Dashmesh public school

Chemistry -project

Session :- 2015-16
Topic:-

Study of presence of
oxalate ion content in
Guava fruit at different
stages of ripening.

Name

:- RahulBharti

Class

:- xii B

Roll no

:- 1

Certificate

This is to certify that RahulBharti, a

student of class XII-B has
successfully completed the research
on the below mentioned CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT during the
year 2015-2016 in partial fulfillment
of chemistry practical examination
conducted by CBSE ,NewDelhi.

............................
...........
( Examiner )
Incharge)

...................
(Teacher

Acknowledge-ment
I , RahulBharti of class XII B express my
gratitude to my school authorities for
allowing me to undertake the project
entitled
Study of presence of oxalate ion
content in Guava fruit at different stages
of ripening.I naturally could not have
done justice to my delicate assignment ,
had i not been privileged to get the animate
guidance from -

Mrs. Anju Gupta , Chemistry teacher for

higher Secondary Classes of Dashmesh
Public School.
I also express sincere thanks to my
family who extended helping hand in
completing this project.
- Rahul Bharti

Introduction
EMF , Terminal Voltage & Internal Resistance of a
Cell/Battery
An Electric Cell or Battery is a power generating device
which generates an Electromotive Force in between its two
terminals. Along with the the developed EMF , an electric
cell and battery also have some internal resistance , which
in-tern effects its terminal voltage.
A detailed descriptions of these parameters of a battery and
cell are given below:
Electromotive Force:
EMF of a cell or battery is the total voltage or potential
difference developed between the two terminals of the
cell/battery when the two terminals are in open circuit
condition. Or. the EMF of a cell/battery is the potential
difference built between the two terminals of the
cell/battery when no current is being drawn from it. To
measure the EMF of a cell/battery we can simply connect a
voltmeter two the two terminals of the cell or battery.
EMF of a cell depends upon the physical and electrical
properties of the electrodes and electrolytes used to build
the cell and EMF of a battery depends upon the EMF of the
cell , numbers of cells and the cells combination types used
to build the battery.
Terminal Voltage:
Terminal Voltage of a cell or battery is the potential
difference build between the two terminals of the
cell/battery or load when a load is connected to the cell or
battery or when a current is being drawn from the cell or

battery. Due to the internal resistance of a cell/battery some

EMF is used to overcome the resistance so the terminal
voltage of a cell or battery is always smaller than its EMF .
The terminal voltage of a cell/battery depends on the EMF of
the cell/battery , Internal resistance and the load resistance.
The difference between and EMF ( EMF) and Terminal
Voltage ( V) of a cell/battery can be calculated as following:
Where, I is the total current being drawn from the
cell/battery and r is the internal resistance of the
cell/battery.
Internal resistance:
Due to various physical and chemical constraints the
electron when travelling from the negative terminal of a cell
or battery to the positive terminal , experiences some
resistance. This resistance experienced by an electron or
current inside the cell or battery is called the internal
resistance of the cell or battery. Such resistance is caused
due to resistance of electrodes , deposition or extra
materials in electrolytes and electrodes of a cell. Is the
Internal resistance of a cell or battery which resists the flow
of electron through the cell/battery and causes the Terminal
Voltage to be smaller than the actual EMF of the cell/battery.
The current delivered ( I ) to a load ( R) from a cell with
internal resistance (r) can be calculated as:

And the Potential difference across the load or the Terminal

Voltage can be calculated as:

OBJECTIVE :To study the various factors on which the internal resistance
of a cell depends.

Apparatus :A Potentiometer , a battery (battery eliminator) , two way

keys , a rheostat of low resistance , a galvanometer , a high
resistance , an ammeter , a cell , a Jockey , a set square ,
connecting wires , water bath , thermometer(0-100C) ,
burner , tripod stand , wire gauge .

theory :The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by

its electrolyte to the flow of ions . The internal resistance of
a cell
is directly proportional to the distance between the
electrodes.

 is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the

electrodes in electrolyte.
decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by

r=(
where

l1

l2

l 1l 2
l1

)R

are the balancing lengths without resistance

and with resistance (shunt) , respectively and R is the shunt

resistance in parallel with the given cell.

procedure :Step 1
1. Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of
connections.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper
and make tight connections according to the circuit
diagrams.
3. Tight the plugs of the resistance box.
4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see that
e.m.f. and see that e.m.f. of the battery is more than
that of given cell ,otherwise null or balance point will
not be obtained (E' >E).
5. Take maximum current from the battery , making
rheostat resistance small.

6. To test the corrections of the connections.

(insert the plug in the key K 1 and note the ammeter
reading .Take out 2000 ohm resistance plug from
resistance box. Place the jokey first at the end P of the
wire and then at the end Q. If the galvanometer shows
deflection in opposite direction in the two cases the
connections are correct).
7. Without inserting the plug in the key K 2 adjust the
rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the 4th wire
of potentiometer.
8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in
resistance box and by slightly adjusting the jockey near
the previous obtained position of null point, obtain null
point position accurately, using a set square.
9. Measure the balancing length
and the end P of the wire.

l1

between the point

10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance
box R.B. introduce plugs in the key K 1 ,as well as in
key K 2 . Take out small resistance
(1-5 ) from the resistance box R connected in parallel
with the cell.
11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and
obtain null point.
12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and if
necessary make further adjustment for sharp null point.
13. Measure the balancing length

l2

from end P.

14. Remove the plug keys at K 1 and K 2 .Wait for some

time and for the same value of current (as shown by
ammeter) repeat the steps 7 to 13.
15. Repeat the observations for diffrent values of R
repeating each observation twice.
16. Calculate the internal resistance of cell by using the
above relation for r.
Step 2
To see the effect of distance between the
electrodes on internal resistances keeping the other
factors constant ,vary separation between electrodes
and measure internal resistance in each case.
Step 3
To see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte
on internal resistance by keeping other factors
constant.
Keep primary cells in water bath to heat the
electrolyte. Determine the internal resistance at various
temperatures.
Step 4
To see the effect of concentration (nature) of
electrolyte on internal resistance by :Keeping the other factors constant , decrease
concentration of electrolyte by adding the distilled
water and determine internal resistance of cell in each
case .

observations :-

S.No.

Ammeter
Reading

Pos. of null point

( cm )

(A)

With R
(l1 )

Shunt
Resistance

Without
R ( l2 )

r=( (l1l 2)/l 1

R()

)R

1.
2.
3.

Table for effect of separation between electrodes :S.No.

Separation
between
Electrodes-d
(cm)

Balanci Balancin
ng
g length
length
(cm) ( l1 (cm) (l2)
)

r=( (l 1l 2)/l 1

r/d

)R
()

1.
2.
3.

table for effect of temperature :S.No.

1.
2.
3.

Temperature

l1

l2

Resista
nce

l 1l 2
r=( l1 )R

Tr

(T) C

(cm)

(cm)

R ()

()

(K)

Conclusions :1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is

equal to
E = 0.98 Volt
2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional
to the separation between the electrodes.
3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
4. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the temperature of electrolytes.
5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the concentration of the electrolyte.

Precautions :1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.

2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when
the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2
should , all be connected to the terminal at the zero of
the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary , adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.
6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the
e.m.f.'s of the either of the two cells.

7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out

from resistance box before the jockey is moved along
the wire.
8. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than that of
the cell.
9. For one set of observation the ammeter reading should
remain constant.
10. Current should be passed for short time only , while
finding the null point.
11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial null point lies
on last wire of the potentiometer.
12. Cell should not be disturbed during experiment.
13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer
wire.

sources of error :1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform crosssection and material density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.

BIBBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.scribd.com
https://www.studymode.com
https://seminarprojects.org
https://www.slideshare.net/investi
gatory-project-physics
https://physicsnet.co.uk/a-level.