Honors English 9

Name:
Vocabulary & Grammar Quarter 2 No. 1
_____________
How Nouns, Verbs & Prepositions Function Within Sentences
Time Before Assessment: Two Weeks

TEST DATE:

Part One: VocabularyMemorize the words and their definitions as given below.
(Extra Credit Opportunity: Submit flashcards in an envelope on test day and receive
+5 on test.)
Fill in each (_____) below with the words proper part of speech; n = noun, adj = adjective, v =
verb, adv = adverb.
1. cynical: (__)believing that people are motivated by self-interest; being distrustful of human
sincerity or integrity.
2. tyranny: (__) cruel and unfair treatment by people in power over others; oppressive
exercise of power or authority
3. enmity: (__) the state or feeling of being actively opposed or hostile to someone or
something
4. vices: (__) immoral or wicked behavior, practices or habits
5. accord: (__) (1) agreement, or harmony; (2) an official settlement or compromise of
conflicting opinions; (3) spontaneous or voluntary desire to take a certain action
6. preliminary: (__) denoting an action or event preceding or done in preparation for
something fuller or more important.
7. pre-eminent: (___) surpassing all others; very distinguished in some way
8. vivacious: (___) attractively lively and animated
9. apathy: (__) lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern, especially about matters of general
interest, concern or importance; indifference
10. disheartened: (__) discouraged, or lacking in confidence and determination, because of
disappointment, opposition or difficulty
Part Two: Grammar NotesHow Nouns, Verbs & Prepositions Function Within Sentences
*Nouns:
--What should you already know? A noun is a word that names (either specifically, as in the proper noun
Mrs. Jenkins, or generally, as in the common noun teacher) a person, place, thing or idea (e.g.
freedom, peace, injustice, etc.). Clues to help you identify nouns include the following: (1) special noun
suffixes (e.g. -ness, -sion/-tion, -ment, -ity/-ty, -ence/-ance, -ship, -hood, -er/-or, -ist, -al, -acy, -dom, -ism),
(2) the definite article the or the indefinite articles a/an sit in front of the word, (3) an adjective
(placed before the word) or an adjective phrase/clause (placed after the word) is describing it, (4) it is or
can be pluralized, (5) an apostrophe or the preposition of (before or after the word) is indicating that
the word possesses something OR belongs to something and (6) the word, phrase or clause answer the
question words who or what.
--What you need to know: In a sentence, nouns (and the pronouns, like I, me, he, him, etc., that
replace nouns) serve as subject, direct object, indirect object and object of the preposition. The subject
has a relationship with the verb in the sentence. In most sentences (we will talk about the exception
later), the subject is doing the action indicated by the verb. In such sentences, the action of the verb is
often being done to a noun (or pronoun); the word receiving this action is called the direct object. If
the direct object is being given to or done for someone or something, this person or thing is known as
the indirect object. In all sentences, the noun (or pronoun) that comes immediately after a preposition
is known as the object of the preposition.
subject

ind. obj.

dir. obj.

obj. of prep.

example: Doris sent her mom the letter on Friday.

*Prepositions: these words show relationships between nouns (and pronouns) and other words in the
sentence. Here is a list of common pronouns: aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along,
amid, among, around, as, at, atop, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by,
despite, down, during, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over,
past, regarding, round, since, than, through, throughout, till, to, toward, under, unlike, until,
up, upon, with, within, without
*Verbs: --What should you already know?

*There are three types of verbs: action verbs, linking verbs and helping verbs. Of these, action verbs
and linking verbs can act as the main verb in a sentence, which is the verb that describes the action or
state of being of the subject (e.g. We run quickly. and He is quiet.).
*Linking verbs can essentially be replaced with an = sign; they link, or connect, the subject to a noun
or adjective. For example, They are awesome! or Olive is my doggie. They show a state of being;
the MOST COMMON linking verbs are the to be verbs: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been.
*You must absolutely make sure that all of your sentences have subject-verb agreement. This means
that, if your subject is singular, the verb beside it must be in its singular form (which means it has an s
ending); if your subject is plural, the verb must be in its plural form (e.g. He eats ravenously. and
They eat ravenously.).
*VERBS NEVER CONTAIN APOSTROPHES.
--What you need to know: A subject + a verb = a clause. There are two types of clauses: (1) an
independent clause and (2) a dependent clause. An independent clause is a sentence; the subject and
verb (plus any adjectives and adverbs around them) form a complete thought that can stand by itself. A
dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction (like although, because, that, since,
when, etc.) OR a relative pronoun (who, whom, which or that) and, because of this, CANNOT stand by
itself as a complete idea.
FOR EXAMPLE: Although he sings beautifully, he suffers from severe stage fright.
OR: The broken desk, which is in the hallway, caused the student to break her wrist when it fell apart in
class.
Any group of words working together as one idea that does NOT have a verb is a PHRASE.
Understanding the difference between phrases and clauses is going to be very important with our study
of commaswhich beginsNOW!

Part Three: ApplicationEach class, we will open with your composition of two sentences.
Each sentence must contain the indicated vocabulary word (underlined) and grammar
construct (labeled or color-coded); additionally, the sentence must be an example of literary
analysis related to literature that has been or is being discussed. Your sentence may be
selected to represent your group; every grammatically and contextually perfect sentence will
earn your group +1 bonus point on the vocab/grammar test.
1. word: immoral or wicked behavior, practices or habits; construct: underline/highlight
direct object
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. word: denoting an action or event preceding or done in preparation for something fuller or
more important; construct: underline/highlight object of the preposition
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. word: discouraged, or lacking in confidence and determination, because of disappointment,
opposition or difficulty; construct: underline/highlight plural verb form
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. word: attractively lively and animated; construct: underline/highlight linking verb
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. word: the state or feeling of being actively opposed or hostile to someone or something;
construct: underline/highlight a prepositional phrase
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

6. word: surpassing all others; very distinguished in some way; construct: underline/highlight
a prepositional phrase (different prep. From 5)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. word: lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern, especially about matters of general interest,
concern or importance; indifference; construct: underline/highlight introductory phrase
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
8. word: cruel and unfair treatment by people in power over others; oppressive exercise of
power or authority; construct: underline/highlight introductory clause
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
9. word: believing that people are motivated by self-interest; being distrustful of human
sincerity or integrity.; construct: underline/highlight two independent clauses join them
with comma
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
10. word: agreement, or harmony; construct: underline/highlight nonrestrictive clause
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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