Fractwe « mateials may fea by bitte Frachee * mMaltials have cacts th them * uader critical conditions , cracks Popagate 7 fact 2700 built, 15¢0 had signif. bitte fracker + Cramps: wwIT Liberty ships : 3 broke mT Bost Molasses teak (San Iqia) 2.3 x10% geilens leaked Sot ban (1S) Lal f molasses So mpl Fo! diamete (21) 2! pep died Grihith cack theo + Consider ar infinile plate ' coakiining a cack SWesud ta feasion to some fixed displacement 4F “ec, * Clack length, a + Plate thi chaos, TOTP oa ero Ore Fe@ + if the cock gions. by ba | the sivess relaxes 4 the Shain ene de cores Crock lens. > \ decrase in shain enemy Clack leng tt arte é€ foushly, the Shaded decease tn Cran elanes Shawn enemy 6 ughly estiwate the change w shaw eneqy m™ geing frown Nouock -» cack of Leng Ht. a Ts eo _ * of, tf cack gions by ba jut Ju ba = Ge ZMat Ja da ze 'Z) * surface eneray lequired fov Ga increase M Gack Leng Hh by & is: 2 Stoo - define & = eneay abs bed per unit ovea of wack 220 Ls/ut] = critical slain enegy /elease rate 20 tS -=G.t + @ucting werk done tw forenins New Sucfaces LIK shain encsy selecsed: & Tatha => G.tda 2é 6 fa = 2€G@ « this Gaalysts is @ pprari mote - sVess not Gustent at wack Hp ~ felaxed Grea wet semictvete + exact Gualysts requires stveas distibutinn ahead of cock Kp C£uglis, 1913) oo Slocat % FV ta Gre+ exact Gralysis givesi o*Ta = EG, (facta of 2 different fram approximate analysis) a, OVTa” = JEq o loading, couditios Malesal papeltes + also define Kee Yo (fa = Shes Trkeasihy factor DTHPa tm J Y= geomebical fact, depends on leading con figuration = Goch meee (Matera papetyy =O fractwe =o Vactwe —? ve fractwe Clack Popagaton modes: IF, M, M : See figueetress Gaalysis df cacks + Shess field mud cack tip: ¢ «x o” te fecal vate ec Singulathy at v20: calf atre0 ¢20 sin Plactice , Matedal new cacle Fp yields Wher local equivalent she , f Oe = Sycere get plastic ene at cack Kp . vp = Plastic Bove size + Geifhth cikeion is valid only fF plashe tne swell “small scale yielding" Cssy) oa tf have (pla < 0.02 => liner elashe fractwe mechaites (Lert) if plaske tone lage | then energy required fr plste deformation 1s Signifiaat 4 bas fo be Accomled for mr enesy Dalanrce (use want cover this)Cc Last time: Trac hwe Swes field aba cack fp: Gu, « C1 4 be Te Awa Griffith Cri leion: frachee vlen offla = (66. (infivile plot) oC o (te = 160 Cotter pomeies) o at vw Singuloit, @ cack tip D plasticity ; plaste. 2me size, @ Gailfith valid if Swath seale Yicwing : & coor (line e laste fractwe mechorice)Plashe 2one Size ob ger fiest older estimate of fp, Plash2 Zone size + ‘Assume © Plate Swess (C +0) - materal € laste - perfectly plate + Set Gy = Gyros alo lhe @-0 Gyq 7 oiia | Ks 2G oat = ie Gar lane ofp * Conly fw @ =) + more exack estimate of plashz zone size fours by anvertivg Com, Sy, ou be Panci pal sheses 4 wsiny won Mes ciileian: G =Oyera + oan find shape f plasc zene fr plus shes (03, = Gy) =G, 70) : or Plans SAM (Cay 2 ay 2 End) engineering formulae + lane Sess (p= 4 | Ke eee ) Wane Shain (pe (& (€, 2d)Measurement of face WnesS, : ploske Rone Size larg er few plone sivess thon Plane strat ° Ke lager fw plae sivess Hon pla shatn » wart + measwe lout ce (to be euseryative) “plane stra fractwe rushes” + ple stress: thin specimen (G20 at Gack Hp) - plane Shain: thick speamen (Ez 70 at veck Hp) - ASH lequires speamen thickness, B > 26 rp. S plae shan value fev valid fractwe fonghress test * Vasious GeomeMes used fer fractwe tousienees fests i 1 2.5: single eds ott Z Bosse cine wae t | a bene Jest Sen | } Den bens - dam fu CG = metals -hish- lage plasit 2one Ceamics - lou - gwall pustz ZoneHic mechanitus + frochwe. © Ceramics + glasses: bite | cmcks propa sete easily + metals ypically ductile - resistant te cock propagetion , but can become bile at fou ler pera os * polymes - Miermediake, And Can be Made fugher by making thou tah co mpoui tes. Mechanism of cack prpagation: Cleavage . factwe Suface of cevamic w Gless - Smoot » fealweless flat su face , uit life o/ ne plaste ce fermation + Ceramics + slases have high yield shevctts, & = like plastic ce ferwostian - local shess Dreaks apart Mievatemi. bends + Crack pope gates by Se porahing a pay of atm plass, givivg dx to atomically flak swhee by CleavageHechoaisms df cack propaga tim: uch fearing + Face Surfite of Cracked duck mel that has factued is ans + @ let of plaste work Inter place to fom rough Sufrce + plastic zone at cock tp ov, -t See P . 3G PY om ey + Soft metals have lo a | lage fp » hard cevamics love high % Small Co Ductile easi seven Chen nominally pure, most metals Grtain quall taclusios of Chemical Com pours formed by seachan of metal + impuctty atoms + bithin plastic zene, plastic flon fates place aiound these inclusions | leading, to elonseled cavi Hes + Gs plashe flew pagers, cavities Imk up, tunings & Sharp cock mPa dlunt one, fe ducing He shes Gurcartotion s duchk keatng GvSumes A lot of enegy buy plashe flow, Merasiag Gat Cx plains bik duct metals 50 tong =Duckle t bitKe hansition + whether or not bebavicw is duchle on brite depends on yield sens Yh, Oy + size of plastic 2one + Oy depends on fumperatee 4 shain rate: oe Eo Oy = [i a, foe 54° 2 yiela sNenskt ato T 2 absolule feup. ("1 Qp = enemy /bond % 7 sheer strain ole a k= Baltamenns consfent 3, ma tenal pommel Er \> + also have %e a a) + GS bempesatweTdecranses, yield sivensth | Twcreses , plastic tone site “p as T 4 | maleal becomes mere bitte cece 1 s aet ducte- bath NansiHm as temperate deccans (or as Shain rote ¥ 9 P Mecca)Constance Tipper - Wikipedia, the ree encyclopedia bitp:/en.svikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Tippet Constance Tipper From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Constance Fligg Elam Tipper (6 February 1894 — 14 5 " December 1995) was an English metallurgist and Constance Fligg Elam Tipper crystallographer. Born 6 February 1894 New Barnet, Hertfordshire Died 14 December 1995 (aged 101) ‘Cumbria Constance Tipper specialized in the investigation of metal strength and its effect on engineering problems. During World War II she investigated the causes of brittle Penri fracture in Liberty Ships. These ships were built in the Education Newnham College, Cambridge US between 1941 and 1945, and were the first all-welded pre-fabricated cargo ships. Occupation Metallurgist Spouse(s) George Tipper Tipper established that the fractures were not caused by ing, but rather by the steel itself. She demonstrated that there is a critical temperature below which the fracture mode in steel changes from ductile to brittle. Because ships in the North Atlantic were subjected ta low temperatures, they were susceptible to brittle failure. These fatigue cracks were able to spread across the ship's welded joint plates, instead of stopping at plate edges of a riveted joint, as previously used. In 1949 Tipper was appointed Reader and became the only woman to be a full-time member of the Faculty of Engineering of Cambridge University. She was the first person to use a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine metallic tracture taces. ‘She used a scanning electron microscope built by Charles Oatley and his team, the second SEM ever built. She retired in 1960. Her 100th birthday in 1994 was celebrated by Newnham College with the planting of the Tipper Tree, a sweet chestnut. Works = "The Production of Single Crystals of Aluminium and their Tensile Properties" (with H.C. H. Carpenter). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1921). = Deformation of Metal Crystals (1935). «= The Brittle Fracture Story (1962). References = Charles, Jim and Gerry Smith. "Constance Tipper: her life and work", Materials World (1996). = Hayes, Evelyn. "Dr. Constance Tipper: testing her mettle in a materials world", Advanced Materials & Processes (1998). = Cathcart, Brian, " No dinner, but a nice box of choes" (http://www newstatesman.com 1200402160008), New Statesman (2004). Retrieved on 27 May 2007. = Hetzel, Phyllis. Obituary (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19951220/ai_n14024925 Iprint), The Independent (1995). Retrieved on 27 May 2007. 10f2 11/25/13 5:00 PMYuchile te brite Nansition satkupT, 6, 2G bed sat kup oe 2 ty 14% T, PSmaller plastte wne =P mole bate behaviow Crock, Liberty ship filue- Gnsturce Tipper ‘denkifred duchi— bill Wansihion cas cause Composites + Composites Gane much more resistant be cack papajetion Comet feugher) tron tiv carstitnents. 4: gles fibers tin epoxy sesiv 5 glass, epory bath bitte Dut Gun posite % mudh tughey * fi bess ack as Cack steppes * GS cack (eaces fiber, fF om cebore | bluakus fle Gack + asveshing fhe CokComposites + ru dser toughened epoxy + cubddey Povti des Gct like (ite springs , Clamping fle cack clowd again + Mertases load needed fo Popascte cack . Martases fog hanes.Fatigue + (epeated SWess cycles GA cause feilwe at shesses less Har the Ultimate fens Ne sieng th, Sins, Os even He yiekt whens th, & (2 fatigne fF uncactes camperovts (1) fatigue of cracked Components * No Pre- existing Cock Dou Small components - gex teeth * fractwe conthlled by tnihationf Clack, @ Fatigue of _wacerctet oun ponents ° Pre-existing cack : lage SWuches €5. badges, ships, pecssuc Vessels, . frachare canhalled by POA get an a Ce) OO? Cran - Tmin Sm = Cmax ¢ Coin za Ge. = Sway - Cuin 2 N= number of cycles of sivess Np = number of cycles b failwe.Fatigue dae fer uruacked specimens typically plolled as: low a —e high cycle fatigue lows cycle filigue: Smon ow \fmal 7 oy Ng < lot eyetes Ceoagity) << Basquin's law high cycle fabigue: Tmom 0 [Emin K increases _— ,.=.=s s also find cack gronthr rate , da/an, depends am OKFatigue af wacked components fist face -p Pais lau. da lA ae)” loc oN ‘Sax Skeace shale VG - Am maleial custeals. Haeshols Ss 7 AGE) | log ok it Mittal cack lensth, Qo, Is measwed 1 final cack length, af, fer fracher con be calonbted fen , safe Numbev of cycles of loading, con be estimated From. Sy “fda Nps [vn > i A@n™