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Shivaji
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ShivajiBhonsle(Marathi[iaibos()le]c.

Shivaji

1627/1630[1]3April1680),alsoknownas
ChhatrapatiShivajiMaharaj,wasanIndianwarrior
kingandamemberoftheBhonsleMarathaclan.
Shivajicarvedoutanenclavefromthedeclining
AdilshahisultanateofBijapurthatformedthegenesis
oftheMarathaEmpire.In1674,hewasformally
crownedastheChhatrapati(Monarch)ofhisrealmat
Raigad.
Shivajiestablishedacompetentandprogressivecivil
rulewiththehelpofadisciplinedmilitaryandwell
structuredadministrativeorganisations.Heinnovated
militarytactics,pioneeringtheguerrillawarfare
methods(Shivasutraorganimikava),which
leveragedstrategicfactorslikegeography,speed,and
surpriseandfocusedpinpointattackstodefeathis
largerandmorepowerfulenemies.Herevivedancient
Hindupoliticaltraditionsandcourtconventionsand
promotedtheusageofMarathiandSanskrit,rather
thanPersian,incourtandadministration.
Shivaji'slegacywastovarybyobserverandtimebut
begantotakeonincreasedimportancewiththe
emergenceoftheIndianindependencemovement,as
manyelevatedhimasaprotonationalistandheroof
theHindus.ParticularlyinMaharashtra,debatesover
hishistoryandrolehaveengenderedgreatpassion
andsometimesevenviolenceasdisparategroupshave
soughttocharacterisehimandhislegacy.

Contents

Shivaji'sportrait(1680s)housedintheBritish
Museum
1stSovereign(Chhatrapati)ofthe
MarathaRealm
Reign

Coronation 6June1674
Successor

Sambhaji

Born

c.April1627/19February1630[1]
ShivneriFort(presentlyin
Maharashtra,India)

Died

3April1680
RaigadFort,Raigad,MarathaEmpire
(presentlyinMaharashtra)

Consort

Saibai(Nimbalkar)

Wives

Soyarabai(Mohite)
Putalabai(Palkar)
Sakvarbai(Gaikwad)

1 Earlylife
1.1 Upbringing
2 ConflictwithAdilshahisultanate
2.1 CombatwithAfzalKhan
2.2 BattleofPratapgarh
2.3 BattleofKolhapur
2.4 SiegeofPanhalaandBattleof

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji

16741680CE

Kashibai(Jadhav)[2]
Issue

Sambhaji,son
Rajaram,son
SakhubaiNimbalkar,daughter
RanubaiJadhav,daughter
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2.4 SiegeofPanhalaandBattleof
PavanKhind
3 ClashwiththeMughals
3.1 AttackonShaistaKhan

AmbikabaiMahadik,daughter
RajkumaribaiShirke,daughter
Father

ShahajiBhonsle

Mother

Jijabai

Religion

Hinduism

3.2 TreatyofPurandar
3.3 ArrestinAgraandescape
4 Reconquest
4.1 DealingswiththeEnglish
4.2 BattleofNesari
5 Coronation
6 ConquestinSouthernIndia
7 Deathandsuccession
7.1 TheMarathasafterShivaji
8 Governance
8.1 PromotionofMarathiandSanskrit
8.2 Religiouspolicy
9 Military
9.1 Forts
9.2 Navy
10 Legacy
10.1 Historiography
10.2 Politicallegacy
10.3 Commemorations
10.4 Depictioninpopularculture
11 Seealso
12 References
13 Furtherreading
14 Externallinks
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Earlylife
ShivajiwasborninthehillfortofShivneri,nearthecityof
JunnarinPunedistricton6April1627or19Feb.1630.[3]The
GovernmentofMaharashtraaccepts19February1630ashis
birthdateothersuggesteddatesinclude6April1627orother
datesnearthisday.[4][5][6]Perlegend,hismothernamedhim
ShivajiinhonourofthegoddessShivai,towhomshehadprayed
forahealthychild.[7]Shivajiwasnamedafterthislocal
deity.[8][9]Shivaji'sfatherShahajiBhonslewasaMarathageneral
whoservedtheDeccanSultanates.[10]HismotherwasJijabai,the
Shivaji'sbirthplaceonShivneriFort.
daughterofLakhujiraoJadhavofSindkhed(SindkhedRaja).At
thetimeofShivaji'sbirth,thepowerinDeccanwassharedby
threeIslamicsultanates:Bijapur,Ahmednagar,andGolconda.Shahajioftenchangedhisloyalty
betweentheNizamshahiofAhmadnagar,theAdilshahofBijapurandtheMughals,butalwayskepthis
jagir(fiefdom)atPuneandhissmallarmywithhim.[10]

Upbringing
ShivajiwasextremelydevotedtohismotherJijabai,whowas
deeplyreligious.Thisreligiousenvironmenthadagreatimpact
onShivaji,andhecarefullystudiedthetwogreatHinduepics,
RamayanaandMahabharatatheseweretoinfluencehislifelong
defenceofHinduvalues.[11]Throughouthislifehewasdeeply
interestedinreligiousteachings,andregularlysoughtthe
companyofHinduandSufisaints.[5]
Shahaji,meanwhilehadmarriedasecondwife,TukaBaiofthe
Mohitefamily,andmovedtoKarnatakatoleadamilitary
campaignonbehalfofAdilshahi.HeleftShivajiandJijabaiin
hisPuneholdingsinthecareofhisadministrator,Dadoji
Konddeo.DadojiKonddeomadesignificantcontributionsin
teachingShivajibasicfightingtechniquessuchashorseriding,
ShivajiwithJijabai.
archeryandmarksmanship,pattaandothers.[12]Shivajiasaboy
wasakeenoutdoorsmanand,thoughhereceivedlittleformal
educationandmostlikelycouldneitherreadnorwrite,heissaidtohavepossessedconsiderable
erudition.[13][14][15]Shivajidrewhisearliesttrustedcomradesandalargenumberofhissoldiersfromthe
Mavalregion,includingYesajiKank,SuryajiKakade,BajiPasalkar,BajiPrabhuDeshpandeandTanaji
Malusare.[16]InthecompanyofhisMavalcomrades,Shivajiwanderedoverthehillsandforestsofthe
Sahyadrirange,hardeninghimselfandacquiringfirsthandknowledgeoftheland,whichwastolater
proveapplicabletohismilitaryendeavours.[11]
Attheageof12,ShivajiwastakentoBangalorewherehe,hiselderbrotherSambhajiandhis
stepbrotherEkojiIwerefurtherformallytrained.HemarriedSaibai,amemberoftheprominent
Nimbalkarfamilyin1640.[17]:60Around164546,theteenageShivajifirstexpressedhisconceptfor
Hindaviswarajya,inalettertoDadajiNarasPrabhu.[18][19][20][21]
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ConflictwithAdilshahisultanate
In1645,the15yearoldShivajiwontheTornaFortbeforeAdilshahiforcesonTornacouldrealizethat
theforthasbeenattacked[22][23][24]FirangojiNarsala,whoheldtheChakanfortprofessedhisloyalty
toShivajiandthefortofKondanawasacquired.[5]:26Accountsvary,withsomesayingShahajiwas
conditionallyreleasedin1649afterShivajiandSambhajisurrenderedthefortsofKondana,Bangalore
andKandarpi,[5]otherssayinghewasimprisoneduntil1653or1655duringthisperiodShivaji
maintainedalowprofile.[25]Afterhisrelease,Shahajiretiredfrompubliclife,anddiedaround1664
1665duringahuntingaccident.Followinghisfather'sdeath,Shivajiresumedraiding,seizingthe
kingdomofJavalifromaneighbouringMarathachieftainin1656.[26]

CombatwithAfzalKhan
In1659,AdilshahsentAfzalKhan,anexperiencedandveteran
generaltodestroyShivajiinanefforttoputdownwhathesawas
aregionalrevolt.
ThetwometinahutatthefoothillsofPratapgadforton10
November1659.Thearrangementshaddictatedthateachcome
armedonlywithasword,andattendedbyafollower.Shivaji,
eithersuspectingAfzalKhanwouldattackhim[5]:4752[27]or
secretlyplanningtoattack,[28]worearmourbeneathhisclothes,
concealedabaghnakh(metal"tigerclaw")onhisleftarm,and
hadadaggerinhisrighthand.[29]:22Accountsvaryonwhether
ShivajiorAfzalKhanstruckthefirstblow:[27]theMaratha
chroniclesaccuseAfzalKhanoftreachery,whilethePersian
languagechroniclesattributethetreacherytoShivaji.[30][31]In
thefight,AfzalKhan'sdaggerwasstoppedbyShivaji'sarmour,
andShivaji'sweaponsinflictedmortalwoundsonthegeneral
Shivajithensignalledhishiddentroopstolaunchtheassaulton
theBijapuris.[28]

DeathofAfzalKhan

BattleofPratapgarh
IntheensuingBattleofPratapgarhfoughton10November
1659,Shivaji'sforcesdecisivelydefeatedtheBijapurSultanate's
forces.[32]TheagileMarathainfantryandcavalryinflictedrapid
strikesonBijapuriunits,attackedtheBijapuricavalrybeforeit
waspreparedforbattle,andpursuedretreatingtroopstoward
Wai.Morethan3,000soldiersoftheBijapurarmywerekilled
andtwosonsofAfzalKhanweretakenasprisoners.[5]:53

Pratapgadfort

ThisunexpectedandunlikelyvictorymadeShivajiaheroofMarathafolkloreandalegendaryfigure
amonghispeople.Thelargequantitiesofcapturedweapons,horses,armourandothermaterialshelped
tostrengthenthenascentandemergingMarathaarmy.TheMughalemperorAurangzebnowidentified
ShivajiasamajorthreattothemightyMughalEmpire.SoonthereafterShivaji,ShahajiandNetaji
Palkar(thechiefoftheMarathacavalry)decidedtoattackanddefeattheAdilshahikingdomatBijapur.
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BattleofKolhapur
TocounterthelossatPratapgadandtodefeatthenewlyemergingMarathapower,anotherarmy,this
timenumberingover10,000,wassentagainstShivaji,commandedbyBijapur'sAbyssiniangeneral
Rustamjaman.Withacavalryforceof5,000Marathas,ShivajiattackedthemnearKolhapuron28
December1659.Inaswiftmovement,Shivajiledafullfrontalattackatthecenteroftheenemyforces
whiletwootherportionsofhiscavalryattackedtheflanks.Thisbattlelastedforseveralhoursandatthe
endBijapuriforcesweresoundlydefeatedandRustamjamanfledthebattlefield.Adilshahiforceslost
about2,000horsesand12elephantstotheMarathas.ThisvictoryalarmedAurangazeb,whonow
derisivelyreferredtoShivajiasthe"MountainRat",andpreparedtoaddressthisrisingMaratha
threat.[33]

SiegeofPanhalaandBattleofPavanKhind
In1660,AdilshahsenthisgeneralSiddiJauhartoattackShivaji's
southernborder,inalliancewiththeMughalswhoplannedtoattack
fromthenorth.Atthattime,ShivajiwasencampedatPanhalafortnear
presentdayKolhapurwithhisforces.SiddiJauhar'sarmybesieged
Panhalainmid1660,cuttingoffsupplyroutestothefort.Duringthe
bombardmentofPanhala,SiddhiJahuarhadpurchasedgrenadesfrom
theBritishatRajapurtoincreasehisefficacy,andalsohiredsome
Englishartillerymentobombardthefort,conspicuouslyflyingaflag
usedbytheEnglish.ThisperceivedbetrayalangeredShivaji,whoin
DecemberwouldexactrevengebyplunderingtheEnglishfactoryat
Rajapurandcapturingfourofthefactors,imprisoningthemuntilmid
1663.[34]
Plaquetocommemoratethe
Accountsvaryastotheendofthesiege,withsomeaccountsstatingthat
entrancetoPaavankhind
ShivajiescapedfromtheencircledfortandwithdrewtoRagna,
followingwhichAliAdilShahpersonallycametotakechargeofthe
siege,capturingthefortafterfourmonthsbesiegement.[35]Otheraccountsstatethataftermonthsof
siege,ShivajinegotiatedwithSiddhiJahuarandhandedovertheforton22September1660,
withdrawingtoVishalgad[36]ShivajiwouldlaterretakePanhalain1673.[35]

ThereissomedisputeoverthecircumstancesofShivaji'swithdrawal(treatyorescape)andhis
destination(RagnaorVishalgad),butthepopularstorydetailshisnightmovementtoVishalgadanda
sacrificialrearguardactiontoallowhimtoescape.[37]Pertheseaccounts,Shivajiwithdrewfrom
Panhalabycoverofnight,andashewaspursuedbytheenemycavalry,sohisMarathasardarBaji
PrabhuDeshpandeofBandalDeshmukh,alongwith300soldiers,volunteeredtofighttothedeathto
holdbacktheenemyatGhodKhind("horseravine")togiveShivajiandtherestofthearmyachanceto
reachthesafetyoftheVishalgadfort.[38]IntheensuingBattleofPavanKhind,thesmallerMaratha
forceheldbackthelargerenemytobuytimeforShivajitoescape.BajiPrabhuDeshpandewaswounded
butcontinuedtofightuntilheheardthesoundofcannonfirefromVishalgad,[39]signallingShivajihad
safelyreachedthefort,ontheeveningof13July1660.[40]GhodKhind(khindmeaning"anarrow
mountainpass")waslaterrenamedPaavanKhind("sacredpass")inhonourofBajiprabhuDeshpande,
ShibosinghJadhav,Fuloji,andallothersoldierswhofoughtinthere.[40]

ClashwiththeMughals
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Upuntil1657,ShivajimaintainedpeacefulrelationswiththeMughalEmpire.Shivajiofferedhis
assistancetoAurangzebinconqueringBijapurandinreturn,hewasassuredoftheformalrecognitionof
hisrighttotheBijapurifortsandvillagesunderhispossession.[5]:37Shivaji'sconfrontationswiththe
MughalsbeganinMarch1657,whentwoofShivaji'sofficersraidedtheMughalterritorynear
Ahmednagar.[41]ThiswasfollowedbyraidsinJunnar,withShivajicarryingoff300,000hunincashand
200horses.[5]:38AurangzebrespondedtotheraidsbysendingNasiriKhan,whodefeatedtheforcesof
ShivajiatAhmednagar.However,Aurangzeb'scountermeasuresagainstShivajiwereinterruptedbythe
rainyseasonandhisbattleofsuccessionwithhisbrothersfortheMughalthronefollowingtheillnessof
ShahJahan.

AttackonShaistaKhan
UpontherequestofBadiBegumofBijapur,AurangzebsenthismaternaluncleShaistaKhan,withan
armynumberingover150,000alongwithapowerfulartillerydivisioninJanuary1660toattackShivaji
inconjunctionwithBijapur'sarmyledbySiddiJauhar.ShaistaKhan,withhisbetterequippedand
provisionedarmyof300,000seizedPuneandthenearbyfortofChakan,besiegingitforamonthanda
halfuntilbreachingthewalls.ShaistaKhanpressedhisadvantageofhavingalarger,betterprovisioned
andheavilyarmedMughalarmyandmadeinroadsintosomeoftheMarathaterritory,seizingthecityof
PuneandestablishinghisresidenceatShivaji'spalaceofLalMahal.
InApril1663,ShivajilaunchedasurpriseattackonShaistaKhaninPuneaccountsofthestorydifferin
thepopularimagination,butthereissomeagreementthatShivajiandbandofsome200followers
infiltratedPune,usingaweddingprocessionascover.Theyovercamethepalaceguards,breachedthe
wall,andenteredShaistaKhan'squarters,killingthosetheyfoundthere.ShaistaKhanescaped,losing
histhumbinthemelee,butoneofhissonsandothermembersofhishouseholdwerekilled.TheKhan
tookrefugewiththeMoghulforcesoutsideofPune,andAurangzebpunishedhimforthis
embarrassmentwithatransfertoBengal.[42]
AnUzbekgeneral,KartalabKhan,wassentbyShaistaKhantoattackandreducethenumberofforts
underShivaji'scontrolintheKonkanregionon3February1661.The30,000MughaltroopsleftPune,
marchingthroughthebackcountryinanattempttosurprisetheMarathas.IntheBattleofUmberkhind,
Shivaji'sforcesambushedandenvelopedthemwithinfantryandlightcavalryinthedenseforestsof
UmberKhindpassnearpresentdayPen.InretaliationforShaistaKhan'sattacks,andtoreplenishhis
nowdepletedtreasury,in1664ShivajisackedthecityofSurat,awealthyMughaltradingcentre.[42]

TreatyofPurandar
AurangzebwasenragedandsentMirzaRajaJaiSinghIwithan
armynumberingaround150,000[43]todefeatShivaji.JaiSingh's
forcesmadesignificantgainsandcapturedmanyMarathaforts,
forcingShivajitocometotermswithAurangzebratherthanlose
morefortsandmen.
IntheTreatyofPurandar,signedbetweenShivajiandJaiSingh
on11June1665,Shivajiagreedtogiveup23ofhisfortsand
paycompensationof400,000rupeestotheMughals.Healso
agreedtolethissonSambhajibecomeaMughalsardar,servethe
MughalcourtofAurangzebandfightalongsidetheMughals
againstBijapur.OneofShivaji'scommander,NetajiPalkar
joinedtheMughals,wasrewardedverywellforhisbravery,
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RajaJaiSinghofAmberreceiving
Shivajiadaybeforeconcludingthe
TreatyofPurandar.
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convertedtoIslam,changedhisnametoQuliMohammedKhanin1666andwassenttotheAfghan
frontiertofighttherestivetribes.HereturnedtoShivaji'sservicein1676aftertenyearswiththe
Mughals,andwasacceptedbackasaHinduonShivaji'sadvice.[44]

ArrestinAgraandescape
In1666,AurangzebinvitedShivajitoAgra,alongwithhisnine
yearoldsonSambhaji.Aurangzeb'splanwastosendShivajito
Kandahar,nowinAfghanistan,toconsolidatetheMughal
empire'snorthwesternfrontier.However,inthecourt,on12May
1666,AurangzebmadeShivajistandbehindmansabdrs
(militarycommanders)ofhiscourt.Shivajitookoffenceand
stormedoutofcourt,[17]:78andwaspromptlyplacedunderhouse
arrestunderthewatchofFauladKhan,KotwalofAgra.
Shivajifeignedsevereillnessandrequestedtosendmostofhis
contingentbacktotheDeccan,therebyensuringthesafetyofhis
armyanddeceivingAurangzeb.Thereafter,onhisrequest,he
wasallowedtosenddailyshipmentsofsweetsandgiftstosaints,
fakirs,andtemplesinAgraasofferingsforhishealth.After
severaldaysandweeksofsendingoutboxescontainingsweets,
Sambhaji,beingachildhadnorestrictionsandwassentoutof
theprisoncampandShivaji,disguisedaslabourercarryingsweet
AdepictionofShivajiinAurangzeb's
basketescapedon17August1666,accordingtotheMughal
courtinAgrain1666.
documents.[45]ShivajiandhissonfledtotheDeccandisguised
assadhus(holymen).Aftertheescape,rumoursofSambhaji's
deathwereintentionallyspreadbyShivajihimselfinordertodeceivetheMughalsandtoprotect
Sambhaji.RecentresearchhasproposedthatShivajisimplydisguisedhimselfasaBrahminpriestafter
performanceofreligiousritesatthehaveligroundson22July1666,andescapedbyminglingwithinthe
departingpriestlyentourageofPanditKavindraParamananda.SambhajiwasremovedfromAgraand
takentoMathuralaterbyShivaji'strustedmen.[46]

Reconquest
AfterShivaji'sescape,hostilitiesebbedandatreatylasteduntil
theendof1670,whenShivajilaunchedamajoroffensiveagainst
Mughals,andinaspanoffourmonthsrecoveredamajorportion
oftheterritoriessurrenderedtoMughals.Duringthisphase,
TanajiMalusarewonthefortofSinhgadintheBattleof
Sinhagadon4Feb1670,dyingintheprocess.Shivajisacked
Suratforsecondtimein1670whilehewasreturningfrom
Surat,MughalsunderDaudKhantriedtointercepthim,butwere
defeatedintheBattleofVaniDindorinearpresentdayNashik.

DealingswiththeEnglish

StatueofShivajiTheGreatopposite
GatewayofIndiainSouthMumbai

InOctober1670,ShivajisenthisforcestoharasstheBritishat
Bombayastheyhadrefusedtosellhimwarmaterial,hisforcesblockedBombay'swoodcuttingparties.
InSeptember1671,ShivajisentanambassadortoBombay,againseekingmaterial,thistimeforthe
fightagainstDandaRajpuritheBritishhadmisgivingsoftheadvantagesShivajiwouldgainfromthis
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conquest,butalsodidnotwanttoloseanychanceofreceivingcompensationforhislootingtheir
factoriesatRajapur.TheBritishsentLieutenantStephenUsticktotreatwithShivaji,butnegotiations
failedovertheissueoftheRajapurindemnity.Numerousexchangesofenvoysfollowedoverthe
comingyears,withsomeagreementastothearmsissuesin1674,butShivajiwasnevertopaythe
Rajpurindemnitybeforehisdeath,andthefactorytheredissolvedattheendof1682.[47]

BattleofNesari
In1674,PratapraoGujar,thethencommanderinchiefoftheMarathaforces,wassenttopushbackthe
invadingforceledbytheAdilshahigeneral,BahlolKhan.Prataprao'sforcesdefeatedandcapturedthe
opposinggeneralinthebattle,aftercuttingofftheirwatersupplybyencirclingastrategiclake,which
promptedBahlolKhantosueforpeace.InspiteofShivaji'sspecificwarningsagainstdoingsoPrataprao
releasedBahlolKhan,whostartedpreparingforafreshinvasion.
ShivajisentadispleasedlettertoPrataprao,refusinghim
audienceuntilBahlolKhanwasrecaptured.Intheensuingdays,
ShivajilearntofBahlolKhanhavingcampedwith15,000force
atNesarinearKolhapur.Notwantingtorisklosinghismuch
smallerMarathaforceentirely,Pratapraoandsixofhissardars
attackedinasuicidemission,buyingtimeforAnandraoMohite
towithdrawtheremainderofthearmytosafety.[48]The
MarathasavengedthedeathofPratapraobydefeatingBahlol
Khanandcapturinghisjagir(fiefdom)undertheleadershipof
RaigadFort
AnajiandHambiraoMohite.Shivajiwasdeeplygrievedon
hearingofPrataprao'sdeathhearrangedforthemarriageofhis
secondson,Rajaram,toPrataprao'sdaughter.AnandraoMohitebecameHambirraoMohite,thenew
sarnaubat(commanderinchiefoftheMarathaforces).RaigadFortwasnewlybuiltbyHirojiIndulkar
asacapitalofnascentMarathakingdom.[20]

Coronation
Shivajihadacquiredextensivelandsandwealththroughhiscampaigns,butlackingaformaltitlehewas
stilltechnicallyaMughalzamindarorthesonofanAdilshahijagirdar,withnolegalbasistorulehisde
factodomain.Akinglytitlecouldaddressthis,andalsopreventanychallengesbyotherMaratha
leaders,towhomhewastechnicallyequalitwouldalsoprovidetheHinduMarathaswithafellow
HindusovereigninaregionotherwiseruledbyMuslims.[5]:238
ShivajiwascrownedkingoftheMarathasinalavishceremonyatRaigadon6June1674.[19][20][49]In
theHinducalendaritwasonthe13thday(trayodashi)ofthefirstfortnightofthemonthofJyeshthain
theyear1596.[50]PanditGagaBhattofficiated,holdingagoldvesselfilledwiththesevensacredwaters
oftheriversYamuna,Indus,Ganges,Godavari,KrishnaandKaverioverShivaji'shead,andchantedthe
coronationmantras.Aftertheablution,ShivajibowedbeforeJijabaiandtouchedherfeet.Nearlyfifty
thousandpeoplegatheredatRaigadfortheceremonies.[51][52]Shivajiwasbestowedwiththesacred
threadjaanva,withtheVedasandwasbathedinanabhisheka.ShivajiwasentitledShakakarta
("founderofanera")[38]andKshatriyaKulavantas("headofKshatriyas"),[53]andChhatrapati
("paramountsovereign").Healsotookthetitleof"HaindavaDharmodhhaarak".

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HismotherJijabaidiedon18June1674,withinafewdaysofthe
coronation.Consideringthisabadomen,asecondcoronation
wascarriedout24September1674,thistimeaccordingtothe
BengalischoolofTantricismandpresidedoverbyNischal
Puri.[54]
ThestateasShivajifoundeditwasaMarathakingdom
comprisingabout4.1%ofthesubcontinentatthetimehe
died,[19]butovertimeitwastoincreaseinsizeand
heterogeneity,[55]andbythetimeofthePeshwasintheearly
18thcenturytheMarathasweredominantacrossthenorthernand
centralregionsoftheIndiansubcontinent.[56]

ConquestinSouthernIndia
Beginningin1674,theMarathasundertookanaggressive
campaign,raidingKhandesh(October),capturingBijapuriPonda
ThecoronationofShivaji
(April1675),[57]Karwar(midyear),andKolhapur(July).In
NovembertheMarathanavyskirmishedwiththeSiddisof
Janjira,andinearly1676PeshwaPingale,enroutetoSurat,engagedtheRajaofRamnagarinbattle.
ShivajiraidedAthaniinMarch1676,andbyyear'sendbesiegedBelgaumandVayemRayimin
moderndaynorthernKarnataka.Attheendof1676,Shivajilaunchedawaveofconquestsinsouthern
India,withamassiveforceof30,000cavalryand20,000infantry.HecapturedtheAdilshahifortsat
VelloreandGingee,inmoderndayTamilNadu.IntherunuptothisexpeditionShivajiappealedtoa
senseofDeccanipatriotism,thatthe"Deccan"orSouthernIndiawasahomelandthatshouldbe
protectedfromoutsiders.[58]Hisappealwassomewhatsuccessfulandheenteredintoatreatywiththe
QutubshahoftheGolcondasultanatethatcoveredtheeasternDeccan.Shivaj'sconquestsinthesouth
provedquitecrucialduringfuturewarsGingeeservedasMarathacapitalfornineyearsduringthe
MarathaWarofIndependence.
ShivajiintendedtoreconcilewithhishalfbrotherVenkoji(EkojiI),Shahaji'ssonbyhissecondwife,
Tukabai(neMohite),whoruledThanjavur(Tanjore)afterShahaji.Theinitiallypromisingnegotiations
wereunsuccessful,sowhilstreturningtoRaigadShivajidefeatedhishalfbrother'sarmyon26
November1677andseizedmostofhispossessionsintheMysoreplateau.Venkoji'swifeDipaBai,
whomShivajideeplyrespected,tookupnewnegotiationswithShivaji,andalsoconvincedherhusband
todistancehimselffromMuslimadvisors.IntheendShivajiconsentedtoturnovertoherandher
femaledescendantsmanyofthepropertieshehadseized,withVenkojiconsentingtoanumberof
conditionsfortheproperadministrationoftheterritoriesandmaintenanceofShivaji'sfutureMemorial
(Samadhi).[59][60][61]

Deathandsuccession
ThequestionofShivaji'sheirapparentwascomplicatedbythemisbehaviourofhiseldestsonSambhaji,
whowasirresponsibleand"addictedtosensualpleasures."Unabletocurbthis,Shivajiconfinedhisson
toPanhalain1678,onlytohavetheprinceescapewithhiswifeanddefecttotheMughalsforayear.
Sambhajithenreturnedhome,unrepentant,andwasagainconfinedtoPanhala.[62]:551

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InlateMarch1680,Shivajifellillwithfeverand
dysentery,[5]:383dyingaround35April1680attheageof
52,[29]:278ontheeveofHanumanJayanti.Rumoursfollowedhis
death,withMuslimsopininghehaddiedofacursefromJan
MuhammadofJalna,andsomeMarathaswhisperingthathis
secondwife,Soyarabai,hadpoisonedhimsothathiscrown
mightpasstoher10yearoldsonRajaram.[5]:383
AfterShivaji'sdeath,thewidowedSoyarabaimadeplanswith
variousministersoftheadministrationtocrownhersonRajaram
ratherthanherprodigalstepsonSambhaji.On21April1680,
tenyearoldRajaramwasinstalledonthethrone.However,
SambhajitookpossessionoftheRaigadFortafterkillingthe
commander,andon18JuneacquiredcontrolofRaigad,and
formallyascendedthethroneon20July.[62][63]Rajaram,hiswife
JankiBai,andmotherSoyrabaiwereimprisoned,andSoyrabai
executedonchargesofconspiracythatOctober.[64]

TheMarathasafterShivaji

Sambhaji,Shivaji'seldersonwho
succeededhim.

Shivajidiedin1680,leavingbehindastatealwaysatoddswith
theMughals.SoonafterShivaji'sdeath,theMughalsattemptedtoinvadeit,butcouldnotsubduethe
Marathasanditresultedinawarof27yearsfrom1681to1707endinginthedefeatfortheMughals.[65]
Shahu,agrandsonofShivajiwaskeptprisonerbyAurangzebduringtheWarof27years.Afterthe
latter'sdeath,hissuccessorreleasedShahu.Afterabriefpowerstruggleoversuccessionwithhisaunt
Tarabai,ShahuruledtheMarathaEmpirefrom1707to1749.Duringthisperiod,heappointedBalaji
VishwanathBhatandlaterhisdescendantsasthePeshwasortheprimeministersoftheMarathaEmpire.
AfterthedeathoftheMughalEmperorAurangzeb,theempireexpandedgreatlyundertheruleofthe
Peshwas.TheempireatitspeakstretchedfromTamilNadu[66][67]inthesouth,toPeshawar(modern
dayKhyberPakhtunkhwa)inthenorth,andBengalandAndamanIslandsintheeast.[68]In1761,the
MarathaarmylosttheThirdBattleofPanipattoAhmedShahAbdalioftheAfghanDurraniEmpire
whichhaltedtheirimperialexpansioninNorthwesternIndia.TenyearsafterPanipat,youngMadhavrao
PeshwareinstatedtheMarathaauthorityoverNorthIndia.
Inabidtoeffectivelymanagethelargeempire,hegavesemiautonomytothestrongestoftheknights,
whichcreatedaconfederacyofMarathastates.TheybecameknownasGaekwadsofBaroda,the
HolkarsofIndoreandMalwa,theScindiasofGwaliorandUjjain,BhonsalesofNagpur.In1775,the
BritishEastIndiaCompanyintervenedinasuccessionstruggleinPune,whichbecametheFirstAnglo
MarathaWar.TheMarathasremainedthepreeminentpowerinIndiauntiltheirdefeatintheSecondand
ThirdAngloMarathawars(18051818),whichlefttheBritishEastIndiaCompanyincontrolofmostof
India.[69][70][71]

Governance
PromotionofMarathiandSanskrit

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ThoughPersianwasacommoncourtlylanguageintheregion,ShivajireplaceditwithMarathiinhis
owncourt,andemphasisedHindupoliticalandcourtlytraditions.[72]ThehouseofShivajiwaswell
acquaintedwithSanskritandpromotedthelanguagehisfatherShahajihadsupportedscholarssuchas
JayramPindye,whopreparedShivaji'sseal.ShivajicontinuedthisSanskritpromotion,givinghisforts
namessuchasSindhudurg,Prachandgarh,andSuvarndurg.HenamedtheAshtaPradhan(councilof
ministers)asperSanskritnomenclaturewithtermssuchasnyayadhish,andsenapat,andcommissioned
thepoliticaltreatiseRajyavyavaharKosh.Hisrajpurohit,KeshavPandit,washimselfaSanskritscholar
andpoet.[73]

Religiouspolicy
ShivajiwasadevoutHindu,butrespectedallreligionswithinthe
region.Shivajihadgreatrespectforothercontemporarysaints,
especiallySamarthRamdas,towhomhegavethefortofParali,
laterrenamedas'Sajjangad'.Amongthevariouspoemswritten
onShivaji,Ramdas'Shivastuti("PraiseofKingShivaji")isthe
mostfamous.[74]Shivaji'ssonSambhajilaterbuiltasamadhifor
RamdasSwamionSajjangaduponthelatter'sdeath.Samarth
RamdashadalsowrittenalettertoSambhajiguidinghimon
whattodoandwhatnottodoafterdeathofShivaji.[75]

SajjangadwhereSwamiRamadasa
wasinvitedbyShivajitoreside,now
apilgrimage.

Shivajiallowedhissubjectsfreedomofreligionandopposedforcedconversion.[76]Shivajialso
promulgatedotherenlightenedvalues,andcondemnedslavery.[77]Heappliedahumaneandliberal
policytothewomenofhisstate.[78]KafiKhan,theMughalhistorianandFrancoisBernier,aFrench
traveller,spokehighlyofhisreligiouspolicy.HealsobroughtconvertslikeNetajiPalkarandBajaji
backintoHinduism.
Shivaji'scontemporary,thepoetKaviBhushanstated:HadnottherebeenShivaji,Kashiwouldhavelost
itsculture,Mathurawouldhavebeenturnedintoamosqueandallwouldhavebeencircumcised.[79]
Islam
ThoughmanyofShivaji'senemystateswereMuslim,hetreatedMuslimsunderhisrulewithtolerance
fortheirreligion.Shivaji'ssentimentsofinclusivityandtoleranceofotherreligionscanbeseeninan
admonishinglettertoAurangzeb,inwhichhewrote:
Verily,IslamandHinduismaretermsofcontrast.TheyareusedbythetrueDivinePainter
forblendingthecoloursandfillingintheoutlines.Ifitisamosque,thecalltoprayeris
chantedinremembranceofHim.Ifitisatemple,thebellsarerunginyearningforHim
alone.[78]
ShivajihadseveralnoteworthyMuslimsoldiers,especiallyinhisNavy.IbrahimKhanandDaulatKhan
(bothwereAfricandescendants)wereprominentinthenavyandSiddiIbrahimwaschiefof
artillery.[78]Muslimsoldierswereknownfortheirsuperiorskillsinnavalandartillerycombatskills.

Military
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Shivajidemonstratedgreatskillincreatinghismilitaryorganisation,whichlastedtillthedemiseofthe
Marathaempire.Healsobuiltapowerfulnavy.MaynakBhandariwasoneofthefirstchiefsofthe
MarathaNavyunderShivaji,andhelpedinbothbuildingtheMarathaNavyandsafeguardingthe
coastlineoftheemergingMarathaEmpire.HebuiltnewfortslikeSindhudurgandstrengthenedoldones
likeVijaydurgonthewestcoast.TheMarathanavyhelditsownagainsttheBritish,Portugueseand
Dutch.[80]Hewasoneofthepioneersofcommandoactions,thenknownasganimikava[81](Marathi:
"enemytrickery"[82])HisMavalaarmy'swarcrywasHarHarMahadev(HarandMahadevbeing
commonnamesofHinduGodShiva).Shivajiwasresponsibleformanysignificantchangesinmilitary
organisation:
Astandingarmybelongingtothestate,calledpaga.
AllwarhorsesbelongedtothestateresponsibilityfortheirupkeeprestedontheSovereign.
Creationofparttimesoldiersfrompeasantswhoworkedforeightmonthsintheirfieldsand
supportedfourmonthsinwarforwhichtheywerepaid.
Highlymobileandlightinfantryandcavalryexcellingincommandotactics.
TheintroductionofacentralizedintelligencedepartmentBahirjeeNaikwastheforemostspy
whoprovidedShivajiwithenemyinformationinallofShivaji'scampaigns.
Apotentandeffectivenavy.
Introductionoffieldcraft,suchasguerrillawarfare,commandoactions,andswiftflanking
attacks.FieldMarshalMontgomery,inhis"HistoryofWarfare",[83]whilegenerallydismissiveof
thequalityofgeneralshipinthemilitaryhistoryoftheIndiansubcontinent,makesanexception
forShivajiandBajiraoI.SummarizingShivaji'smasteryofguerillatactics,Montgomerydescribes
himasamilitarygenius.
Innovationofweaponsandfirepower,innovativeuseoftraditionalweaponslikethetigerclaw
(vaghnakh)andvita.
Militarisationoflargeswathesofsociety,acrossallclasses,withtheentirepeasantpopulationof
settlementsandvillagesnearfortsactivelyinvolvedintheirdefence.
ShivajirealisedtheimportanceofhavingasecurecoastlineandprotectingthewesternKonkancoastline
fromtheattacksofSiddi'sfleet.[5]Hisstrategywastobuildastrongnavytoprotectandbolsterhis
kingdom.HewasalsoconcernedaboutthegrowingdominanceofBritishIndiannavalforcesinregional
watersandactivelysoughttoresistit.Forthisreasonheisalsoreferredtoasthe"FatherofIndian
Navy".[84]

Forts
ShivajicapturedstrategicallyimportantfortsatMurambdev
(Rajgad),Torana,Kondana(Sinhagad)andPurandarandlaidthe
foundationofswarajorselfrule.Towardtheendofhiscareer,
hehadacontrolof360fortstosecurehisgrowingkingdom.
Shivajihimselfconstructedabout1520totallynewforts
(includingkeyseafortslikeSindhudurg),buthealsorebuiltor
repairedmanystrategicallyplacedforts[85]tocreateachainof
300ormore,stretchedoverathousandkilometresacrossthe
ruggedcrestoftheWesternGhats.Eachwereplacedunderthree
officersofequalstatuslestasingletraitorbebribedortempted
todeliverittotheenemy.Theofficers(sabnis,havaldar,
sarnobat)actedjointlyandprovidedmutualchecksandbalance.

SuvelaMachi,viewofsouthernsub
plateaux,asseenfromBallekilla,
Rajgad.

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ShivajibuiltastrongnavalpresenceacrosslongcoastofKonkan
andGoatoprotectseatrade,toprotectthelandsfromsackof
prosperityofsubjectsfromcoastalraids,plunderanddestruction
byArabs,Portuguese,British,Abyssiniansandpirates.Shivaji
builtshipsintownssuchasKalyan,Bhivandi,andGoafor
buildingfightingnavyaswellastrade.Healsobuiltanumberof
seafortsandbasesforrepair,storageandshelter.Shivajifought
manylengthybattleswithSiddisofJanjiraoncoastline.Thefleet
grewtoreportedly160to700merchant,supportandfighting
vessels.Hestartedtradingwithforeignersonhisownafter
possessionofeightornineportsintheDeccan.Shivaji'sadmiral
KanhojiAngreisoftensaidtobethe"FatherofIndian
Navy".[5][86]

SindudurgFortprovidedanchorages
forShivaji'sNavy.

Legacy
Today,ShivajiisconsideredasanationalheroinIndia,[87]
especiallyinthestateofMaharashtra,whereheremainsarguably
thegreatestfigureinthestate'shistory.Storiesofhislifeforman
integralpartoftheupbringingandidentityoftheMarathipeople.
Further,heisalsorecognisedasawarriorlegend,whosowedthe
seedsofIndianindependence.[87]
NineteenthcenturyHindurevivalistSwamiVivekananda
consideredShivajiaheroandpaidglowingtributestohis
StatueofShivajiatRaigadFort.
wisdom.[88]WhenIndianNationalistleader,LokmanyaTilak
organisedafestivaltomarkthebirthdaycelebrationsofShivaji,
VivekanandaagreedtopresideoverthefestivalinBengalin1901.[89]HewroteaboutShivaji:[88]
"ShivajiisoneofthegreatestnationalsaviourswhoemancipatedoursocietyandourHindu
dharmawhentheywerefacedwiththethreatoftotaldestruction.Hewasapeerlesshero,a
piousandGodfearingkingandverilyamanifestationofallthevirtuesofabornleaderof
mendescribedinourancientscriptures.Healsoembodiedthedeathlessspiritofourland
andstoodasthelightofhopeforourfuture."
SwamiVivekanada
RabindranathTagorewroteinhisfamouspoem"Shivaji":
Inwhatfaroffcountry,uponwhatobscureday
Iknownotnow,
SeatedinthegloomofsomeMahrattamountainwood
OKingShivaji,
Lightingthybrow,likealightningflash,
Thisthoughtdescended,
"Intoonevirtuousrule,thisdividedbrokendistractedIndia,
Ishallbind."[90][91]
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Historiography
Shivaji'sroleintheresearchandthepopularconceptionhasdevelopedovertimeandplace,ranging
fromearlyBritishandMoghuldepictionofhimasabanditora"mountainmouse",[92]tomodernnear
deificationasaheroofallIndians.
OneoftheearlycommentatorswhochallengedthenegativeBritishviewwasM.G.Ranade,whose
RisesoftheMarathaPower(1900)declaredShivaji'sachievementsasthebeginningofmodernnation
building.RanadecriticisedearlierBritishportrayalsofShivaji'sstateas"afreebootingPower,which
thrivedbyplunderandadventure,andsucceededonlybecauseitwasthemostcunningand
adventurous...Thisisaverycommonfeelingwiththereaders,whoderivetheirknowledgeofthese
eventssolelyfromtheworksofEnglishhistorians."[93]
Attheendofthe19thcentury,Shivaji'smemorywasleveragedbythenonBrahminintellectualsof
Bombay,whoidentifiedashisdescendantsandthroughhimclaimedtheKshatriyavarna.[94]While
someBrahminsrebuttedthisidentity,definingthemasofthelowerShudravarna,otherBrahmins
recognisedtheMaratha'sroleintheIndianindependencemovement,andendorsedthisKshatriyalegacy
andthesignificanceofShivaji.[94]
AspoliticaltensionsroseinIndiaintheearly20thcentury,someIndianleaderscametoreworktheir
earlierstancesonShivaji'srole.JawaharlalNehruhadin1934noted"SomeoftheShivaji'sdeeds,like
thetreacherouskillingoftheBijapurgeneral,lowerhimgreatlyinourestimation."Followingpublic
outcryfromPuneintellectuals,CongressleaderDeogirikarnotedthatNehruhadadmittedhewaswrong
regardingShivaji,andnowendorsedShivajiasgreatnationalist.[95]
In2003,AmericanacademicJamesW.LainepublishedhisbookShivaji:HinduKinginIslamicIndia,
whichwasfollowedbyheavycriticismincludingthreatsofarrest.[96]Asaresultofthispublication,the
BhandarkarOrientalResearchInstituteinPunewhereLainehadresearchedwasattackedbyagroupof
MarathaactivistscallingitselftheSambhajiBrigade.[97]ThebookwasbannedinMaharashtrain
January2004,butthebanwasliftedbytheBombayHighCourtin2007,andinJuly2010theSupreme
CourtofIndiaupheldtheliftingofban.[98][99]Thisliftingwasfollowedbypublicdemonstrations
againsttheauthorandthedecisionoftheSupremeCourt.[100][101]

Politicallegacy
ShivajiremainsapoliticaliconinmodernIndia,andparticularlyinthestateofMaharashtra.Hisimage
adornsliterature,propagandaandiconsoftheMarathacentricShivSena("ArmyofShivaji"[102])party,
theHindunationalistBharatiyaJanataPartyandalsooftheMarathacastedominatedCongressparties
(namely,NCPandIndira)inMaharashtra.[103]PastCongresspartyleadersinthestatesuchas
YashwantraoChavanwereconsideredpoliticaldescendantsofShivaji.[104]

Commemorations
Statues
Shivaji'sstatuesandmonumentsarefoundalmostineverytownandcityinMaharashtraaswellas
indifferentplacesacrossIndiaincludingGoa,[105]Bangalore,Vadodara,Surat,[106]Agra,[107]
ArunachalPradesh,[108][109][110]andDelhi.[111]
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ThereisastatueofShivajiinsidethepremisesoftheNationalDefenceAcademy(NDA),
Pune.[112]
AnequestrianstatuecanbeseeninsidetheParliamentHousecomplexinDelhi.[113]
AnewstatueofShivajiMaharajisproposedtobebuiltononshoreofMumbaicoastbyGovt.of
Maharashtrawithaheightof312feet(95.0976metre)&isconsideredtobeOneoftheTallest
StatueintheWorldsurpassingStatueofLibertyinUSwhichisofheight93metre.The
constructionwillbecompletedby2020.[114]
Armedforces
IndeferencetohispioneeringcontributionstonavalwarfareinIndia,theIndianNavyhasnamed
oneofitsbasesafterShivaji,christeningitasINSShivaji.[115]
Government
TheGovernmentofIndiahasissuedapostagestampcommemoratingShivaji.[116]
TheReserveBankofIndiahasconsideredissuingcurrencynoteshavinghispicture.[117]
Airportsandrailwaystations
Mumbaiinternationalairport(thenknownasBombayInternational)wasrenamedtheChhatrapati
ShivajiInternationalAirportin1996.AstatueofShivajiwasalsoplacedwithintheforecourtsof
theinternationalterminal,howeveritwasremovedin2011tomakewayfortheextensionofthe
terminal.[118]
TheVictoriaTerminusrailwaystationwassimilarlyrenamedastheChhatrapatiShivajiTerminus.
Educationalinstitutes
TheVictoriaJubileeTechnicalInstitutewasrenamedafterShivaji'smother,totheVeermata
JijabaiTechnologicalInstitute.Therenamingretainedtheacronym,VJTI,bywhichtheinstituteis
popularlyknown.
ShivajiUniversityinKolhapurisnamedafterShivaji.

Depictioninpopularculture
Films
MeShivajirajeBhosaleBoltoy(Marathi)
GanimiKawa(Marathi)
Literature
SivaChhtrapati,aBakharwrittensoonafterShivaji'sdeathbyKrshnajlAnantSabhasadin
Marathi[119]
GrantDuff,James.AHistoryoftheMahrattas.(1826)extensivewritingonShivajibasedon
originalpapershegotfromtheChhatraptiofSataraafterthefallofMarathaempire
SadhanChikitsabyVasudeoSitaramBendrey
Shivaji,abiographybySetuMadhavraoPagdi
Shrimanyogi,ahistoricalnovelinMarathibyRanjitDesai
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RajaShivchhatrapatiinMarathibyBabasahebPurandare
ShivajiandHisTimesbyJadunathSarkar
ShivajiHisLifeandTimesbyGajananMehendale
Poetryandmusic
ShivrajBhushanbyKaviBhushan(Hindi)
Theatre
RaigadalaJevhaJaagYete(WhenRaigadAwakens),byMarathiplaywrightVasantKanetkar
JaantaRaja(TheKnowingKing),byBabasahebPurandare
Television
VeerShivaji,aHinditelevisionseriesonColorsTVchannel
RajaShivChhatrapati,aMarathitelevisionserialbyNitinChandrakantDesai

Seealso
MarathaKingdom
HistoryofIndia
Dhar
DeccanWars

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Furtherreading
JamesGrantDuff(1826).AHistoryoftheMahrattas.London:OxfordUniversityPress.
JyotiraoPhule(1869).ChatrapatiShivajiRajeBhosaleYanchePowade(inMarathi).
JadunathSarkar(1920).Shivajiandhistimes.Calcutta:Longmans,GreenandCo.ISBN1178
011569.
B.K.Apte(editor)(197475).ChhatrapatiShivaji:CoronationTercentenaryCommemoration
Volume.Bombay:UniversityofBombay.
JamesW.Laine(2003).Shivaji:HinduKinginIslamicIndia.OxfordUniversityPress,USA.
ISBN9780195141269.
Laine,JamesW.(2011)."ResistingMyAttackersResistingMyDefenders".InSchmalz,
MatthewN.Gottschalk,Peter.EngagingSouthAsianReligions:Boundaries,
Appropriations,andResistances.Albany:SUNYPress.pp.153172.ISBN97814384
33233.Retrieved27September2012.
RafiqueZakaria(2003).CommunalRageinSecularIndia.Mumbai:PopularPrakashan.
VishwasPatil(2006).Sambhaji.Pune:MehtaPublishingHouse.ISBN8177666517.
ThehijackingofShivajiMaharajbyvestedinterests
(http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/comment_thehijackingofshivajimaharajbyvested
interests_1616224)byFranoisGautier,DailyNewsandAnalysis,23November2011.
CoronationofShivajithegreatortheproducerofthereligiousceremonyperformedby
GagabhattafortheconsecrationofShivajiasahinduking
(http://www.worldcat.org/title/coronationofshivajithegreatortheprocedureofthereligious
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji

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ceremonyperformedbygagabhattafortheconsecrationofshivajiasahindu
king/oclc/29068839)
ThelifeofShivajiMaharaj,FounderofMarathaEmpire
(http://archive.org/stream/lifeofshivajimah00keluiala/lifeofshivajimah00keluiala_djvu.txt)

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