Connections To EC3

Connections to 1993-1-8
Well, what do you expect?

Any dramatic changes?
That BS 5950 was wrong?
But gravity loads reduce by 8%
Can we use BS 5950 connections?
Nominally pinned connections may also

have to carry large tying forces?
How is this reconciled? the results are not
pinned.
2011 The Steel Construction Institute
Objectives:
To reassure you about connection design
To alert you to the National Annex
EN 1993-1-8:
A bit on bolts and weld strength
A huge section on moment resistance
Like the Green Book
A huge section on stiffness calculation

New to the UK experience
A huge section on hollow section joints
Like CIDECT, Corus Publications etc
As expected:
Resistance based on the resistance of the
components
Typically bolts, welds, plates
We look for the weakest link
As expected:
When making assumptions about the
distribution of internal forces:
The implied deformations must be realistic
The assumed distribution of forces must
acknowledge relative stiffnesses
Welds are not ductile, and bolts are not springs
Bolt force distribution

L1
L2
L3
2T
2T x L1
L2
2T x L1 x L2
L3
2T x L1 x L3
L2
2T x L1
L3
2T x L1
L2
=2T( L1 + L1
L3
L1
Bolt force distibution
Component strengths
All require a partial safety factor, M
to be taken from the National Annex
From the UK National Annex:
From the UK National Annex:
Bolts
Plenty of grades:
4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, 8.8, 10.9
Some limitations in the UK NA:
4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, 8.8, 10.9
Bolts in shear
v = 0.6 for 4.6 and 8.8
Fv,Rd
fub = 400 N/mm2 for 4.6

= 800 N/mm2 for 8.8
A = tensile area, if threads in
the shear plane
A = gross area, if threads in the
unthreaded shank
v fub A
M2
UK practice is fully threaded bolts, so use of the

tensile area is strongly recommended
Bolts in shear
M20 8.8 bolts, A = 245 mm2
F v,Rd
v f ub A
M2
0.6 800 245
EC3
94.1 kN
1.25
94.1 kN
BS 5950
91.9 kN
Bolts in Shear 8.8

M16
M20
M24
M30
BS 5950
58.9
91.9
132
210
1993-1-8
60.3
94.1
136
215
2 % more to the Eurocode
Bolts in bearing to BS 5950

Pbs d tp pbs
So for an M 20, in 10 mm S275 plate:
Pbs 20 10 460 103 92 kN
Bolts in bearing to 1993-1-8

FEd
Fb,Rd
e2
k1 b fu d t
e1
M2
p1
Effect of e2
Effect of:
1. e1 and p1
2. Bearing on bolt or end plate

Fb,Rd
k1 b fu d t
M2
For a M20 bolt in 10 mm S275 plate

(in a standard connection):
FRd =
2.11 0.81 410 20 10

= 112 kN
1.25 103

Fb,Rd
k1 b fu d t
M2
For a M20 bolt in 10 mm S275 plate

(in a nearly standard connection):
Maximum: FRd =
2 .5 1 .0 410 20 10
= 164 kN
1.25 10 3
Bolts in bearing
In BS 5950, the bearing strength was
arranged to limit deformation at working
load to 1.5 mm
(despite it being a ULS check)
No such limit in many other codes
10
NA Note to the M table:

in certain circumstances deformation at
serviceability might control and a M2 = 1.5
would be more appropriate
Maximum:
FRd
2 . 5 1 . 0 410 20 10
137 kN
1.5 10 3
Bolt groups
If the shear resistance is greater than any
bearing resistances, then the connection
resistance = bearing
Else, the connection resistance
= n minimum resistance
(Cl 3.7)
11
Bolt groups
Shear
Bearing (end is minimum)
Bearing (maximum)
Bolt groups
Min bearing (2)
Max bearing (6)
Shear
Connection resistance
= 8 shear
12
Bolt groups
Min bearing (2)
Max bearing (6)
Shear
= 8 minimum bearing
Bolt groups
Min bearing (2)
Max bearing (6)
Shear
= 2 minimum bearing + 6 maximum bearing
13
Bolts in tension
Two approaches in BS 5950

1. Consider prying and use a full resistance
2. Ignore prying (within limits) and use a
reduced resistance
(8.8 bolts)
Reduced
Full
M20
110
137
M24
158
198
Bolts in tension
Ft,Rd
M20, 8.8
k2 = 0.9
k2 fub As
M2
F t,Rd
k2 = 0.63 for a countersunk bolt
0.9 800 245

1.25
141 kN
137 kN in BS 5950
when prying calculated
14
Bolts in tension
Two approaches in BS 5950

1. Consider prying and use a full resistance
2. Ignore prying (within limits) and use a
reduced resistance
(8.8 bolts)
Reduced
Full
1993-1-8
M20
110
137
141
M24
158
198
203
15
Bolts in tension
kN
Reduced at 0.8
Full
(8.8 bolts)
M20
110
113
137
141
M24
158
162
198
203
Welds
A directional method
A simplified method Cl.4.5.3.3
Fw,Ed Fw,Rd
Fw,Rd = fvw.d a
fvw.d =
fu
3
w M2
(a is the throat)
fu is the ultimate tensile strength
of the weaker part
w depends on steel grade:

= 0.85 for S 275
= 0.9 for S 355
16
Welds
fu
410
3
w M2
3
= 222 N/mm 2
0.85 1.25
fu
(220 N/mm2 in BS 5950)
470
3
w M2
3
= 241N/mm 2
0.9 1.25
(250 N/mm2 in BS 5950)
Weld strengths
kN/mm
Longitudinal
Transverse
Fillet weld
(S 275)
6
0.924
+25%
1.155
1.232
+25%
1.54
17
Weld strengths
kN/mm
Longitudinal
Transverse
Fillet weld
(S 275)
6
0.94
+22%
1.15
1.25
+22%
1.53
Weld strengths
kN/mm
Longitudinal
Transverse
Fillet weld
(S 275)
6
0.924
0.94
1.155
1.15
1.232
1.25
1.54
1.53
18
Also in BS EN 1993-1-8
Limiting edge, end, pitch etc

Bolts through packing
Long joints
Slip-resistant connections (HSFGs)
Non-slip at SLS
Non-slip at ULS
Block tearing (block shear)

Pins
An intermediate summary
Bolts in shear are nearly identical

Bolts in tension are nearly identical
Bolts in bearing will not often govern
Welds are nearly identical
Plates in shear are almost identical
19
Moment-resisting connections
Eurocode term is
Rigid Joints
The approach was
captured in the
Green Book
Software to be used!
Rigid joints
Described in the Green Book
Component strengths are very nearly the
same
20
Joint classification:
All connections require classification
before using them:
by stiffness (elastic design)
or by strength (plastic design)
or both
Joint classes
Nominally pinned
Rigid
Semi-rigid
21
From BS EN 1993-1-1
The effects of the behaviour of the joints
may generally be neglectedbut where
the effects are significant (such as in the
case of semi-continuous joints) they shall
be taken into account
Joint stiffness
Yes
Effects
significant?
Account for in analysis

Semi-continuous
use stiffness
No
Neglect in analysis
Simple
= pinned
Continuous
= rigid
22
Classification by Strength
Nominally pinned
Accept the rotations must be ductile
A capacity less than 25% of full strength
Full strength
A resistance greater than that of the
connected members
Classification by stiffness
Nominally pinned?
Semi-rigid?
Rigid
Pages of calculations
23
Connection stiffness
Sj
Ez 2
1
ki
ki is the stiffness coefficient of the component

z is the lever arm
is the stiffness ratio S j,ini
Sj
Component stiffness coefficients, k
Web in shear
Web in compression
Web in tension
Flange in bending (based on effective length
of T-stub)
End plate in bending (based on effective
length of T-stub)
Bolts in tension
24
Moment-rotation curves
2/3
Moment-rotation curves
25
Calculating stiffness
A laborious process
Some UK doubt about the results:
A BRE example from 2004
8mm partial depth end plate
The connection is semi-rigid..
Now for the good news!

The Eurocde does not insist on
calculations
The UK NA is particularly helpful
26
Joint classification
A joint may be classified on the basis of
experimental evidence, experience of
previous satisfactory performance in
similar cases or by calculations based on
test evidence
UK National Annex
Connections designed in accordance with
the principles in:
the Green Book on Simple Connections
are pinned
the Green Book on Moment connections
are continuous
27
Where to be concerned
Outside the UK
quels sont les livres verts?
was sind die grne Bcher?
czym s zielone ksiki?
Where to be concerned
If you use a non-standard connection
Outside the Green Books
With no previous satisfactory experience
.pinned connections carrying large tying
forces?
A golden opportunity
for disputes
28
The new Green Book

457 191 67, 4 rows,
Shear (kN)
End plate
(partial depth)
366 kN
Fin plate
237 kN
The new Green Book

457 191 67, 4 rows,
Shear (kN)
End plate
(partial depth)
366 kN
Fin plate
237 kN
29
The new Green Book

457 191 67, 4 rows,
Shear (kN)
End plate
(partial depth)
366 kN
352 kN
Fin plate
237 kN
257 kN
The new Green Book

To overcome the tying problem with partial
depth end plates
Partial depth
30
Shear and tying resistance end plates

Old partial
depth
533 210 82
5 rows
356 171 45
3 rows
Shear
513
Tying
225
Shear
229
Tying
171
New partial
depth
New full
depth
The new Green Book

To overcome the tying problem
A brand new detail:
Welded to both flanges
Increases the tying force considerably
Partial depth
Relatively thin plates

Classified as pinned
Full depth
31
533 210 82
5 rows
356 171 45
3 rows
Old partial
depth
New partial
depth
Shear
513
494
Tying
225
384
Shear
229
220
Tying
171
286
New full
depth
533 210 82
5 rows
356 171 45
3 rows
Old partial
depth
New partial
depth
Shear
513
494
Tying
225
384
Shear
229
220
Tying
171
286
New full
depth
32
533 210 82
5 rows
356 171 45
3 rows
Old partial
depth
New partial
depth
New full
depth
Shear
513
494
753
Tying
225
384
602
Shear
229
220
425
Tying
171
286
426
Bases
An effective area
method
Thickness based on a
cantilever around the
profile
All as BS 5950
33
Splices
No change in details, but onerous
minimum strength requirements
Splices bearing type

Splice material should be provided to
transmit 25% of the maximum
compressive force in the column
34
Splices bearing type, cover plates

Not a problem, usually
Cover plate cross section will
be about 40% of capacity
(much more than force)
Can be a modest problem in
bolts shear resistance
reduced by packs
Splices bearing type, cap / base

How to apply the rule, if at all.
35
Splices non bearing type

Internal forces and moments not less that
25% of the moment capacity in both axes
2.5% on the normal force capacity
Splices non bearing type, major axis

Cover plates generally OK
Bolts can be a problem,
particularly if reduced by
packs
36
Splices non bearing type, minor axis

Cover plates generally OK
(based on cross section
resistance)
Bolt shear can often be a

problem, particularly if
reduced by packs
Bearing can be a problem
Splices non bearing

More significant issues with chunky, higher
grade columns
37
Joints in hollow sections

Resistance is set by choice of geometry,
member etc so a designers obligation to
check joint strength
Joints in hollow sections

Checks based on a range of testing
Rules now found in EN 1993-1-8
38
39
40
Conclusions (1)
Components as expected very nearly
identical resistances
Connection resistances are nearly
identical
So can a frame designed to EC3 have
connections designed to BS 5950, if the
ULS loads are given?
Yes for orthodox connections simple or rigid
Conclusions (2)
Section classification is new in the UK
Stick with known details
Green Book Simple connections

summer 2011
With new, full depth end plates
Green Book Rigid connections summer

2012
41
Personal view
They are inevitable
We can manage to design
SCI is the leading, independent provider of technical

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42

Connections To EC3

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Connections to 1993-1-8

Well, what do you expect?

Nominally pinned connections may also

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

A huge section on stiffness calculation

A huge section on hollow section joints

Like CIDECT, Corus Publications etc

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

Bolt force distribution

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

Bolt force distibution

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

to be taken from the National Annex

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

From the UK National Annex:

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

From the UK National Annex:

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

fub = 400 N/mm2 for 4.6

UK practice is fully threaded bolts, so use of the

0.6 800 245

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

Bolts in Shear 8.8

2 % more to the Eurocode

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

Bolts in bearing to BS 5950

Pbs 20 10 460 103 92 kN

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

Bolts in bearing to 1993-1-8

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

Bolts in bearing to 1993-1-8

For a M20 bolt in 10 mm S275 plate

2.11 0.81 410 20 10

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

Bolts in bearing to 1993-1-8

For a M20 bolt in 10 mm S275 plate

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

No such limit in many other codes

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

NA Note to the M table:

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

Max bearing (6)

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

Max bearing (6)

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

Max bearing (6)

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

Two approaches in BS 5950

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

k2 = 0.63 for a countersunk bolt

0.9 800 245

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

Two approaches in BS 5950

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

2011 The Steel Construction Institute

w depends on steel grade:

2011 The Steel Construction Institute