Académique Documents
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Measurement and
Experimental Techniques
2.1
Learning Outcome
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
name appropriate apparatus for measuring
mass;
time;
temperature;
volumes of liquids and gases.
2.1
S.I. Units
The modern metric system used to measure
quantities of different things is called the
International System of Units (S.I. Units).
Scientists use S.I. units as a common standard
for their measurements.
2.1
Measuring Mass
The S.I. unit for mass is the kilogram (kg).
Other commonly used units are:
gram (g)
tonne (t)
2.1
Measuring Mass
Beam balance
2.1
Measuring Time
The S.I. unit for time is the second (s).
2.1
Measuring Time
Analogue stopwatch
Digital stopwatch
2.1
Measuring Temperature
The S.I. unit for temperature is the kelvin (K).
The degree Celsius (oC) is also commonly used.
Temperature in K = Temperature in oC + 273
Note that there is no degree sign (o) before K.
2.1
Measuring Temperature
Mercury or alcohol thermometer
For measuring temperature
of liquids or reaction
mixtures
Usually measures
temperatures ranging from
10oC to 110oC
Accuracy of 0.5oC
2.1
Measuring Temperature
Data logger
Connected to a temperature sensor
More accurate than the mercury or
alcohol thermometer
Can record data continuously over a
period of time
Saves data (in a computer) which can
be used to produce graphs and charts
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2.1
Measuring Volume
The S.I. unit for volume is the cubic metre (m3).
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2.1
Measuring cylinder
More accurate than
a beaker
Measures up to the
nearest cm3.
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2.1
Pipette
Accurately measures
fixed volumes of liquid.
e.g. 20.0 cm3, 25.0 cm3
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2.1
Concave meniscus
2.1
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2.2
Learning Outcome
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
select suitable apparatus for collecting a
sample of gas.
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2.2
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2.2
Collecting Gases
Downward displacement of water
For collecting gases that are insoluble
or slightly soluble in water
E.g. carbon dioxide,
hydrogen, oxygen
delivery tube
gas jar
gas
gas
URL
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2.2
Collecting Gases
Downward delivery of gas
For collecting gases that are soluble in water
and denser than air
gas
E.g. chlorine,
hydrogen chloride
gas jar
delivery
tube
gas
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2.2
Collecting Gases
Upward delivery of gas
For collecting gases that are soluble
in water and less dense than air
gas
E.g. ammonia
gas jar
delivery
tube
gas
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2.2
Collecting Gases
If we need to collect and measure the volume of
a gas, we can also use a gas syringe.
barrel
plunger
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2.2
Solubility
Density
compared to air
Method of
collection
Hydrogen
Not soluble
Less dense
Oxygen
Very slightly
soluble
Slightly denser
Displacement of
water
Carbon dioxide
Slightly soluble
Denser
Chlorine
Soluble
Denser
Hydrogen
chloride
Very soluble
Denser
Sulfur dioxide
Very soluble
Denser
Ammonia
Extremely
soluble
Less dense
Downward
delivery
Upward delivery
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2.2
Drying a Gas
Pass the moist gas through a drying agent.
25
2.2
dry gas
out
Note the
positions of the
delivery tubes
Concentrated sulfuric
acid used to dry most
gases except ammonia
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2.2
2.2
dry gas
out
Fused calcium
chloride used for
drying most gases
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Acknowledgements
(slide 1) balance ImageDJ CD
(slide 6) electronic balance Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore)
(slide 8) digital stopwatch Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore)
(slide 10) mercury thermometer Jurii | Wikimedia Commons | CC BY 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en)
(slide 11) thermohygrometer rotronic DV2 Harke | Wikimedia Commons |
public domain
(slide 11) vierkanal datenlogger mit display Trotec GmbH & Co. KG |
CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en)
(slides 1314) apparatus Ginosphotos | Dreamstime.com
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