kdpjdpd; cztpy; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;> nfhOg;G> itl;lkpd;fs;>
jhJ cg;Gfs; Nghd;w rj;Jf;fs; chpa mstpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cztpy; kdpjDf;Fj; Njitahd msT rj;Jf;fs; ,y;iynadpy; Vw;gLgit rj;Jf;
Fiwghl;L Neha;fs;.
Gujf;Fiwghl;L Neha;fs;:
Foe;ijfspd; cztpy; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul; mjpfkhfTk; Gujr;rj;J FiwthfTk; ,Ue;jhy;
kuh];k]; kw;Wk; Fth\pNahh;fu; Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
kuh];k]; Neha; fhuzkhf Foe;ijapd; vil FiwT> fLikahd tapw;Wg;Nghf;F> vYk;G
kPJ Njhy; Nghh;j;jg;gl;lJ Nghd;w clyikg;G Mfpait Vw;gLk;. Fth\pNahh;fu; Nehapdhy;
Foe;ijfSf;F cg;gpa tapW> Kfk;> if> fhy;fspy; tPf;fk; fhzg;gLk;.
itl;lkpd; Fiwghl;L Neha;fs;
itl;lkpd;
Fiwghl;L Neha;fs;
mwpFwpfs;
epf;NlhNyhgpah
khiyf;fz;
itl;lkpd; A
hpf;fl;];
vYk;Gfspy; fhy;rpak; FiwghL
itl;lkpd; D
kyl;Lj; jd;ik
,dg;ngUf;fr; nray; FiwghL
itl;lkpd; E
,uj;jk; ciwahik
mjpf ,uj;j ,og;G
itl;lkpd; K
nghp-nghp
euk;Gr; nray;ghl;Lf; FiwT
itl;lkpd; B1
ngy;yhfuh
kwjp Neha;> Njhy; Neha;> tapw;Wg;Nghf;F
itl;lkpd; B5
ngh;dPrpa]; mdpkpah
,uj;jr; rptg;gZr; rpijT
itl;lkpd; B12
];fh;tp
<Wfspy; ,uj;jk; frpjy;> gy; tpOjy;
itl;lkpd; C

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10 mwptpay;

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ntw;wpf;F top

tpdh vz;: 47f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (kdpj cly; cWg;G kz;lyq;fs;;)
1. euk;G nry;ypd; mikg;igj; njspthd glj;Jld; ghfq;fisf; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
euk;Gnry; glk;

2.

tpsf;fk;:
1) euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; mbg;gil nry; myFfs; euk;Gnry;fs; my;yJ epa+uhd;fs;.
2) euk;Gnry; %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. 1) nry; clyk; 2) nlz;l;iuLfs; 3) Mf;]hd;fs;
3) nry; clyk; irl;lhd; vdg;gLfpwJ. xOq;fw;w tbtk; nfhz;lJ. irl;Nlhgpshrk;> eprpy;
Jfs;fs; nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lit.
4) nry; clyj;jpypUe;J mLj;jj;j fpisj;jy;fSld; $ba ePl;rpfNs nlz;iul;Lfs;. ,it
nry; cliy Nehf;fp kpd;J}z;ly;fisf; flj;Jfpd;wd.
5) Mf;]hd;: nry; clyj;jpypUe;J cUthFk; ,iofspy; kpfTk; ePz;L fhzg;gLtJ
Mf;]hd;. ,jd; Kbtpy; ,isj;J fhzg;gLk; Fkpo; Nghd;w mikg;gpy; KbfpwJ. ,it
euk;G nry; ,ilntspf; Fkpo; vdg;gLk;. ,it euk;G rkpf;ifis flj;Jk; Ntjpg;nghUshy;
epug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mf;]hidr; R+o;e;J ikaypd; ciwahy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; ,ilntspfs;
Nud;tpah;fZf;fs; MFk;.
6) nlz;l;iuLfshy; kpd;J}z;ly;fs; ngwg;gl;L nry; clyk; kw;Wk; Mf;]hd; topahf
flj;jg;gl;L euk;G nry; ,;il ntspf;Fkpopy; cs;s Ntjpg; nghUs; %ykhf mLj;jLj;j
euk;G nry;Yf;Ff; flj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
kdpj %isapd; gy;NtW ghfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjd; gzpfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
kdpj %is %d;W ghfq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1) Kd; %is
2) eL %is
3) gpd; %is
Kd; %is:
1) ,J ngU%is> jyhk];> i`g;Nghjyhk]; Mfpa mikg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ.
2) %isapd; ngUk; gFjp ngU%isahFk;.
3) Mokhd eLg;gpsT tyJ> ,lJ %isahf gphpf;fpwJ. ,it ,uz;Lk; mbg;gFjpapy; fhh;g];
fNyhrk; vd;w euk;G jpRg;gl;ilahy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4) ngU%isapd; ntspg;gFjp rhk;gy; epw gFjpahFk;. cl;gFjp ntz;ik epwgFjpahFk;.
5) ngU%isg;Gwzp: ,af;fg; gFjp> ,izg;G gFjp> czh;Tg; gFjp vd;w %d;W gFjpfs;.
6) czh;T> mwpTf;$h;ik> epidthw;wy;> fw;gidj;jpwd;> fhuz fhhpak; Ma;e;jwpjy;
Kjypait ngU%isapd; gzpfs;.
7) ghh;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> Ritawpjy;> Efh;jy;> NgRjy;> Nghd;wtw;wpw;F jdpj;jdp ikaq;fs;.
8) ngU%isapd; ikaj;jpy; jyhk]; vd;w mikg;G cs;sJ. czh;T> ,af;f>
czh;tiyfisf; flj;Jjy; ,jd; gzpahFk;.
9) i`g;Ngh jyhk]; jyhk];--d; mbg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. cly; ntg;gepiy
cz;Zjy;> ePh; gUFjy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd ce;Jjy;> ghYwT elj;ijia xOq;FgLj;Jjy;
fpsh;r;rp> rpdk;> gak;> J}z;Ljy; Nghd;w kd ntOr;rp ntspg;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,J
fl;LgLj;JfpwJ
eL %is:
1) jyhk]pw;Fk; gpd; %isf;Fk; ,ilapy; eL%is cs;sJ.
2) ,q;F ehd;F fhh;Nghuh Fthl;hp n[kpdh vdg;gLk; ehd;F miutl;l Nfhsq;fs cs;sd.
3) ghh;j;jypd; mdpr;ir nray;fisAk; ghh;it rhh;G ,af;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jp
xOq;Fg;gLj;Jjy; ,jd; Ntiy.
4) eL%is gpd;%is ,uz;Lk; Nrh;e;J %isj;jz;L vdg;gLfpwJ.
gpd; %is:
1) ghd;];> rpW%is> KFsk; Mfpait gpd; %isapy; cs;sd.

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10 mwptpay;

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ntw;wpf;F top

2) rpW%is ngU%isf;F fPo;Gwkhf cs;sJ. ,uz;L gf;fthl;Lf; fJg;Gfs; cs;sd.

3) elj;jy; xLjy; Nghd;w ,af;F jirfspd; ,af;fj;ij xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.
4) rpW%isapd; ,uz;L fJg;Gfis ,izf;Fk; ehhpiog; ghyk; ghd;]; MFk;. ,J
nra;jpfis ngU%isapypUe;J rpW%isf;Ff; flj;JfpwJ. cwf;fk; Rthrk; ,tw;iwf;
fl;LgLj;Jk;.
5) jz;Ltlj;NjhL ,izAk; %isapd; filrpg;gFjp KFsk;.
6) ,jaj;Jbg;G> ,uj;jf;Foha;fs; RUf;fk;> %r;RtpLjy; Nghd;wtw;iw xOq;FgLj;Jk; mdpr;ir
nray;fspd; ikakhf KFsk; tpsq;FfpwJ.
kdpj clypy; fhzg;gLk; ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfisAk; mtw;wpd; miktplq;fisAk; ngahpLf.
mtw;wpy; VNjDk; ,uz;bidg; gw;wp tphpthf vOJf.
ehskpy;yh Rug;gp
miktplk;
gpl;a+l;lhp
jiyg;gFjpapy; %isapd; i`g;Nghjyhk]; cld; ,ize;Js;sJ.
ijuha;L
fOj;Jg;gFjpapy; Fuy; tisapd; ,UGwKk; mike;Js;sJ.
yhq;fh; `hd;]; jpl;Lfs; tapw;Wg;gFjpapy; ,iug;igf;F fPo;Gwk; mike;Js;sJ.
ml;hPdy;
,Lg;Gg; gFjpapy; KJFj;jz;il xl;b rpWePufj;jpd; Nky;Gwk;.
tpe;jfk;
fhy;fSf;F ,ilapy; clYf;F ntspNa
mz;lfk;
mbtapw;Wg;gFjpapy;
ijuha;L Rug;gp:
1) Fuy;tisapd; ,U GwKk; ,U fJg;Gfisf; nfhz;l mikg;G ijuha;L Rug;gp.
2) ,J ijuhf;]pd; vd;Dk; `hh;Nkhd; Ruf;fpwJ.
3) ijuhf;]pd; clypd; tsh;rpij khw;w tPjj;ij cah;j;jp cly; ntg;gj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
4) jpR tsh;r;rp khWghL Mfpatw;iw Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
5) cly; tsh;r;rpia kiwKfkhf ghjpg;gjhy; ,J MSik `hh;Nkhd; vdg;gLfpwJ.
6) ,uj;jj;jpy; mNahbd; kw;Wk; rh;f;fiu msit xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.
7) rpWePh; nray;ghL rpWePh; Nghf;if fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
yhq;fh; `hd;]; jpl;Lfs;:
1) fizaj;jpd; yhq;fh; `hd;]; jpl;Lfspy; cs;s My;gh nry;fs; FSf;Nfhfhd; vd;Dk;
`hh;NkhidAk; gPl;lh nry;fs; ,d;Rypd; vd;Dk; `hh;NkhidAk; Ruf;fpd;wd.
2) ,d;Rypd; jpR Mf;]pfuzj;jpw;fhf nry;fs; FSf;Nfhir vLj;Jf;nfhs;tij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
3) ,d;Rypd; FSf;Nfhir fpisf;Nfh[dhf khw;wp fy;yPuypYk; jirfspYk; Nrkpf;fpwJ.
4) FSf;Nfhfhd; ,uj;jj;jpd; rh;f;fiu msT FiwAk; NghJ nray;gl;L fpisf;Nfh[id
FSf;Nfhrhf khw;wkiltij Jhz;b ,uj;jj;jpy; rh;f;fiuapd; msit cah;j;JfpwJ.
5) ,d;Rypd; FSf;Nfhfhd; Mfpait ,uz;Lk; nray;gl;L ,uj;jj;jpy; rh;f;fiuapd; msT 80120 kpyp/nlrp.yp vd;w mstpy; guhkhpf;fpd;wd.

3.

4.

kpahrp]; gFg;G Vd; Fd;wy; gFg;G vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ? mjd; gy;NtW epiyfisj;

Njitahd glq;fSld; tpsf;Ff. mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
kpahrp]; nry;gFg;G %yk; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfspy; rpwg;ghd ,Uka
nry;fs; ehd;F xw;iwka ,d nry;fis cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,q;F FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
vz;zpf;if ghjpahf Fiwf;fg;gLtjhy; ,jid Fd;wy; gFg;G vd;fpNwhk;.

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10 mwptpay;

5.

6.

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ntw;wpf;F top

nry;gFg;G epiyfs;:
1) kpahrp]; nry;gFg;G ,uz;L gphpTfspy; eilngWfpwJ.
kpah]p]; - I
kpah]p]; - II
2) kpah]p]; I - y; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vz;zpf;if ghjpahf FiwfpwJ.
kpah]p]; II ikl;lhrp]; Nghd;wNj.
3) kpah]p]; I ehd;F Jiz epiyfspy; eilngWfpwJ.
GNuhepiy I nkl;lhepiy I mdh epiy I BNyhepiy I
4) GNuhepiy I - y; FNuhNkhkl;bd; tiygpd;dy; tiyaikg;ig ,oe;J jdpj;j
FNuhNkhNrhk;fshfpd;wd. cl;fU rt;T fiue;J NghfpwJ.
5) ,jid FNuhNkhNrhk; tbtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; nyg;NlhBd;> irf;NfhBd;> ghf;fpBd;>
bg;NshBd;> ilahifdrp]; vd;w Jizepiyfspy; mwpayhk;.
6) nyg;NlhBd; epiyapy; FNuhNkhNrhk; RUf;fkile;J ePsthf;fpy; gpsTWfpwJ.
7) irf;NfhBd; epiyapy; xj;jpirthd FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,izAWfpd;wd. ,e;j ,izT
rpdhg;rp]; vdg;gLk;. ,izAw;w FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; FNuhNkhNrhk;; ,ul;ilfs; vdg;gLk;.
8) ghf;fpBd; epiyapy; ehd;F FNuhNkhbl;LfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Xj;;jpirthd
FNuhNkhbl;LfSf;F ,ilNa FWf;Nf fyj;jy; %yk; ghpkhw;wk; epfOfpwJ.
9) bg;NshBd; epiyapy; xj;jpirthd FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; gphpfpd;wd. ,J Edp miljy;
vdg;gLfpwJ.
10) ilahdfdrp]; epiyapy; cl;fU> cl;fUkzp kiwe;J fjph; mikg;G irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy;
Njhd;WfpwJ.
11) nkl;lhepiy I - y; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; JUtg;gFjpfs; Nehf;fpathW mikAk;.
12) mdh epiyapy; fjph;,iofs; RUf;fkiltjhy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; JUtq;fis Nehf;fp
,Of;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;NghJ ghjp FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; kl;Lk; JUtq;fspy; ,Uf;fyhk;.
13) BNyhepiy I: xt;nthU JUtj;jpYk; FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjpfis Rw;wp cl;fUrt;T Njhd;Wk;.
14) kpahrp]; I -d; Kbtpy; fpilkl;lkhf irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gphpjYf;F
irl;Nlhifdrp]; vd;W ngau;.
15) kpahrp]; II vd;gJ ikl;lhrp]; Nghd;wNj.
16) GNuhepiy II FNuhNkhNrhk; ,ul;ilfs; FWf;fkilfpwJ. cl;fUkzp> cl;fU rt;T
kiwfpwJ. nrd;l;hpNahy; M];lh; ,iofis cUthf;FfpwJ.
17) nkl;lhepiy II nry;ypd; ikag;gFjpapy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; te;J fjph; ,iofSld;
,izf;fg;gLfpwJ.
18) mdh epiy II -y; nrd;l;Nuhkpah; ,uz;lhf gpsTWtjhy; Nra; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; JUtj;ij
Nehf;fp efh;fpd;wd.
19) BNyh epiy JUtq;fspy; FNuhNkhl;bd; tiyg;gpd;dy; mikg;ghf khWfpwJ. cl;fU rt;T>
cl;fUkzp Njhd;WfpwJ.
20) cl;fUtpw;F Neh;Fj;jhf irl;Nlhifdrp]; epfo;thy; gphpjy; eilngw;W ehd;F Nra; nry;fs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrhw;fis itj;J gj;jpia g+h;j;jp nra;f.
(kz;ilNahL> Ks;nsYk;Gj; njhlh;> igahNkl;lh;> muf;dha;L ciw> %is> jz;Ltlk;> %is
ciwfs;> ba+uhNkl;lh;)
ika euk;G kz;lyj;ijr; Rw;wpAs;s %d;W ghJfhg;;G ciwfs; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf %is
ciwfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. kz;ilNahL kw;Wk; Ks;nsYk;G njhlUf;F mbapy;
mike;Js;s ntspg;Gw ,ul;ilf; fbd ciw ba+uhNkl;lh; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. nky;ypaJk;>
,uj;j ehsq;fisg; ngw;wJkhd eL ciwf;F muf;dha;L ciw vd;W ngah;. %isiaAk;>
jz;Ltlj;ijAk; Rw;wp neUf;fkhf mike;Js;s cl;Gw nky;ypa ciwf;F igahNkl;lh; vd;W ngah;.
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghfq;fis mjd; gzpAld; nghUj;Jf.
KFsk;> rpW%is> Kd;%is> jyhk];> ngU%isg;Gwzp>
gpd;%is> ghd;];> i`Nghjyhk];.
m) cwf;f ikak; kw;Wk; Rthr ikak;
M) ,jaj; Jbg;G. ,uj;jf; Foy;fspd; RUf;fk;> %r;RtpLjy; Nghd;w nray;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk;
gy;NtW mdpr;irr; nray;fspd; ikak;
,) ngU%is> jyhk]; kw;Wk; i`g;Nghjyhk]; nfhz;lJ.
<) ,af;f kw;Wk; czh;gFjpfs;

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10 mwptpay;

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ntw;wpf;F top

c) czh;T kw;Wk; ,af;F czh;tiyfisf; flj;Jk; Kf;fpag; gzpfisr; nra;fpwJ C) ghYwT elj;ijia xOq;FgLj;Jjy;
v) ghd;];> rpW%is kw;Wk; KFsk; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ
V) elj;jy;> xLjy; Nghd;w ,af;Fjirfspd; ,af;fq;fis xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ
m) cwf;f ikak; kw;Wk; Rthr ikak;
ghd;];
M) ,jaj; Jbg;G. ,uj;jf; Foy;fspd; RUf;fk;> %r;RtpLjy;
Nghd;w nray;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk; gy;NtW mdpr;irr;
KFsk;
nray;fspd; ikak;
,) ngU%is> jyhk]; kw;Wk; i`g;Nghjyhk]; nfhz;lJ.
Kd;%is
<)
,af;f kw;Wk; czh;gFjpfs;
ngU%is Gwzp
c) czh;T kw;Wk; ,af;F czh;tiyfisf; flj;Jk; Kf;fpag;
jyhk];
gzpfisr; nra;fpwJ
C) ghYwT elj;ijia xOq;FgLj;Jjy;
i`g;Nghjyhk];
v)
ghd;];> rpW%is kw;Wk; KFsk; Mfpatw;iw
gpd; %is
cs;slf;fpaJ
V)
elj;jy;> xLjy; Nghd;w ,af;Fjirfspd; ,af;fq;fis
rpW%is
xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ
7.

fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s kdpj %isapy; gpd;tUk;

nray;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gFjpfis KiwNa m> M>
,> < vdf; Fwpf;f.
m) %isapd; vg;gFjpfs; czh;T> mwpTf;$h;ik> epidthw;wy;> fw;gidj;jpwd;> fhuzfhhpak;>
Ma;e;jwpjy; Kjypatw;wpd; ,Ug;gplkhfj; jpfo;fpwJ
- ngU %is
M) %isapd; vg;gFjp ,af;Fjirfspd; ,af;fq;fis xOq;FgLj;Jfpd;wJ - rpW %is
,) %isapd; vg;gFjp cwf;fk; kw;Wk; Rthrj;jpw;fhdit
- ghd;];
<) %isapd; vg;gFjp ,jaj;Jbg;G> ,uj;jf;Foy;fspd; RUf;fk;> %r;RtpLjy; Nghd;w nray;fis
xOq;FgLj;Jk; gy;NtW mdpr;ir nray;fspd; ikakhFk;
- KFsk;

muRj;Nju;tpy; vOj Ntz;baJ:

tpdh vz;: 48 (jhtuq;fspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;) my;yJ tpdh vz;: 49 (Rw;Wr;R+oy; ghJfhg;G)
tpdh vz;: 48f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (jhtuq;fspy;; ,dg;ngUf;fk;)
1. m) fdp cUthFk; epfo;r;rpiaf; $Wf. M) ,e;epfo;r;rpapidr; RUf;fkhf tpthpf;f
,) me;epfo;tpidf; Fwpf;Fk; glj;jpid tiue;J ghfq;fis Fwpf;f. ([{d;2013> nrg;2013)
m) fdp cUthjy;:
fdpfs; fUTWjypd; tpisthf cUthfpwJ. fUTw;w gpd; R+y;ig Kjpu;e;J fdpahfpwJ.
M) fdp cUthFk; epfo;T:
#y; %bapy; tpOe;j kfue;jJ}s; Kisf;f Muk;gpf;fpwJ. kfue;j J}spy; ,uz;L
nry;fs; cs;sd. nghpanry; cly;nry;. rpwpa nry; cw;gj;jpnry; (n[dNubt;). cly;nry;
Kisj;J #yfj;jz;L topahf xU ePz;l Foha; Nghy; fUg;igia Nehf;fp tsh;fpwJ ,jw;F
kfue;jFoy; vd;W ngah;. cw;gj;jp nry; kfue;j Fohapy; gphpe;J ,uz;L Mz;Nfkpl;Lfshf
khWfpwJ.
fUTWjy;:kfue;jf; Foha; fUg;igapy; Eioe;jTld; ntbf;fpwJ. ,jpypUe;J xU Mz; Nfkpl; xU
mz;lj;JlDk; kw;NwhU Mz; Nfkpl; ,uz;lhk; epiy cl;fUTlDk; ,izfpwJ. ,jw;F
fUTWjy; vd;W ngah;. KOik mile;j fUTw;w Kl;ilf;F irf;Nfhl; vd;W ngah;. ,J
fUthf tsh;fpwJ.

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10 mwptpay;

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ntw;wpf;F top

,ul;ilf; fUTWjy;:fUg;igapy; cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiy cl;fU ,ul;ilj; jd;ikAilaJ. ,e;j

(2n) cl;fUTld; xUka (n) Mz; Nfkpl; ,izfpwJ. ,jw;F %tpizT (3n) vd;W
,e;j %tpiztpd; %yk; cUthFk; cl;fU> fUT+z; vdg;gLk; ,J tsUk; fUtpw;F
mspf;fpwJ. ,uz;L Mz; NfkPl;Lfspy; xd;W mz;lj;JlDk; kw;nwhd;W ,uz;lhk;
cl;fUTlDk; ,iztJ ,ul;ilf; fUTWjy; vdg;gLk;.

,Uka
ngah;.
czT
epiy

,)

2.

G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspy; eilngWk; ghypdg; ngUf;f Kiwapy; <LgLk; ,uz;L epfo;Tfis vOJf.
m) Kjy; epfo;T kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tiffis tpthpf;f.
M) mjd; ed;ik jPikfis vOJf.
(khu;r; 2013> fhM 2014)
g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspy; ghypdg; ngUf;fj;jpd; ,uz;L epfo;Tfs; eilngWfpwJ.
1. kfue;j Nrh;f;if
2. fUTWjy;
m) Kjy; epfo;T kfue;j Nrh;f;if:
kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if vd;gJ kfue;jg;igapy; cs;s kfue;jj; Jfs;fs; #y; %bia
miltjhFk;. kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if fhw;W> ePh; kw;Wk; g+r;rpfshy; eilngWfpwJ.
tiffs;: 1. jd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if 2. may; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if
1. jd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if (Ml;Nlh Nfkp):jd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if vd;gJ xU kyhpd; kfue;j J}s; mNj kyhpd; cs;s #yf
Kbia miltJ my;yJ mNj jhtuj;ijr; rhh;e;j kw;nwhU kyhpd; #yfKbia milAk;
epfo;;r;rpahFk;. ,jw;F Ml;NlhNfkp vd;Wk; ngah;.
2. may; kfue;j Nrh;f;if (my;NyhNfkp):may; kfue;j Nrh;f;if vd;gJ xU kyhpd; kfue;j J}s; mNj ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;j
kw;nwhU jhtuj;jpd; #y; Kbia miltjhFk;. ,jw;F my;NyhNfkp vd;W ngah;.
M) jd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if:ed;ikfs;:
1. ,Ughy; kyh;fspy; jd;kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if fl;lhakhf eilngWk;.
2. jd; kfue;j Nrh;f;iff;F Gwf; fhuzpfs; Njitapy;iy.
3. kfue;jj; Jfs;fs; tPzhtjpy;iy.
jPikfs;:
1. Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; tpijfs; cUthFk;.
2.

fUT+z; kpff;Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt tpijfs; kpf eyptile;j jhtuq;fisNa cUthf;Fk;.

3. Gjpatif jhtuq;fs; cUthfhJ. mjd; fhuzkhfj; jhtuq;fs; gbg;gbahf kiwa NeupLk;.

may; kfue;j Nru;f;if:ed;ikfs;:
1. may; kfue;jr; Nru;f;ifapd; tpisthf cUthFk; tpijfs;> Kisj;J jplkhd
jhtuq;fshf tsUk; jd;ikiag; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
2. Gjpa ufq;fs; cUthf tha;g;G ,Uf;fpwJ.
3. ed;F Kisf;Fk; jpwDila tpijfs; cUthFk;.
jPikfs;:
1. Gwf; fhuzpfs; ,y;iyNay;; may; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if eilngw ,ayhJ.
2. kfue;jj; Jfs;fs; tPzhFk; tha;g;G ,Uf;fpwJ.

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10 mwptpay;

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ntw;wpf;F top

3.

fUTWjypd; tpisthf cUthtJ fdp> fUTWjy; eilngwhky; VNjDk; fdp cUthfpwjh?

fdpfs; tifg;ghl;bd; ml;ltiziaj; jUf. (khu;r; 2012)
m) fUTWjy; eilngwhky; fdp cUthFjy;:
fUTWjy; eilngwhkNyNa rpy fdpfs; cUthFfpd;wd; ,jw;F fUTwhf; fdpfs; my;yJ
ghh;j;jpNdhfhh;gpf;; fdpfs; vd;W ngah;. v.fh: tpijapy;yhj; jpuhl;ir> nfha;ah.
M) fdpfs; tifghl;bd; ml;ltiz:

4.

jpus;fdp> $l;Lf;fdp jFe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; xg;gpLf. ([_d; 2014)

vz;
jpus;fdp
$l;Lf;fdp
1.
Nky; kl;l #w;ig nfhz;l ,izahj gy #y; gy kyu;fs; nfhz;l xU kQ;rhpapypUe;J
,iyfs; cs;s jdp kyupypUe;J cUthtJ
cUthFk; xw;iwf; fdp $l;Lf;fdp MFk;
jpus; fdp MFk; v.fh.nel;bypq;fk;
v.fh. gyh
2.
jdpj;j xt;nthU R+ypiyAk; rpW rpW fdpfshf kQ;rupapd; ikaj;jz;L> kly; fjpu;
tsu;r;rpailfpwJ.
kQ;rupapd; kyu;fs; midj;Jk; ,ize;J
$l;Lf; fdpahfpwJ.
ika mr;R nky;ypajhf ,Uf;Fk;. xU fhk;gpy; gy ika mr;R jbj;J rijg; gw;Wilajhf
3.
fdpfs; Nrh;e;J nfhj;jhf fhzg;gLk;.
khWfpwJ.
4.
fdpj; Njhy; ,Wf;fkhf fhzg;gLk;.
fdpj;Njhy; igNghd;W xUtpijAld;
fhzg;gLk;. gyhtpy; g+tpjo;fs; cz;Zk;
gFjpahf khWfpwJ.
5.
rpy jhtuj;jpy; #ypiyfspd; tpspk;Gfs;
i`ge;Njhbak; kQ;rhpapy; g+j;jsk;
,ize;J KOf;fdpahfj; Njhd;Wk;
rijg;gw;Ws;s ghfkhf khwpAs;sJ.
v.fh. rPjhg;gok;.
v.fh. mj;jp.

5.

,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu tpijapd; mikg;ig tpthpf;f. (mf; 2012> Vg; 2014)

,U tpj;jpiy tpijapd; mikg;G (mtiu):

mtiu tpij jbj;j> rpWePuf tbtk; nfhz;lJ> ePsthl;by; xU Gwk; tise;Jk;

vjph;Gwk; Fope;Jk; cs;sJ. ePs thl;lj;jpy; nkd;ikahd rw;W jbj;j mikg;G cs;sJ. ,jw;F
u/Ng vd;W ngah;. u/Ngapd; Edpapy; rpwpa Jis cs;sJ. ,jw;F tsh;Jis my;yJ
ikf;Nuhigy; vd;W ngah;. ePhpy; Cw itj;j tpijia nkJthf mOj;Jk; NghJ ePh; kw;Wk;
fhw;W Fkpo;fs; tsh; Jisapd; topahf ntsptUfpwJ. fU tpijAiwahy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ
fUtpy; xU ika mr;R cs;sJ. ,jDld; rijg;gw;Ws;s ,U tpijapiyfs; ,ize;Js;sJ.

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10 mwptpay;

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ntw;wpf;F top

ika mr;rpd; xU Kidapy; KisNtUk; kW Kidapy; Kisf; FUj;Jk; cs;sJ. KisNthpd;

Edp tsh;Jisapd; mUfpYk; Kisf; FUj;J tpijapiyfSf;F ,ilapYk; cs;sJ. Kisf;
FUj;jpy; rpwpa Fl;ilahd ikaj; jz;L> kpfr; rpwpa nkhl;L kw;Wk; Ftpe;j ,uz;L rpwpa
,iyfSk; cs;sJ.
6.

xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu tpijapd; mikg;ig tpthpf;f.

1. ney; tpij vd miof;fg;gl;lhYk; mJ xU fdpNa MFk;. ntbah tpij cila
jdpf;fdp Nfhhpahg;rp]; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. ney; tpijapd; ciw kpf nky;ypaJ fdp ciw nky;ypaJ. tpijAiwAld;
,ize;Js;sJ.
3. fdpahdJ nghJthf kQ;rs; epw g+tbr; nrjpyhYk; g+f;fhk;G nrjpy;fshYk;
%lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J ckp vdg;gLk;.
4. fUthdJ ];$l;nly;yk; vdg;gLk; xU tpj;jpiyiaAk; FWfpa mr;irAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
5. FWfpa mr;rpd; mb Edpapy; KisNtUk; Edp Kidapy; Kisf; FUj;Jk; cs;sJ.
6. %isNtuhdJ NfhypNahiurh vdg;gLk; KisNth; ciwapdhy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
7. %isf;FUj;J Nfhypahg;ily; vdg;gLk; ciwahy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
8. ney; fdpia kz;zpy; cd;wpa xhpU ehs;fspy; NfhypNahiurh ciwia fpopj;Jf;
nfhz;L KisNth; ntsptUfpwJ. gpwF KisNthpd; mbg;gFjpapypUe;J Ntw;wplNth;fs;
Njhd;wp gpd;dh; mJ ry;ypNth;j;njhFg;ghf khWfpwJ.
9. Kisf;FUj;J mjd; ciwia fpopj;Jf; nfhz;L jiuf;F Nky; tsh;fpwJ.

7.

fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;ij cw;WNehf;Ff.

m) glj;ij tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;f.
M) fUTWjYf;Fg; gpd; E, F jhtuj;jpd; ve;jg;
ghfkhf khWfpd;wd.

M)

#w;ig tpij ciwahfTk; #y;fs; tpijfshfTk; khWfpd;wd.

8.

fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glq;fis cw;WNehf;Ff.

gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F tpilaspf;f:
m) ,q;F fhz;fpd;w ,dg;ngUf;fKiwiag; ngahpLf.
M) ve;j caphpapy; ,e;jtifahd ,dg;ngUf;fKiw
fhzg;gLfpwJ?
,) ,e;j ,dg;ngUf;fKiw caphpfspy; NtWghLfis
cUthf;Ffpd;wjh?
m) ,uz;lhf gpsj;jy; my;yJ ,U rkg;gphpT.
M) xU nry; caphpfshd mkPgh kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; ,k;Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
eilngWfpwJ.
,) ,e;j ,dg;ngUf;fKiw NtWghLfis cz;lhf;fhJ.

9.

fPNonfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jhtuq;fs; cq;fs; Njhl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhff; fw;gid nra;Jnfhs;f.

NjdPf;fs; Njhl;lj;ij ehbtUfpd;wd. Mdhy;> NjdPf;fs; vy;yh kyh;fisAk; ehbr;nry;fpd;wdth?
NjdPf;fs; ve;nje;j kyh;fis ehbr; nry;fpd;wd? cq;fs; tpilfSf;Fj; jFe;j fhuzq;fisj;
jUf. (ky;ypif> musp> nfhd;iw> Nuh[h> jhkiu> Nrhsk;> fUk;G> %q;fpy;> rhke;jp> Nlypah> Gy;>
njd;id> gl;lhzp)
NjdPf;fs; vy;yh kyu;fisAk; ehbr;nry;tjpy;iy
NjdPf;fs; ehbr;nry;Yk; kyu;fs;:
ky;ypif> musp> nfhd;iw> Nuh[h> jhkiu> rhke;jp> Nlypah> gl;lhzp
fhuzq;fs;:
m) ,it gy tz;z epw my;yp ,jo;fisf; nfhz;lit.
M) ,it ey;y kzk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,) g+r;rpfs; cz;Ztjw;F Njd; Ruf;fpd;wd.
<) nghJthf gytz;z my;yp ,jo;fSk;> ey;y kzKk;> NjDk; nfhz;l kyh;fis NjdPf;fs;
tpUk;gp nry;fpd;wd.

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10 mwptpay;

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10.

xU tptrhap A,B vd;w ,uz;L tay;fs; itj;Js;shh;. me;j ,uz;L tay;fspYk; gl;lhzp
(igrk; gl;iltk;) tpijj;Js;shh;. tay; A gwitfSk; g+r;rpfSk; neUq;fhky; ,Uf;f>
tiyfshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. tay; B tiyfshy; %lg;glhky; cs;sJ?
m) tay; A kw;wk; B fspy; ve;j tifahd kfue;jr;Nru;f;if eilngWk;?
M) ve;j tay; mjpf kfR+iyj;jUk;? ,) mLj;j Kiw gapu;nra;J tpisr;riy cau;j;Jtjw;F
ve;j taypd; tpijfisj; Nju;e;njLg;ghu;? cq;fs; tpilf;F fhuzk; jUf
m) tay; Aapy; jd;kfue;jNrh;f;if kl;LNk eilngWk;.
tay; Bapy; may; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if eilngw tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk;.
M) tay; B mjpf kf#iyj; jUk;.
,) mLj;jKiw gaph; nra;J tpisr;riy cah;j;j B taypd; tpijfisNa tptrhap
Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fhuzk;:
1. may; kfue;jr; Nru;f;ifapy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd jukhd tpijfs; fpilf;Fk;
2. may; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;ifapy; cUthFk; tpijfs; Kisj;J jplkhd jhtuq;fshf tsUk;
jd;ikiag;ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
3. xLq;F gz;Gfs; kiwe;J xq;F gz;Gfs; ntspg;gLk; vd;gjhy; mtw;iw mLj;j Kiw
gaph; nra;Ak; NghJ ey;y kf#iyj; jUk;.

11.

kh> njd;id ,uz;LNk cs;xl;Lrijf; fdpfshFk;. khtpy; eLj;Njhy; cz;Zk; gFjpahFk;.

Mdhy; njd;dq;fdpapy; eLj;Njhy; cz;Zk; gFjp my;y. mg;gbahdhy;>
m) njd;dq;fdpapy; cz;Zk; gFjp vJ? M) Vd; njd;dq;fdp ehh; Nghd;w eLj;Njhy; ngw;Ws;sJ?
,) ehh; Nghd;w eLj;Njhy; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; NtW vd;d ed;i
; k vd cq;fshy; $w KbAkh?
m) njd;dq;fdpapy; fUT+z; kw;Wk; tpij cz;Zk; gFjpahFk;.
M) njd;dq;fdp ePhpy; guTtjw;Nfw;w jftikg;ig ngw;w xU fdpahFk;. ehh; Nghd;w
eLj;Njhiy ngw;wpUg;gjhy; Mw;W ePhpy; tpOe;J ntFJ}uk; nrd;W gut fhuzkhfpwJ.
,) tpijf;F ghJfhg;G fpilf;fpwJ. tpyq;Ffs; cz;z KbahJ. mOfpf; nfl;Lg;Nghtjpy;iy.
tpijKisf;Fk;NghJ tpijf;F fhw;Nwhl;lKk; Cl;lKk; mspf;fpwJ.
fPOs;stw;iwg; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; tifg;gLj;Jf.
m) fdp M) tpij ,) fdpAkpy;iy tpijAkpy;iy.
(jf;fhsp> nts;shp> Kisj;jg;gapW> chpj;j gl;lhzp> jpuhl;;ir> rpyhp (rptfPiu)> cUisf;fpoq;F>
fUk;G> Mg;gps;> nfhbmtiu)
fdp: jf;fhsp> nts;shp> Mg;gps;> nfhbmtiu> jpuhl;ir
tpij: Kisj;j gaW> chpj;j gl;lhzp.
fdpAkpy;iy> tpijAkpy;iy: rpyhp(rptfPiu) cUisf;fpoq;F> fUk;G.

12.

13.

uhKTf;Fk; NrhKf;Fk; fhw;wpy; kpje;Jnry;Yk; vUf;Ftpijfis cw;WNehf;f Neh;e;jJ. mit

jiuia milAk; tiu> mth;fs; rpy tpijfisg; gpd;njhlu jPh;khdpj;jdh;. mth;fs; jq;fs;
cw;WNehf;fiy gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; gjpTnra;jdh;.
tpijfs; gazpj;j J}uk; (kPl;lh;)
vLj;Jf;nfhz;l fhyk; (epkplk;)
25
6
50
15
37
10
87
17
17
2
m) njhiytpid Xmr;rpYk; fhyj;ij Y-mr;rpYk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L xU tiuglk; tiuf.
M) tpijfs; gazpj;j njhiytpw;Fk;> guTk; jpwDf;Fk; VNjDk; njhlh;G cz;lh?
,) ePtph; tiue;j tiuglj;jpypUe;J Kbtpidf; $Wf.
m)

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M) njhlu;G cz;L. mjpf fhyj;jpy; mjpf njhiyT nry;tjhy; guTk;jpwd; mjpfupf;fpwJ.

,) vUf;F tpijapd; gazk; xOq;fw;w gazk;. fhw;wbf;Fk; jpirnay;yyhk; gwe;J
nry;fpwJ. vy;yh tpijfSk; xNu ,lj;jpy; tpOtjpy;iy. xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU ,lj;jpy;
tpOtjhy; tpij guTjy; rpwg;ghf ele;NjWfpwJ.
14.

cyh;fdpfspd; ngah;g;l;bay; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mf;fdpfis> cyh;fdpapd;

tiffSf;Nfw;g tifg;gLj;Jf. (gUj;jp> biulhf;];> ney;> Mkzf;F> nfhj;jky;yp> mtiu>
gl;lhzp> vUf;F> me;jpke;jhiu> Ke;jphp> fUNtyk;> ntz;il)
m)mf;fPd;> M) Nfhpahg;rp];> ,) rpg;nryh> <) nfhl;il> c) f;hpNkhfhh;g>; C) nyhnkz;lk;> v) nuf;kh>
V) fhg;#y; miwntbfdp> I) fhg;#y; jLg;Gr;Rth; ntbfdp> x) xUGwntbfdp> X) ,UGwntbfdp.
1. mf;fPd;
- me;jpke;jhiu
2. Nfhpahg;rp];
- ney;
3. rpg;nryh
- biulhf;];
4. nfhl;il
- Ke;jphp
5. f;hpNkhfhh;g;
- nfhj;jky;yp
6. Nyhnkz;lk;
- fUNtyk;
7. nuf;kh
- Mkzf;F
8. fhg;#y; miwntbfdp
- gUj;jp
9. fhg;#y; jLg;G Rth; ntbfdp- ntz;il
10. xUGwntbfdp
- vUf;F
11. ,UGwntbfdp
- gl;lhzp> mtiu

15.

Nkhdp\; rikayiwf;Fs; Eioa Neh;e;j nghOJ mtdpd; jha;> fjk;grhk;ghh; jahh; nra;tjw;Fj;
Njitahd nghUs;fs; itj;jpUe;jhh;. Nkhdp\; mg;nghUs;fisg; ghh;f;fpd;whd;. fdpfspd;
tiffSf;Nfw;g> rhk;ghUf;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fisg; gphpj;Jitf;f Nkhdp\;f;F cjTq;fs;.
(gUg;G> Gsp> fj;jhpf;fha;> jf;fhsp> KUq;iff;fha;> nfhj;jky;yp> fLF> ntz;ilf;fha;> kh)
1. gUg;G
- ,UGwntbfdp ny$k;
2. Gsp
- gpsTf;fdp nyhnkz;lk;
3. fj;jhpf;fha;
- KOr;rijf; fdp ngu;up
4. jf;fhsp
- KOrijf;fdp ngu;up
5. KUq;if
- miw jLg;G Rth; ntbfdp fhg;R+y;
6. nfhj;jky;yp
- gpsTf;fdp - f;hPNkhfhh;g;
7. fLF
- cyu; ntbfdp
8. ntz;ilf;fha;
- miwjLg;G Rth; ntbfdp fhg;R+y;
9. kh
- cs; Xl;L rijf;fdp l;&g;

16. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfspd;gb ,Utpj;jpiy tpijapd; ghfq;fisg; ngahpLf.

m) Muk;gepiyNth; - Kis Nth;
M) Muk;gepiyjz;L - KisFUj;J
,) fUtpw;Fj; Njitahd czT mlq;fpa rijg;gw;Ws;s gFjp-fUt+z; (tpj;jpiyfs;)
<) tpijiar; Rw;wpAs;s ntspghJfhg;G ciw - tpijAiw
c) tpijAiwapd; fhzg;gLk; rpwpa Jisapd; ngah; - tsh;Jis (m) ikf;Nuhigy;
17. kfue;jNrh;f;ifapd; tiffs; ahit? ve;j tif kfue;jNrh;f;if ed;ik juf;$baJ? Vd;?
kfue;jNrh;f;ifapd; tiffs;:
1. jd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if
2. may; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if
,tw;wpy; may;kfue;jr;Nrh;f;ifNa ey;yJ.
fhuzk;:
1. may; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;ifapd; tpisthf cUthFk; tpijfs; Kisj;J jplkhd jhtuq;fshf
khWk;. GJ ufq;fs; cUthFk;.
2. ed;F Kisf;Fk; jpwDila tpijfs; cUthFk;.
18. jd;kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if (Ml;NlhNfkp) vd;why; vd;d? mjd; ei;ikfisAk;> jPikfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
jd;kfue;j
; r;Nrh;f;if:
,J Ml;NlhNfkp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xU kyhpd; kfue;jj;J}s; mNj kyhpy;
cs;s #yf Kbiar; nrd;wile;jhy; (m) mNj jhtuj;jpd; kw;nwhU kyhpd; #yf
Kbia nrd;wile;jhy; jd; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if vdg;gLfpwJ.

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10 mwptpay;

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jd;kfue;jr;Nrh;f;ifapd; ed;ik:
1. ,U ghy; kyh;fspy; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if fl;lhak; eilngWk;.
2. Gwf;fhuzpfis rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; mtrpak; ,y;iy.
3. kfue;jj; J}s;fs; tPzhtjpy;iy.
jd;kfue;jr;Nrh;f;ifapd; jPik:
1. Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; tpijfs; cUthFk;.
2. fUt+z; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; kpf eyptile;j jhtuq;fisNa jUk;.
3. GJtif jhtuq;fs; cUthfhJ> me;j rpw;wpdk; gbgbahf mopAk;.
kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if vd;why; vd;d? kfue;jr;Nrh;f;iff;fhd gy;NtW capUs;s> capuw;w fhuzpfis
tpsf;Ff.
kfue;jg;igapypUe;J kfue;jj; Jhs;fs; #yf Kbia nrd;wilAk; nraYf;F
kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if vd;W ngah;.
kfue;jr; Nrh;f;iff;fhd fhuzpfs;:
kfue;jJhs;fis #yf Kbf;F vLj;Jr; nry;git kfue;jr; Nrh;f;iff;fhd fhuzpfs;.
capUs;s fhuzpfs;:
1) G+r;rpfs;
2) rpW gwitfs;
3) tpyq;Ffs;.
kyu;fspd; mofpa tz;zk;> ey;y kzk;> Njd;Rug;G Nghd;wtw;why; G+r;rpfs; <u;f;fg;gl;L
may; kfue;jr;Nru;f;if Vw;gl toptFf;fpd;wd. rpWgwitfSk; ,JNghyNt may; kfue;jr;
Nru;f;iff;F cjTfpd;wd. tpyq;Ffs; ele;J nry;Yk;NghJ kfue;jj;Jfs;fs; mtw;wpd; clypd;
Nkw;gug;gpy; xl;br;nrd;W NtW kyu;fspd; kPJ tpOtjhy; may; kfue;jr;Nru;f;if Vw;gLfpwJ.
G+r;rpfs; %yk; kfue;jr;Nru;f;if Vw;gLtjw;F vz;lNkh/gPyp vd;Wngau;
gwitfs;top kfue;jr;Nru;f;iff;F Mu;epj;Njh/gPyp vd;W ngau;.
tpyq;Ffs;top kfue;jr;Nru;f;iff;F R+/gPyp vd;W ngau;;.
capuw;w fhuzpfs;:
1) fhw;W 2) ePh;. rpwpa kw;Wk; kzkw;w Njd;Rug;gw;w kyu;fspy; fhw;wpd; %yk; my;yJ
ePupd; %yk; may; kfue;jr;Nru;f;if eilngWfpwJ. ,tw;wpd; kfue;jj; Jfs;fs; fhw;wpy;
vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLtjw;Nfw;g cyu;e;j> Nyrhd> xl;Lk; jd;ikaw;w Jfs;fshf ,it cs;sd.
rpy kfue;jq;fspy; Gwtsupfs; my;yJ rpwFfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tif kyu;fs; mjpf
mstpy; kfue;jq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ePu;%yk; kfue;jr;Nru;f;if eilngWk; jhtuq;fspy;
kfue;jq;fs; tOtOg;Gj;jd;ik nfhz;litahf cs;sd.
fhw;Wtop kfue;jr;Nru;f;iff;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L Gw;fs;> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;.
ePu;top kfue;jr;Nru;f;iff;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L i`l;upy;yh> thyp];Neupah

tpdh vz;: 49f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (Rw;Wr; #oy; ghJfhg;G)

1. m) fPOs;s nghUs;fis tifg;gLj;Jf: fl;il, fhfpjk;, gpsh];bf;, Gw;fs;
M) cq;fSila tifg;ghl;bw;fhd tpsf;fj;ijj; jUf. (nrg; 2013)
m. tifg;ghL
1. fl;il> fhfpjk;> Gw;fs; - caph; rpijtilAk; fopTfs; (kl;Fk; fopTfs;)
2. gpsh];bf;
- caph;-rpijtilah fopTfs; (kl;fhj fopTfs;)
M. tpsf;fk;:1. fl;il> fhfpjk; kw;Wk; Gw;fs; Mfpait Ez;Zaphpfspd; nray; ghLfshy;
rpijtile;JtpLk;. vdNt ,jw;F caph; rpijtilAk; fopTg; nghUs; vd;W ngah;.
2. gpsh];bf; Ez;Zaphpfspd; nray;ghLfshy; rpijtilahJ vdNt ,f;fopTf;F
caph;rpijtilahf; fopTg; nghUs; vd;W ngah;.
2. cq;fSila gFjpapy; ePh; jl;Lg;ghl;bdhy; kf;fs; my;yy;gLfpwhHfs;. vdNt, ePh;j; jl;Lg;ghl;bid
jtph;f;f vd;ndd;d Kiwfisf; ifahStPh;fs;? (khu;r; 2013> [_d; 2014)
ePh; jl;Lg;ghl;bid jtph;f;f Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs;:1. Nkfj;jpy; (Ntjpg; nghUs;fs;) J}Tjy;:ePh; Nfhh;j;j Nkfq;fspy; cyu; gdp my;yJ nghl;lhrpak; mNahilL Jfs;fis J}tpdhy;
rpy rkak; kiog; nghopT Vw;gLk;.
2. cg;G ePiuf; Fb ePuhf khw;Wjy;:fly; ePupy; cg;Gj; jd;ikia ePf;FtJ ,k;Kiwapy; Kf;fpakhd fl;lkhFk;. fly; ePiu Fb
ePuhf khw;w jiyfPo; rt;T+L guty; KiwNa nghJthf gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. Mtpahf;fy; kw;Wk;
kPz;Lk; Fspu;tpj;jy; KiwapYk; ,jidr; nra;ayhk;. ,J kpFe;j nryT gpbf;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;.

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3. mizfs;> ePh; Njf;fq;fs;:mizfs; kw;Wk; ePh;j;Njf;fq;fspy; mjpfkhf ePiu Nrkpj;J> Foha;fs; kw;Wk; fhy;tha;fs;
%yk; Njitg;gLk; ,lq;fSf;F ePiu mspf;fyhk;.
4. ePh; gphpKfL:tupirahf mike;Js;s rpWrpW mizfs; my;yJ ejpePu; fpisfs; Mfpait %yk;
jz;zPu; nts;skhfg; ngUfp tPzhfhky; Njf;fp itf;fg; gLfpwJ. ,J ePh; gphpKfL vdg;gLk;.
,e;j ePh; td caph;fSf;F Gfyplkhf cs;sJ.
5. kio ePh; Nrfhpg;G:kio ePh; Nrfhpg;G vd;gJ tPLfspd; Nkw;$iu kw;Wk; ikjhdq;fspy; tpOk; kio ePiu
epyj;jbapy; cs;s kioePu; Nrfupg;Gj; njhl;bfs; my;yJ fpzWfspy; Nrkpg;gjhFk;. ,t;thW
Nrfupg;gjhy; epyj;jb ePu; kl;lk; caUk;. cgupePu; nts;s ePuhfp tPzhf flypy; fyg;gJ
jtpu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ekf;F Njitg;gLk; NghJ mjid gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
6. <u epyq;fspy; Nrkpj;Jitj;jy;:,k;Kiwapy; epyj;jpy; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; ePuhdJ Njitahd Neuj;jpy; kw;w
,lq;fSf;F vLj;Jr;nry;y gad;gLfpwJ.
7. tPLfspy; Nrkpj;jy;:tPLfspy; ek; tho;f;if Kiwfspy; rpwpa khWjy;fisf; nfhz;L ePiur; Nrkpf;fyhk;.
1. Fspf;f Fiwe;j msT ePiug; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
2. gad;gLj;jpa ePiu Gy;ntspfSf;F gha;r;Rjy;.
3. tPl;L Njhl;lk;> kw;Wk; Nkhl;lhh; thfdk; fOt Fiwe;j msT ePiug; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
4. Fiwe;j msT ePh; gad;gLj;Jk; tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUs;fis gad;gLj;Jjy;.
7. njhopw; rhiyfspy; Nrkpj;jy;:,ae;jpuq;fis Fsph;tpf;fg;gad;gLj;Jk; ePiu kW Row;rp %yk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
3.

Gif, Gif vq;F Nehf;fpDk; Gif kz;lyk;. ,r;R+oy; cly; eyj;jpw;F Vw;wjh vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;fpwhah? (khu;r; 2012> [{d; 2013> Vg; 2014)
vq;F Nehf;fpYk; Gif kz;lyk; #o;e;jpUj;jy; cly; eyj;jpw;F Vw;wjy;y kw;Wk;
Rw;Wr;RoYf;Fk; Vw;wjy;y. ,jdhy; gytpj Ntz;lj;jfhj tpisTfs; cz;lhFk;. kdpjdpd;
Rthrj;jpwd; ghjpf;Fk;. EiuaPuy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. Gw;WNeha; Vw;glyhk;.
fhp vhpg;gjhy; vw;gLk; jPa tpisTfs;:
1. ghjurk;> a+Nudpak;> Njhupak;> Mh;rdpf; kw;Wk; fdcNyhfq;fs; fye;j fyitapypUe;J
ntspNaw;wg;gLk; nghUl;fs; kdpjDf;F jPq;F tpistpg;gNjhL> #o;epiy kz;lyj;ijAk;
ghjpf;fpwJ.
2. epyf;fhpapy; cs;s fe;jf Jfs;fs; mkpy kioia cUthf;Fk;.
3. epyj;jb ePh; kw;Wk; ePh;ts Mjhuq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. ePh; kw;Wk; epyk; khRghL mila fhuzkhfpwJ.
5. fhp khR Jfs;fs; cUthfpwJ.
6. fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L Nghd;w gRikaf thAf;fs; mjpfkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;L Gtp ntg;g
khjYf;F fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.
7. epyf;fhpapypUe;J mjpfkhf CO2 ntspNawp thA kz;lyj;ij milfpwJ.

4.

fhpia vhpg;gjpdhy; Vw;gLk; jPik gaf;Fk; nray;fis gl;baypLf

fhp vhpg;gjhy; vw;gLk; jPa tpisTfs;:
1. ghjurk;> a+Nudpak;> Njhupak;> Mh;rdpf; kw;Wk; fdcNyhfq;fs; fye;j fyitapypUe;J
ntspNaw;wg;gLk; nghUl;fs; kdpjDf;F jPq;F tpistpg;gNjhL> #o;epiy kz;lyj;ijAk;
ghjpf;fpwJ.
2. epyf;fhpapy; cs;s fe;jf Jfs;fs; mkpy kioia cUthf;Fk;.
3. epyj;jb ePh; kw;Wk; ePh;ts Mjhuq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. ePh; kw;Wk; epyk; khRghL mila fhuzkhfpwJ.
5. fhp khR Jfs;fs; cUthfpwJ.
6. fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L Nghd;w gRikaf thAf;fs; mjpfkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;L Gtp ntg;g
khjYf;F fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.
7. epyf;fhpapypUe;J mjpfkhf CO2 ntspNawp thA kz;lyj;ij milfpwJ.

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Ntjpapay;
muRj;Nju;tpy; vOj Ntz;baJ:
tpdh vz;: 50 (mZf;fSk; %yf;$WfSk;;) my;yJ tpdh vz;: 51 (fhu;gDk; mjd; Nru;kq;fSk;)
tpdh vz;: 50f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (mZf;fSk; %yf;$WfSk;;)
1. XH mZitg; gw;wpa njspthd tpsf;fj;ij mspf;ff;$ba etPd mZf; nfhs;ifahdJ
miyf;nfhs;if, epiyapy;yh Nfhl;ghL> jw;Nghija fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L
cUthdjhFk;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; etPd mZf; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfis tpthpf;f. (khur;2012>
[{d;2013> [_d;2014> fhM2014)
1. mZ vd;gJ Ntjptpidapy; <LgLk; kpfr;rpwpa Jfs; MFk;.
2. mZf;fs; gpsf;fg;glf;$bait.
3. xU jdpkj;jpd; midj;J mZf;fSk; vy;yh gz;GfspYk; xj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak;
,y;iy. v.fh. INrhNlhg;Gfs; = (17C135, 17C137).
4. ntt;NtW jdpkq;fisr; Nru;e;j mZf;fs; rpy gz;Gfspy; xj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
40
v.fh. INrhghh;fs; = (18Ar40,
20Ca ).
5. xU %yf;$wpy; cs;s mZf;fspd; tpfpjk; KOikahdJk; epu;zapf;fg;gl;lJk; MFk;. Mdhy;
mJ vspa tpfpjkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy. v.fh C12 H22 O11 Rf;Nuh];
6. khw;Wj; jdpkkhf;fy; Kiwapy; xU jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fis kw;nwhU jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fshf
khw;w KbAk;.
7. xU jdpkj;jpd; epiwia Mw;wyhf khw;w KbAk;.
,J Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL E =mc2 d; gb mikAk;.
2. mtfhl;Nuh tpjpg;gb %yf;$W epiwf;Fk; Mtp mlh;j;jpf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;igf; tUtpf;f.
xg;G %yf;$W epiw:
xg;G %yf;$W epiw vd;gJ thA my;yJ Mtpapy; cs;s xU %yf;$wpd; epiwf;Fk; xU
i`l;u[d; mZtpd; epiwf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; MFk;.
Mtp mlh;j;jp:
Mtp mlh;j;jp vd;gJ khwh ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; khwh mOj;jj;jpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l gUkDs;s xU
Mtp my;yJ thAtpd; epiwf;Fk; mjw;F rkgUkDs;s i`l;u[dpd; epiwf;Fk; cs;s
tpfpjkhFk;.

mNthnfl;Nuh tpjpapd; gb

i`l;u[d; <uZ %yf;$W Mjyhy;>

2 x Mtp mlh;j;jp = Mtp my;yJ thAtpd; xg;G %yf;$W epiw

2 x Mtp mlh;j;jp = xg;G %yf;$W epiw
3. fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpw;F Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fplTk;.
m) 12.046 x 1023 mZf;fisf; nfhz;l jhkpuk;. M) 27.95 fp ,Uk;G.
,) 1.51 x 1023 %yf;$Wfisf; nfhz;l CO2
m. 12.046x1023 mZf;fisf; nfhz;l jhkpuk;

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5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

M. 27.95 fp ,Uk;G
,. 1.51x1023 %yf;$Wfisf; nfhz;l CO2

4. nfhLf;fg;gl;l juTfspypUe;J gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; fpuhk; %yf;$W epiwiaf; fzf;fpLf.

m) H2O
M) CO2 ,) NaOH
<)NO2
c) H2SO
jdpkk;
FwpaPL
mZ vz;
epiw vz;
i`l;u[d;
H
1
1
fhh;gd;
C
6
12
Mf;]p[d;
O
8
16
iel;u[d;
N
7
14
Nrhbak;
Na
11
23
fe;jfk;
S
16
32
m) H2O => 2(H) + 1(O) = 2 (1) + 1 (16) = 2+16 = 18 fpuhk;
M) CO2 => 1(C) + 2 (O) = 1(12) + 2 (16)
= 12 + 32 = 44 fpuhk;
,) NaOH = 1(Na) + 1(O) + 1(H) = 1(23) + 1(16) + 1(1) = 23 + 16 + 1= 40 fpuhk;
<) NO2
= 1(N) + 2 (O)
= 1(14) + 2(16)
= 14 + 32 = 46 fpuhk;
c) H2SO4 = 2(H) + 1(S) + 4(O) = 2(1) + 1(32)+ 4 (16) = 2+ 32+ 64
=98 fpuhk;
5. gpd;tUk; ml;ltizia epug;Gf.
jdpkk;
mZepiw
FNshhpd;
35.5
XNrhd;
ry;gh;
32

%yf;$W epiw
71
48

mZf;fl;L vz;
3
8

jdpkk;
mZepiw
%yf;$W epiw
mZf;fl;L vz;
FNshhpd;
35.5
71
2
XNrhd;
16
48
3
ry;gh;
32
256
8
FNshupd; mZf;fl;L vz; = %yf;$W epiw / mZ epiw = 71 / 35.5 = 2
XNrhd; mZ epiw = %yf;$W epiw / mZf;fl;L vz; = 48 / 3 = 16
ry;gu; %yf;$W epiw = mZepiw x mZf;fl;L vz; = 32 x 8 = 256
6.

0.18 fpuhk; epiwAs;s xU Jsp ePhpy; cs;s ePh; %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLf.
ePupd; fpuhk; %yf;$wpd; epiw = 18 fpuhk;
18 fpuhk; ePupy; cs;s %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if = 6.023 x 1023
0.18 fpuhk; ePupy; cs;s %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if

= 6.023 x 1021
7.

nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fspypUe;J Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf.

fhy;rpak; Mf;i]bd; tha;g;ghL CaO> fhy;rpaj;jpd; mZepiw 40> Mf;]p[dpd; mZepiw 16
kw;Wk; fhh;gdpd; mZepiw 12.
m) xU Nkhy; Ca () kw;Wk; xU Nkhy; Mf;]p[d; mZ () ,ize;J
Nkhy;
CaO () jUfpwJ.
M) xU Nkhy; Ca () xU Nkhy; C () kw;Wk; 3 Nkhy;fs; Mf;]p[d; mZ ()
,ize;J xU Nkhy; CaCO3 () cUthfpwJ.

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m) xU Nkhy; Ca (40fp) kw;Wk; xU Nkhy; Mf;]p[d; mZ (16fp) ,ize;J xU

Nkhy;
CaO (56fp) jUfpwJ.
M) xU Nkhy; Ca (40fp) xU Nkhy; C (12fp) kw;Wk; 3 Nkhy;fs; Mf;]p[d; mZ (48fp) ,ize;J
xU Nkhy; CaCO3 (100fp) cUthfpwJ.
8. gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fpuhkpy; $Wf.
m) 5 Nkhy;fs; ePh; M) 2 Nkhy;fs; mk;Nkhdpah

,) 2 Nkhy;fs; FSf;Nfh];.

m) 5 Nkhy;fs; ePh;
5 x 18 = 90fp (ePupd; %yf;$W epiw H2O 2+16=18 fp)
M) 2 Nkhy;fs; mk;Nkhdpah 17 x 2 = 34fp (mk;Nkhdpah NH3 = 14 + 3 = 17)
,) 2 Nkhy;fs; FSf;Nfh];.
1 Nkhy; FSf;Nfh]; C6H12O6 => (6 x12) + (12x1) + (6x16)
= 72 + 12 + 96 = 180 fp
2 Nkhy; FSf;Nfh];
= 2 x 180 = 360 fp
9. mk;Nkhdpah> i`l;u[d; FNshiuL thATld; tpidGhpe;J ntz;zpw thAthd mk;Nkhdpak;
FNshiuilj; jUfpwJ. fz;zhbf; Fkpo; A-y; cs;s NH3 d; gUkd; fz;zhbf; Fkpo; B-y; cs;s
HCI-d; gUkidg; Nghy; %d;W klq;F cs;sJ.
nfhs;ssT = 67.2 ypl;lh;
m) fz;zhbf; Fkpo; A-y; cs;s mk;Nkhdpahtpd;
Nkhy; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
M) milg;ghidj; jpwe;jTld; cUthFk; NH4Cl d;
epiwiaf; fpuhkpy; fzf;fpLf. (mZ epiw N=
14, H=1, Cl =35.5)
,) tpid epiwTw;w gpd; vQ;rpapUf;Fk; thA vJ?
<) ,t;tpidf;fhd Ntjpr;rkd;ghl;il vOJf.
m) A-y; cs;s mk;Nkhdpah Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = 3
(fhuzk;: 22.4yp gUkdpy; thA 1 Nkhy;. 3 klq;F gUkdpy; cs;s thA 3 Nkhy;)
M) NH4 Cl => 14 + 4 (1) + 35.5 => 53.5 fpuhk;.
,) NH3 - mk;Nkhdpah (fhuzk;: xU gq;F thA tpidGupe;jgpd; 2 gq;F vQ;rpapUf;Fk;)
<) NH3 + HCl
NH4 Cl
10. iel;Nuh fpsprhpd; ntbkUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. ntbj;jy; tpidf;fhd rkd;ghL
C3H5(NO3)3(l) 12CO2(g) + 10 H2O(l) + 6 N2(g) + O2(g) (mZepiw C= 12, H=1, N=14, O=16)
m) ,r;rkd;ghl;by; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
1) iel;Nuh fpsprhpd; 2) cUthd thA %yf;$Wfs;
M) xU Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpsprhpdpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; thA %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
,) xU Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpsprhpdpd; epiw ahJ?
rupnra;ag;gl;L rkd;nra;ag;gl;l rkd;ghL:
4C3H5(NO3)3 (l) 12CO2 (g) + 10 H2O (g) + 6 N2 (g) + O2 (g)
m) 1. iel;Nuh fpsprupd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;if - 4
2. cUthd thA %y$Wfspd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;if
CO2 (12) + H2O (10) + N2(6) + O2(1) = 29 (ntbf;Fk;NghJ ePu; MtpahfptpLk; vd;gjhy;)
H2O-I ePu;kk; vd nfhz;lhy;
CO2 (12) + N2(6) + O2(1) = 19
M) xU Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpspruPdpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; thA %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if
4 Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpsprupdpypUe;J fpilg;gJ 12 +10+ 6 + 1 =29
1 Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpsprupdpypUe;J fpilg;gJ 29 / 4 = 7.25 Nkhy;
,) xU Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpsprupdpd; epiw
C3H5(NO3)3 => C3H5N3O9
= (12x3) + (1x5) + (14x3) + (16x9) = 36 + 5 + 42 + 144 = 227 fp
xU Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpsprupdpd; epiw 227 fp

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11. Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl;il ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ gpd;tUkhW rpijtilfpwJ.

2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 m) ,r; rkd;ghl;by; vj;jid Nkhy;fs; Nrhbak; ig
fhh;gNdl; cs;sJ? M) Nrhbak; igfhh;gNdl;bd; epiw ahJ? ,) ,r; rkd;ghl;by; vj;jid
Nkhy;fs; fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L cs;sJ?
m) Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl; 2 Nkhy;fs;
M) Nrhbak; igfhh;gNdl;bd; epiw:
Na (23) + H (1) + C(12) + O3 (3x16)
= 23 + 1 + 12 + 48 = 84 fp
vdNt %yf;R$W epiw 84 fp
Nrhbak; igfhh;gNdl;bd; epiw
= Nkhy; vz;zpf;if x %yf;$W epiw
= 2 x 84 = 168 fp.
,) fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L 1 Nkhy;
12. *100 fpuhk; fhy;rpak; 174 fpuhk; fhy;rpak; Mf;i]bypUe;J gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ?
(mZepiw Ca= 40, O=16) m) 174 fpuhk; fhy;rpak; Mf;irby; cs;s Mf;]p[dpd; epiw ahJ?
M) ,jpYs;s Mf;]p[dpd; mZf;fspd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLf. ,) 100 fpuhk;
fhy;rpaj;jpYs;s fhy;rpak; mZf;fspd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;if ahJ? <) 1000fpuhk; fhy;rpak;
Mf;irbypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fhy;rpaj;jpd; epiwiaf; fzf;fpLf.
m) 174 fpuhk; fhy;rpak; Mf;irby; cs;s Mf;]p[dpd; epiw fzf;fPL
fhy;rpak; Mf;irL epiw = 174 fp
fhy;rpaj;jpd; epiw
= 100 fp
vdNt Mf;]p[dpd; epiw = 174-100 = 74 fp
M) Mf;]p[dpd; mZf;fspd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;if fzf;fPL:
Nkhy; vz;zpf;if
= Mf;rp[dpd; epiw / Mf;rp[d; mZepiw
= 74 /16 = 4.62 Nkhy;fs;
,) 100 fpuhk; fhy;rpaj;jpYs;s fhy;rpak; mZf;fspd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;if
Nkhy; vz;zpf;if
= Mf;rp[dpd; epiw / Mf;rp[d; mZepiw
= 100 /40 = 2.5 Nkhy;
<) 1000 fpuhk; fhy;rpak; Mf;irbypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fhy;rpaj;jpd; epiw:
174 fp fhy;rpak; Mf;irbypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fhy;rpak; 100 fp
1000 fp fhy;rpak; Mf;irbypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fhy;rpak;

= 574.7 fp
13. gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fpuhk; myfpy; $Wf.
m) 1 Nkhy; FNshhpd; %yf;$W> Cl2 M) 4 Nkhy;fs; xNrhd; %yf;$Wfs;> O3
,) 2 Nkhy;fs; ry;gh; %yf;$Wfs;> S8 <) 2 Nkhy;fs; iel;u[d; %yf;$Wfs;> N2
m) 1 Nkhy; FNshhpd; %yf;$W> Cl2
Cl2 => 2 x 35.5 => 71 fp
M) 4 Nkhy;fs; xNrhd; %yf;$Wfs;> O3
xU Nkhy; O3 => jdpkepiw x mZ vz;zpf;if
=> 16 x 3 = 48
4 Nkhy; O3 => 48 x 4 = 192 fp
,) 2 Nkhy;fs; ry;gh; %yf;$Wfs;> S8
1 Nkhy; S8-d; epiw = 32 x 8 = 256
2 Nkhy; S8-d; epiw = 256 x 2 = 512 fpuhk;
<) 2 Nkhy;fs; iel;u[d; %yf;$Wfs;> N2
1 Nkhy; N2-d; epiw = 14 x 2 = 28
2 Nkhy; N2-d; epiw = 28 x 2 = 56 fpuhk;

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14. gpd;tUk; mZf;fspd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLf.

m) 2fp iel;u[d; M) 23fp Nrhbak; ,) 40fp fhy;rpak; <) 1.4fp ypj;jpak; c) 32fp ry;gh;
m) 2fp iel;u[d; - Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = jdpk epiw / mZ epiw
= 2 / 14 = 0.142 Nkhy;
M) 23fp Nrhbak; - Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = jdpk epiw / mZ epiw
= 23 / 23 = 1 Nkhy;
,) 40fp fhy;rpak; - Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = jdpk epiw / mZ epiw
= 40 / 40 = 1 Nkhy;
<) 1.4fp ypj;jpak; - Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = jdpk epiw / mZ epiw
= 1.4 / 7 = 0.2 Nkhy;
c) 32fp ry;gh;
- Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = jdpk epiw / mZ epiw
= 32 / 32 = 1 Nkhy;
tpdh vz;: 51f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (fhHgDk; mjd; NrHkq;fSk;;)
1. nfhLf;fg;gl;l ml;ltizapy; Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis jFe;j %yf;$W tha;gg
; hl;lhy; epug;gTk;. ([_d;2014)
vz;
my;Nfd;
my;fPd;
my;ifd;
1.
C2H6
______
C2H2
<j;Njd;
<j;jPd;
<j;ijd;
2.
___________
C3H6
___________
GNuhg;Ngd;
GNuhg;gPd;
GNuhg;igd;
3.
C4H10
C4 H8
___________
gpA+l;Nld;
gpA+l;Bd;
gpA+l;ild;
vz;
1.
2.
3.

my;Nfd;
C2H6
<j;Njd;
C 3 H8
GNuhg;Ngd;
C4H10
gpA+l;Nld;

my;fPd;
C 2 H4
<j;jPd;
C3H6
GNuhg;gPd;
C4 H8
gpA+l;Bd;

my;ifd;
C2H2
<j;ijd;
C 3 H4
GNuhg;igd;
C 4 H6
gpA+l;ild;

2.

gbthpirahdJ xNu thpirr; Nrh;kq;fspd; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fk; jd;ikAilaJ. ,f;$w;iwg;

gbthpirapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; %yk; tpsf;Ff.
1) gbthpirapYs;s mLj;jLj;j cWg;Gfspd; nghJ tpj;jpahrk; CH2.
2) mLj;jLj;j cWg;Gfspd; %yf;$W epiw tpj;jpahrk; 14 amu.
3) xU gbtupirapy; cs;s midj;Jr; Nru;kq;fSk; xNu tifj; jdpkq;fisAk;> tpidj;
njhFjpfisAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
4) gbthpirapYs;s midj;J cWg;GfisAk; xNu nghJtha;g;ghl;lhy; Fwpf;fyhk;.
c.k;. my;Nfd; CnH2n+2
my;fPd; CnH2n
my;ifd; CnH2n-2
5) %yf;$W epiw mjpfhpg;igg; nghWj;J Nru;kq;fspd; ,aw;gz;Gfs; xOq;fhd Kiwapy;
khw;wkilfpd;wd.
6) vy;yh Nrh;kq;fSk;> xj;j Ntjptpidfspy; <LgLfpd;wd.
7) vy;yh Nrh;kq;fisAk; xNu nghJthd Kiwapy; jahhpf;f KbAk;.

3.

gpd;tUtdtw;wpd; nghJg;ngah; kw;Wk; IUPAC ngah;fis vOJf. (khur;2013> Vg;2014)

m) CH3 CH2CHO M) CH3 COCH3
,)
<) CH3 COOH
c) HCHO
Nrh;kq;fs;
nghJg;ngah;
IUPAC ngah;
m) CH3-CH2-CHO
Gnuhg;gpNahdhy;bi`L
Gnuhg;gNdy;
il nkj;jpy; fPl;Nlhd; (mrpl;Nlhd;) Gnuhg;gNdhd;
M) CH3-CO-CH3
INrh Gnuhg;igy; My;f`hy;
2- Gnuhg;gdhy;
,) CH3-CH-CH3
OH
<)
CH3COOH
c) HCHO

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mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
ghh;khy;bi`L

- 71 -

vj;jdhapf; mkpyk;
nkj;jNdy;

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10 mwptpay;

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ntw;wpf;F top

4. NkYs;s glj;ijg; ghh;j;J gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.

m) ituKk; fpuhigl;Lk; vd;d tbtikg;igg; ngw;Ws;sd.?
M) ituk; Vd; ntl;Lk; fUtpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ?
,) kpd; Rw;Wfspy; Vd; fpuhigl; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
<) fpuhigl;bd; kpUJj;jd;ikf;Ff; fhuzkhd tpir vJ?
c) cq;fSf;Fj; njhpe;j tpiy cah;e;j ituk; vJ? mjd; ep;iwiaf;
fpuhkpy; $Wf?
m) ituk; - ehd;Kfp mikg;G
fpuhigl; - mWNfhz mikg;G
M) ituk; cyfpd; kpff;fbdkhd nghUs;. fbdj;jd;ik fhuzkhf mJ fz;zhb Nghd;w
nghUl;fis ntl;Lk; fUtpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
,) fpuhigl; jd; gpizg;Gwh vyf;l;uhd;fisf; nfhz;L kpd;rhuj;ijf; flj;Jk;. ,jdhy; ,J
kpd;Rw;Wfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
<) thz;lh;thy;]; tpir
c) Nfh`pD}h; ituk; - 21.68 fpuhkk; (10.5 Nful;)
5. CnH2n+2 vd;gJ i`l;Nuh fhh;gd;fspd; gb thpir Nrh;kq;fspd; nghJthd %yf;$W tha;ghlhFk;.
m) ,e;j gbthpir epiwTw;wjh? my;yJ epiwTwhjjh? M) Nkw;$wpa gbthpirapd; ngaiuAk;
,uz;L fhh;gd; mZf;fisf; nfhz;l Nrh;kj;jpd; ngaiuAk;> %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilAk; vOJf.
,) ,e;j gbthpirapy; Kjy; Nrh;kj;jpd; %yf;$W mikg;ig tiuf. <) tiuaW- gbthpir
Nrh;kq;fs;. ,e;jg; gb thpirapYs;s mLj;jLj;j Nrh;kq;fs; vg;NghJ njhFjpapy; NtWgLfpd;wd?
c) n- gpA+l;Nld;> n- ngd;Nld; Mfpatw;wpd; %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;il vOJf.
m) epiwTw;wJ.
M) gbtupirapd; ngau; - My;Nfd;
,uz;L fhu;gd; mZf;fisf; nfhz;l Nru;kk;: <j;Njd; - CH3CH3
,)
H
C
H H H
<) 1) gbtupirr; Nru;kq;fs; tiuaiu: xNu nghJthd %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilAk; xj;j
Ntjpg;gz;GfisAk; nfhz;l xNu njhFjp my;yJ xNu tifapy; cs;s
fupkr;Nru;kq;fs; gbtupir Nru;kq;fs; MFk;.
2) gbtupirapy; cs;s mLj;jLj;j Nru;kq;fs; CH2 vd;w njhFjpahy; NtWgLk;.
c) n gpA+l;Nld; %yf;$W tha;g;ghL: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
n ngd;Nld; %yf;$W tha;g;ghL: CH3-CH2-CH2- CH2 -CH3
6. vj;jdhiy mjpfg;gbahd mlh; fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; 443 K ntg;gepiyapy; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ>
m) mjpy; eilngWk; tpid ahJ? M) mt;tpidf;fhd rkd;ghl;il vOJf. ,) ,t;tpidapy;
cUthFk; tpisnghUs; ahJ? ,t;thAit GNuhkpd; ePUld; nrYj;Jk;NghJ vd;d epfo;fpwJ?
<) vj;jdhy; thAit GNuhkpd; ePhpy; nrYj;Jk;NghJ ve;j khw;wKk epfo;tjpy;iy Vd;?
m) vj;jdhiy mjpfg;gbahd mlu; fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; ntg;gepiyapy; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ
ePh; ePf;fk; eilngw;W vj;jdhy; <j;jPd; MfpwJ.
M)
mlu; H2SO4
CH3CH2OH
CH2 = CH2 + H2O
443K
(vj;jdhy;)
(<j;jPd;)
,) tpidapy; cUthFk; tpisnghUs;: <j;jPd;
,t;thAit GNuhkpd; ePupy; nrYj;Jk;NghJ GNuhkpd; jd; epwj;ij ,of;fpwJ.
(nghJthf epiwTwh i`l;Nuh fhu;gd;fis GNuhkpdpy; nrYj;j epwk; ,of;fg;gLk;)
<) vj;jdhy; xU epiwTw;w Nrh;kk;. epiwTw;w i`l;Nuhfhu;gd;fis GNuhkpd; ePuk
; j;jpy;
nrYj;Jk;NghJ epwkhw;wk; Vw;glhJ.
7. ml;ltizia epug;Gf.
%yf;$W tha;g;ghL
nghJg;ngah;
IUPAC ngah;
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
ilkPj;ijy;fPl;Nlhd;
GNuhg;gNdy;
HCOOH
gpA+l;lNdhd;

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10 mwptpay;
%yf;$W tha;g;ghL
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH
CH3 - CO - CH3
CH3 - CH2 - CHO
H-COOH
CH3 - CH2-CO-CH3

ntw;wpf;F top

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
nghJg;ngah;
n gpA+l;ily; My;f`hy;
ilkPj;ijy; fPl;Nlhd;
GNuhg;gpadhy;bi`L
ghh;kpf; mkpyk;
vj;jpy; nkj;jpy; fPl;Nlhd;

IUPAC ngah;
1 gpA+l;ldhy;
GNuhg;gNdhd;
GNuhg;gNdy;
nkj;jdhapf; mkpyk;
gpA+l;lNdhd;

8. vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; vd;gJ CnH2n+1COOH vd;w nghJ tha;gg

; hl;il cila gbthpir Nrh;kq;fspy; Xh;
cWg;gpdH. m) ,J ve;j tifahd gbthpir Nrh;kk;? mjd; tpidnray; njhFjpia vOJf. M)
vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;jpd; %yf;$W tha;gg
; hl;ilAk;
nghJg;ngaiuAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
,) ,r;Nrh;kk;
vj;jdhYld; mlh; fe;jf mkpyj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; tpidGhpAk;NghJ ,dpa
kzKila
Nrh;kk
cUthfpwJ. ,t;tpidf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilAk;> cUthFk; tpis nghUspd; ngaiuAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
<) vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; fhh;gNdl;LfSld; tpidGhpAk;NghJ ntspg;gLk; thA vJ? c) Nkw;fz;l
tpidf;fhd rkd;nra;ag;gl;l rkd;ghl;il vOJf. C) khq;fha; CWfha; jahhpf;Fk; NghJ mJ
ePz;l ehl;fs; nflhky; ghJfhg;gjw;F cq;fsJ ghl;b Nrh;f;Fk; Nrh;kk; vJ?
m) fhh;ghf;]pypf; mkpy gbtupir
tpidnray; njhFjp - COOH
M) %yf;$W tha;g;ghL CH3COOH nghJg;ngau;: mrpl;bf; mkpyk
,)
cUthFk; tpisnghUs; vj;jpy; vj;jNdhNal; my;yJ v];lu;
<) fhu;gd;-il-Mf;i]L CO2
c) Nrhbak; fhu;gNdl;Lld; tpid:
2 CH3 COOH + Na2 CO3
2 CH3 COONa + CO2 + H2O
Nrhbak; ig fhu;gNdl;Lld; tpid:
CH3 COOH + NaHCO3
CH3 COONa + CO2 + H2O
C) tpdpfh;
9.

10.

m) A kw;Wk; B iaf; fz;lwpf.

M) Mw;wy; My;f`hy; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
gad; xd;W jUf.
,) vj;jdhYld; vijr; Nrh;j;jhy; ,ay;Gj;jd;ik
,oe;j My;f`hy; cUthFk;?
<) ,ay;Gj;jd;ik ,oe;j My;f`hypd; gad; ahJ?
m) A - nkj;jdhy; fye;j rhuak;
B - vhprhuak;
M) ngl;Nuhy; kw;Wk; vj;jdhy; fye;j fyit Mw;wy; My;f`hy; vdg;gLfpwJ.
Nghf;Ftuj;J thfdq;fspy; vupnghUshf ,J gad;gLfpwJ.
,) gphpbd; Nru;j;jhy; ,ay;Gj;jd;ik ,oe;j My;f`hy; cUthFk;.
<) 1) fz;zhbg;nghUl;fis Rj;jk; nra;Ak; jputkhfTk;
2) efg;G+r;RfspYk; 3) kur;rhkd;fspy; ,Lk; ghyp\;fspYk;
4) ,q;f; ngapz;L fiwfis Rj;jk; nra;Ak; jputkhfTk; gad;gLfpwJ
gpd;tUk; NtjptpidfSf;F rhpahd %yf;$W tha;gg
; hl;ilf; nfhz;L rkd; nra;ag;gl;l rkd;ghl;il
vOJf. m) epf;fy; tpidA+f;fpapd; Kd;dpiyapy; <j;jPd; i`l;u[Dld; tpid. M) kPj;Njd; vhpjy;
tpidapd; NghJ fhh;gd; il Mf;irL kw;Wk; ePiuAk; jUfpwJ. ,) vj;jdhypd; i`l;u[d; ePf;f
tpid. <) vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;jpd; Nrhbak; cg;gpd; fhh;ghf;]py; ePf;f tpid.
m) epf;fy; tpidA+f;fpapd; Kd;dpiyapy; <j;jPd; i`l;u[Dld; tpid.

M) kPj;Njd; vhpjy; tpid:

,) vj;jdhypd; i`l;u[d; ePf;f tpid

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10 mwptpay;

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ntw;wpf;F top

<) vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;jpd; Nrhbak; cg;gpd; fhh;ghf;]py; ePf;f tpid.

vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;jpd; Nrhbak; cg;ig Nrhlh Rz;zhk;NghL Nru;j;J R+lhf;f kPj;Njd;
thA cUthfpwJ.

11.

glj;ijg; ghh;j;J vd;d epfo;fpwJ vdf; fz;lwpf.

cq;fsJ gjpiy rhpahf tpsf;Fk; rkd;ghl;il vOJf.
m) A apypUe;J B vt;thW cUthfpwJ?

M) mrpl;bf; mkpyj;ijf; fhh;gNdl; cg;Gld; tpidgLj;Jk;

NghJ vd;d epfOk;? ,t;tpidapy; cUthFk; thA vJ?
mt;thAit Rz;zhk;G ePhpy; nrYj;jpdhy; vd;d epfOk;?

,) ,q;F eilngWk; tpidia tpsf;Ff.

m) vj;jdhiyf; fhuk; fye;j nghl;lhrpak; ngukhq;fNdl; my;yJ mkpyk; fye;j

nghl;lhrpak; il FNuhNkl; fiuriyf;nfhz;L Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J vj;jdhapf;
mkpyj;ij jahupf;fyhk;

M) mrpl;bf; mkpyj;ij fhu;gNdl; cg;Gf;fSld; tpidGupar;nra;jhy;

i) Eiuj;jy; nghq;Fk;
ii) ,t;tpidapy; cUthFk; thA fhu;gd; il Mf;irL (CO2)
iii) ,t;thAit Rz;zhk;G ePupy; nrYj;jpdhy; Rz;zhk;G ePu; ghy; Nghy khWk;
eilngWk; tpid: 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
,) vj;jdhy; vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;Jld; mlu; fe;jf mkpyj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; tpidGupe;J
vj;jpy; vj;jNdhNal;-I jUfpwJ

12.

fhpkr;Nrh;kq;fs; A kw;Wk; B Mfpait C2H6O vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l khw;wpa

mikg;Gfs;. khw;wpa mikg;G A Nrhbak; cNyhfj;Jld; i`l;u[d; thAit ntspNaw;WfpwJ.
Mdhy; B ,t;tpid Ghptjpy;iy. A MdJ mrpl;bf; mkpyj;Jld; mlh; H2SO4 cld;
tpidGhpe;J gor;rhwpd; kzKila C vd;w Nrh;kj;ij jUfpwJ. vdpy; khw;wpa mikg;Gfs;
A,B,C Nrh;kj;ijf fz;lwpf.
A MdJ mrpl;bf; mkpyj;Jld; mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpidGhpe;J gor;rhwpd; kzKila C
vd;w Nrh;kj;ij jUfpwJ. vdpy;
A vd;gJ vj;jdhy;
C vd;gJ vj;jpy; vj;jNdhNal; (gor;rhw;wpd; kzk; nfhz;lJ)

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10 mwptpay;

ntw;wpf;F top

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

A-d; khw;wpak; il nkj;jpy; <ju; (CH3-O-CH3)

il nkj;jpy; <ju; Nrhbaj;Jld; tpid Guptjpy;iy.
Mdhy; vj;jdhy; Nrhbaj;Jld; tpidGupe;J i`l;u[d; thAitj; jUfpwJ.

vdNt
A vd;gJ vj;jdhy; my;yJ vj;jpy; My;f`hy; : CH3-CH2-OH
B vd;gJ il-nkj;jpy; <ju; : CH3-O-CH3
C vd;gJ vj;jpy; vj;jNdhNal; : CH3-COO-C2H5
13.

C2H6O vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghL cs;s fhpkr;Nrh;kq;fs; A cNyhf Nrhbaj;Jld; i`l;u[d;

thAit ntspNaw;WfpwJ.NkYk; A mlh; H2SO4 cld; 410 K ntg;gepiyapy; tpidGhpe;J
C4H10O vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l Nrh;kk; B Ij; jUfpwJ. NkYk; A mlh; H2SO4
cld; 440K ntg;gepiyapy; tpidGhpe;J C2H4 vd;w tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l Nrh;kk; C Ij;
jUfpwJ. Nrh;kk; C GNuhkpd; ePiu epwkw;wjhf;FfpwJ. A, B, C If; fz;lwpf.
1) Nrhbaj;Jld; tpidGupe;J i`l;u[d; thAit ntspNaw;Wk; C2H6O vd;w %yf;$W
tha;g;ghl;il nfhz;l Nru;kk; vj;jdhy; (A)

2) vj;jdhy; (A) mlh; H2SO4 cld; 410 K ntg;gepiyapy; tpidGhpe;J C4H10O vd;w
%yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l Nrh;kk; il-vj;jpy; <j;ju; (B) Ij; jUfpwJ.

3) NkYk; vj;jdhy; (A) mlh; H2SO4 cld; 440K ntg;gepiyapy; tpidGhpe;J C2H4
vd;w tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l Nrh;kk; <j;jPid (C) jUfpwJ.

4) <j;jPd; (C) epiwTwh i`l;Nuh fhu;gd; vd;gjhy; GNuhkpd; ePiu epwkw;wjhf;FfpwJ.

vdNt A vj;jdhy; C2H5OH
B il-vj;jpy; <j;ju; C2H5OC2H5
C <j;jPd; CH2=CH2
14.

C2H4O2 vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l fhpkr;Nrh;kk; A Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl;

fiurYld; Eiuj;Jg; nghq;Fjiy epfo;j;JfpwJ. A d; Nrhbak; cg;ig Nrhlh Rz;zhk;Gld;
#LgLj;Jk; NghJ %yf;$W epiw 16 nfhz;l my;Nfd; gb thpiriar; rhh;e;j Kjy; Nrh;kkhd
i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; B Ij; jUfpwJ. A, B If; fz;lwpf. vj;jdhypypUe;J Ait vt;thW
jahhpg;gPh;fs;?
1) Nrhbak; ig fhu;gNdl;Lld; Eiuj;Jg; nghq;;Fjiy epfo;j;Jk; Nru;kk; vj;jdhapf;
mkpyk; (A)
CH3 COOH + NaHCO3 CH3 COONa + CO2 + H2O
2) vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;jpd; (A) Nrhbak; cg;ig Nrhlh Rz;zhk;Gld; #LgLj;Jk; NghJ
%yf;$W epiw 16 nfhz;l my;Nfd; gb thpiriar; rhh;e;j Kjy; Nrh;kkhd
i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; kPj;Njd; (B) Ij; jUfpwJ.

vdNt A vj;jdhapf; mkpyk;

B kPj;Njd; CH4

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CH3 COOH

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10 mwptpay;

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ntw;wpf;F top

,aw;gpay;
muRj;Nju;tpy; vOj Ntz;baJ:
tpdh vz;: 52 (,af;f tpjpfSk;; <Hg;gpaYk;;) my;yJ tpdh vz;: 53 (kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;jtpisT)
tpdh vz;: 52f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (,af;f tpjpfSk;; <Hg;gpaYk;;)
1.
m) tpz;ntsp tPuu;fs; tpz;ntsp epiyaq;fspy;> ePz;lehs; jq;Ftjhy; kdpj clypy; Vw;gLk;
tpisTfis Muha;tjw;fhfNt> tpz;ntsp epiyaq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;$w;wpid
epahag;gLj;Jf.
M) F = Gm1m2 / d2 vd;gJ epa+l;ldpd; <u;g;gpay; tpjpapd; fzpj tbtk;. G
<u;g;gpay; khwpyp> m1m2 vd;gJ epiwfs;. d nghUs;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT vdpy;> epA+l;ldpd;
<u;g;gpay; tpjpapid vOJf.
m) tpz;ntspapy; fhzg;gLk;
1) kpff;Fiwe;j kWRow;rp tPjk; 2) mjpf fjph;tPr;R> 3) Fiwe;j <h;g;G tpir
Mfpait kdpj clypy; tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,J kdpjd; tpz;ntspapy; jq;Fk;
fhyj;ijf; Fiwj;J> mnrsfhpaj;ijAk; ePz;l ehs; cly; ey ghjpg;igAk; jUfpd;wJ.
vdNt tpz;ntspepiyaq;fs; ePz;lehs; tpz;ntspapy; jq;Ftjhy; kdpj clypy; Vw;gLk;
tpisTfis Muhag; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
M)
mz;lj;jpYs;s
xt;nthU
nghUSk;
kw;w
nghUs;fis
mtw;wpd;
epiwfspd;
ngUf;fw;gyDf;F
Neh;jftpYk; ,ilj;njhiytpd; ,Ukbf;F vjph;jftpYk; mike;j
tpirAld; <h;f;Fk;.
2.

m) epA+l;ldpd; Kjy; ,af;f tpjp tpirapd; gz;ig tpsf;FfpwJ. ,f;$w;iw epahag;gLj;Jf.

M) 10 fp.fp.> 20 fp.fp. epiwAs;s nghUs;fs; KiwNa 10 ms-1,
4ms-1 Ntfj;jpy; nry;tijg; glk; fhl;LfpwJ. mit
Nkhjpf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
Nkhjypd;
NghJ
mit
njhl;Lf;nfhs;Sk; Neuk; 2
tpdhbfs;. NkhjYf;fg;gpd;
mit KiwNa 12ms-1, 4ms-1 Ntfj;jpy; nry;fpd;wd vdpy;
F1, F2 ,tw;iwf; fhz;f.
m) rkkw;w Gwtpirnahd;W nray;gl;L khw;Wk; tiu ve;j xU nghUSk; jdJ Xa;T
epiyiaNah my;yJ xNu Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mike;j rPuhd ,af;f epiyiaNah
khw;wpf;nfhs;shky; njhlh;e;J mNj epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
v.fh1: Nkirapy; cs;s Gj;jfk; tpir nray;glhjtiu Xa;Tepiyia
khw;wpf;nfhs;tjpy;iy.
v.fh2: ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s nghUs; tpiria (jilia) nray;gLj;Jk; tiu
,af;fepiyapNyNa ,Uf;fpwJ. (fhw;W> GtpaPu;g;G tpir> jiuf;Fk; nghUSf;Fk;
,ilNa cuha;Ttpir Nghd;wit ,y;iy vdf; nfhs;f)
M)

m1 = 10kg
u1 = 10ms-1
v1 = 12ms-1
t = 2s
F1 =
F2 =

m 2 (v 2 u 2 )

m 1 (v 1 u 1 )

20(4 5)
20( 1)
20
=
=
2
2
2
10(1210)
10 X 2
20
=
=
=
2
2
2

m2 = 20kg
u2 = 5ms-1
v2 = 4ms-1

= -10N
= 10N

F1 = -10N
F2 = 10N
/ F1 = - F2
Xt;nthU tpidf;Fk; mjw;Fr; rkkhd Mdhy; vjpu;jpirapy; nray;gLtJkhd vjpu;tpid
cz;L vd;w epA+l;ldpd; %d;whk; tpjpia ,J ep&gpf;fpwJ.
3.

xU 5N tpirahdJ Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s 2.5 fp.fp. epiwapd; kPJ nray;gl;L mjid
Neu;f;Nfhl;by; KLf;Ftpf;fpwJ vdpy; m) epiwapd; KLf;fk; vd;d?
M) me;j epiwia 20 kP
efu;j;jj; Njitg;gLk; Neuk; vd;d?
,) 3 tpdhbfSf;Fg;gpd; mjd; jpirNtfj;ijf; fhz;f.

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10 mwptpay;
m)

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

F = 5N

m = 2.5

a=?

F = ma my;yJ ma = F vdNt
M)

,)

4.

5.

ntw;wpf;F top

a=

5
2.5

= 2 ms-2

s = 20m t =?
s = ut + at2
20 = 0 x t + x 2 x t2
20 = 0 + 1 t2
20 = t2
vdNt t = 20 = 4.47 tp
%d;W tpdhbfSf;Fg; gpwF mjd; Ntfk;:
v = u + at
= 0 + 2 x 3 = 6 m/s

ce;j moptpd;ik tpjpia vOJ. xNu ,lj;jpypUe;J Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpd; Nky; 2 gpy;ypad; kf;fs;
4 kPtp-1 vd;w Ntfj;jpy; Fjpf;fpwhu;fs;. Gtpapd; epiw 6 x 1024 fp.fp. xU kdpjdpd; ruhrup epiw 60
fp.fp. vdpy;> m) midj;J kf;fspd; nkhj;j ce;jk; vd;d? M) Gtpapy; ,e;epfo;tpdhy; Vw;gLk;
tpisT vd;d?
ce;j moptpd;ik tpjp:
rkkw;w Gw tpirfs; nray;glhj tiu XH mikg;gpd; nkhj;j ce;jk; khwhJ vd;gJ
ce;j moptpd;ik tpjp MFk;.
m) xU kdpjdpd; epiw 60 fpfp vdpy;
2 gpy;ypad; kf;fspd; epiw = 60 x 2000000000 = 120 x 109
ce;jk;
= m x v = 120 x 109 x 4
= 480 x 109 kg ms-1
M) nkhj;j kf;fspd; epiw 120 x 109
Mdhy; Gtpapd; nkhj;j epiw 6 x 1024 fp.fp.
nkhj;j kf;fspd; epiwia Gtpapd; epiwNahL xg;gpLifapy; kf;fspd; epiw kpfkpff;
FiwT. vdNt ,e;epfo;tpdhy; Gtpapy; ve;j khw;wKk; Vw;glhJ.
epA+l;ldpd; <u;g;Gtpjpia vOJf. Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpd; Nky; <u;g;G KLf;fj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;il
jUf. ,uz;L thd;nghUs;fspd; <u;g;G KLf;fj;jpd; tpfpjk; 1: 4 kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Muq;fspd;
tpfpjk; 1:3 vdpy;> mtw;wpd; epiwfspd; jfT vd;d?
epA+l;ldpd; <u;g;G tpjp:
mz;lj;jpYs;s xt;nthU nghUSk; kw;w nghUs;fis mtw;wpd; epiwfspd;
ngUf;fw;gyDf;F
Neu;jftpYk;
mtw;Wf;F
,ilNa
cs;s
njhiytpd;
,Ukbf;F
vjpu;jftpYk; mike;j tpirAld; <u;f;Fk;. NkYk; mt;tpirahdJ ,U nghUs;fspd;
ikaq;fis ,izf;Fk; Nfhl;bd; topNa nray;gLk;.
1 2
1 2
epA+l;ld; <u;g;gpay; rkd;ghL F
my;yJ F =
2
2
(,q;F G - <u;g;gpay; khwpyp m1 m2 - ,UnghUl;fspd; epiwfs; d - ,ilNa cs;s njhiyT)
Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; GtpaPu;g;G KLf;fj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghL:

g =
(,q;F G - <u;g;gpay; khwpyp M - Gtpapd; epiw R - Gtpapd; Muk;)

,uz;L thd;nghUs;fs; fzf;fPL:

,uz;L nghUl;fspd; <u;g;G KLf;f tpfpjk; g1 : g2 = 1 : 4
Muq;fspd; tpfpjk; R1 : R2 = 1 : 3

g =
(,q;F G - <u;g;gpay; khwpyp M thd;nghUspd; epiw R thd;nghUspd; Muk;)

=
=
1
2

=
=
=

vdNt

M1 =

vdNt

1
4

x
x

M2 =

12
32

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1
4

1
9

1
36

vdNt thd;nghUl;fspd; epiwfspd; jfT

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10 mwptpay;

ntw;wpf;F top

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

6.

mikjp epiyapy; cs;s> 3 fp.fp. epiwAs;s Fz;L ntbj;J 2fp.fp kw;Wk; 1fp.fp vd ,uz;L
gFjpfshfr; rpjWfpwJ. 2 fp.fp epiwnfhz;l nghUs; 3 kPtp-1 vd;w jpirNtfj;jpy; nrd;why;
1fp.fp. epiw nfhz;l nghUspd; jpirNtfj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.
mikjp epiyapy; cs;sNghJ m=3 fpfp
u=0 kPtp-1
-1
ntbg;Gf;Fg; gpd; m1 = 2 fp.fp
v1 = 3 kPtp
m2 = 1 fp.fp
v2 = ?
ce;jkhwh Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb NkhjYf;F Kd;Ds;s ce;jk; NkhjYf;Fg; gpd; cs;s
nkhj;j ce;jj;jpw;Fr; rkk;
mu
=
m1v1 + m2 v2
3x0
=
2 x 3 +1 x v2
0
=
6 + v2
6 + v2 =
0
v2 =
- 6 ms-1
vdNt 1 fp.fp epiwAs;s nghUs; - 6 ms-1 Ntfj;jpy; nry;Yk;.
vjpu; jpirapy; nry;tjhy; vjpu;Fwp ,lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

7.

60 fp.fp kw;Wk; 50fp.fp. vilAs;s ,U gdpr;rWf;F tPuu;fs; xU fapw;wpd; ,U Kidfisg;

gpbj;Js;sdu;. fapwhdJ tpiwg;ghf cs;sJ. 60 fp.fp. vilAs;s xUtd; 20N tpirapy; fapw;iw
,Of;fpwhd; vdpy;> kWgf;fj;jpy; cs;s tpisahl;L tPuu; fapw;wpdhy; czUk; tpir ahJ?
,UtUila KLf;fj;jpd; kjpg;G ahJ?
m) epA+l;ldpd; %d;whk; ,af;f tpjpg;gb 60 fp.fp. vilAs;s xUtd; 20N tpirapy; fapw;iw
,Oj;jhy; kWgf;fj;jpy; cs;s tpisahl;L tPuu; mNj 20N tpiria fapw;wpy; czUthu;.
M) ,Utupd; KLf;fj;jpw;fhd fzf;fPL:
m1 = 60 mg
m2 = 50 kg
F1 = 20N
F2 = 20N
F1 = m1 a1 my;yJ
m1 a1 =
F1
a1 =

1
1

2
2

20
60

20
50

Kjyhktupd; KLf;fk; 0.333 kPtp

a2 =

,uz;lhktupd; KLf;fk; 0.4 kPtp

-2

-2

20
60

1
3

20
50

2
5

0.3333

0.4

tpdh vz;: 53f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;j tpisTk; xspapaYk;;)
1
m) gLfjph;
M) tpyFfjph;
,) kPsf
; jph;
<) tpyFNfhzk;
c) jpir khw;wf; Nfhzk;
C) tpLNfhzk;
i) nfhLf;fg;gl;l glj;jpid tiue;J> nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghfq;fisg; glj;jpy; Fwpf;fTk; ii) ituj;jpd;
xsptpyfy; vz; 2.42. xspapd; jpirNtfj;ijg; nghUj;J> ,r;nrhw;nwhlhpd; nghUs; ahJ?
(khu;r;2013> [{d; 2013>14)
i)
gLfjph;
PE
tpyFfjph;
EF
kPsf
; jph;
FS
tpyFNfhzk;
r
jpir khw;wf; Nfhzk;
d
tpLNfhzk;
e
ii) ituj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; = 2.42
fhw;wpy; xspapd; jpirNtfk; c = 3 x 108 kP/tp
=

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vdNt

v =

3 10 8
2.42

= 1.24 x 108 kP/tp

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10 mwptpay;

ntw;wpf;F top

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

ituj;jpy; xspapd; jpir

ituj;jpy; xspapd; Ntfk;
xspapd; jpirNtfj;ijf;
vd;gNj ,r;nrhw;nwhlhpd;

Ntfk; 2.04 x 10 kP/tp

fhw;wpy; xspapd; Ntfj;ij tplf; FiwT.
nfhz;L fzf;fplg;gLk;NghJ ituj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; 2.42
nghUs;.

m) nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s cs;s glj;ij kPz;Lk; tiuf.

M) ,g;glk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ________
,) glj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;fTk;.
<) ,f;fUtp vj;jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ?
(Vg;-2014> Vg;-12> [_d;-2013)
m)

M) glk; Fwpg;gpLtJ AC kpd;,aw;wp

,) Kf;fpa ghfq;fs;:
S1 S2 - eOT tisaq;fs;
B1B2 - fhh;gd; J}hpiffs;
NS
- fhe;j JUtq;fs;
ABCD - Roy; RUs; jsk;
R
- kpd;jil
<) ,f;fUtp kpd;fhe;j J}z;ly; jj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
3.

m) 10 nr.kP. Ftpaj;J}uKs;s Ftpnyd;rpd; Kd; nghUshdJ (a) 15nr.kP (b) 8 nr.kP njhiytpy;
itf;fg;gLfpwJ.vdpy; cUthFk; gpk;gj;jpd; epiy> jd;ik> cUg;ngUf;fk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhz;f.
M) Nkw;fz;l ,U epiyfspy; vJ (i) xspg;gltPo;j;jp (ii) ifNuif ghh;g;gth; gad;gLj;Jk;
cUg;ngUf;fpfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
m) a) f = 10 nr.kP.
u = -15 nr.kP.
1
1
1
1
1
1
= my;yJ
- =
vdNt

1
10

1
15

3
30

2
30

32
30

1
30

v = 30 cm
gpk;gj;jpd; epiy: 2F-f;F mg;ghy; nyd;rpypUe;J 30 nrkP J}uj;jpy; (kWGwk;)
jd;ik: jiyfPo; nka; gpk;gk;.

30
cUg;ngUf;fk; m = =
= -2 (mjhtJ gpk;gk; jiyfPohdJ. 2 klq;F ngupaJ)

b)

f = 10 nr.kP.
1

=
=

15

u = -8 nr.kP.

my;yJ

1
10

1
1
= vdNt

1
4
5
=
8
40
40

1
40

v
= - 40 cm
gpk;gj;jpd; epiy: nghUs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s mNj gf;fj;jpy;
jd;ik: Neuhd khagpk;gk;.

40
cUg;ngUf;fk; m = =
= 5 (mjhtJ gpk;gk; NeuhdJ. 5 klq;F ngupaJ)

M) Nkw;fz;l ,U epiyfspy;
(i) xspg;gltPo;j;jpf;F Kjy; epiy (15 nrkP) cfe;jJ.
(ii) ifNuif ghh;g;gth;fSf;F ,uz;lhk; epiy (8 nrkP) cfe;jJ.

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10 mwptpay;
4.

ntw;wpf;F top

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

30 nr.kP. tisT Muk; nfhz;l FtpMbapd; Kd;G 5 nr.kP. cauKs;s nghUs; xd;W 10 nr.kP.
njhiytpy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ vdpy;>
(m) gpk;gj;jpd; epiy> jd;ik> msT fhz;f.
(M) Nkw;fz;l epiyiaf; Fwg;gpLk; fjph; tiug;glk; tiuf.
(m) Mbapd; tisT Muk; R = 30 nr.kP. FtpaJ}uk; f = 30/2 = 15
nghUspd; cauk; h = 5 nr.kP.
ngUspd; J}uk; u = -10 nr.kP.
1
1
1
1
1
1
Mb rkd;ghL:
= +
my;yJ
+ = vdNt

1
15

1
10

2
30

3
30

5
30

1
6

v = 6 nr.kP
gpk;gj;jpd; epiy: Mbf;Fs; mjd; FtpaJ}ukhd ff;Fs;
gpk;gj;jpd; jd;ik: rpwpa Neuhd kha gpk;gk;
gpk;gj;jpd; msT: nghUis tpl rpwpaJ.
M) fjpu; tiuglk;:

5.

fz; rpfpr;irf;fhd kUe;Jr;rPl;by;> Fiwg;ghl;il rhpnra;tjw;fhf ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l jpwd;fs;

KiwNa> tyg;gf;f fz;: -3.50 D
,lg;gf;f fz;: -4.00 D vdpy;>
m) mth; vt;tifg; ghh;itf;Fiwghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;?
M) Nkw;fz;l nyd;Rfs; ikaj;jpy; nkype;jpUf;Fkh? my;yJ tpspk;Gfspy; nkype;jpUf;Fkh?
,) ,U nyd;Rfspy; ve;j nyd;rpd; FtpaJ}uk; mjpfk;?
m) mtu; fpl;lg;ghu;it Fiwghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;.
M) fpl;lg;ghu;it vd;gjhy; mtu; mzpa Ntz;ba nyd;]; Fop nyd;];
Fop nyd;Rfs; ikaj;jpy; nkype;jpUf;Fk;. Xuq;fspy; jbj;jpUf;Fk;.
,) nyd;Rfspd; Ftpa J}uq;fs;:
tyJgf;f fz;
1
nyd;]pd; jpwd; P =

vdNt FtpaJ}uk; f
,lJgf;f fz;
nyd;]pd; jpwd;

1
3.5

= - 0.28 cm

P =

vdNt FtpaJ}uk; f =
=
= - 0.25 cm

4
vdNt tyJ gf;f fz; nyd;]pd; FtpaJ}uk; mjpfk;.

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