Joseph Plateau

In 1834 Plateau was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Belgium and in
1836 a full member. He was also a member of a large number of foreign scientific organizations,
including the Institute de France, the royal academies of Berlin and Amsterdam, and the Royal
Society lateau was one of the best-known Belgian scientists of the
nineteenth century.
Plateaus early work was in the field of physiological optics. The basis
of much of this work was his observation that an image takes an
appreciable time to form on, and to disappear from, the retina.
Plateau showed, among other things, that the total length of an
impression, from the time it acquires all its force until it is scarcely sensible, is approximately a
third of a second. He applied his results to the study of the principles of the colour mixture
produced by the rapid succession of colours.
This led to the formulation of the law that the effect of a colour briefly presented to the eye is
proportional both to the intensity of the light and the time of presentation. Plateau also studied
various optical illusions that result from the persistence of the image on the retina. In 1832 he
invented one of the earliest stroboscopes, which he called a phnakistiscope. Plateaus device
consisted of pictures of a dancer that were placed around a wheel. When the wheel was turned,
the dancer was seen to execute a turn. Plateau sent his stroboscope to Michael Faraday.
The Phenakistoscope is uses the persistence of vision to create an illusion of motion. Although this theory had been
recognized by the Greek mathematician Euclid, it wasnt until 1829 that this principle became firmly established by Plateau.
The Phenakistoscope used two discs mounted on the same axis. The first disc had slots around the edge, and the second had
drawings of action, drawn around the disc in circles. Unlike Faradays wheel, whose pair of discs spun in opposite directions, a
Phenakistoscope discs spun together in the same direction. When viewed in a mirror through the discs slots, the pictures on
the second disc will appear to move.
This pioneer has made a massive impact towards moving image because if he and his sons didnt make this way of moving
image then we may not have developed film and animation the way we have today.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3d2HBo_gZ8

William Horner
Born in seventeen eighty six, Horner was a mathematician and headmaster. At the age of twenty
seven, He founded his local school named, the Seminary. Horner created the Zoetrope, intending on
teaching his students with it.
Because of Horner, the animation industry was able to go and develop the idea that images moving
faster, than the retina can register create the illusion of movement. This is all because of the
zoetrope he invented, a cylinder toy with a series of different pictures on the inside. It gives the
illusion of movement when it is spinning and is viewed through the slits on the outside. It was
created in the 19th century.

The zoetrope uses the persistence of vision principle to create an illusion of motion.
It works from a simple drum with an open top, supported on a central axis. A
sequence of pictures on strips of paper is placed around the inner bottom of the
drum. Slots are cut at equal distances around the outer surface of the drum, just
above where the picture strips were positioned.
To create an illusion of motion, the drum is spun; the faster the rate of spin, the
smoother the progression of images. A viewer can look through the wall of the
zoetrope from any point around it, and see a rapid progression of images. Because
of its design, more than one person could use the zoetrope at the same time.
The information that interests me the most is that how he invented the zoetrope and
how you can see a picture moving just through looking in a little slit. In modern days
they still use this method of motion picture.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fG6ywByMAyE

Emilie Reynaud
Charles- Emile Reynaud was a French science teacher and projected the first
animated cartoon films. Reynaud died in a hospice on the banks of the Seine
where he had been cared for since 29 March 1917.
Reynaud is mostly known for creating a device called the Praxinoscope in 1877
and also created the Theatre Optique in December 1888, he presented this
first animated film in public at the Musee Grevin in Paris. In his later years, his
inventions were slowly going to an end as the cinematograph camera was
being brought in by The Lumiere Brothers.
The Praxinoscope is very similar to the zoetrope (created by William Horner), it
used a strip of pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder.
The Praxinoscope improved on the zoetrope by replacing its very narrow very
slits with an inner circle of mirrors, placed so that the reflections of the
pictures appeared more or less stationary in the positioned as the wheel was
turned. A viewer would look in the mirrors and then therefore sees a rapid
succession of images producing the illusion of motion, with a brighter and less
distorted picture than the zoetrope.
The factors that affected the Praxinoscope is that if it was spun to fast it would
look very blurry and you wouldnt be able to see the moving image, also if you
spun it backwards the sequence wouldnt make sense. There werent just bad
things about the Praxinoscope because it was the successor of the zoetrope. A
zoetrope could only view the moving image to one person at a time, but now the Praxinoscope can be viewed multiple times
by different viewers because it has mirrors all around it and you could see it at every angle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOItdZOGnx8

Thomas Edison

Thomas Alva Edison did a lot of things in his time including an inventor, scientist and a businessman who developed
many devices that had a massive impact on life around the world.
Edison invented the Phonograph, the motion
picture camera and a long-lasting practical
electric light bulb. As we know today, the
light bulb is probably one of the most
needed electronics of all time. He was also
the inventor of the Kinetoscope. This device
was used in stop motion animation.
The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture
device, but not a movie projector. It was
designed for films to be viewed individually
through the window of a cabinet containing
its components. This invention was the basic
introduction that would become the
standard for all cinematic projection before video. Watching it
creates the illusion of movement by conveying a strip of film
bearing images over a light source with a high speed shutter.
I have found out how the Kinetoscope works and how we create the illusion of moving image. The thing that inspired me the most about
Edison is that he invented the light bulb and I feel that it is one of the most important inventions to this day.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmZ4VPmhAkw

Luminere Brothers
Auguste and Louis Lumiere, the first two French engineers who invented the first
cinematographic process, held the worlds first ever public film screening on 28th December 1895,
the showing of ten shorts films lasting around 20 minutes was shown in the basement of the
Grand caf on the boulevard des capucine in Paris, this would be the first ever showing of
work they called cinematography which effectively functioned as a camera, printer and
projector all in one. They are both considered to be the inventors of cinema. Their work
mostly consisted of moving images from scenes of everyday life. As well look back in
retrospective in comparison to what film has developed into today, the brothers believed it to
be a medium without a future as they expected people would bore that they could just easily
see, however there film of a train pulling up to a train station captivated the audience known
as (L'arrive d'un train en gare de LaCiotat) as they thought it was going to pop out at them,
this is one of the main brothers were trying to achieve, they tried to think of inventive ways
to capture the audience with something that was different and interesting. The brothers
made many films including L'arroseur arros, (The Sprayer Sprayed' or 'TablesTurned on the
Gardner') a short film where a boy plays a trick on a gardener.
By the 19th century, other inventors had a found a way of capturing moving images. In
France the Praxinoscope had attracted a large audience at the Grevin theatre, while in the States, Thomas Edison was trying to sell his
Kinetoscope. By early 1895, the Lumiere brothers had invented their very own device combing a printer, projector and camera calling
it cinematographer. The brothers used the film speed of 16 seconds per frame, a vast difference compared with Edisons 48 frames per second, this meant
that less film was being used and thegrinding and clatter assorted with Edisons device was reduced. Louis had a decision to incorporate the
principle of intermittent movement using a similar device thats found in sewing machines. This was something that Edison had rejected as he struggled
to perfect projection using a continuous movement. Louis photographed the world around him, with some of his films being actuality films for examples
workers leaving a factory, Louis like to capture the real life and was happening. The brothers began opening theatres to project there films. In
the first four months, the brothers had successfully opened four cinemas in Belgium, London, Brussels and New York. In 1900, the brothers
both projected a film onto a 99 by 79 foot screen at the Paris Exposition, after which they decided to curtail their film expeditions and devoted
their time to sale and manufactures of their inventions.
By the 1907, the brothers had projected their first practical colour photography process, the Autochrome plate. Auguste and Louis were
the two earliest film makers in history whole eliminated the popular imagination to such an extent that cinema would evolve into the artist
is today. From the very beginning, cinema captured peoples imagination and kept them guessing. When the Lumiere brothers sent film
makers to and from across the world to bring images back for its filmed news projection, it was clear that cinema would also take on an
informative role

The information that interests me the most is the first film ever made with the usage of Cinematography. I feel that its just unbelievable
that the audience found that very short film amazing comparing to our technology today. Through my research I was able to earn about
the Cinematograph and how you can create motion through this old camera. As the Lumiere Bros were inspired by the famous pioneer
Eadweard Muybridge it makes me feel how the public in that time would have been feeling when these amazing inventions that have
affected the world today. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nj0vEO4Q6s

George Pal
George Pal will be remembered as one of the most gifted directors of fantastic
cinema in history. Ironically, this popularity as a feature-film director usually
overshadows Pal's great contributions to the field of stop-motion animation.
Pal's Puppetoons started as soft-sell advertising films in Europe. These short
films were so much fun to watch that theatres soon billed them in the lobby
and played them for free. Eventually, Pal and his wife fled the horror of the Nazi
invasion, moved to Hollywood, USA, and were able to make the Puppetoons
without advertisements, instead being sponsored by Paramount
Pictures. Continuing the screen experiments he had begun with stop-motion
animated puppets, Pal developed the Puppetoons series. The innovative short
films eventually totalled more than 40 in number and included Rhythm in the Ranks (1941), Dr. Seusss The 500
Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins (1943), and Jasper and the Beanstalk (1945)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQmiqymo7Og

Edward Muybridge

Edward Muybridge is and British photographer known as the father of motion picture to some is most
known for his work in photographic
studies in motion and early work in
motion picture. His work laid out the
foundation layer of modern cinema. He
was the man that proved to everyone
that horses could fly, with the very
latest technology, he proved his theory
by getting a galloping horse to trigger of
the shutter of a bank of
cameras. Muybridge placed a row of
24 cameras with electric shutters which
would be triggered in a sequence, four
every second, as the horse passed away. A capable and
experimental photographer, Edward began to except
motion when he was approached by a race horse owner in
California. The experiments proved indisputably for the first
time, which no one had previously seen- the horse lifts four hooves of the ground at one point in the action of running.
Muybridge wanted to share his work, he invented the zoopraxiscope, this was a method of projecting animates of his
photographs as short moving sequences which then subsequently anticipated development in the history of cinema. Eadward
found a way to project his silloutes in rapid succession onto a screen, his work first demonstrated to the public in 1882, it was
often quoted the first moving picture. Years later his work was cited as a major inspiration in the invention of modern cinecamera by Thomas Edison.He pushed the limits of the camera as far as possible, creating famous pictures of animals and
humans in motion. He documentedto a rapidly growing nation, capturing vast panoramas of the American landscape such as
Yosemite Valley.
His intensive life involved travelling around north and Central America a, a career as a successful teacher, and the trial of his
wifes scandalous lover. Having sparked a considerable amount of scientific interest he, Muybridge took his work to
the University of Pennsylvania. Developing a multi lens camera, he successfully produced a high speed study in the
movement of both animals and human, produced in eleven volumes of animal locomotion, an electro photographic
investigation of consecutive phases of animalmovement (1887).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEqccPhsqgA