PGI-CND-010 A SICIM Radiographic Examination Procedure PDF

CONGO S.A.
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

Congo marine XII Block Litchendjili Gas
Development
LITCHENDJILI ONSHORE PLANT WP5
Date : 27/08/2014
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BUREAU VERITAS CONGO

B.P 687 Pointe Noire
Sige social: Immeuble EPB
Zone industrielle, Foire
Tl: (00242) 05 713 94 64/06 653 30 06
Bureau Veritas - Confidentiel - Toute reproduction interdite
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Ind
Name
a
Writer
Function
S. MBEZELE
Ind
a
Visa
Name
Checker
Function
F. WENGER
Date
27/08/2014
Visa
Name
H.
MADACI
Approving
Function
Visa
EVOLUTION OF DOCUMENT
Modifications
Creation
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TABLE OF CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
PURPOSE .......................................................................................................... 5
SCOPE .............................................................................................................. 5
DEFINITIONS & ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................... 5
3.1
Dfinitions ........................................................................................................ 5
3.2
Abreviations ...................................................................................................... 6
4. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ................................................................................. 6
4.1
Bureau veritas documents .................................................................................. 6
4.2
Company general specifications .......................................................................... 6
(you can replace or add the specifications recommended) .............................................. 6
4.3
International code and standards ....................................................................... 7
4.4
Project documents............................................................................................. 7
5. RESPONSIBILITIES .......................................................................................... 8
5.1
The Quality Control Manager .............................................................................. 8
5.2
The NDT QC Supervisor ..................................................................................... 8
5.3
Operator........................................................................................................... 8
5.4
Extent of inspection ........................................................................................... 8
6. QUALIFICATION............................................................................................... 9
6.1
Personnel qualification ....................................................................................... 9
6.2
Procedure qualification ...................................................................................... 9
7. EQUIPMENTS ................................................................................................. 10
7.1
Source of radiation .......................................................................................... 10
7.2
Film viewer ..................................................................................................... 10
7.3
Densitometer .................................................................................................. 10
7.4
Radioprotection equipment .............................................................................. 10
8. Radiograph quality ......................................................................................... 10
8.1
Geometric unsharpness.................................................................................... 10
8.2
Density ........................................................................................................... 11
8.2.1
Blushing Density ....................................................................................... 11
8.2.2
Radiograph Density ................................................................................... 11
8.3
Image quality.................................................................................................. 11
8.4
Choice of IQI (see table below) ........................................................................ 12
8.5
Radiation source ............................................................................................. 13
8.6
Gamma ray source .......................................................................................... 13
8.7
X-ray equipment ............................................................................................. 13
9. INSTRUCTIONS .............................................................................................. 13
9.1
Surface preparation ......................................................................................... 13
9.2
Test Conditions ............................................................................................... 14
9.3
Post Weld Heat Treatment ............................................................................... 14
9.4
Number and location of radiographs ................................................................. 14
9.4.1
For vertical joints ...................................................................................... 14
9.5
Marking of weld to be radiographed .................................................................. 17
9.6
Marking films .................................................................................................. 17
9.7
Composition of the Film Cartridges ................................................................... 18
Single Film .......................................................................................................... 19
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Double Film ........................................................................................................ 19

9.8
Film quality ..................................................................................................... 19
9.9
Film size ......................................................................................................... 19
10. EXAMINATION ............................................................................................ 19
10.1 Putting the Films in Place ................................................................................. 20
10.2 Positioning of the Image Quality Indicator ......................................................... 20
10.3 Number of IQI to be kept in a radiograph.......................................................... 20
10.4 Positioning of the Equipment ............................................................................ 21
10.5 Radiation ........................................................................................................ 21
11. PROCESSING THE FILMS ............................................................................ 21
11.1 Manual Processing ........................................................................................... 21
11.2 Automatic Processing....................................................................................... 22
11.3 Positioning of the Equipment ............................................................................ 22
12. RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION RECORDS ................................................. 23
13. ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA .............................................................................. 23
14. FILMS COVER MARKING ............................................................................. 24
15. REPORT ....................................................................................................... 25
16. Repair of rework ......................................................................................... 25
Appendix A Marking of welds to be radiographed ............................................. 29
Appendix B Marking of radiographic films......................................................... 30
Appendix C Composition of the cartridge .......................................................... 31
Appendix D: Image Quality Indicators ................................................................. 31
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1. PURPOSE
This procedure defines the provisions to be implemented for radiographic inspection of
Congo marine XII Block Litchendjili Gas Development.
A radiographic examination is a Non Destructive examination used to find defects in
compactness in the metal elements of a structure. This procedure is applied for piping work.
The principle objective of this procedure is the detection, location and evaluation of
volumetric defects within the weld and the heat affected zone.
2. SCOPE
This procedure will be applied to all clients workshops and sites dedicated to the project. The
inspection will cover the percentage defined in the contract.
Volumetric defaults within the weld and the heat affected zone shall be detected by
Radiographic Testing.
This procedure shall be used for all butt welds, as well as branch welds having a nominal
diameter not lower than 50mm. The welds of half couplings, weldolets, etc are not required
to be radiographed, being this test poorly effective on such connections.
All NDT shall also be performed after completion of all cold forming and heat treatment.
3. DEFINITIONS & ABBREVIATIONS

3.1
DEFINITIONS
COMPANY : ENI E&P

CONTRACTOR :( Enter the name of client) SICIM
SUBCONTRACTOR: BUREAU VERITAS CONGO
NDT Non Destructive Testing
VT
Visual Inspection
RT
Radiographic Testing
PWHT Post Weld Heat Treatment
T
Thickness of the material to be checked
DWSI Double Wall Single Image
I.Q.I. Image Quality Indicator
NDT NDT Non Destructive Testing
SWSI Single Wall Single Image
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DWE Double wall exposure

SWV Single wall View
SWE Single wall exposure
3.2
ABREVIATIONS
Following abbreviation will be used during any calculation:
Nominal Thickness t
Penetrated thickness w
Object-to-film distance b
Source size d
Source-to-film distance SFD
Source-to-object distance f
Diameter - De
4. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
4.1
BUREAU VERITAS DOCUMENTS
(Inser the contractual documents in the table)
Reference
Title
PGI-CND-008
Radiographic Examination Procedure
PGI-CND-007
Piping Examination Report
4.2
COMPANY GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

(you can replace or add the specifications recommended)
Reference
Title
20377.PIP.MEC.FUN
Piping Weld Examination General Requirements
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INTERNATIONAL CODE AND STANDARDS
(Add or remove the appropriate code)
Reference
Title
API
650 : 11th
edition, June 2007
Process Piping : Welded steel tanks for oil storage
ASME Section V Article 2 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code - NondestructiveExamination :
:2004 + Errata 2006
Radiographic Examination
ASTM E94:2004
(replaced
2000)
E142
Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination

in
year
EN ISO 9712
Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT

personnel
ASNT TC -1A
Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT

personnel
EN 462:1994
Non-destructive testing. Image quality of radiographs. Image quality

indicators (wire type). Determination of image quality value
EN 584-1:1994
Industrial Radiographic Film Classification
ASTM E1032:2006
Radiographic Examination of Weldments
ASTM E747:2004
Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping

Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for
Radiography
EN 462.1
Image quality of radiographs Part 1 : Concept, Image Quality

Indicators (wire type), determination of image quality value
ISO 2504
Radiography of welds and viewing conditions for films - utilization of

recommended patterns of image quality indicators (IQI)
ISO 17636-1
Non-destructive testing of welds Radiographic testing Part 1:

X- and gamma-ray techniques with film
4.4
PROJECT DOCUMENTS
(Add specific client project documents)

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Reference
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Title
01303610CBQB02624
Quality Control Requirements for Construction Contractor
01303610CJPC02755
Work Method statement for fixed roof tank erection
5. RESPONSIBILITIES
5.1
THE QUALITY CONTROL MANAGER
The Quality Control Manager is responsible for verifying that the present procedure is
correctly implemented. He makes sure that all of the inspection equipment are always
calibrated and verified.
He makes sure that the consumables are stored according to supplier or manufacturer
instructions.
5.2
THE NDT QC SUPERVISOR
The NDT QC Supervisor is responsible for coordination of NDT activities on site in compliance
with approved procedures, codes and standards in order to establish confidence of the
quality of the inspection, the welding fabrication and its reliable performance in service. He
makes sure that all of the inspection equipment are always calibrated and verified. He makes
sure that the consumables are stored according to supplier instructions.
5.3
OPERATOR
The nondestructive examination technician is a competent person having been authorized to

carry out this magnetic particle examination.
He makes sure that all of the inspection equipment are maintained in proper working order.
He makes sure that the consumables have a use-by-date compatible with the planned
examinations.
5.4
EXTENT OF INSPECTION
If client doesnt choose welds, Bureau Veritas shall have the right to select the welds to be
inspected.
All weld joints shall be 100% visually accepted (and documented) prior to proceed for
radiographic testing.
Radiographic examination shall be done as shown at the table below.
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Step of
construction
Piping
Class
ENI
E&P
All
welds
joints
Circumferential
Joints
Branch
Connections
Socket welds (fillet

welds)
VT
Surface
PT/MT
Surface
PT/MT
Volumetric
RT/UT b)
Surface
PT/MT
Volumetric
RT a)
0
10%
0
25%
100%
Volumetric
RT/UT
Shop
Fabrication
4
100%
5%
5%
0
3
100%
5%
10%
10%
2
100%
25%
100%
1
100%
100%
Site assembly 4
100%
5%
5%
0
3
100%
10%
25%
100%
2
100%
100%
1
100%
100%
a) For operating temperatures T100C, to verify the minimum gap
b) For branches DN100mm and Thickness 15mm
100%
0
0
10%
100%
25%
100%
at the socket end.
10%
0
Seal
welds
(fillet
welds)
0
10%
100%
0
100%
100%
6. QUALIFICATION
6.1
PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION
The Inspection will be performed and results will be evaluated by NDT inspectors qualified
and certified as Level I or Level-II for the applicable method, in accordance with EN ISO
9712 EN473/CSWIP, ISO9712 or ASNT TC 1A.
Radiographs will be interpreted and evaluated only by NDT Inspectors qualified and certified
as Level-II (or higher) for the applicable method, in accordance with EN473/CSWIP or
ISO9712.
6.2
PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION
RT Procedure Qualification shall be performed for each Technique which has to be used, with
the same or similar material considering the range of dimensions, (Thickness Diameter), to
be checked.
A minimum of two exposures for each configuration have to be done.
Note: The radiographic Procedure shall be qualified using both, Film Side IQI and Source
Side IQI.
Image quality indicators shall be of the wire type as recommended by IIW/IIS 62-60 or ISO
Standard and are to be placed on the source side. In case that the source side is inaccessible
during production radiography, only film side penetrometers are required, but shall be
marked with an "F" and the procedure shall be qualified to demonstrate that the minimum
required sensitivity is achieved all through the wall thickness including the two opposite
surfaces. The image quality indicators are to be clearly identified, and the sensitivity of the
source side indicator is to be equal to or better than the requirements given in for "single
wall technique". For "double wall technique" the IQI sensitivity shall be calculated putting the
total weld thickness penetrated, i.e. two times the plate thickness plus the two weld
reinforcements, at the denominator of the formula. In this case the permissible IQI values
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shall be double of those indicated (ref. EN 462). The image density corresponding to the
sound weld metal shall not be less than 2.2 and not greater than 3.5, unless adequate
viewing and satisfactory interpretation of higher density film are permitted by the viewing
equipment.
7. EQUIPMENTS
7.1
SOURCE OF RADIATION
Gamma-rays produced by iridium 192 or maximum X-ray voltage used. The dimensions of
the source shall permit the respect of the geometric unsharpness.
7.2
FILM VIEWER
The viewer must have a strong enough source of light to allow reading of the films given the
required densities.
The luminance of light radiographs should not be less than 30 candelas/m with a minimum
average of 100 candelas/m.
7.3
DENSITOMETER
The optic density of radiographs is measured using a calibrated densitometer.
7.4
RADIOPROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Depending on the exposure technique used, the right radioprotection equipment is installed,
such as radiometer light or sound indicators, audiovisual detectors, etc.
The dark room can be located on client yard.
The radioactive source is stored in the BUREAU VERITAS base.
The transportation and the use of a radioactive gamma source is describe in the PGI-CND004-a: Transport of radioactive sources by road and maritime
8. Radiograph quality
8.1
GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS
The following formula is used to calculate the geometric unsharpness:

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where:
fg: geometric unsharpness in mm,
d: distance from source side of weld or object being radiographed to the film
D: Distance from source of radiation to weld or object being radiographed
F: source size in mm.
D and d shall be determined at the approximate center of the area of interest.
The recommended maximum values of geometric unsharpness are as specified in the table
below:
Material Thickness, in. (mm)
Ug Maximum, in.(mm)
Under 2 (50)
0.020 (0.51)
2 through 3 (50-75)
0.030 (0.76)
Over 3 through 4 (75-100)
0.040 (1.02)
Greater than 4 (100)
0.070 (1.78)
Note: Material thickness is the thickness on which the IQI is based
8.2
DENSITY
8.2.1 Blushing Density

The blushing densities must be verified on a sample of each lot on non-exposed films, then
developed under the same conditions as the radiographs. Verifications should be made at
regular intervals and each time a lot of films is changed.
Blushing density must not exceed 0.3.
8.2.2 Radiograph Density

Optic densities measured on a radiograph taken with single film must be from 2.5 to 3.5.
If a double film is exposed, the gross densities fall between 2 to 3.5 for each of the two
films, the minimum density is 2.
For pieces with varying thickness, when using double film, the parts of film whose density is
greater than 4 are interpreted using single film. The density of the latter is between 2 and 4.
Radiographic densities up to 4 may be acceptable if adequate viewing and satisfactory
interpretation of itch density film are permitted by the viewing equipment.
8.3
IMAGE QUALITY
The image quality must provide good visibility of the hole or wire whose diameter is specified
in the table 1 below:
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WALL THICKNESS OF WELDED
ASSEMBLY (in mm)
MINIMUM PERCEPTIBLE HOLE

DIAMETER (in mm)
MINIMUM PERCEPTIBLE WIRE

DIAMETER (in mm)
e< 3
3<e<6
6 < e < 10
10 < e < 16
16 < e < 25
25 < e < 32
32 < e < 40
40 < e < 80
0.25
0.32
0.4
0.5
0.63
0.8
1
1.25
0.12
0.16
0.2
0.25
0.32
0.4
0.5
0.63
Image quality indicator sensitivity

IQI sensitivity
Specimen thickness
(mm)
(% maximum value)
3
4.0
3.0
12.5
2.4
25
1.7
40
1.5
50
1.3
75
1.1
100
1.0
150
0.9
When using the wire image quality indicator, the wire must at least be seen over the whole
width of the weld bead.
When selecting the image quality indicator, the thickness used is that of the wall of the
welded element and the excess thickness on either side of the weld to be radiographed.
For elliptical double wall exposure, the image quality indicator is determined by using the
front and back wall thickness.
In the case of a butt welded joint of two different thicknesses, and when double film is
exposed, two image quality indicators, adapted respectively to each thickness, are placed on
each part of joint.
8.4
CHOICE OF IQI (SEE TABLE BELOW)
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RADIATION SOURCE
RT in shop are to be preferably executed by X ray equipment. Gamma rays may be applied
on yard only or on large prefabricated items. Following isotopes do not require Clients
approval: See for thin wall welds; Ir for thickness from 10mm to 19mm with qualification of
the procedure test: Ir up to t=38mm; X rays for thickness above 38mm. The use of Co 60 is
generally not acceptable.
WARNING Exposure of any part of the human body to X or Gamma rays can be highly
injurious to health. Wherever X-ray equipment or radioactive sources are in use, appropriate
legal requirements shall be applied. National or international safety regulation(s) as well as
safety instruction PGI-CND-001-aNOTE TO RADIOLOGISTS EXPOSED TO RADIATION shall
be strictly applied when using ionizing radiation.
Note: The Radiation Source will be either X-ray or Gamma-ray
RADIOPROTECTION: please refer Contingency radiographic Plan PGI-CND-006-a which
match with client Ionizing Radiation Protection procedure
8.6
GAMMA RAY SOURCE
Material: Gamma-ray apparatus, with Remote control and collimator.

Radiography shall be made using a single source of gamma radiation: Iridium 192 or Se 75
Maximum current permissible Activity is 50 Ci.
The minimum wall thickness to be tested may be 10mm for Ir 192 and 5mm for Se 75,
provided that an image quality conforming to minimum requirements established by the
reference standard and acceptable for the company or for the Companys Representative is
obtained.
Note: For special cases, the use of a source with more than 50 Ci could be considered with
prior acceptation of HSE department.
8.7
X-RAY EQUIPMENT
Material: Panoramic X-ray tube ERESCO or BALTEAU maxi 300KV and control unit or
equivalent or Directional Tube X-ray Tube ERESCO or BALTEAU maxi 300 KV and control unit
or equivalent.
9. INSTRUCTIONS
9.1
SURFACE PREPARATION
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The surface to be inspected shall be 100% visually inspected according to the Visual
Examination Procedure prior to proceed with the radiographic examination.
The surface shall be free of contaminants (slag, oil, grease, scale, dirt, welding flux, spatter
or other extraneous matter that may interfere with the examination) on the weld and up to
at least 50 mm on each side of the weld.
9.2
TEST CONDITIONS
The final NDT tests may be performed sooner than 48 hours after completion of welding if all
the following conditions are fully applied, to the satisfaction of COMPANY representative on
SITE: extra low hydrogen consumables are used and proper procedures for consumables
(procurement, storage, handling, baking, flux dryness, etc.) and drying of joint before
welding are implemented to ensure that diffusible hydrogen is less than 5ml/100g at the
welding stage. If the above requirements are not achieved to the satisfaction of COMPANY
representative, no derogation shall be accepted.
9.3
POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT
Depends on weld class for P N 3, 4 and 5 materials, RT examination shall be performed

after completion of any Post Weld Heat Treatment.
9.4
NUMBER AND LOCATION OF RADIOGRAPHS
9.4.1
For vertical joints
a. For butt-welded joints in which the thinner shell plate is less than or equal to 10 mm (3/8
in.) thick, one spot radiograph shall be taken in the first 3 m (10 ft) of completed vertical
joint of each type and thickness welded by each welder or welding operator. The spot
radiographs taken in the vertical joints of the lowest course may be used to meet the
requirements of Note 3 in Figure 8-1 for individual joints. Thereafter, without regard to
the number of welders or welding operators, one additional spot radiograph shall be
taken in each additional 30 m (100 ft) (approximately) and any remaining major fraction
of vertical joint of the same type and thickness. At least 25% of the selected spots shall
be at junctions of vertical and horizontal joints, with a minimum of two such intersections
per tank. In addition to the foregoing requirements, one random spot radiograph shall be
taken in each vertical joint in the lowest course (see the top panel of Figure 8-1 of API
650 code).
b. For butt-welded joints in which the thinner shell plate is greater than 10 mm (3/8 in.) but
less than or equal to 25 mm (1 in.) in thickness, spot radiographs shall be taken
according to Item a. In addition, all junctions of vertical and horizontal joints in plates in
this thickness range shall be radiographed; each film shall clearly show not less than 75
mm (3 in.) of vertical weld and 50 mm(2 in.) of weld length on each side of the vertical
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intersection. In the lowest course, two spot radiographs shall be taken in each vertical
joint: one of the radiographs shall be as close to the bottom as is practicable, and the
other shall be taken at random (see the center panel of Figure 8-1).
c. Vertical joints in which the shell plates are greater than 25 mm (1 in.) thick shall be fully
radiographed. All junctions of vertical and horizontal joints in this thickness range shall be
radiographed; each film shall clearly show not less than 75 mm (3 in.) of vertical weld
and 50 mm (2 in.) of weld length on each side of the vertical intersection (see the
bottom panel of Figure 8-1).
d. The butt-weld around the periphery of an insert manhole or nozzle shall be completely
radiographed.
9.4.2 One spot radiograph shall be taken in the first 3 m (10 ft) of completed horizontal butt
joint of the same type and thickness (based on the thickness of the thinner plate at the joint)
without regard to the number of welders or welding operators. Thereafter, one radiograph
shall be taken in each additional 60 m (200 ft) (approximately) and any remaining major
fraction of horizontal joint of the same type and thickness. These radiographs are in addition
to the radiographs of junctions of vertical joints required by Item c of 8.1.2.2 (see Fig 8-1).
9.4.3 The number of spot radiographs required herein shall be applicable on a per tank
basis, irrespective of the number of tanks being erected concurrently or continuously at any
location.
9.4.4 It is recognized that in many cases the same welder or welding operator does not
weld both sides of a butt joint. If two welders or welding operators weld opposite sides of a
butt joint it is permissible to inspect their work with one spot radiograph. If the radiograph is
rejected, additional spot radiographs shall be taken to determine whether one or both of the
welders or welding operators are at fault.
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9.4.5 An equal number of spot radiographs shall be taken from the work of each welder or
welding operator in proportion to the length of joints welded.
9.4.6 As welding progresses, radiographs shall be taken as soon as it is practicable. The

locations where spot radiographs are to be taken may be determined by the Purchasers
inspector.
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9.4.7 Each radiograph shall clearly show a minimum of 150 mm (6 in.) of weld length. The
film shall be centered on the weld
and shall be of sufficient width to permit adequate space for the location of identification
marks and an image quality indicator (IQI) penetrameter.
9.4.8 When bottom annular plates are required by 5.5.1, or by M.4.1, the radial joints shall
be radiographed as follows: (a) For double-welded butt joints, one spot radiograph shall be
taken on 10% of the radial joints; (b) For single-welded butt joints with permanent or
removable back-up bar, one spot radiograph shall be taken on 50% of the radial joints. Extra
care must be exercised in the interpretation of radiographs of single-welded joints that have
a permanent back-up bar. In some cases, additional exposures taken at an angle may
determine whether questionable indications are acceptable. The minimum radiographic
length of each radial joint shall be 150 mm (6 in.). Locations of radiographs shall preferably
be at the outer edge of the joint where the shell plate and annular plate join.
9.4.9 The finished surface of the weld reinforcement at the location of the radiograph shall
either be flush with the plate or have a reasonably uniform crown not to exceed the
following values:
9.4.10 Submission of Radiographs

Before any welds are repaired, the radiographs shall be submitted to the inspector with any
information requested by the inspector regarding the radiographic technique used.
9.4.11 Radiographic Standards Welds examined by radiography shall be judged as

acceptable or unacceptable by the standards of Paragraph UW-51(b) in Section VIII of the
ASME Code.
9.5
MARKING OF WELD TO BE RADIOGRAPHED
Marking is made by the constructor on the edges of the weld to be radiographed, and it
must at least include:
The weld identification mark.
The mark defining the localization of the films according to the recommendations of client.
9.6
MARKING FILMS
Films are identified using lead numbers and letters placed on the film so as to appear on the
radiograph, as indicated in Appendix B.
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Marking must comply with the requirements of the customer specifications. It must at least
include the following information to ensure traceability of the welded joint :
The RT company name
The project name or number, the line number and weld identification number.
The localization marks.
The exposure positioning marks (graduated strip or marking strip enabling
perfect correspondence between the radiographs and the inspected area).
In the event of a repair, the letter R followed by a sequential digital prefix, if
required.
In the event of a weld that was cut then repaired, the letter C followed by a
sequential digital prefix, if required.
The identification system should never hinder the interpretation of the area under
examination

9.7
COMPOSITION OF THE FILM CARTRIDGES
The films used are fine grain with a low or average rapidity coefficient in order to obtain
good radiographic image definition. Films category shall be as per table 5 below.
Film type
EN 584-1 category recognised Type of radiographic

by the Company
examination related
Industrex MX 125
C3
AGFA D4
C3
X-Ray only
X-Ray only
FUJI IX80
C3
X-Ray only
INDUSTREX M
C2
Gamma rays or X-Rays
AGFA D3
C2
FUJI IX50
C2
Nota: The film treatment shall be in accordance with the film supplier recommendations to
fulfill the EN 584.1 category requirements.
Sensitivity of films shall be verified by the use of wire-type Image Quality Indicator (IQI)
placed transversely to the weld on the source side, for each exposure.
In order to improve image quality, front and back lead intensifying screens are used.
The thickness ranges from 0.02 to 0.25 mm according to the type of radiation as indicated in
Appendix A. The screens must be handled with care to avoid smudges, scratches or bends
which could produce parasite images on the developed film.
A sufficiently thick backscatter lead screen is placed behind the cartridge to prevent
backscatter radiation from reaching the film during exposure. The filtering efficiency is
checked by placing, at the back of the cartridge, a lead letter B, 13 mm high and 1.6 mm
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thick. The thickness of the screen (at least 2 mm) is chosen so that the image of the letter
does not appear on the radiograph.
If a light image of the B, appears on a darker background of the radiograph, protection
from backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. A dark
image of the B on a lighter background is not cause for rejection
Films used: KODAK M vacupac.
Single Film
A flexible or rigid cartridge is loaded with a film placed between two
intensifying screens, the sensitive side of the screen being in perfect contact
with the emulsion as indicated in Appendix A. The ensemble is placed in a
light proof plastic protective sleeve. The film identification system is applied
to the outside surface of the sleeve on the side of the piece to be
radiographed.
Double Film
An intermediate, double sided lead screen, thickness from 0.02 to 0.10 mm,
is placed between the two films according to Appendix A.
9.8
FILM QUALITY
The weld image and adjacent HAZ areas shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other
blemishes such as:
Fogging
Processing defect such as streaks, chemical stain or water mark
Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirt, static mark, tear
Loss of detail due to poor screen / film contact
False indication due to defective screens.
Only ultra fine grain films of a quality equal or finer than Agfa Gevaert "D4", or Kodak "M",
shall be used for radiographic inspection of piping welds.
9.9
FILM SIZE
Films size shall generally be 10 x 40 cm. Smaller width films for welds without intersections
may be used provided a minimum width of 15 mm of base metal appears on each side of the
weld on the radiograph.
10.
EXAMINATION
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10.1 PUTTING THE FILMS IN PLACE

The film must be placed in contact with the weld, on the side opposite the radiation, so that
the entire area to be examined is projected on the film.
Film shall have sufficient length and shall be placed to provide at least in. 13 mm of film
beyond the projected edge of the weld.
Film widths shall be sufficient to depict all portion of the weld joint, including the heat
affected zones, and shall provide sufficient additional space for the required penetrameter
and film identification without infringing upon the area of interest in the radiograph.
The cartridges are held steady and in position during exposure by different types of supports
(adhesive tape, magnets, rubber straps or wood supports, etc.) compatible with the
exposure time and the shape of the piece.
Generally, the axis of the beam is directed toward the centre of the area to be examined.
If the event of an elliptical double wall exposure, for small diameter pipes, the cartridge rests
on a plane in contact with the pipe opposite from the radiation (see exposure technique).
10.2 POSITIONING OF THE IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR

The image quality of radiographs is determined by using an image quality indicator as
presented in according to ASME V (Appendix D)
The image quality indicator is one way of verifying that the choice of radiographic
parameters is correct. It should not be used to evaluate the dimensions of defects.
The image quality indicator must be placed on the surface of the piece on the side of the
source of radiation and as close as possible to the weld.
When the wire image quality indicator is used, the wire must be placed across the weld.
When this is not technically possible, the image quality indicator is placed on the film side
along with an F. In this case, a comparative test must be performed on a representative
piece on which an image quality indicator can be placed on the film side and another on the
source of radiation side in order to determine a correspondence between the indications
given by these two image quality indicators.
IQIs shall be selected and placed on the weldment in the area of interest positioning the
thinnest wire toward the edge of radiograph.
10.3 NUMBER OF IQI TO BE KEPT IN A RADIOGRAPH

As per ASME B31 3:
When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQI image shall
appear on each radiograph except as outlined:
1. Tubular - single wall single image - source centred inside - 3 IQI at 120 apart under
the following conditions:
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a) When the complete circumference is radiographed using one or more film

holders, or;
b) When a section or sections of the circumference, where the length between
the ends of the outermost sections span 240 or more deg, is radiographed
using one or more film holders. Additional film locations may be required to
obtain necessary IQI spacing.
2. Tubular - single wall single image - source centred inside - 3 IQI are required under
the following conditions:
a) When a section of the circumference, the length of which is greater than 120
deg and less than 240 deg, is radiographed using just one film holder, or;
b) When a section or sections of the circumference, where the length between
the ends of the outermost sections span less than 240 deg, is radiographed
using more than one film holder.
3. In (1) and (2) above, where sections of longitudinal welds adjoining the
circumferential weld are radiographed simultaneously with the circumferential weld,
an additional IQI shall be placed on each longitudinal weld at the end of the section
most remote from the junction with the circumferential weld being radiographed.
10.4 POSITIONING OF THE EQUIPMENT

The equipment is positioned as per to the exposure technique determined according
to the position described below in 9.4.
10.5 RADIATION
The exposure time is determined by the exposure technique, the type and thickness
of the materials to penetrate, and the type of film.
11.
PROCESSING THE FILMS
Films are developed and processed manually or by automatic machine according to the
instructions from equipment and development product suppliers. In priority, we use the
automatic processing. But in case we have different problems with the automatic processor
(electricity, water), for the advancement of the project, we can use the manual processing.
11.1 MANUAL PROCESSING

Successive operations must include:
Development in a developer bath at 20C + 1C, 5mn + or 30s.
Intermediate rinsing in a water bath, or water.
Fixing in a fixing bath at a minimum of 19C for at least 10 minutes.
Washing in running water at a minimum of 15C for 20 to 30 minutes.
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NOTE: A wetting agent can be used to obtain uniform drying and prevent forming of
water droplets on the film.
Drying of the film in a dust-free environment.

NOTE: Drying can be sped up by placing in the films in a drying cabinet.
Baths must be changed after processing about 0.5 m2 of films per liter of developer or fixer,
and at the latest two months after first use, under normal utilization and conservation
conditions.
The water used for all processing operations must be clean, and may even be filtered.
11.2 AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

Processing machine used KODAK. Manufacturer instructions for the automatic machine must
be followed. However, the developer temperature and time must not exceed 28C and 3
minutes respectively.
11.3 POSITIONING OF THE EQUIPMENT

Radiographs must be read in a dark room with a suitable variable intensity viewer with spot
review or masked spot review capability. The viewer shall incorporate a means for adjusting
the size of the spot under examination. The viewer shall have sufficient capacity to properly
illuminate radiographs with an H & D density of 4.0.
The first stage of this reading consists of checking:
For no equivocal images resulting from handling, defective exposure, processing or
other causes.
The conformity of the image quality and the density.
Radiographs are grouped per weld, their identification marks must comply with the
previously mentioned requirements.
The filming technique, the overlap between films and the length of the areas to be
interpreted must provide assurance that the entire area to be examined has been
radiographed.
The following parameters are incorporated in the examination and in the interpretation of
compactness defects recorded when reading radiographs:
Type of metal
Welding process
Type of chamfer
Welding position.
Geometry of the piece and dimensions.
Exposure conditions.
A distinction should be made between real indications and accidental indications
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION RECORDS
The judgements of radiographs shall be expressed by symbols having the following meaning:
A - Acceptable
NR Weld to be repaired
NT Weld to be cut-out
NX Radiograph to be repeated due to film quality
RX Radiograph to be repeated for doubts about its interpretation
EX The examination is to be extended at the side.
13.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The acceptance criterias complies with the specific requirements of the project. Without
specific requirements, the acceptance criteria are those described on table below:
Indications shown on the radiographs of welds and characterized as imperfections are
unacceptable under the following conditions, and the repair radiographed to UW-51 or, at
the option of the Manufacturer, ultrasonically examined in accordance with and the
standards specified in this paragraph, provided the defect has been confirmed by the
ultrasonic examination to the satisfaction of the Authorized Inspector prior to making the
repair. For material thicknesses in excess of 1 in. (25 mm), the concurrence of the user shall
be obtained.
This ultrasonic examination shall be noted under remarks on the Manufacturers Data Report
Form:
(1) any indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration;
(2) any other elongated indication on the radiograph which has length greater than:

Where
14 in. (6 mm) for t up to 34 in. (19 mm)

13t for t from 34 in. (19 mm) to 214 in. (57 mm)
34 in. (19 mm) for t over 214 in. (57 mm)
t = the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement.
For a butt weld joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the
thinner of these two thicknesses.
If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be
included in t.
(3) any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater than t in a length
of 12t, except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceeds 6L where L
is the length of the longest imperfection in the group;
(4) Rounded Indications. Indications with a maximum length of three times the width or less
on the radiograph are defined as rounded indications. These indications may be circular,
elliptical, conical, or irregular in shape and may have tails. When evaluating the size of an
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indication, the tail shall be included. The indication may be from any imperfection in the
weld, such as porosity, slag, or tungsten.
W= Width of defect (mm)
H= Height of defect (mm)
l = Length of defect (mm)
T= The thinnest wall thickness at the joint (mm)
L= Length of 150mm from one of the defects considered
S= Reinforcement or protrusion
= Diameter of an individual defect or its greatest dimension (mm)
= Sum
Notes:
(1) Provided the distance from other defects is greater than 50mm
(2) Provided it does not show any tails
(3) Provided it is gently connected, concavity of root surface shall not reduce the
thickness of the joint, including reinforcement, to less than the thickness of the
thinnest of the components being joined (T).
(4) Adjacent defects spaced less than 3 times the length of the greatest, shall be
considered as a single defect with a length equal to the sum of the length of the
above defects.
(5) Porosity shall not exceed that shown as acceptable in BPV Code, section VIII, division
1 appendix 4.
(6) T5mm: surface porosity and exposed slag inclusion are not permitted T>5mm what
is specified in this table
14.
T(mm)
S(mm)
6.4
1.6
>6.4; 12.7
3.2
>12.7; 25.4
4.0
>25.4
4.8
FILMS COVER MARKING
For each radiographed weld, the relevant films shall be kept in the same cover, on which we
will indicate the following:

Name of the contractor performing the welds

Weld number
Progressive number of the films contained in the cover
Film location on the joint, for single exposure
Drawing number of the piping
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Welder stamp
Piping Class
Pipe material, except in the case of carbon steel
Pipe diameter
Previous judgement, if any (for repeated radiographs)
Date of forwarding to the companys Representative for the judgement.
15.
REPORT
Each examination must be written up in a radiographic test report.

Any defect revealed during the interpretation must be recorded by specifying the position,
type, and dimensions, as well as the decisions resulting from their evaluation with regard to
the acceptance criteria.
The report shall include at least the following information, as applicable and the
top of the report will be as presented in Annex F: inspection and test template in
the procedure quality Control Requirements for Construction Contractor

Identification (Weld N, Manufacturers symbol or name, date of radiograph,)

the dimensional map (if used) of marker placement
number of radiographs (exposures)
source size (F)
base material type and thickness, weld thickness, weld reinforcement thickness, as
applicable
source-to-object distance (D)
distance from source side of object to film (d)
film manufacturer and Manufacturers type/designation
number of film in each film holder/cassette
single- or double-wall exposure
single- or double-wall viewing
isotope or maximum X-ray voltage used
film brand and designation
screens used
See example report in annex 02
16.
Repair of rework
All NDT required for the original weld shall be repeated and perform again
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Annex 02: Example of Report
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Appendix A Marking of welds to be radiographed

The marks are materialized as follows:
. Linear radiographs in contact or panoramic: mark O specifying the
origin and an arrow indicating the positioning direction of the films.
BUTT WELD OF PIPES 3 (contact or panoramic)
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Appendix B Marking of radiographic films
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Appendix C Composition of the cartridge

1 - CHOICE OF INTENSIFYING SCREENS
The intensifying wall thickness screens are those integrated by the

manufacturer in the preloaded films
KODAK M 0,025 mm
2 - SINGLE FILM TECHNIQUE
3 - DOUBLE FILM TECHNIQUE
Appendix D: Image Quality Indicators

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Auteur :
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CONGO S.A.

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

BUREAU VERITAS CONGO

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

LITCHENDJILI ONSHORE PLANT WP5

Bureau Veritas - Confidentiel - Toute reproduction interdite

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

Bureau Veritas - Confidentiel - Toute reproduction interdite

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

Double Film ........................................................................................................ 19

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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

LITCHENDJILI ONSHORE PLANT WP5

3. DEFINITIONS & ABBREVIATIONS

COMPANY : ENI E&P

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

LITCHENDJILI ONSHORE PLANT WP5

DWE Double wall exposure

Following abbreviation will be used during any calculation:

Source-to-film distance SFD

BUREAU VERITAS DOCUMENTS

(Inser the contractual documents in the table)

Radiographic Examination Procedure

Piping Examination Report

COMPANY GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

Piping Weld Examination General Requirements

Bureau Veritas - Confidentiel - Toute reproduction interdite

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

LITCHENDJILI ONSHORE PLANT WP5

INTERNATIONAL CODE AND STANDARDS

(Add or remove the appropriate code)

Process Piping : Welded steel tanks for oil storage

Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination

Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT

Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT

Non-destructive testing. Image quality of radiographs. Image quality

Industrial Radiographic Film Classification

Radiographic Examination of Weldments

Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping

Image quality of radiographs Part 1 : Concept, Image Quality

Radiography of welds and viewing conditions for films - utilization of

Non-destructive testing of welds Radiographic testing Part 1:

(Add specific client project documents)

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

LITCHENDJILI ONSHORE PLANT WP5

Quality Control Requirements for Construction Contractor

Work Method statement for fixed roof tank erection

THE QUALITY CONTROL MANAGER

THE NDT QC SUPERVISOR

The nondestructive examination technician is a competent person having been authorized to

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

LITCHENDJILI ONSHORE PLANT WP5

Socket welds (fillet

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

LITCHENDJILI ONSHORE PLANT WP5

The optic density of radiographs is measured using a calibrated densitometer.

The following formula is used to calculate the geometric unsharpness:

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

LITCHENDJILI ONSHORE PLANT WP5

8.2.1 Blushing Density

8.2.2 Radiograph Density

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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE