G

O
E
AS

S
U

C
EX

A
H

G
N

Oxygen is needed for _______________

Oxygen is needed for cellular

respiration.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

BREATHING AND GASEOUS EXCHANGE?
Discuss with a peer. 1 and half minutes

After respiration the oxygen gas is changed into ______________,

Carbon dioxide

If CO2 accumulate it joins with water forming carbonic acid

change pH affect enzymes

REQUIREMENTS FOR AN EFFICIENT GAS

EXCHANGE SYSTEM
See table pg 205

Large, moist and thin surface

A transport system

Ventilating mechanism

protection

HOW REQUIREMENTS ARE SATISFIED IN

DIFFERENT ORGANISMS (SEE PG 206207)

VOLUME TO SURFACE AREA RATIO PG

208

GASEOUS EXCHANGE SYSTEM IN

HUMANS
AIR PASSAGE:
Nasal passage (warmed, moistened and cleaned of dust and
germs)
pharynx
trachea (has c-shaped cartilage to keep it open)

Trachea 2 bronchi bronchioles alveolus

ADAPTATIONS OF AIR PASSAGES SEE TABLE PG 21

THE LUNGS (PG 213)

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LUNG

ADAPTATIONS (PG 214)

ACTIVITY 2.4.7 PG 220 NO 1-3

ACTIVITY 2.4.7 PG 220 NO 1-3

1 a) F
b) B
c) A
d) J
e) K
f) C
2 rib cage
Fluid of pleural membrane
3. C- Rib
D- intercostal muscle
G- Trachea
H- Pulmonary artery
I- Pulmonary vein

BREATHING PRAC 2.4.4 PG 215-216

BREATHING SEE TABLE ON PG 217

Inhalation and exhalation difference.

ACT 2.4.5 PG 218

TEST FOR CO2

Clear lime water turned milky in the presence of CO2

MODIFICATION OF BREATHING RATE

Can be modified voluntarily within limits .
Average of 15 breaths per minute.
See flow diagram pg 224- How breathing rate is controlled
involuntarily.
*Homeostasis

GASEOUS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT

AT LUNGS
O2 moves from lungs to capillaries and CO2 moves from the
capillaries to the lung by DIFFUSION.
OXYGEN TRANSPORT
Oxygen + haemoglobin (RBC) = oxyhaemoglobin
Some also dissolved in plasma.
left side of heart aorta all cells of the body.

.GASEOUS EXCHANGE AND

TRANSPORT
AT THE TISSUES:
O2 moves from the capillaries to the tissues and CO2 from the
tissues to the capillaries by DIFFUSION.
TRANSPORT OF CO2
Mostly: CO2 + H2O (plasma) = carbonic acid bicarbonate ions
Some dissolves in blood plasma
Some CO2 + haemoglobin = carbhaemoglobin
Right of heart lungs

ACTIVITY 2.4.9 PG 227 A ONLY

AVAILABILITY OF O2 AT HIGH ALTITUDES

PG 228
Air at high altitudes is less dense and thus has less O2
People living high altitudes breath more deeply and quickly,
they also have more red blood corpuscles.

ACTIVITY 2.4.10 PG 229-230

DISEASES AND ALLERGIES OF THE GAS

EXCHANGE SYSTEM
Allergen- something which causes an allergic reaction
Disease- normal functioning is disturbed.
SEE TABLE PG 231

ASTHMA

HAY FEVER

LUNG CANCER

TB

BRONCHITIS

EMPHYSEMA

TB (VIDEO + PG 231-234)
CAUSES
SPREAD
SYMPTOMS
TEST
VACCINE
TREATMENT

SMOKING

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION PG 238`