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PigTrapDeignAndAementConideration
Januar2011Vol.238No.1(http://pgjonline.com/iue/januar-2011-vol-238-no-1/)

Apigtrapmutedeignedtomatchthepipelineectiondeignpeci cation.Themechanicaldeigncharacteriticofthepigtraphouldmeetor
exceedthedeignpreure,havetheamedeignfactor,havecompatilematerialtpe,edeigneduingtheamedeigncodeandeuitaleforthe
ametemperaturerangeathepipelineectionthatiterve.
Alo,apigtrapmutedimenionalluitedforthetpeofpiggingthatiexpectedonthepipelineection.Thecriticallengthofthearrelandline
izepipeectionmutelongenoughtoaccommodatethelongetpigthatwilleuedinthepipelineection.
Whendecidingwheretolocateapigtrap,therearevariouthingtoconider.Thepigtraphouldnoteplacednearanopen ameorignition
ource.Manuildingcodeandpipelinecompaniehaveruleandregulationaoutwhattpeofpoweredequipmentiallowedwithincertain
ditanceofanopeningtothepipelineuchaaclouredoor.Ifthepigtrapitoelocatedinanareawherehorizontalpaceinotatapremium(uch
aonano horeplatformorare ner),thencarehouldetakentoprovideu cientworkpaceadjacenttotheclouredoorforpiggingoperation.
Theeoperationcantaketheformofloadingandunloadinglonginpectionpig,removalofliquidandderifromthepipelineandintoawate
container,intallationandoperationofatemporareparator,etc.
Anotherconiderationthatiimportanttotheafeande cientoperationofapigtrapihowthearreliorientedatthepiggingtation.Anvalveor
intrumentationaociatedwiththeoperationofthepigtraphouldegivenadequatepacetoprovideroutinemaintenanceorreplacement.The
clouredoorhouldfaceawafromotherequipmentandplacewherepeopletpicallcongregate(i.e.reakarea,parkinglot,etc.).Therehaveeen
rareoccurrencewherepighavehotoutofpigtrapanddamagedequipment,awella,injuredpeople.Theoverizedpipeectionofapigtrapinot
namedarrelcoincidence.
Inrecentear,theenergindutrhaecomeincreainglfocuedonwhate ectitoperationarehavingontheenvironment.Theplacementofa
pigtrapialoaconcerninthiarea.Whenapigtrapiventedoraclouredooriopened,forethoughthouldetakentominimizeoreliminatethe
occurrenceofhazardoucontaminantwithinapipelinefromreachingtheoutideatmophereorcontaminatingtheneargroundorwater.
Pipelinecompaniethatoperatelarge-diameterpipelinehouldconidertheueofmaterial-handlingequipmentwhenitcometoconductingpigging
operation.Mandrelorphericalpiguedinapipelinethati20incheindiameterorlargecanetooheavorawkwardforoneortwopeopleto
handleafel.Inaddition,evenmall-diameterinpectiontoolaretpicalltooheavandlongforoneortwopeopletoeailmanipulateintooroutof
apigtrap.Therearevarioudeignofpigtraavailaleonthemarket.omepigtrahavewheelwhileotheraretationar.Thereareotherpigtra
thathaveautomationforpuhingapigintoorpullingapigoutofapigtrap.Manpigtraare ttedwithdrippanforcollectingliquidor nederi
thatmafallo ofapigonceitioutofthereceiver.Inomecae,liftingequipmentmaeneceartomovelargepigintopoition.Jicrane,
gantrcraneandforkliftareallexampleofpig-handlingequipment.
Pigtrapandpiggingtemhouldedeignedaccordingtotheamedeigncodeathepipelinetowhichtheareconnected.Thepredominant
codeuedforpipelinedeigninmancountriearewrittenAM.TheAMcodecommonlencounteredinthepipelineindutrareAM31.4
whichgovernthedeignofliquidpipeline;AM31.8whichgovernthedeignofgapipeline;AM31.3whichgovernthedeignofproce
pipingandAMectionVIII,Div.1and2whichgovernthedeignofpreureveel(ometimereferredtoatheoilerCode).Thereareothercode
inuethatgovernthedeignofpigtrapuchaCAZ-662inCanadaorAM31.11forlurrpipeline.
Itihelpfultothepurchaerofpipelineequipmenttoundertandomeofthedi erenceamongthecommonluedAMcode.AM31.4

Itihelpfultothepurchaerofpipelineequipmenttoundertandomeofthedi erenceamongthecommonluedAMcode.AM31.4
PipelineTranportationtemforLiquidHdrocaronandOtherLiquid(crudeoil,liquidpetroleumga,anhdrouammonia,alcoholandcaron
dioxide)allowfordeignwithcertainteelmaterialATMA694F42toF70,A707L3CL3,A105,A350LF2,A182F316,A182F51(Duplex)andother;
thedeignmaximumallowaletrevaluearedetermineddeignfactor(0.72or0.6)multipliedpeci edminimumieldtrength(MY)of
material;PipeWallThickneFormula:wt=PD/2F(wt=wallthickne;P=deignpreure;D=pipediameter(OD);=allowaletre;F=deignfactor);
aedupontheallowalehooptreofthematerialinquetion;weldingtandardiperAPI1004.
AM31.8GaTranmiionandDitriutionPipingtem.Ga(notgaoline)auedinthicodecommonlrefertonaturalga,manufactured
gaandlique edpetroleumgaditriutedaavapor.ThicodeallowfordeignwithimilarmaterialainAM31.4.Deignmaximumallowale
trevaluearedetermineddeignfactor(0.8,0.72,0.6,0.5or0.4)multipliedMYofmaterial.Deignfactorarerelatedtopopulationdenitin
proximitofthepipeline.PipeWallThickneFormula:wt=PD/2F(wt=wallthickne;P=deignpreure;D=pipediameter(OD);=allowaletre;
F=deignfactor);aedupontheallowalehooptreofthematerialinquetion.WeldingtandardiperAPI1004.
AM31.3ProcePiping(haeenreferredtoare nerpiping)Allowalematerialareretrictedto31.3litedmaterialuuallA105,A350
LF2,A182F316.omecommonluedhigh-ieldmaterial(i.e.A694&A707)arenotpermittedunderthiCode.Deignmaximumallowaletre
valuearedeterminedtheleerof(1/3xu(teniletrength))or(2/3x(ieldtre));theallowaletrevaluearefoundin31.3ataulated
value.Overall,materialthickneecalculateduing31.3tendtoemoreconervativeorthickerthanthoecalculateduing31.4or31.8.PipeWall
ThickneFormula:wt=PD/2(+PY)(wt=wallthickne;P=deignpreure;D=pipediameter(OD);=allowaletre;=qualitfactor;Y=coe cient);
aedupontheteniletrengthofthematerial.WeldingtandardiperAMectionIX.
AMectionVIIIDiviion1AMoiler&PreureVeelCodeRuleforContructionofPreureVeel.AllowalematerialareretrictedtoAM
ectionIIlitedmaterialuuallA105,A350LF2,A182F316.omecommonluedhigh-ieldmaterial(i.e.A694&A707)arenotpermitted
underthiCode.DeignmaximumallowaletrevaluearefoundinAMectionIIataulatedvalue.Overall,materialthicknecalculateduing
AMectionVIIIDiv.1tendtoemoreconervativeorthickerthanthoecalculateduing31.3.PipeWallThickneFormula:wt=PR/2(-0.6P)
(wt=wallthickne;P=deignpreure;R=piperadiu(inideradiu);=allowaletre[leerof(u(teniletrength)divided3.5)or(2/3multiplied
(ieldtre))];=qualitfactor);aedupontheteniletrengthofthematerial.Utamptheo cialCodeUmolfortamp(marking)onthe
veelorclouretodenoteinpectionandtetingincompliancewithCoderequirement.
Allofthecodedicuedcaneuedtodeignpigtrap.Inpectioncriteriavaramongtheedi erentcode.Generall,giventheamepipeline
deignparameter,apigtrapdeignedfromAM31.3willtendtoecotlierthanforonedeignedfromAM31.4or31.8ecaueofthe
di erenceinmaterialgradeandthicknee.Inaddition,apigtrapdeignedfromAMectionVIIIDiv.1willtendtoemoreexpenivethanone
deignedfromAM31.3fortheamereaon.
PigTrap/PiggingtemAement
Likeanotherpieceofequipmentconnectedtothepipeline,pigtraphouldeaeedatregularintervalforvarioureaon.Thepipeand tting
thatmakeupapigtrapwillageanddeteriorateovertime.Pipelinecompaniemaacquireexitingpipelinewithpigtrapanditwilleimportantto
knowtheconditionoftheeuedaet.omeexitingpipelineundergoachangeinuewhetherithatodowithareveralof owdirectionora
changeinproducteingtranported.xitingpigtrapcanchangethewatheareued.Apigtrapizedforcleaningpigmaneedtoemodi edo
thatitcanaccommodateinpectionpig.Alaunchermaneedtoechangedfromamanualloperatedpiggingtemtoanautomatedpigging
tem.
Areceivermaneedtoemodi edothatitcanreceivemorethanonepigatatime.Theinitialdeignofthepigtrapmaeinappropriateforthe
currentpipelinecondition.Atomepointinthehitorofthetrap,modi cationmahaveeenmadethatwereinappropriatefortheproper
performanceofthepiggingtem.Theeareallreaonforperforminganaementonapigtraporpiggingtem.
Thetimeittaketoperformatrapaementdependonthelevelorlevelofaementrequired,theexperienceofthetrapaementteam,the
workingconditionwherethetrapilocated,theremoteneofthetraptoeaeed(onhoreando hore)andtheoperationalcircumtanceofthe
pipelineectionatthetimeofaement.
Thereiadi erenceetweentrapaementandpiggailitaement.Atrapaementianevaluationonthepieceofpipelineequipmentued
forintroducingorretrievingapipelinetoolfromthepipelinewithoutinterruptionofpipeline ow.Thiaementdealwiththeevaluationofan
exitingpieceofpiggingequipmentorpiggingtemuedforlaunchingandreceivingpigorpipelinetool.Incontrat,apiggailitaementian
evaluationofanexitingpipelineforthepurpoeofdeterminingthenecearmodi cationinordertomakeapipelineectioncapaleofafel
launching,runningandreceivingpipelinetool.
LevelOfTrapAement
Atrapaementcanrangeincomplexitandophitication.Therearemanleveloftrapaementthatcaneconducted.Letulookata
decriptionofeachleveloftrapaement.Itmaenotedthateachlevelofaementincreaeincomplexit.
The rtlevelorLevel1trapaementicalledaReearchAement.Thilevelofaementexplorethehitoranddeignparameterofthe
pigtrap.Itnoteanmodi cationthathaveeenmadetothepigtrapfromthetimeofintallationtothepreent,mechanicaldeignlimitationofthe
pigtrap,thephicallocationordeignationofthetraporpipelineection,trapdimenion,thelocationandueofeachnozzleonthepigtrap.
TheLevel2trapaementicalledanOperationalAement.Thilevelofaementiconcernedwiththecurrent-daoperationalconditionofthe
pigtrapandapectoftheoverallpiggingtem.Thiaementoervewhetherthecloureopen,cloeorealproperl,whetherthepreure
warningdeviceonthecloureoperatecorrectl,whetherthevariouvalveonthepiggingtemealadequatel,whetherthepigignalandpreure
gaugeworkathehouldandwhetherthekickerorpanozzleareizedproperl.
TheLevel3trapaementicalledtheFunctionalitAement.Thileveloftrapaementdetermineifthepiggingtemiperformingtoit
peake ectivene.Ifitideiraletolaunchorreceiveinpectiontool,ithetraportheurroundingareadimenionallcapaleofhandlingthi

peake ectivene.Ifitideiraletolaunchorreceiveinpectiontool,ithetraportheurroundingareadimenionallcapaleofhandlingthi
operation?Aretherephicalotruction(handrail,tair,piping,etc.)thatmakeitdi culttoafelloadorunloadpig?Arepipingmodi cation
neededtoallowforinpectionpigging?houldanequalizationlineeaddedacrothetrapreducerforafetortoimprovepiggingoperation?
houldadditionalventandpreuregaugenozzleeaddedtothelineizepipeforafet?houldadditionaldrainnozzleeaddedtothepigtrap?
Theeareallquetionthatthileveloftrapaementeektoanwer.
TheLevel4trapaementicalledtheCorroionAement.ThilevelofaementithemotcomplexandtpicallwillrequireanNDtechnician
orengineertoeonthetrapaementteam.Thievaluationeektodeterminetheexitenceofcorroionagentactingonthecomponentofthe
pigtrapandwhetherornottheecorroionagenthavea ectedthetructuralintegritofthecaronteelenoughtocauethetraptoeunafeto
operate.Areliquidorderiampleeingtaken?Ifo,aretheampleanalzedforcorroionagent?Arethereamplingportforotainingliquidor
deriampleonthepiggingtem?Haveaninhiitororiocideeenappliedtothipipelineection?Ifo,whatwathenameoftheinhiitoror
iocideuedandwhatwatheintervalofapplication?Didtheinhiitororiocidehaveapoitivee ectornot?Havein-lineinpectioneenconducted
onthipipelineection?HaanformofNDeenconductedonthetrapinceitwaintalled?Ifo,hathedataeenanalzedtoaeminimum
pipewallthicknee?INDperformedregularlonthetraptomonitorcorroiongrowthrate?IfpreviouNDdataiprovided,corroiongrowth
ratecaneuedtoetimatethetimewhenrepairorreplacementofthetrapwouldenecear.
TrapAementTeam
ATrapAementTeamhouldecompoedofthefollowingmemerataminimum:
(1)TeamLeader/ProjectManagerthimemerireponilefortheaementteaminthe eldandenurethattheneceardataicollectedfor
thetechnicalwritertocreatetheaementreport.
(2)Projectngineerthimemerithetechnicalexpertonthedeignandoperationofpigtrapandpiggingtem.Thimemercanaumethe
roleofTeamLeader/ProjectManagerforeconomofworkforce.
(3)TechnicalWriterthimemeraemlethedatacollectedintoatechnicalreportwhichexplaintotheclientthe ndingoftheaement.
(4)NDTechnician(optionalmemer,forLevel4Aementonl)thimemerperformthenon-detructiveexaminationonthetrapandprovide
thedatatotheProjectngineerformechanicalintegritevaluation.
AementProcedure
1.Aemleamuchinformationaoutthetrapandpipelineectionapoileeforeconductingtheon-iteaement.Notethehitorofthetrap,
pipeline/trapdeignparameter,location,etc.
2.OniteAement.a)Comparetheexitingtrapwiththea-uiltdrawing.Ifthereareandi erence,noteandketchthem.)Ifana-uiltdrawing
inotavailale,makeaketchofthetrapwithdimenion.Notenozzleizeandue.Alonotevalvetpe,makeandconditioninthepiggingtem.
c)Quetiontheoperatorandpiggingcrewaoutthepiggingtpe,frequencandtheoperationalconditionofthedi erentpartofthepigging
tem.d)Takepictureofthetrap.Carehouldetakentocaptureanareaofconcernonthetraporpiggingtem.Ithaeenaidthatapicturei
worthathouandword.TheepicturewilleuefulaillutrationwithintheAementReport.e)Ifpoile,lookinidethetrapandnotethe
conditionoftheinidepipewallandclouredoor.f)IfaLevel4Aementiconducted,theNDtechnicianhouldtakeultraonictetreadingand
recordthemforfurtherevaluation.g)Aemlethedatainanorganizedfahionandtranmitthedatatothetechnicalwriter.
3.WritetheAementReportandumitittotheclient.
Concluion
Pigtrapdevelopmenthaoccurredovermanearandwillcontinuealongathereremaintheneedtopigapipeline.Anundertandingofthe
component,thefunctionofeachcomponentandcertainperformanceenhancingandafetfeatureforalauncherandreceiverhelponetograpthe
functionoftheoverallpiggingtemandprocedureforlaunchingandreceivingapig.
Deignconiderationhouldextendeondthelimitofthepigtraptotheoundarieofthepiggingtation.Trapaementareextremelvaluale
tothereponilepipelineoperatorthaticoncernedwiththeconditionofthepipelineequipmentandtheafetofthepiggingcrewinthe eld.
Acknowledgment
Thiarticleiaedonapreentationatthe22ndPipelinePiggingandIntegritManagement(PPIM)ConferenceheldFe.17-18,2010inHouton.
Author
ChritianJ.Clode,P..,ioperationmanagerofthePiggingProductDiviionofT.D.Williamon,Inc.HegraduatedfromTheCitadelin1993witha
..degreeincivilengineeringandialicenedprofeionalengineerinOklahoma.Hehaexperiencewithgeotechnicalandmaterialteting;
geotechnicalinvetigation;hot-dipgalvanizingproce;municipaldeignreview;pipelinedeignofwater,tormwaterandwatewatertem;
pipelineequipmentaement;andautomatedpiggingtem.HeiafoundingmemeroftheProfeionalIntituteofPipelinengineer(PIP).He
canereachedat:Chri.Clode@tdwilliamon.com.

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