-

Dioxin l g?

V cht c Da Cam: Cht c mu da cam l mt trong nhng loi cht dit

c c mu m khng lc Hoa K ri trn vng t nng thn Vit Nam t
nm 1961 n 1971 nhm dit cc loi cy g, cy bi v ma mng lng thc
l ngun cung cp s che tr v thc phm cho bn i ch. Cht c mu da
cam l mt hp cht gm 2 loi thuc dit c 2,4 - D v 2,4,5 T c pha vi
t l 50/50. Cht ny duy tr ch trong mt vi ngy hoc vi tun v sau t
tiu hy.[i] nhng n c cha c cht, dioxin, khng phn hy d dng v hin
vn ang gy ra cc vn v sc khe cho ngi dn VitNam.
Tu theo mu sn ca cc thng ng cht c ho hc m ngi ta t tn
gi nh : cht da cam, cht da cam II, cht trng ,cht xanh lam, cht tm,
cht hng... Mt s cht ho hc ny cha ng 2.4.5-T, mt loi ho cht
dit c, gy rng l khai quang . Dioxin xut hin trong qu trnh sn xut 2,
4. 5 - T . Theo AH. Westing ( M ) c khong 170 kg Dioxin c ri xung
min Nam Vit Bam . Theo mt tc gi khac ( Folkin, Nga ) lng Dioxin cn
cao hn th ( khong 500 kg ) do cng ng sn xut 2, 4, 5 - T ca nhng
nm su mi cn lc hu
Vi mt liu mt phn t gam/kg trng lng c th (nanogam), Dioxin c
th gy nn cc tai bin sinh sn .

Dioxin xm nhp vo c th ngi qua ng da, ng h hp, v ng

tiu ho . Qua mu Dioxin c th n mi t chc, lu gi gan, c bit l
m m v thi tr dn . Dioxin c th thi qua ng sa m v vy tr em
c th nhim Dioxin t ngi m .

Tm tt : Dioxin l hp cht rt c . Vi nng mt phn t gam,

Dioxin c th gy ung th v tai bin sinh sn . Dioxin xut hin
trong qu trnh sn xut mt loi ho cht dit c, c M ung
trong chin tranh Vit Nam . Ho cht dit c ny c ng trong
thng c vch sn mu da cam nn thng c gi l cht da cam

o Thi gian, s lng, mc ch thi dioxin VN ca M

http://www.aspeninstitute.org/vi/policy-work/agent-orange/history
- V cht Dioxin: Tn ha hc ca n l dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzopara hay cn gi l TCDD. N l mt cht hu c bn vng c cha Cht
c Da cam v mt s cc cht dit c c mu khc khi vic sn xut ra mt
trong nhng thnh phn ca n (2,4,5-T) c tng cng trong thi k
chin tranh.[ii] TCDD l c t c nht trong s khong 419 loi hp cht
c tng t, bao gm PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls). Cc cng ty ha
cht sn xut ra cc cht dit c trong thi k chin tranh VitNam ni h
khng nhn thc c cht dioxin c hi ti mc no.
- Vic s dng Cht c Da Cam/Dioxin ti Vit Nam: Khong 60% cht
dit c c s dng Vit Nam l Cht c Da Cam. Hn 43 triu lt (11.4
triu gallon) c s dng t nm 1962-1970. Hn 30 triu lt (khong 8
triu gallon) cht mu Trng, Xanh Da Tri, Tm, Hng v Xanh L Cy
cng c phun ri nHHcc.[iii] Nng s dng cao gp 20-25 ln so
vi mc s dng trong nng nghip bnh thng dit cy c. c tnh
lng dioxin trong cc cht dit c khc nhau v mi nh sn xut v mi m
sn xut 2,4,5-T c cc mc cht dioxin khc nhau.[iv]
- Ln th nghim u tin l vo ngy 10 thng 8 nm 1961. Chng trnh ri
trn khng ca Khng lc Hoa K, chin dch Hades (v sau c t tn li
l Chin dch Ranch Hand), c thc hin t thng Ging nm 1962 n
thng Hai nm 1971, ch yu t cc my bay ch hang ha C-123 v chim
n 95% lng thuc dit c c ri. Cc cng ty ha cht Hoa K v cc
i tc ng minh khc ri 5% lng thuc dit c cn li bng my bay
trc thng, xe ti v bng tay, ch yu l lm trng cc bi cy xung
quanh cc vnh ai cc khu qun s.[v]
- Cc cht dit c c ri trn khong 24% din tch min Nam Vit Nam,
ph hy 5 triu mu Anh rng ni cao v rng ngp mn v 500.000 mu
Anh hoa mu - tng ng vi din tch ca bang Massachusetts. Trong s
ny, 34% b ri hn 1 ln v mt vi khu rng ni cao b ri hn 4 ln.
[vi] Mt nghin cu pht hin rng 3.181 lng mc cng b phun ri.[vii].
Cc vng t ca Lo v Cm-pu-chia gn bin gii VitNam cng b ri.

- Chnh ph Hoa K ngng vic phun ri tt c cc cht dit c vo thng

10 nm 1971, nhng qun i Cng Ha min Nam vn tip tc phun ri
mt s loi ha cht n tn nm 1972.[viii] Vic sn xut Cht c Da Cam
b dng li t nhng nm 1970s. Cc kho cha c thu thp v t tiu
hy, v khng cn c s dng.
- Tui th ca Dioxin: Chu k na phn r ca dioxin ph thuc vo v tr n
u. Trong c th con ngi l 1115 years, mc d c th l 20 nm.
Trong mi trng, n thay i ph thuc vo loi t v thm su. Mt
tri s b gy dioxin v th l v mt t th ch 1-3 nm, ty thuc vo
iu kin. Dioxin c chon hoc lc di b mt hoc su di trm tch
ca song hay cc vng nc khc th c th c chu k na phn r ti hn
100 nm.[ix]

For toxicity information on 2,4, 5-T see http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp:Rec_Id=PC34514. For information on 2,4-D,
see http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp.
[ii] Dwnerychuk, Wayne and Bailey, Charles, Clarity on Two Terms, July 7, 2009. Agents Pink, Purple and Green also contained 2,4,5-T and
therefore dioxin. http://www.warlegacies.org/Agent%20Orange/Clarity.pdf.
[iii] Young, Al, The History, Use and Disposition and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange (New York, NY: Springer, Science and Business
Media, 2009), p 67 and 5. Also Stellman, J. et al, The Extent and Pattern of Usage of Agent Orange and other Herbicides in Viet
Nam, Nature, Vol. 422, April 17, 2003, p. 682.
[iv] Samples from barrels of Agent Orange stored at Gulfport, Miss., and Johnston Island, tested by the US military in 1977, had a range of
<3-50 ppm. Researchers used these levels to estimate dioxin in herbicides sprayed in Vietnam. Stellman estimated 221-366 kg, Gough
167kg, Young 130-144 kg and Westing 170kg.
[v] Stellman, pp. 681-2.
- See more at: http://www.aspeninstitute.org/vi/policy-work/agent-orange/history#sthash.4P5Mm1J1.dpuf

- T nm 1961 - 1971, qun i M tin hnh cuc chin tranh ho hc ln

nht, tn khc nht trong lch s chin tranh, xt c v tnh c, khi lng,
chng loi ho cht c. 27% din tch lnh th min Nam Vit Nam
b phun ri tng cng 76 triu lt cht c dit c v pht quang trong
phn ln l cht c da cam (khong 44 triu lt) . Rng ni a l i
tng chu nh hng nng n nht, chim 86% tng s t phun ri cht
c ho hc. Kt thc chin tranh, khong hn 2 triu ha rng t nhin,
chim hn 1/3 din tch rng min Nam Vit Nam b tc ng cc mc
khc nhau, trong c hng trm ha rng nguyn sinh b ph hu hon
ton.

vi mc ch ph hoi hoa mu, tn ph rng nhm hn ch hoc tiu dit

i phng, gy nn nhiu tc hi n mi trng sng v sc kho ca
nhn dn ta. Ngoi cc cht dit c, gy rng l, qun i m cn s dng
nhiu loi cht c khc nh cht c gy ngt, cht c kch thch, cht c
thn kinh...

o Cng thc ha hc, cng thc phn t

- Dioxin l tn gi chung 75 ng phn ca polyclodibenzo-p-dioxin (gi

tt l PCDD). Cc ng phn khc nhau bi s lng v v tr cc
nguyn t clo trong hp cht. Trong , cht c nht l 2,3,7,8
Tetraclodibenzo-p-dioxin (gi tt l TCDD). TCDD l sn phm ph
c to ra trong qu trnh sn xut cht 2,4,5T (Triclo phenoxy axetic
axit ) - mt trong nhng thnh phn chnh ca cht c da cam. Cht
1,2,4,5 Tetra clorua benzen tc dng vi clorua axetic axit v hydroxit
natri, di p sut v nhit , to ra 2,4,5T ng thi theo phn ng
ph cng to ra TCDD
-

Dioxin, tn thg dng ca 2,3,7,8 Tetra Chloro Dibenzo - p

-Dioxin ( TCDD), l mt ho cht c nht trong cc cht c
m con ngi tm ra . Dioxin khng ch c trong qu trnh sn
xut 2,4,5-T m cn xut hin trong mt s qu trnh khc ( t
rc thi , cng ngh x l g, cc cng ngh c s t chy khc ...)

Tc hi ca Dioxin i vi con ngi v h sinh thi.

Tc hi ca Dioxin i vi con ngi

Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu trn ng jvaatj thc nghim v trn ngi
(trong c nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc M v Vit Nam)., khnagwr
nh Dioxin gy nn nhiu bnh tt nguy him nh ung th, tai bin sinh sn,

cc bnh bm sinh, cc bnh do ri lon chuyn ha...Vin hn lm y hc

Hoa K cng b danh mc nhng bnh tt do Dioxin gy ra, chng ti k
sau y tham kho

I/Cc bnh c y bng ch do Dioxin

1/ Ung th phn mm ( Sarcoma ) : l nhng ung th c ngun gc trong m

( tr ung th xng, ung th cc tng, ung th vng ni m ) v ung th cc
t chc thn kinh ngoi vi. C hn 20 loi ung th phn mm.
2/U Lympho khng Hodgkin
3/U Lympho Hodgkin
4/Bnh xm da

II/ Cc bnh c bng chng hn ch do Dioxin

1/ Ung th ph qun phi

2/ Ung th kh qun
3/ Ung th thanh qun
4/ Ung th tin lit tuyn
5/ a u ty ( bnh Kahler
6/ Bnh thn kih ngoi vi cp v bnscaaps tnh
7/ Tt gai i
8/ Bnh nhim Porphyrin da chm

III/ Cc bnh khng bng chng do Dioxin ( cn nghi ng )

1/ Ung th gan
2/ Ung th mi hng
3/ Ung th xng
4/ Ung th c t cung
5/ Ung th ni mc t cung
6/ Ung th bung trng
7/ Ung t v
8/ Ung thu thn
9/ Ung th tinh hon
10/ Bnh bch cu cp
11/Thai cht lu
12/ Sy thai t nhin
13/ Tr s sinh nh cn( Hi chugws Turner do d dng nhim th )
14/ Ung th tr em
15/ ng kinh
16/ Bnh thn kinh ngoi vi mn tnh
17/ Ri lon tm thn
18/ Ri lon chuyn ha, tiu ng
19/ Ri lon min dch
20/ Ri lon tun hon

21/ Ri lon h hp
23/ Tinh trng bt thng, v sinh nam
24/ D tt bm sinh
IV/ Cc bnh t c kh nng lin quan
1/ Ung th d dy
2/ Ung th bng quang
3/ U no
Danh mc bnh k trn ca Vin hn lm y hc Hoa K khng th coi l hon
ho y v nhiu l do. Cht c mu da cam tc hi n sc khe ngui
Vit Nam nng n v a dng hn cc nn nhn da cam M v Vit Nam l
ni chu tc hi ca cht c da cam nhiu v lu hn

i vi h sinh thi
Trong mi trng sinh thi, dioxin t ho tan trong nc nhng kh nng hp th
vo t li kh cao.
Khi xm nhp vo t, dioxin kt hp vi cc cht hu c bin thnh cc phc cht
khng ho tan trong nc v t b ra tri, do vy, nhng lp t c lng mn cao
khu vc nhim c dioxin c kh nng tch t dioxin nhiu nht.
Dioxin c th chuyn ri ra khi nhng ni tch t ban u nu khu vc t nhim
dioxin b st l, v theo dng nc cun i xa, to thnh nhng khu vc nhim c
mi.
Nhng nghin cu trn c th thc vt cho thy, khi b phun ri cht c da cam,
c th thc vt s c nhng phn ng sinh l, nh xut hin nhiu u ni trn l,
mt s thay i kh r nt v hnh dng thn, cnh, l, hoa v qu, nhiu trng
hp dn ti rng l.
Nu cy khng mc l tr li, c ngha l chm dt s quang hp, dn n cht
cy.

Cht c da cam cng gy tiu hu cc cht hu c trong t, dn n s gim st

cc hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong t, gy hu qu ph hu c cu thnh phn th
nhng v xi mn t.
H ng vt cng chu tn tht rt nng n. Sau mi t my bay phun ri cht c
ho hc, trn mt t la lit xc ng vt cht. Nhng c th loi sng st vn c
th tip tc cht nu n phi thc n hoc ung phi ngun nc b nhim c.
n nay, gn 30 nm tri qua, tuy c nhng bin i ti nhiu vng do cc hot
ng pht trin kinh t x hi, nhng min Nam Vit Nam vn cn nhiu hin
trng rng ln cn gi li cc di chng ca cuc chin tranh ho hc cho php
chng ta quan st, nghin cu v nh gi mt cch ng mc hn hu qu ca
cht c da cam cha dioxin ln mi trng v cc h sinh thi.