GERMAN ATV STANDARDS

W A S T E W A T E R

W A S T E

ADVISORY LEAFLET
ATV-M 168E

Corrosion of Wastewater Systems Wastewater

July 1998
ISBN 3-34984-46-0

Marketing:
Publishing Company of ATV - Wastewater, Waste, and Water Management
Theodor-Heuss-Allee 17
D-53773 Hennef
Postfach 11 65 . D-53758 Hennef

ATV - M 168 E
ATV Working Group 1.1.4 "Corrosion in Sewers" within the ATV Specialist Committee 1.1.
"General Questions of Principle", which has elaborated this Advisory Leaflet, has the following members:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. F. Seyfried, Hannover (Chairman)
Dipl.-Ing. D. Bunge, Hamburg
Dr. rer. nat. G. Heim, Hilden
Dipl.-Ing. D. Kittel, Planegg
Prof. Dr.-Ing. M. Lohse, Mnster
Dipl.-Ing. W. Meiger, Kln
Dipl.-Ing. U. Neck, Dsseldorf
Dipl.-Ing. G. Niedre, Bonn (as guest)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Polster, Berlin
Dr.-Ing. J. Rammelsberg, Gelsenkirchen
Dr.-Ing. F. Schmitt, Essen
Chem H. Schremmer, Dortmund (to 1994)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Taprogge, Hamburg

All rights, in particular those of translation into other languages, are reserved. No part of this Standard may be reproduced in any form by photocopy, microfilm or any other process or transferred or translated into a language usable in
machines, in particular data processing machines, without the written approval of the publisher.
GFA -Publishing Company of ATV - Wastewater, Water and Water Management, Hennef 1998
Original German Edition produced by: JFCARTHAUS GmbH & Co, Bonn

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ATV - M 168 E
Contents
Notes for users

Introduction and determination of terms

2
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.2
2.3

Corrosion processes
Soils and groundwater
Natural soils
Artificial soils
Wastewater
Sewer atmosphere

6
6
6
7
7
7

3
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.1.1
3.1.1.2
3.1.1.3
3.1.1.4
3.1.1.5
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.1.1
3.3.1.2
3.3.2
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2

Construction and other materials

Cement bonded materials
Concrete and reinforced concrete
General
Chemical loading due to communal wastewater
Loading in the sewer atmosphere
Loading through soil and groundwater
Information on the avoidance of reinforcement corrosion
Mortar
Fibre cement
Composite pipes
Vitrified clay, sewer brick, glass
Metallic materials
Unalloyed and low alloy iron materials
Linings for pipes made from ductile cast iron and steel
Sheathing
High alloy, stainless steels
Plastics (PVC-U, PE-HD, PP, GFRP)
Preamble
Pipe materials
Sealing materials
General requirements on sealing materials for wastewater systems
Materials for and properties of sealing materials

9
9
10
10
10
14
14
14
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
21
21
22
24
24
24

4
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.1.1
4.1.1.2
4.1.1.3
4.1.1.4
4.1.1.5
4.1.2
4.1.2.1
4.1.2.2
4.1.2.3

Corrosion protection
Compound materials and linings
Pipe linings with new constructions
Factory produced pipe lining using PVC plasticised films
Factory produced pipe lining using unplasticised PVC web sheets
Factory produced pipe lining using web or knob HDPE sheets
Factory produced pipe lining using vitrified clay shells (ceramic plates)
Retrofitted pipe lining using plastic sheets
Shaft linings with new constructions
Factory produced shaft lining using plastic sheets
Shaft lining using GFRP sheets and elements
Shaft lining using sewer bricks

25
25
25
25
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
28

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4.1.3

Pipe linings with renovation

28

4.1.3.1
4.1.3.2
4.1.4
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2

Renovation of non-man accessible profile sections

Renovation of man accessible profile sections
Shaft linings with renovation
Protective paints and coatings
Coatings on iron materials
Coatings on concrete surfaces

29
29
29
30
30
30

5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.1.6
5.1.7
5.1.8
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3

Notes for planning and operation

Notes on planning
Preamble
Location of wastewater treatment systems
Composition of wastewater
Indirect discharger operations
Drainage systems
Gravity pipelines
Pump stations and cross-sectionally filled pipelines
Soil and groundwater conditions
Addition of chemicals
Fundamentally suitable means
Addition of compressed air and pneumatic delivery
Addition of pure oxygen
Hydrogen peroxide
Operational measures
Cleaning and maintenance
Measures with the occurrence of corrosion
Measures in pump sumps and pressure pipelines

31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
34
36
37
37
37
39
40
41
41
41
42

Bibliography

42

Applicable Standard Specifications

45

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Notes for Users

This ATV Standard is the result of honorary, technical-scientific/economic collaboration
which has been achieved in accordance with the principles applicable for this (statutes,
rules of procedure of the ATV and ATV Standard ATV-A 400). For this, according to
precedents, there exists an actual presumption that it is textually and technically correct
and also generally recognised.
The application of this Standard is open to everyone. However, an obligation for application can arise from legal or administrative regulations, a contract or other legal reason.
This Standard is an important, however, not the sole source of information for correct solutions. With its application no one avoids responsibility for his own action or for the correct
application in specific cases; this applies in particular for the correct handling of the margins described in the Standard.

Introduction and Determination of Terms

It is only recently that wastewater networks have been inspected systematically, whereby
corrosion damage has been increasingly found (KEDING et al., 1990; MATTHES, 1992;
STEIN and KAUFMANN, 1993). According to a census taken by ATV (German Association for the Water Environment) on the condition of sewer systems in Germany, corrosion
was named as the fourth most frequent cause of damage in the Federal Republic of Germany behind the formation of cracks and fragments, leaks and blockages to the
flow(KEDING et al., 1990). Until recently there has been extensive uncertainty on the part
of planners and wastewater system operators on corrosion questions. Therefore the term
"Corrosion" is first to be defined:
"In the field of wastewater treatment systems, one understands under "corrosion" all reactions on non-metallic construction materials and materials with their environment which,
through chemical, electro-chemical or microbiological processes lead to a prejudicing of
the construction material or material.
Damage as a result of mechanical effects such as wear, erosion or frost are to be considered separately. It cannot be excluded that such damage which is designated as "corrosion" is caused by a combined loading of chemical, microbiological and chemical effects."
Due to a lack of knowledge on corrosion processes and material properties, gravity pipelines, pressure pipelines and pump sumps are today still being incorrectly conceived in the
same way as 50 years ago. The taking into consideration of a possible corrosion is not
easy in particular due to the numerous materials used in sewerage system construction
and the complex processes. It could also be associated with the fact that, previously in
Germany, there has been no complete set of rules and standards available for the avoidance of corrosion damage in wastewater systems.
This Advisory Leaflet has been elaborated by a group of experienced specialists from research, industry, planning and sewerage system operations. Its objective is:
to compile the status of today's knowledge on materials, operational conditions, in sewers and in corrosion processes,

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to give information on planning, construction and operation to ensure the durability and
functional safety of sewers during their planned useful life of 50 - 80 (100) years (LAWA,
1993),
to assist the practician with the selection of suitable materials if particular and hard to
estimate parameters exist.
Recommendations for renovation are not part of this Advisory Leaflet, however, these can
be taken from ATV Advisory Leaflet ATV-M 143.

Corrosion Processes

2.1

Soils and Groundwater

The constitution and thus the possible corrosive properties of a groundwater stand in direct
relation to the chemical and physical properties of the soil with which the groundwater or
the precipitation water that has percolated into the subsoil comes into contact. The material damaging components can only then take effect if they are dissolved by the soil water
and thus come into contact with the structure.
2.1.1

Natural Soils

With natural soils the coherence is not only of significance in combination with the water
content but also with regard to the oxygen content. In the porous and loose soils the oxygen content reduces less quickly with increasing soil depth than with highly cohesive soils
which, particularly with high water contents, are rather impermeable to air. With the presence of oxygen one talks of aerobic and with the absence of oxygen of anaerobic soils.
While oxygen is of great significance with attacks on unprotected metallic materials, with
cement bonded materials it only has a role insofar as certain chemical and biological processes, which can lead to the formation of corrosive substances (e.g. sulphur dioxide) are
dependent on it.
With natural soils only a few inorganic substances, in the first instance sulphates, chlorides
and excess free carbon dioxide as well as organic substances, e.g. humic acid, come into
consideration as corrosive groundwater content substances.
High sulphate contents are to be found in the groundwater of soils which are heavily permeated by gypsum or anhydrite (gypseous marl or shale). Chlorides are frequently found
in the vicinity of marshy soils, salt pans or with country roads spread with salt. The excess
carbon dioxide found in groundwater, which attacks unprotected metallic and cement
bonded pipe materials has its origin primarily in the biological metabolisation of organic
substances present in the upper soil layers. If the carbon dioxide manages to penetrate
into the subsoil with percolated precipitation water and, depending on the soil type, finds
no reaction partner (e.g. calcium, magnesium), then it lowers, as dissolved aggressive
carbon dioxide in water, the pH value of the soil water. It behaves in a similar fashion to
"acid rain" which, inter alia, is caused by SO2 emissions. This phenomenon is receiving
increasing attention in specialist publications and seminars (HANTGE, 1993; WALTHER,
1994). Soil suspensions with pH values < 4 in depths of from 1.5 to 2 m are no rarity.

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2.1.2

Artificial Soils

With artificial soils, to which belong, for example, accumulations of refuse, construction
rubble, industrial slag and rocky material resulting from mining operations, high contents of
material corrosive substances can occur in the groundwater.
If a soil exchange with such materials is to take place with the backfilling of pipeline
trenches, a specialist report on the suitability of the material is to be obtained. However,
this may not limit itself to an assessment from the aspect of construction material corrosion
alone. It must also contain details on the water soluble substances from which a hazarding
of the groundwater can stem. This is to be observed particularly with some of the recycling
materials offered today.
2.2

Wastewater

Wastewater is to be designated and classified according to its origin: domestic, commercial and industrial wastewater; contaminated precipitation water. With common discharge
of wastewater one talks of communal wastewater (EN 1085/DIN 4045).
The basic loading of wastewater with inorganic substances results from the composition of
the drinking or service water. Depending on the usage of the water - above all in the commercial and industrial area - wastewater can contain various material corrosive substances.
According to communal bylaws no substances may be discharged with the wastewater
which can prejudice the stability of public wastewater systems. According to ATV Standard
ATV-A 115, discharge limitations exist in particular for pH values (6.5 - 10), for sulphates
(600 mg SO4/l) and for the wastewater temperature (35 C).
In general stormwater causes no chemical attack. In special cases in which the stormwater
cannot be buffered in natural paths there is a possibility of a corrosive attack.
From experience, account must be taken of possibly aggressive wastewater contents, despite the discharge limitations set by bylaw for commercial and industrial discharges, as
the operator of public wastewater systems is also liable for subsequent damage, which
result from unlawful discharge of wastewater, if the originator cannot be traced. Therefore
corrosion resistant materials should be employed in industrial areas (IMHOFF, 1993).
2.3

Sewer Atmosphere

The atmosphere in enclosed wastewater systems is, in general, marked by a high humidity
with a tendency to the formation of condensation water. Through this, with unprotected
metallic materials, corrosion can occur. The presence of hydrogen sulphide leads, in wet
places above the water level to the formation of sulphuric acid with a correspondingly high
degree of corrosion with cement bonded and unprotected metallic construction materials.
The biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion (BSAC) is induced mainly through the biological
conversion of sulphate sulphur into sulphides under anaerobic conditions in the underwater area, rarely also through sulphide (H2S, HS- and S2-), which are discharged by industrial concerns. To avoid conditions which can lead to BSAC see Chap. 5, in which information for practical planning and a technically correct operation are given. In simple terms the
mechanism of sulphate conversion and BSAC can be described as follows:
biological reduction of sulphates and other sulphur components to sulphides (H2S, HSand S2-) in the wastewater under anaerobic conditions;
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release of hydrogen sulphide gas into the atmosphere which dissolves on the wet sewer
wall;
biological oxidation of the H2S dissolved on the construction material surface above the
water level to sulphuric acid and elemental sulphur.
The degradation processes in a sewer under aerobic conditions are shown in the left-hand
side of Fig. 1. The reduction of sulphates and albuminous compounds from the wastewater
take place in the sewer film and in deposits. If the dissolved oxygen is assimilated (with
sewer films already at a few tenths of a millimetre) the reduction of the sulphate to sulphide due to the strict anaerobic desulphuricants begins. The sulphide diffuses in the direction of the wastewater, whereby it has to pass the upper, aerobic layer of the sewer film
or the deposits. Here it is again oxidised to sulphate before it reaches the wastewater. Under aerobic conditions, although a sulphur reduction takes place in the depth of the sewer
film and the deposits, the reduced sulphur compounds are nevertheless again oxidised
before reaching the wastewater.
Under anoxic or anaerobic wastewater conditions a reduction of sulphate already takes
place in the upper layers of the sewer film and deposits. The from this resultant sulphides
can then diffuse, unhindered, into the wastewater. Depending on the pH value of the
wastewater there is a balance between H2S and HS-. With normal pH values in the wastewater between pH 7 and 8, the hydrogen sulphide component can be between 50 and 10
%. The lower the pH value the greater is the share of H2S in the total sulphide and the
greater is also the H2S potential that can be released into the atmosphere and which, in
addition to corrosion, can lead also to odour problems and endangering of life.
With regard to the valuation of the sulphide present in the wastewater it must be taken into
account that, only from the dissolved sulphides does a pH dependent part exist as hydrogen sulphide, which can escape in the form of gas and lead to corrosion. The determination of the dissolved sulphide takes place according to DIN 38 405, Part 26.
If sulphides are present in the wastewater a part will, however, also exist in undissolved
form (bonded on metals). Thus, for example, the black colour of digested wastewater can
be traced back to finely distributed iron sulphide. The undissolved sulphides can, with
normal wastewater conditions, cannot contribute to the production of hydrogen sulphide. If
these are determined by the examination of the wastewater (which is often the case with
conserved wastewater samples), a reduction for the undissolved sulphides from the determined total sulphide content must take place. With an extensively digested domestic
wastewater one can set the content of undissolved sulphides at some 50 % of the total
sulphide contents.
Due to diffusion and turbulence the hydrogen sulphide gas is released into the sewer atmosphere and then dissolves on the wet sewer wall. With time it forms into a biofilm in
which also the very acid tolerant thiobacilli occur. They are capable of oxidising the hydrogen sulphide into sulphuric acid. Particularly in the warm and low discharge seasons there
is an enrichment of the biogenically formed sulphuric acid, mainly in the crowns of the pipe
which, with very low pH values, are subjected to heavy chemical attack.

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Fig. 1:

Sulphate conversion in sewers

Construction and Other Materials

3.1

Cement Bonded Materials

The construction material or material concrete, mortar and fibre cement consist in general
of the hydraulic bonding means cement, mineral additives and/or fibres and water. Processing and employment characteristics are deliberately influenced using additional concrete agents or concrete additives. Cement bonded construction materials are employed in
numerous forms with different structures for wastewater collection, delivery and treatment.

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In addition to the technical usage characteristics of concrete such as stability, impermeability, temperature and dimensional stability, the chemical resistance is of significance
with regard to durability.
As a rule, with cement bonded construction materials, corrosion processes are long-term.
The scope of corrosion is, in the first instance, influenced by the concentration of the attacking substances, the delivery conditions and the reaction time. With wastewater systems, with regard to the chemical attack, the reactions and the loading due to the wastewater on the pipe channel surface (see Sects. 3.1.1.2 and 3.1.1.3) and the loading due to
the soil and groundwater on the outside of the component or pipe (see Sect. 3.1.1.4) are to
be differentiated.
3.1.1

Concrete and Reinforced Concrete

3.1.1.1 General
Concrete can be used as locally produced concrete or in the form of prefabricated components. The concrete components can be reinforced - mild steel reinforcement or
prestressed - or unreinforced. The Standard Specification DIN 1045 "Structural Use of
Concrete; Design and Construction" applies for the production and dimensioning of the
concrete. Concrete for components, which are employed in drainage facilities, is to produced in accordance with the specifically applicable Standard Specification DIN 4281
"Concrete for Drainage Units; Manufacture, Requirements and Testing, (3/1985)".
Concrete with special composition, e.g. addition of fine particles or use of special cements,
meet higher demands on stability, permeability and chemical resistance (see Sect.
3.1.1.2).
The most important standard specifications for prefabricated concrete components for employment in sewerage networks are:
DIN 4032

Concrete Pipes and Fittings

DIN 4034

Shafts constructed from Prefabricated Concrete and Reinforced Concrete for

Underground Drains and Sewers

DIN 4035

Reinforced Concrete Pipes, Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipes and Associated Fittings

3.1.1.2 Chemical Loading Due to Communal Wastewater

For the chemical loading of concrete due to communal wastewater (see Sect. 2.2) and the
possible advance of corrosion through this, in addition to concentration and reaction time,
the high flow rate of the wastewater in comparison with the regulations of DIN 4030 and
the frequency of cleaning processes with their mechanical influences on the surface of the
concrete, play a role. Therefore, the limiting values in Tables 1 and 2 are not identical with
the limiting values Table 4 of DIN 4030. The size of the limiting values given in Tables 1
and 2 for the concentration of the aggressive substances is so determined that the pipelines remain, in the long-term, free of damage; with this the longest service life is based
according to the LAWA Guidelines (LAWA, 1993).
A.

Limiting values with permanent loading (normal case)

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A sufficient resistance of concrete to corrosion loading in the wastewater area (see Sect
2.2) is ensured if wastewater does not exceed the limiting values given in Table 1 with regard to concrete aggressive content substances. For wastewater content substances for
which standard values exist in ATV Standard ATV-A 115 "Discharge of Non-domestic
Wastewater into a Public Wastewater System, October 1994, the limiting values agree in
the main with the standard values (Column 4).
In Column 3 are listed the amounts of wastewater components (extent of the steady load),
which come into question for chemical loading which, from experience, occur with normal
communal wastewater. In the normal case the amounts lie clearly below the limiting values. This also applies for stormwater runoffs.
In individual cases such as, for example, in mountainous regions with a small buffer capacity of the soil, increased spring water runoffs with increased acid content, e.g. with carbon dioxide or humic acid (Schwarzwald), can occur. In such a case the amount of the
loading (concentrate, duration) are to be assessed separately.
With the loading through normal communal wastewater a sufficient chemical resistance of
the concrete exists if the concrete meets the requirements of Table 1, Column 5.
With an increased chemical loading of the concrete through communal wastewater, as can
occur according to Sect. 2.2, sufficient resistance exists for concrete pipes and shaft components up to a pH value > 4.5 if the concrete, for example, meets the following additional
requirements:
high performance concrete with a strength class C 75/85 using highly reactive pozzolanic fine grain materials, such as, for example, silicate dust, with at least 5 % of the
quantity of the bonding means and/or appropriately constituted special cements; watercement ratio w/c: 0.45, water ingress depth (DIN 1048): 2.0 cm)
employment of alumina cement as bonding agent,
and the pipes and shaft components are examined and monitored according to the "FBS
Quality Guideline - Concrete Pipes, Reinforced Concrete Pipes, Service Pipes and Shaft
Components for Underground Drains and Sewers (Published by the "Fachvereinigung
Betonrohre und Stahlbetonrohre e.V. [Specialist Association for Concrete Pipes and Reinforced Concrete Pipes], Bonn) (also available in English).

B.

Limiting values for temporary or short-term loading (special case)

From experience, with the discharge of wastewater, the discharge conditions can be so
changed through, for example, misuse, mishandling, unforseeable failure (accident) or
long-term conversion of technical facilities, that the discharge limiting values cannot always be met. Through this, the limiting values given in Table 1 for long-term loading, can
be temporarily exceeded or undercut. Therefore, the limiting values for temporary or shortterm higher permitted loadings are listed in Table 2 for concrete corrosive wastewater content substances, by which no damage to the concrete is to be expected with the fulfilment
of the requirements, laid down in Table 2, on the concrete composition during the longest
service life in accordance with the LAWA Guidelines (LAWA, 1993).
Table 1: Limiting values for a long-term loading of concrete in the sewer network
through communal wastewater
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Type of attack

Attacks through, for

example

Loading parameters
of normal communal
wastewater

Sufficient concrete resistance exists:

with a long-term load

with fulfilment of following requirements

on the concrete

Limiting values in
wastewater
1

Loosening through
leaching

Soft water

Not given

Not applicable

Loosening through
acid attack

Inorganic and organic

acids

pH value: 6.5 to 10

pH value 6.5

Lime dissolving carbon dioxide (CO2)

< 10 mg/l

15 mg/l

Magnesium (Mg2+)

< 100 mg/l

1000 mg/l

Ammonia-nitrate
(NH4-N)

< 100 mg/l

300 mg/l

Sulphate (SO42-)

< 250 mg/l

600 mg/l

As above without HS
cement

< 3000 mg/l

As above with HS
cement

Loosening through
exchange reaction

Swelling

1)

w/c 0.502) and

water ingress depth
(DIN 1048) of 3 cm

1) In normal communal wastewater this value is not achieved. At most, in individual cases, a value in the given order is possible with
the discharge of large quantities of groundwater containing carbon dioxide (e.g. drainage water).
2) The resistance of the concrete is considerably enhanced through low w/c values and through the use of cement with special
composition.

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Table 2: Limiting values for a temporary or short-term loading of concrete in the
sewer network through communal wastewater
Attack, for example, through

Sufficient resistance of concrete exists with a loading

Temporary1)

Short-term2)

With fulfilment of following

Limiting values in wastewater

Requirements on the concrete

Soft water

Not applicable

Not applicable

Inorganic acids, e.g. sulphuric

acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric
acid

pH value: 5.5

pH value: 4

Organic acids

pH value: 6

pH value: 4

Lime dissolving carbon dioxide

(CO2)

25 mg/l

100 mg/l

Magnesium (Mg2+)

3000 mg/l

Ammonia-nitrate
(NH4-N)

1000 mg/l

Sulphate (SO42-)

1000 mg/l

As above without HS cement

5000 mg/l

As above with HS cement

w/c 0.503) and water ingress depth

(DIN 1048) 3 cm

No
limitation

1) Duration up top a maximum of one year per ten years.

2) Unscheduled operational conditions; duration up to a maximum of one hour per week.
3) The resistance of the concrete is considerably enhanced through low w/c values and through the use of cement with special
composition.

1. Under "temporary" loading (Column 2) one understands a loading which, during longer
periods of time, e.g. between two inspection dates during the course of ten operational
years, exercises an effect in the order of a maximum of one year. These special conditions can be scheduled for necessary tasks on technical installations, which unavoidably stretch over a longer period.
2. To cover unscheduled operational conditions, with which higher loading occurs for a
short time, the limiting values listed under "short-term (Column 3) apply. Such short
events are seen as non-critical if they occur, at the most, once a week for a maximum
of one hour.

Note:
One-off, surge type discharges of concrete corrosive substances with higher concentrations, which occur over a very short term through misuse or accident (discharge in gushes)
is, as a rule, irrelevant with regard to a chemical attack on the concrete.

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3.1.1.3 Loading in the Sewer Atmosphere
If a chemical attack on concrete takes place in the sewer atmosphere then this, as a rule,
is a biogenic sulphuric acid attack (see Sect. 2.3). With biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion
the sulphuric acid attacks the concrete chemically above the wastewater level causes a
loosening attack on the surface of the concrete. The sulphates which result as reaction
products simultaneously with the loosening attack on the concrete can, in principle, effect
an expanding chemical attack in areas close to the surface (see also Sect. 3.1.1.4). One
can, however, assume that with a very low pH value the loosening attack and not the sulphates resulting from the reaction determines the rate for a corrosion of the concrete. With
expected biogenic sulphuric acid attack a concrete with special composition in accordance
with Sect. 3.1.1.2 should be used.
3.1.1.4 Loading through Soil and Groundwater
The chemical loading of concrete components of a wastewater network through soil and
groundwater is to be assessed and classified with regard to the degree of attack in accordance with DIN 4030 "Assessment of Soil, Water and Gases for their Aggressiveness to
Concrete; Principles and Limiting Values " (6/91). The respective necessary technical requirements and measures for concrete, which ensure a long-term damage-free condition,
are contained in the concrete standard specifications.
In connection with the information in Sect. 2.1.1 on the corrosion processes in natural
soils, which are initiated through sulphates or lime dissolving carbon dioxide, the fundamental reactions occurring with these are described below in more detail.
Sulphate
Due to solutions containing sulphate the aluminates and aluminate hydrates in the hardened cement paste can, for example, react as follows under the formation of trisulphates
(ettringite) containing a great deal of crystal water:
3 CaO . AL2O3 + 3 (CaSO4 . 2 H2O) + 26 H2O 3 CaO . AL2O3 . 3 CaSO4 . 32 H2O)
Through the subsequent crystallisation and the growth of the reaction products a pressure
develops in a fixed layer, which leads to swelling effects. Here, the formation of ettringite
and gypsum should be mentioned.
Lime dissolving carbon dioxide
With the chemical attack of lime dissolving carbon dioxide, following an initial compaction
through the formation of the slightly soluble calcium carbonate according to
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
with a further effect of water containing CO2, there is a formation of slightly soluble calcium hydrogencarbonate
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2.
Ca(HCO3)2 is dissolved by water and is carried away.
Aqueous solutions of CO2 react slightly acidic (carbonic acid). The corrosive effect of dissolved carbon dioxide is here dependent on the hardness of the water; the greater this is
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the more stabilising carbon dioxide is required in order to keep the hydrogen carbonate in
solution. This means that, in hard water, there must first be a high content of free carbon
dioxide to have a damaging effect as opposed to soft water which, already with slight carbon dioxide content, can be aggressive against concrete.
3.1.1.5 Information on the Avoidance of Reinforcement Corrosion
With concrete components for wastewater systems there is a satisfactory corrosion protection for the reinforcement if the requirements for the concrete covering dimensions and the
crack width limitation, laid down in DIN 1045 or in DIN 4035, DIN 4034 and DIN 4281, depending on the strength of the concrete, and on the environmental conditions in accordance with DIN 1045, Table 10, Line 3, are met. As a rule, the concretes of components
used in wastewater systems are very impervious. Therefore, for example, the possible
chloride content of normal communal wastewater does not promote corrosion. The general
preconditions for a corrosion of the reinforcement, i.e. the carbonating of concrete and addition of oxygen, do not exist with the permanently wet location conditions for components
in the area of the wastewater. Therefore, with impervious concrete, no corrosion of the
reinforcement can take place here.
3.1.2

Mortar

In general mortar is employed in wastewater systems as brick and joint mortar, as mortar
for the repair of components or for purposes of lining pipes (see also Sect. 3.3.1.1). The
composition of the mortar depends on required unset and set mortar properties. As a rule,
hydraulic mortars of Mortar Groups IIa, III, IIIa according to the Brickwork Standard Specification DIN 1053, are used for wastewater components.
With cement bonded mortars important properties such as impermeability, adhesion as
well as mechanical and chemical resistance can be improved with the aid of suitable synthetic additives. Such synthetically modified cement mortars are to be selected and applied
according to the DAfStb [Service Instructions for Registrars and Supervisory Authorities]
Standard for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Components (8/90). Depending on the
type of mechanical loading to be expected in the sewer, mortar of Loading Classes M3 or
M4 as listed in the Standard can be considered., The Standard contains requirements on
the set mortar and details on the required verification.
The specialist technical rules are to be observed with the processing of mortar, so that an
as impermeable as possible constitution is produced. The mortar must be processed before the start of setting, full width and thickly applied and protected, e.g. from draughts in
the sewer, against rapid drying out. For good bonding between the mortar and the subsurface care is to be taken, for example through careful cleaning of the sub-surface, by the
removal of all loose components and by wetting. With the use of mortar systems attention
is to be paid to the manufacturer's processing instructions which, as a rule, include the
necessary preparation of the sub-surface.

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3.1.3

Fibre Cement

Fibre cement is produced from cement and water with the addition of synthetic fibres as
reinforcement and, for example, of pulp fibres as retention aid. In the hardened condition
the fibres firmly embedded in the cement matrix increase the tensile strength of the fibre
cement. Due to the dewatering of the cement lime, connected with production, a very impervious cement composition results with very favourable water-cement ratios. Through
this, the limiting values in accordance with Tables 1 and 2 can also be applied to fibre cement. In exceptional cases, special cements, in particular sulphate resistant cements, can
be employed. The most important standard specifications for prefabricated components
made from fibre cement for employment in wastewater networks are:
DIN 19 840

DIN 19 850

3.1.4

Faserzementrohre und -Formstcke fr Abwasserleitungen

[Fibre Cement Pipes and Fittings for Drains]
Parts 1 and 2
Faserzementrohre und -Formstcke fr Abwasserkanle
[Fibre Cement Pipes and Fittings for Sewers,
Parts 1 and 2: Pipes, Joints, Fittings,
Part 3:
Shafts.

Composite Pipes

So-called composite pipes with improved load bearing capacity result from the concrete
envelopment of, for example, vitrified clay pipes or plastic pipes. Such composite pipes
are, as a rule, produced in concrete factories. They are used with particularly high static
and dynamic loading as well as in cases in which the particular protection of a concrete
pipe is necessary for technical wastewater reasons. The thickness of the concrete envelope can be matched to the static loading. According to plan, with such composite pipes,
the concrete does not come into contact with the wastewater. The provisions of DIN 4030
"Assessment of Soil, Water and Gases for their Aggressiveness to Concrete" apply with
regard to a chemical attack on the outside of the composite pipe due to the soil or groundwater.
3.2

Vitrified Clay, Sewer Brick, Glass

Vitrified clay pipes and fittings in accordance with DIN EN 295, Part 1, are manufactured
from suitable clay and fired to vitrification. The material properties are described and defined in their requirements (e.g. annealing loss, water absorption, texture and abrasion
resistance) supplementary to DIN EN 295, in Works Standard WN 295. Pipes and fittings
can be glazed or unglazed on the inside and/or outside. With the exception of hydrofluoric
acid they are not attacked by substances contained in the wastewater or in the groundwater soil. If verification is required in the individual case this takes place in accordance with
EN 296.
Sewer bricks, in accordance with DIN 4051 are used for structures and, in part, for large
dimensioned sewers. Using clays they are formed mechanically and fired to vitrification. As
sewer bricks are resistant against chemical attack the quality of the mortar used and its
technically correct processing has particular significance (comp Sect. 3.1.2).
Until now glass has been employed only in trials in the form of shells as lining material for
concrete pipes. It also has a very high chemical resistance which, however, is to be verified in special cases.

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3.3

Metallic Materials

3.3.1

Unalloyed and Low Alloy Iron Materials

The metallic materials used in the construction of underground sewers and wastewater
pressure pipelines are essentially unalloyed and low alloy steels and ductile cast iron.
These materials and the thereform produced sewers can, unprotected, suffer corrosive
attacks internally due to the flowing medium as well as through the type of the sewer atmosphere and externally through the soil and/or its content substances. Components
made from steel and ductile cast iron are therefore to be employed only with satisfactory
corrosion protection.
Table 3: Limiting parameters of the areas of application of cement mortar linings of
ductile cast iron pipes, steel pipes and fittings taking onto account DIN
2614 (permanent loading)
Parameters in the flowing medium

pH value*)
Mg

2+

Unit

Type of lining according to DIN 2614

I-S
(Blast furnace or Portland cement)
(HOZ or PZ)

I-T
(Alumina cement (TZ))

6.5 - 12

4.5 - 12

mg/l

1000

solubility limit

SO42NH4+
2+

mg/l

3000

solubility limit

mg/l

200

2000

Ca

mg/l

0
(stormwater)

Lime dissolving carbon dioxide

mg/l

solubility
limit(stormwater)

ppm

< 0.5

0.5 - 10

Parameters in the sewer atmosphere

H2S concentration in the free crosssection of the sewer as measure for
the BSAC**)
*)

Short-term undercutting causes no damage

**)

According to the current status of knowledge, it is generally assumed that below 0.5 ppm H2S in the sewer atmosphere one does not have to reckon with biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion. Already with H2S concentrations upwards
from 0.5 ppm in the sewer atmosphere heavy degrees of attack by BSAC can occur (BIELECKI and SCHREMMER,
1987). The correlation between H2S concentration and strength of attack was found using simulation in the pollution
gas chamber (SAND, 1987), the same relationship was verified by SEYFRIED (in: BELECKI and SCHRAMMER,
1987) for conditions in practice. With a H2S content of 10 ppm is designated as heavy (BOCK et al., 1990).

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3.3.1.1 Linings for Pipes Made from Ductile Cast iron and Steel
Cement mortar linings in ductile cast iron pipes have been used for over 120 years, they
were originally employed to prevent corrosion damage in pipelines from aggressive drinking water. According to DIN 2614 there are three procedures for the manufacture of cement mortar linings:
rotary centrifugal casting process (Procedure I)
centrifugal application process (Procedure II)
manual lining (Procedure III) for repairs, completion of lining during pipe construction
and partially for the lining of fittings.
Wastewater pipes (DIN EN 598) are fundamentally lined using the rotary centrifugal process, whereby the mortar is highly compacted. Through this there is a double corrosion protection effect of the mortar lining:
1. The alkalinity of the pore water with a pH value > 9 passivates the underlying iron surface and thus prevents corrosion (active component).
2. The compact mortar structure (high rotation speed - driving out of batch water - w/c
ratio ca. 0.3) hinders the diffusion of the oxygen to the iron (passive component).
For cement mortar lining in accordance with DIN 2614, essentially sulphate resistant blast
furnace and Portland cements in accordance with DIN 1164 (S in accordance with DIN
2614) as well as alumina cement in accordance with British standard BS 915 (T in accordance with DIN 2614) are used. With concrete aggressive wastewater or with an anticipated biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion (BSAC), the alumina cement (TZ) mortar lining (T)
is to be applied. The long-term protective effect on linings using organic substances depends very much on the adhesive ability of these substances on to internal metal surfaces.
Many years practical experience has shown that, due to the unavoidable permeation of
oxygen, water vapour and carbon dioxide through the organic substances, the adhesive
capability can, in the long-term, be lost (e.g. polyurethane, polyurethane tar, polyethylene
etc.).
3.3.1.2 Sheathing
The corrosion probability of a soil against unalloyed and low alloy steels and ductile cast
iron is determined according to DIN 30 672, Part 3. From the sum of various analytically
determined assessment figures a division of soils into aggressiveness classes or Soil
Classes I to III is possible.
For on-site post sheathing of the pipe connections with soil of Soil Class III, sheathings
made of anti-corrosion bands, heat shrinkage material in accordance with DIN 30 672,
Part 1 or rubber collars are used. DIN 30 675, Parts 1 and 2 give information on corrosion
protective measures and the sheathings to be used according to the soil class.
3.3.2

High Alloy, Stainless Steels

High alloy, stainless steels belong to a comprehensive material group and are resistant
with many corrosion loads. The resistance is governed by a very thin passive layer. The
even surface abrasion with values < 10 m per year in the passive area is negligibly small.
The passivity is essentially determined by the content of chromium which gives this steel
its passivity. In addition to the chromium content the other alloying elements of significance
are, for example, nickel and molybdenum.

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In the first instance, for employment in wastewater systems, austenitic chromium-nickel
steels with and without molybdenum addition come into consideration. In a draft for an
European Standard Specification (pr EN 1990) there are three often applied steel qualities,
whose most important details are contained in Table 4. According to pr EN 1990, there are
thus other comparable steel qualities which are permitted.
Pitting - as with other materials with passive layers (e.g. Cu, Al) - can occur with the presence of large quantities of chlorides. With this it is not only the chloride contents of the
wastewater which are significant; chloride can also accumulate in fixed deposits on steel
surfaces even with wastewater with non-hazardous chloride contents. In these cases, with
potentials which are greater than the pitting potential UL, there is a break through of the
passive layer with pitting as a result. It is pointed out, that also with atmospheric corrosion
loads, corrosion hazardous chloride accumulations can occur in fixed deposits.
Table 4:

Characteristics of some important stainless steels

Material designation

Masses %

ISO
683/
131986

Euronorm
SS-71

Material
No.

Cr

Ni

Mo

Effective
sum in
masse
s%

Pitting
potential
UL in
mV1)

11

X6 Cr Ni5)
18 10

1.4301
(V2A)2)

0.07

17 to 19

8 to 11

18

+ 250

19

X3 Cr Ni Mo
17 12 2

1.4435

0.03

16 to
18.5

11 to 14

2.0 to 2.5 -

25

+ 600

21

X3 Cr Ni Mo
Ti
17 12 2

1.4571
(V4A)2)

0.08

16 to
18.5

10.5 to
14

2.0 to 2.5 5 % C
Ti
0.5

25

+ 6003)

X3 Cr Ni Mo
N
17 13 54)

1.4439

0.04

16.5 to
18.5

12.5 to
14.5

4.0 to 5.0 N 0.12 32

to 0.2

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

1200

According to GRFEN i.a. all potentials referred to the standard Hildebrand electrode
Designation in practice
Assumed value
German designation
Do not use V2A in the sewer atmosphere

Pitting does not depend only on the chloride content but also on other factors given below
in abbreviated form:
Material quality: the effective sum W in mass % chromium * 3.3 mass % molybdenum
(Column i in Table 4) is relevant. The larger W is, the more positive is the pitting potential UL (Column j of Table 4), i.e. the smaller the danger of pitting is (GRFEN et al.). In
the Table the steel with the Material Number 1.4439 is used as example for a steel with
high W value.

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ATV - M 168 E
Redox potential URedox: if URedox is more positive than UL, which is the case, for example,
with the addition or influx of oxidation means such as atmospheric oxygen, ozone, Fe3+
ions etc., pitting occurs - even with relatively low chloride contents.
The greater the flow rate of the wastewater the more positive is UL, i.e. the smaller is
the danger of pitting.
With sensitising (see below), the susceptibility against pitting increases.
The factors listed show that no generally valid details for chloride concentrations, with
which no crevice corrosion occurs, can be given. Analogous details in literature must
therefore be considered very critically.
Crevice corrosion occurs only in wastewater containing chlorides, whereby crevices
(some 0.1 to 0.5 mm width) between steels and non-conductors (e.g. plastics) are particularly dangerous points of occurrence. Crevice corrosion is dependent on the potential USP,
which is usually more negative than the pitting potential UL, which underlines the dangerousness of crevice corrosion.
The possibility of intercrystalline corrosion as a result of a heat treatment of stainless
steels, for example with welding, must be considered. This is a selective type of corrosion
with which the depositing of chromium rich carbides occurs at the grain boundaries. The
corrosion resistance can reduce so far through the chrome depletion that grain disintegration occurs. This material change is designated as sensitising (DIN 50 930, Part 4, 1993).
Stabilisation against this type of corrosion can be achieved using the lowest possible carbon content, which is, for example the case with steel of Material Number 1.4435 (see Table 4). Another possibility lies in the addition by alloying of titanium or niobium/tantalum,
which have a high affinity to carbon and thus avoid the formation of chrome carbides (steel
Material Number 1.4571).
The welding of stainless steels requires particular care and specialist knowledge
(STRASSBURGER, 1976). Here attention should be drawn to some important points:

selection of a procedure which avoids the access of atmospheric oxygen such as, for
example, metal arc welding, inert gas shielded arc welding and submerged arc welding;
deliberate, not too high addition of heat;
seam root covering;
taking account of increased contraction strains and thermal stresses.

With welding, oxide films and scale layers can appear, which prejudice the resistance
against pitting. According to the draft DIN 50 930, Part 4, (1990), thin oxide films of a straw
yellow colour can remain on the surface without prejudicing the corrosion resistance. All
other oxide films must be removed either through shot peening using glass beads, through
careful grinding (grain size > 100) or, best, through pickling. In the factory complete components are pickled in nitric acid - hydroflouric pickling baths, while pickling pastes, which
are to be removed completely after treatment, are used on the construction site.

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With wastewater systems a mixed construction of different materials cannot be completely
avoided. Contact corrosion can occur with metal conductive connections (direct electron
conductive contact) of stainless steels with electro-chemical base materials, e.g. unalloyed
steels (DIN 50 919, 1984). Particularly endangered are small area components made from
unalloyed steel (anodes) connected to large areas made from stainless steel (cathodes).
With protective measures against contact corrosion consideration must be given that coatings must be applied to the stainless steel to reduce the cathode area. Coatings on unalloyed steel hide the danger that high anodic disintegration of non-alloyed steel occurs at
often unavoidable, small faults in the coatings.
In summary the most important aspects, which should be observed with the employment
of highly alloyed stainless steels, are listed below:
use of stabilised steels if welded seams are planned;
professional weld seams and removal of oxide films;
crevice-free construction and processing, crevices > 0.5 mm are non-critical;
with the employment of bolted constructions gaps between components are unavoidable, therefore welded construction is to be preferred;
use of chloride-free sealants;
metallic bright surfaces; the formation of solid deposits is to be avoided;
the three-phase boundary air/steel/water can be endangered if solid deposits form in
which chlorides can accumulate;
a heavily anaerobic sewer atmosphere can lead to pitting even with stainless steels.

3.4

Plastics (PVC-U, PE-HD, PP, GFRP)

3.4.1

Preamble

Plastics are employed in the area of sewers both as load bearing pipe and shaft component materials as well as for corrosion resistant linings and coatings for concrete and cast
iron pipes.
In the area of the overall sewer system plastics are also extensively used, for example in
relining processes through the insertion of plastic pipes into damaged sewer systems and
also in the form of subsequent application of linings.
Against the wastewater compositions which are permitted and occur in communal and
other public drains the pipe materials given in Sect. 3.4.2 are generally to be seen as
chemically resistant. The appropriate standard specifications for material quality and material properties are to be observed with the selection of material and tendering.
Both the external effects from chemical and static loading as well as various material
properties are to be taken into account with the selection of the plastic for the respective
application case. With coatings and linings, it must be further checked whether the specific
parameters for the plastic processing can be maintained on the construction site and/or in
the factory. The decision on the final material selection should be made dependent on this.

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ATV - M 168 E
3.4.2

Pipe Materials

Plastics are divided into thermoplastics: e.g. polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA) - thermosetting plastics (resins): e.g. epoxide resin
(EP), polyester resin (UP), phenolic resin (PF) - and elastomers: e.g. synthetic rubbers,
polyurethane (PUR). Thermoplastics can be plastically worked, baked or welded with high
temperatures. Once manufactured, thermosetting plastics cannot be worked further. They
can, however, be processed using machine procedures (milling, cutting, drilling) and joined
with adhesives. Elastomers can no longer be thermally worked following chemical cross
linkage. They can, however, be processed mechanically and glued.
For application in sewers, plastic pipes and fittings as well as plastic shaft components and
linings, mainly from the following materials, can be employed:
Symbols
polyvinyl chloride

PVC

high density polyethylene

PE-HD

polypropylene

PP

glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) on the

basis of unsaturated polyester resins

UP-GF

With the employment of the above named polymer materials in sewers, the following DIN
Standard Specifications are to be observed with regard to the requirements and quality
assurances:
PVC-U
PE-HD
PP

DIN 19 534
DIN 19 537
DIN 8077, 8078

In addition, for pipes with profiled walls made from thermoplastic materials, DIN 16 961 is
to be observed and the initial, in draft, standard specification DIN 19 566.
DIN 19 565 applies for the employment in sewers of centrifugally formed pipes and fittings
made from glass fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester resins.
Furthermore, a series of pipes, shaft components and linings made from plastic are used,
for which currently there are no application standard specifications, but nevertheless carry
the RAL Quality Mark of the "Gtegemeinschaft Kunststoffrohre (GKR)" [German Quality
Organisation for Plastic Pipes]:
nonascendable lower shaft components

profiled sewer pipes and fittings made from

PVC-U
sewer pipes and fittings made from modified
PVC-U

R 7.1.23
R 7.4.20
R 7.6.8
R 7.1.12
R 7.1.19
R 7.1.15
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ATV - M 168 E
sewer pipe lining components made from
PVC HI
driven pipes and fittings made from PVC-U
sewer pipes and fittings made from
wound UP-GF

R 7.1.13
R 7.1.16
R 7.8.24

For employment in the area of private properties the components must correspond with
the Technical Rules published in the "List of Construction Rules A" (Bauregelliste A) of the
German Institute for Construction Engineering (DIBt) or the manufacturer must posses a
"General Construction Supervision Authorisation" or a "Test Certificate" from the DIBt.
With the employment of pipe materials and the therefrom produced pipes, fittings, shaft
assemblies, and pipe lining components in accordance with the above given standard
specifications and directives, a sufficient chemical resistance for the normal service life of
sewers in the communal area (wastewater in accordance with ATV Standard ATV-A 115,
October 1994) can be assumed. The selection of the plastics is based on the specific loadings.
Plastics are often employed for special applications, e.g. with the discharge of aggressive
industrial wastewater or for product pipelines in chemical operations. With aggressive media the directions and corresponding resistance tables of the supplementary notes to the
basic standard specifications of pipes made from PVC-C, PE-HD and PP must be observed and the details given by the pipe manufacturer are to be taken into account (DIN
8061, Suppl. 1, DIN 8075, Suppl. 1, DIN 8078, Suppl. 1).
With pressure pipelines both DIN Standard Specifications (DIN 8061/62, DIN 8074/75, DIN
8077/78) and the Standards of the German Association for Welding Technology (DVS
Standard 2205, Part 1) are to be observed for permitted loading.
As with inorganic or metallic materials, plastics can be attacked not only from the surface
but also from inside as small molecules can diffuse internally. Primarily organic solvents
and also other low-molecular, gaseous and fluid substances can diffuse into plastics.
Through this, with some plastics (see above-named supplements), a swelling and subsequent softening can occur. In particular, thermoplastics and soft rubbers can be attacked,
also from inside, through internally diffused substances, while duroplastics and hard rubbers are attacked mainly from the surface (SGK, 1994). With PVC the stabilisers can also
be attacked under anaerobic conditions (e.g. in anaerobic tanks).
Local, mechanical damage can also be caused to GFRP pipes through incorrect handling
during delivery (sudden loading) and in operation (incorrectly operated high pressure
cleaning). At the damage sites the medium can penetrate into the bearing layers through
micro-cracks in the gel coat and, depending on the structure, also into the bearing layers
along the fibres due to capillary forces (when employing long fibres). Through this the
bearing capacity can be reduced. Damage to the surface and faces are to be mended using resin in order to avoid a penetration of the medium through capillary forces.

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ATV - M 168 E
3.5

Sealing Materials

3.5.1

General Requirements on Sealing Materials for Wastewater Systems

Sealing materials, which have contact with aggressive water, soil or gas, must be so
manufactured or protected that they can resist their attacks without prejudice to their functional capability.
Accordingly the functional capability of pipe connections must be ensured with influences
from
wastewater with pH values of 2 to 12,
commercial wastewater in accordance with ATV Standard ATV-A 115.
As far as wastewater (e.g. before a separator/interceptor) occurs with properties deviating
from these, the respectively relevant loadings are to be taken into account. In water
protection areas the functional capability of the pipe connection must be additionally ensured for five hour effects of heating oil EL and motor fuel No. 2 in accordance with DIN 53
521.
Insofar as, in individual cases (in particular in the area of private property drainage systems), one has to reckon with longer-term effects of these substances, appropriately resistant sealing materials are necessary.
With light liquids, for sewers, at least on the flow path up to the low density material separator, sealing materials with a separate resistance verification are to be employed in accordance with the German Institute for Construction Engineering, Berlin, "Construction and
Test Principles for Seals made from Elastomers with Increased Resistance Capability
against Light Fluids for Pipe Connections in Wastewater Systems".
3.5.2

Materials for and Properties of Sealing Materials

For sewers and drains almost exclusively the following come into consideration:
sealants made from elastomers in accordance with DIN EN 861, DIN 4060;
sealants on the basis of polypropylene and polyurethane for vitrified clay pipes in accordance with EN 295;
two component sealing compounds on the basis of polyurethane for internal pipe thrust
seals in man accessible sewers and pipelines produced by pipe driving;
cold worked plastic sealing compounds in accordance with DIN 4062 are used only in
individual cases.
With regard to chemical effects all sealing materials meet the requirements of DIN 4062.
The functional capability of the pipe connection remains assured with the effect of wastewater with pH values between 2 and 12 and with commercial wastewater with guidance
values in accordance with ATV Standard ATV-A 115 (including the limiting values for substances in accordance with the Indirect Discharger Ordinance of the Federal (German)
States.
As far as light liquids (hydrocarbons such as benzine (petrol), heating oil and similar) or
volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) are discharged temporarily into the public sewerage system as a result of an accident, these should cause no disadvantageous effects
on the sealing function of the sealants.
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ATV - M 168 E
Microbiological attacks on sealants in accordance with DIN 4060 and DIN EN 295 have up
until now not be determined with sewers. Biologically conditioned material defects occur
only with two component sealants on the basis of polysulphide rubber (Thiokol = US
brandname), which are therefore considered as unsuitable for wastewater systems.
For the area of the public sewerage system negative effects on sealants due to chlorinated
hydrocarbons (CHCs) are not to be feared. Apart from the fact that CHCs have only a relatively slight water solubility, they belong to the water hazarding substances which, according to legal regulations, may only be discharged in quantities which are completely harmless for sealants.

Corrosion Protection

4.1

Compound Materials and Linings

They are produced mainly from PE, PVC (free of plasticiser) and UP-GF and have, depending on formulation, a good to very good resistance against acids, alkaline solutions,
fuels and oils. Further information can be taken from ATV Advisory Leaflet ATV-M 143.
4.1.1

Pipe Linings with New Constructions

Parallel to the testing of various lining systems there are years of experience available with
pipe linings made from plastic widths. They are produced mainly from PE, PVC (free of
plasticiser) and UP-GF and have, depending on formulation, a good to very good resistance against acids, alkaline solutions, fuels and oils.
4.1.1.1 Factory Produced Pipe Lining Using PVC Plasticised Films
In the eighties internal linings using 2-3 mm thick PVC plasticised films were installed
which were anchored in the concrete using ribs. With these, films produced in the USA
and in Germany a release of the external water overpressure from the groundwater due to
encasing with concrete, is only possible at the upper 300 or at 360 through drainage
holes below the water level.
The films were installed with success; they had only the disadvantage that they were not
stable enough against the cleaning equipment used with later operation.
The pipes were so manufactured in the concrete factory that, at the pipe faces, the films
overlapped or were flush to each other. In both cases the connection, after laying the
pipes, had to be welded on site in order to receive a continuous corrosion protection.
Currently the factory produced lining with plastic film is no longer practised in Germany.

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ATV - M 168 E
4.1.1.2 Factory Produced Pipe Linings Using Unplasticised PVC Web Sheets
A further, very widely used, solution for pipe lining is provided by lining using PVC hard
helical films. The 2 or 3 mm thick PVC hard profile sections are anchored to the concrete
using ribs and, with a 360 encasement in concrete, accept the full external water pressure
from the groundwater and the diffusion pressure.
The sealing of the pipe joints takes place through an external seal by means of a rubber
seal and an internal permanently elastic seal on a polyurethane basis which, at the same
time, ensures continuous corrosion protection.
Due to the cases of damage which occur on the internal permanently elastic seal, precise
information on the actual chemical attack, for example as a result of biogenic sulphuric
acid, is necessary with regard to the sealing material used.
The compatibility of the sealing material with PVC hard sheets is also to be investigated
(possible plasticiser migration). Due to negative experience with which the sealing material
softens due to biogenic sulphuric acid, joint closure using laminated GFRP is practised in
several towns. With this, however, often adhesion problems and also detachment are observed. The cause of the black discoloration of PVC web sheets, determined in many
places over recent years, is still not known.
4.1.1.3

Factory Produced Pipe Lining Using Web or Knob HDPE Sheets

In the meantime, due to modern manufacturing processes, several lining systems using
PE-HD films with a full-surface overlay anchorage made from webs or knobs. The material
thickness (without anchorage system) is 4 - 5 mm.
Pipe connection is by means of overlay welding of the pipe joints, in part with the aid of a
joint band. To ensure an even welding seam quality, extrusion welding, if possible using
control, is to be preferred.
As the good welding capability and the corrosion resistance of the material is decisive for
the durability of the overall system, precise specifications with regard to the material requirements are required. As an aid the requirements, which already exist for dump/landfill
linings, can be enlisted.
Aim of these requirements which, for example, are laid down in the BAM (German Federal
Office Office for [Chemical and mechanical] Materials) Authorisation Directive for PE-HD,
is to ensure the suitable material selection, the manufacture and the installation of a functioning and long-term resistant corrosion protection element within the framework of a
quality assured production in accordance with DIN ISO 9000.
If water pressure on the reverse side of the linings is to be expected, the lining system
should, to avoid long-term deformation, be eased by means of stress relieving drillings in
the base.
4.1.1.4 Factory Produced Pipe Lining Using Vitrified Clay Shells (Ceramic Plates)
Vitrified clay shells and sole plates are a possibility for corrosion resistant lining of pipes,
whereby corrosion resistant mortars are to be used.
July 1998

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ATV - M 168 E
4.1.1.5

Retrofitted Pipe Lining Using Plastic Sheets

A further development with large calibre main sewers has been the installation at the construction site of an internal lining made from PVC hard sheets or from PP sheets of 6 to 8
mm thickness, after laying the pipes. These sheets were subsequently stretched axially in
one piece over 300 in the sewer and held at the bottom by rails using pins made from
stainless steel. The relief of the water pressure behind the sheets is achieved via openings
in the foot rails. The sheets are self-supporting but are not dimensioned for additional
static loading. The ends of the sheets are welded together. This solution has proved itself
against biogenic sulphuric acid attack in routine wastewater operation.
Due to the unlined base, however, other solutions are to be preferred for aggressive
wastewater. Due to the small inherent stability of the above mentioned thermoplastics, together with a missing full-surface anchorage in the pipe concrete, however, it is to be
noted that, with extreme operational conditions (surge flushing, reflected waves in front of
closed gate valves) damage has already occurred on linings, which made an additional
subsequent attachment necessary.
A retrofitted lining using plastic sheets is currently no longer employed in Germany.
4.1.2

Shaft Linings with New Constructions

4.1.2.1 Factory Produced Shaft Lining Using Plastic Sheets

Similar to pipe lining, the employment of full-surface widths of back-anchored plastic is
also possible with shaft linings. With the design and also the construction of such systems,
however, there are specific parameters to be taken into account. Thus, with PVC hard web
sheets, particular attention is to be given to the joint problem. With PE-HD sheets, with
reverse side water pressure, the drainage to the bottom must not be hindered by the arrangement of the anchorage elements.
The employment of the above named widths of plastic sheet with shafts with numerous
fittings, recesses, outlets or sharp angled inlets is not economical and is problematic for
absolutely watertight concrete protection. These design elements result in numerous irregularly formed surfaces. Thus there arises a large number of profile pieces to be cut on
site and numerous joints between the individual pieces, which are difficult to close. In such
cases the solutions in accordance with Sect. 4.1.2.2 are more practical.
4.1.2.2 Shaft Lining Using GFRP Sheets and Elements
A further possibility for shaft lining lies in a retrofitted GFRP lining. Here, prefabricated
GFRP sheets made from polyester resin and glass fibres, with a thickness of 2 mm, is
fixed to the concrete using plastic pegs. Subsequently there is a full surface, two-layer
GFRP laminate over the whole surface through which all joints and peg heads are covered. Finally there is a double topcoat of the same polyester resin. With the last topcoat a
5 % paraffin solution is added in order to achieve a adhesive-free and saponification resistant hardening. The total layer thickness of such a polyester resin lining is 5 mm, its average glass content is 20 - 25 %. In order to ensure a full surface bonding of the on-site applied laminate with the prefabricated sheets, the prefabrication of the sheets should not
take place too soon before installation (max. 3 to 6 months according to manufacturer's
specifications).

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ATV - M 168 E
The lining should not be dimensioned on water pressure. More important, groundwater
which has appeared in the natural spaces between GFRP and concrete is to be drained off
and allowed to exit at the bottom. Artificially enlarged spaces have not proved themselves.
For better quality control one should avoid the addition of colour pigments into the polyester resin. Attention is to be paid to a careful selection of the resin and glass qualities employed. Resin qualities with moulding properties in accordance with DIN 16 946, at least
Type 1130, and corrosion resistant ECR glass in accordance with DIN 61 855 are recommended.
With smaller shaft dimensions with regular geometry, a solution using prefabricated GFRP
elements is possible. These elements consist of glass fibres and polyester resin whereby,
to increase the stiffness, quartz sand is added. The composition of the individual components varies here depending on manufacturing process. The manufacture takes place using the wound or centrifugal procedure.
The static dimensioning of the elements takes place either for the full loads or only for the
acceptance of the water pressure. In the latter case an outer concrete shell is necessary.
4.1.2.3 Shaft Lining Using Sewer Bricks
In some areas of sewerage systems shaft structures are carried out using sewer bricks. In
order here to avoid sulphuric acid corrosion to the cement bonded mortar joints, the joints
are dug out to a depth of ca. 2 cm and filled with an epoxy resin mortar.
4.1.3

Pipe Linings with Renovation

With the renovation of pipes one must fundamentally differentiate between accessible and
non-accessible profile sections. The problem with all sewers in operation lies in the maintenance of the runoff capability.
Insofar as a drying out using backing up is not possible, there remains only the solutions of
pump-over of the wastewater or piping, which is carried out with sheets stretched over 300
in the bottom and, in other cases, laid above ground and operated as siphon pipelines.
To limit the terms used these are now defined whereby, in future, the normal international
terms of DIN EN 752 should be used [already applied in this translation].
Table 5:

Comparison of previously used and new standardised terms with the

repair of sewers

Conceptual content
Repair of locally limited damage
Re-establishment of damaged sewers
maintaining the basic material
Production of new sewers by giving up or
destroying the basic material

ATV Advisory Leaflet ATVM 143, Pt 1

DIN EN 752

Corrective maintenance

Repair

Rehabilitation

Renovation

Renewal

Renewal

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ATV - M 168 E
4.1.3.1 Renovation of Non-Man Accessible Profile Sections
Depending on the parameters, various procedures are employed with non-accessible profile sections. Insofar as the acceptance of external loads can still be taken on by the original sewer, the insertion of inliners, which lie against the sewer walls, is suitable and is carried out without the production of an insertion trench. Equally suitable is the insertion of socalled inliners, made from PE-HD, or GFRP pipes. This solution, however, means a reduction of the flow cross-section and requires an insertion trench.
The advantage of these solutions exists a) in the possibility of employing material specifications which correspond with the actual requirements and, b) it is possible with these to
pass external loads to the inliner by appropriate dimensioning which, with unsatisfactory
load bearing sewer pipes, makes a possible renewal unnecessary. A static calculation for
relining pipes (with buckling proof for plastic pipes) is necessary for installation and operational conditions.
The annular space between the outside surface of the inliner and the inside of the old
sewer is dammed up following reconnection of domestic connections.
With all the given solutions there is a problem with the reconnection of existing domestic
connections with a technically sound corrosion safe sealing to the new inliner.
If this problem cannot be solved with the employment of appropriate robot equipment from
outside the sewer, as a rule there remains only the reconnection in an open trench.
With a large number of domestic connections this can frustrate the economy of an inliner
solution.
4.1.3.2 Renovation of Man-Accessible Profile Sections
With the renovation of man-accessible profile sections, the same solutions as are described under Sect. 4.1.2.1 are applicable. The reconnection of the lateral inlets is here
very simple to solve from the sewer.
Further renovation possibilities exist with sewers that remain stable, for example with the
installation of prefabricated plastic sheets, e.g. made from GFRP, which are stretched over
300 and pegged in the sewer. With this the closure of joints with the use of the same material as for the sheets, for example overlay laminates with GFRP and welding with thermoplastics.
4.1.4

Shaft Linings with Renovation

With the renovation of operational shafts the lining as described in Sect. 4.1.2.2 is used.
Due to the essentially better access of a shaft as compared with the sewer, it is nevertheless a question of economics whether it is also possible to carry out a renovation on the
basis of plastic modified cement mortar and possibly to repeat this renovation over a period of operating time.
The employment of pure plastic mortar is very problematic due to the parameters (water
exercising pressure, wet surfaces).

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4.2

Protective Paints and Coatings

The essential part with protective paints and coatings is the pre-treatment and priming.
Information on this is contained in ATV Advisory Leaflet ATV-M 263.
One surface protective layer produced from one or more associated layers counts as a
coating. A coating serves to hinder extensively the penetration of liquid or gaseous substances into the concrete. Such coatings consist, as a rule of reaction or thermosetting
resins.
Coatings are particularly endangered through diffusion into or through the coating by small
molecules (water, oxygen), which leads to corrosion under the coating and to the formation
of blisters. Particularly endangered are the coatings under thermo-diffusion conditions
(KLOPFER, 1974), e.g. cold pipe walls, warm attacking medium which, with pipelines in
groundwater, as really always the case.
Due to the temperature gradients in the coatings connected with this, a gradient for the
partial pressure of the water vapour also occurs so that the water molecules are pressed
through the coating by the pressure difference. With metallic materials, in particular steel,
occurs under the coating. Cement bonded mortars corrode, in general first if the coating
has broken and the corrosive medium reaches the unprotected material.
Blisters can also occur due to osmotic processes if, for example, water soluble substances, such as solvents from the coating or water soluble salts are present due to faulty
pre-treatment of the surfaces between coating and material. Therefore solvent-free coatings only are to be always used on absolutely clean surfaces.
4.2.1

Coatings on Iron Materials

Coatings on iron materials on the basis of epoxy resin or polyurethane, which are applied
in the factory under clearly defined parameters, as a rule have good resistance.
The problem of such coatings consists of the danger of damage (subsurface rusting) and
the therefrom resultant poor chance of repair of the system in running operations.
Here, in many cases, there remains only the complete dismantling of the unit and a new
coating. Preferred are therefore designs made from corrosion resistant material, e.g.
stainless steel.
4.2.2

Coatings on Concrete Surfaces

In general concrete surfaces in sewers do not require to be coated. If the concrete in sewers is to be coated then surface protective systems (SPS) in accordance with the DAfStb
(German Service Instruction For Registrars and their Supervisory Authorities) Directive for
Protection and Repair of Concrete Components (8/90) are to be applied. The Directive
gives information on coating substances, requirements on the substance and on the concrete surface.

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Through the moisture effects on both sides in the concrete with underground sewers, the
adhesion of the coating on the surface, and with this the durability of the protection is
jeopardised. In addition the adhesive ability can, from the very beginning, be prejudiced as
a result of moisture in the concrete. The technical problems which result due to this moisture influence are currently not completely solved. Therefore, in general, the subsequent
application of a coating with a sewer which has been buried fir a long time must be considered to be more problematic, both with regard to implementation as well as with regard
to durability, than a coating which is applied before laying the pipe.
Even factory applied coatings often have weak points already after short operating times.
To these count, for example, the formation of blisters, which before long always lead to
rupture of the coating. Following rupture the pipe material is wide open to the corrosive
attack. With biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion, the corrosion can even develop much more
intensively under the ruptured blister. Therefore attention is to be paid that coatings with
substances containing solvents, as a rule are not sealed against diffusion or against osmosis, so that, for example, as a result of SO42- diffusion, a formation of ettringite under
the coating can occur. Particular attention must also be paid to edges, for example at pipe
faces, as here the coating can frequently be heavily applied or the coating is damaged during installation

Notes for Planning and Operation

5.1

Notes on Planning

5.1.1.

Preamble

Corrosion problems can be extensively avoided already with the planning of wastewater
systems by observation of the following information. Planning measures are particularly
suitable for the hindering of biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion. If, despite all planning precautions, corrosive conditions cannot be excluded then a material resistant against corrosion is to be selected or non-corrosion resistant material are to be protected.
5.1.2

Location of Wastewater Treatment Systems

With the planning of central wastewater treatment plants, from the aspect of the sulphide
problem, catchment area and location are to be so determined that the wastewater
reaches the wastewater treatment plant from the source over the shortest distance and in
the quickest possible time. With increasing length of collectors and/or increasing flow times
and the operation of pressure pipelines the danger of sulphide problems increases.
5.1.3

Composition of Wastewater

Insofar as wastewater is available at the time of planning, so that its properties can be included in the planned conditions, several wastewater analyses are to be carried out and
the analytical results attached to the request for tenders for the pipes. As parameters the
following, for example can be considered: temperature, pH value, settlable solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), magnesium, ammonium, sulphate, sulphide. The pipe supplier is to take on the guaranty for the satisfactory corrosion resistance for the sodescribed wastewater composition.

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5.1.4

Indirect Discharger Operations

The indirect dischargers recorded in a catchment area are to be assessed with regard to
the discharge of possible corrosively acting wastewater. Experience shows that one has to
reckon with the exceeding of the concentration ranges laid down in the communal drainage bylaws.
A listing of commercial and industrial branches with possible corrosive wastewaters and
their boundary values is contained in ATV Standard ATV-A 115. In addition those operations are to be particularly observed which discharge organic acids with their wastewater;
with cement bonded materials heavy acid corrosion from such wastewater can be caused
already with p<H values slightly below 6.0. The connecting sewer is to be made from acid
resistant pipes. Materials with sufficient corrosion resistance are to be provisioned for road
sewers, until a sufficient dilution has been achieved.
Through the discharge of acidic wastewater there is not only the danger of an acid corrosion in the bottom of the street sewer but also, with wastewaters containing sulphides
there is also the possibility of transferring the whole of the sulphide from the ionogenic
form into the undissolved (molecular) form as hydrogen sulphide. Already with a pH value
of 6.0, the sulphide exists is almost completely as hydrogen sulphide, which emits from the
wastewater into the sewer gas space as volatile hydrogen sulphide gas and, as a result,
can lead to biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion.
5.1.5

Drainage Procedures

Precipitation events cause a flushing and dilution of aggressive wastewaters in combined

wastewater sewers. With slight partial filling, depositing of solids can extensively in combined systems so far as the dry weather channel is not developed.
In comparison with combined sewers, normal sewers have a higher partial filling with dry
weather so that, through higher flow rates and bottom drag tension less deposits can form
as a source for biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion.
5.1.6

Gravity Pipelines

Pipe profile:
In comparison with circular profiles, oval profiles are to be preferred with regard to a reduced danger of bottom deposit formation. In combined sewers oval profiles have a some
20 % higher bottom drag tension than circular profiles.
External corrosion:
At the planning stage investigations into the soil and groundwater aggressiveness with assessment in accordance with DIN 4030 03 DIN 50 929, Pt 3, are to be carried out before
laying down the pipe material. The same applies for shafts and other structures.

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Flow rate:
The flow rate should always lie above the critical velocity at which depositing of solids occurs (critical gradient for deposit-free operation see ATV Standard ATV-A 110, Table 12).
Verification of flow rates are also to be carried out for discharge conditions at night-time
and areas of back-up of reductions in cross-section, siphons, etc. If the necessary flow
rates for a deposit-free operation cannot be maintained due to the topographical conditions, the employment of particularly corrosion protected pipes is recommended. In addition measures can be taken in sewer operation (see Sect. 5.3.1).
With the assessment criteria, in addition to annual costs corrosion measures, odour loads
and the safety of operating personnel are also to be assessed.
With regard to sewer cross-sections the employment of non-circular pipes and the arrangement of parallel pipelines should be considered. In collectors with large diameters
channels with small cross-sections can be used before for initial operational periods. With
trunk sewers, in particular with the joining of two collectors, a grit chamber should be considered.
Natural ventilation:
The ventilation of sewers improves the desired aerobic condition in the wastewater. Ventilation takes place through manhole covers, road gullies and via the roof of extended drop
pipes (ventilation pipelines) in houses. In addition, ventilation pipelines at provisional ends
to a sewer, at intervals of ca. 25 m between shafts with man-accessible sewer sections, at
the start and end of a curved sewer, with connection structures, at the high point of cascades, at gate valve installations, etc. are recommended. Ventilation points can be so designed that an adapter is installed in the crown of the pipeline, from which a vertical ventilation pipeline of DN 300 can be led up to the surface of the road, terminating with cover
box, covering and natural ventilation.
Drop structures:
With favourable terrain conditions, drop structures are to be preferred due to the considerably better oxygen supply in normal gradients. However, with wastewaters containing
sulphides one should avoid bed drops due to stripping effects, unless special precautions
are taken and odour problems are not to be expected.
Fundamentally turbulence with wastewater loaded with sulphides is to be avoided. With
branches the velocity gradient is to be kept as small as possible. The delivery of wastewater from laterals into lower main collectors should continue to flow, without dropping; for
this appropriate drop structures (e.g. bypass for small flows, chutes, vortex drop shafts,
elevator siphons, possibly gate valve regulation) with energy conversion possibilities (e.g.
in corrosion protected whirlpool basins) are to be preferred. Measures for corrosion protection and for the treatment of exhaust gas are to be given particular attention. Pipe sockets
planned for latter connection are to closed off water tight in order that no wastewater can
occur in them.
Shut-off devices:
Openings for flushing and shut-off devices for pipeline flushing are recommended, at least
with larger pipe diameters. Shut-off devices are also useful for regulation of run-off, for closure in emergencies and during work in the network.

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5.1.7

Pump Stations and Cross-sectionally Filled Pipelines

Pump sumps:
The development of pump sumps of pump stations (vacuum space) has an influence on
wastewater freshness. Sulphide-free wastewater should drop into the pump sump from the
inlet sewer, so that the take-up of oxygen is improved. With wastewater containing sulphides exhalation can be reduced if the inlet joins below the pump shut-off level. The
pump sump should be emptied at short intervals, as far as possible completely, so that
sewer film on the walls and floor are at least partially aerated. Optimum solution is a large
wastewater surface for oxygen transfer with a minimum of sewer film surfaces. The continuous movement in the pump sump or self-cleaning bottom gradient (at least 60 % inclination of slope) extensively prevent depositing of solids. See also ATV Standard ATV-A
134).
Selection of cross-section:
Several short consecutive pressure pipelines cause higher annual costs than a long pressure pipeline with only one pump station, but can prevent sulphide problems. With large
discharge variations, e.g. with combined systems, a pipeline with small diameter should be
laid for sewage and a further pipeline with larger diameter should be laid for combined
wastewater. In order that the wastewater in the combined wastewater pressure pipeline,
with occasional several week long dry periods, does not degrade, this pipeline should
empty automatically into the outlet or pump sump with favourable terrain conditions following completion of delivery. For this the pipeline is to be laid with continuous gradient. In
siphons a deposit-free operation is often possible only through the selection of two or more
adjacent cross-sections matched to the variations of the amount of the wastewater produced or through the implementation as air cushion siphon.
Flow times:
Pressure pipelines and, if required, siphons, are potential sources for sulphide problems
due to a lack of wastewater aeration. So far as they are unavoidable they should be kept
as short as possible so that even with night-time flows a flow time of some two hours is not
exceeded; otherwise corrosion protective measures and, if necessary, measures for odour
reduction are to be provided in the lower subsequent gravity sewers.
Flow rates:
Deposits in pressure pipelines favour the clogging of the pipeline and represent a considerable source for biogenic sulphuric acid. To prevent deposits in larger pressure pipelines,
flow rates of at least 0.5 m/s, otherwise of at least 1.0 m/s during the delivery phase are to
be maintained. With a smaller daily total delivery time or with very long standing periods,
an even higher flow rate must be selected as lower limit. By the selection of appropriate
flow rates with wall shear stresses of at least 3.8 N/m2 with daily peak flows, keeps the
sewer film in pressure pipelines very thin, so that their contribution to sulphide formation is
heavily reduced (THISTLETHWAYTE, 1979).

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Outlet:
The transfer area at the end of the pressure pipeline deserves a particularly careful design.
The cross-section of the outlet of the pressure pipeline should stand completely filled even
during pump resting times in order that corrosion cannot occur in the pipe crown of the
pressure pipeline (crown height of the pressure pipeline = sole height of the subsequent
sewer). Turbulence is to be extensively avoided by appropriate channel design in the outlet
shaft.
Prognosis for sulphide formation:
Although it has not been possible to achieve good accuracy for a prognosis of the rate of
sulphide formation and/or the attack and destruction rates on cement bonded materials
with biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion using the well-known computer models (ATV Standard ATV-A 116; BIELECKI UND SCHRAMMER, 1987; HVITVED-JACOBSEN et al.,
1988; POMEROY, 1976; THISTLETHWAYTE, 1979; US EPA, 1985), these models still
offer the possibility for estimating the corrosion danger due to biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion.
Maintaining wastewater freshness:
To maintain the wastewater fresh, air can be coarsely bubbled into the vacuum chamber; it
can be prevented, through suitable design, that gas bubbles reach the pump suction area.
With an artificial aeration air extraction system with off-gas treatment, already determined
sulphide can be removed from the airspace of the suction chamber. With the employment
of spiral pumps there is an additional oxygen input in the spiral.
Aerobic pressure pipeline operation:
The oxygen dissolved in the wastewater is depleted in the pressure pipeline by the microorganisms in the sewer film, wastewater and, possibly, in the deposits. The daily oxygen
consumption OV can be estimated in accordance with (LOHSE, 1987)
OV = 0.024[ . D . L(ZSh + d . ZAbw/4) - Q24 . cO2]
with

OV
D
L
ZSh

[kg/d]
[m]
[m]
[g/(m2 . h)]

ZAbw

[g/(m2 . h)]

Q24
cO2

[m3/h]
[mg/l]

oxygen consumption in the pressure pipeline

pipe internal diameter
length of the pressure pipeline
oxygen depletion in the sewer film; can be determined using
depletion measurements
oxygen depletion in the wastewater; can be determined using
depletion measurements; mainly at 20 C:
- for 2 hours old wastewater 7 g/(m3 . h)]
- for 10 hours old wastewater 15 g/(m3 . h)]
- for 20 hours old wastewater 17 g/(m3 . h)]
delivery flow, determined over 24 hours
oxygen content in the wastewater at the start of the
pipeline

If, for security, a remaining oxygen concentration of 1 mg/l is sought in the outlet area of
the pressure pipeline, the following quantity of oxygen OC [kg/d] is to be stored in the
pressure pipeline. From experience no safety allowance is required for this in order largely
to prevent desulphuration.
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ATV - M 168 E
OC = 0.024[ . D . L(ZSh + d . ZAbw/4) - Q24(cO2 - 1)]
To avoid an anoxic milieu in the pressure pipeline, there is the dosing of compressed air,
bulk oxygen, nitrate or hydrogen peroxide. An alternative to delivery using hydraulic units
is pneumatic delivery. Insofar as too long anoxic retention times occur only at night-time,
subsequent blowing of compressed air is sufficient.
By creating an aerobic milieu in the pressure pipeline not only are corrosion problems kept
under control but also other possible sulphide problems (odour emissions, safety hazards
for operational personnel, bulking sludge in the biological treatment stage) are prevented
or reduced. Attention is to be paid that, with concurrent injection of compressed air or bulk
oxygen, biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion can occur with cement bonded pipe materials
(e.g. fibre cement and cement mortar clad cast iron) in gas bubble filled pipe crown areas.
Fittings:
In pressure pipelines, which only run empty over partial stretches, aeration and air removal
points are to be installed at the high points (problematic due to the wastewater content
substances), at low points drainage devices, and possibly also cut-off facilities. Already
with planning the possibilities of chemical dosing and/or gas injection should be planned as
a prophylactic measure. With this, additional pressure losses due to gas pockets are to be
taken into account in the calculation.
Pressure pipeline gradient:
Gases such as air and pure oxygen can be dosed simply into continuously rising pressure
pipelines. Wastewater can be forced out of gently sloped pressure pipelines using compressed air; however, a part of the wastewater remains at low points.
Flushing:
With longer pressure pipelines a facility for extraction of water from a receiving water or for
groundwater can be provisioned so that the possibility of carrying out flushing in operation
exists.
Pressure and vacuum drainage:
Pressure drainage systems are employed in areas which are difficult to drain (wide spread
housing), high groundwater levels, slight terrain gradients). In such systems time regulated flushing facilities using water or compressed air are used for the limitation of desulphuration. Vacuum drainage is, in comparison with pressure drainage, less problematic
with regard to corrosion susceptibility. See also ATV Standard ATV-A 116).
5.1.8

Soil and Groundwater Conditions

It is to be determined in the planning stage whether the pipelines or structures lie in the
groundwater zone; if this applies an investigation of the soil and groundwater for their aggressiveness, against cement bonded materials, in accordance with DIN 4030 and,
against iron materials, in accordance with DIN 50 929, Pt 3 should always be carried out.

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5.2

Addition of Chemicals

5.2.1

Fundamentally Suitable Means

The addition of chemicals can, already with planning, be taken into account or can also be
provisioned for later problems in pipe operation. The effects on the limiting values of
treated wastewater and the sewage sludge are to be taken into account.
Through the addition of various chemicals the following is possible:
avoidance of desulphuration conditions in the pressure pipelines and other crosssectionally filled pipelines (using air, pure oxygen, nitrate, hydrogen peroxide);
oxidation of already formed sulphides in pressure and in gravity pipelines (using hydrogen peroxide or ozone);
precipitation of sulphides in gravity pipelines (using iron and other metal salts);
prevention of the appearance of molecular hydrogen sulphide from the wastewater into
the sewer atmosphere with gravity pipelines by alkalisation (using lime, sodium hydroxide solution).
With the employment of nitrates the buffer capacity of the wastewater is to be noted. The
effective and economic use of chlorine and chlorine compounds is not practical, due to the
increase of the AOX values in the wastewater. With sulphide precipitation using iron chloride a precipitation sludge occurs, which tends heavily to the formation of deposits and can
thus cause further problems. Other metals which also form compounds with sulphides
such as lead, copper, zinc do not come into consideration due to the low limiting values for
metals in wastewater and in sewage sludge. With the alkalisation of the wastewater to pH
values above 9, the soluble sulphide appears as HS- ions, so that a gassing-off of hydrogen sulphide is prevented. The procedure is, however, not practical in general, as the pH
value is lowered through lower lying influents and biological procedures in the wastewater
(formation of organic acids and of carbon dioxide) and, in addition, increased sludge precipitation occurs.
The normal procedures are described below.
5.2.2

Addition of Compressed Air and Pneumatic delivery

To support aerobic conditions compressed air can be inserted into a pressure pipeline using the following procedures:
hydraulic delivery using addition of compressed air during pump operation;
hydraulic delivery at intervals and air compression in the pumping pauses or several
times a day ("air flushing");
pneumatic delivery.
The oxygen contained in the air supports the aerobic milieu in the pressure pipeline. The
gas bubbles prevent the formation of deposits. The retention time of the wastewater in the
pressure pipeline is shortened.

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Although, with hydraulically operated pressure pipelines with interval operation, the pressure losses fall with the addition of compressed air during the pauses in pumping, they
however, effect only a slight admixture in the wastewater. To be preferred is the addition of
compressed air during the pump running times, whereby both the delivery performance of
the pumps as well as the compressor are to be matched to the increased operating pressures. By using the highest operating pressure at the beginning of the pipeline with concurrent delivery, an increased gas solubility is achieved. With a wastewater flow rate of at
least 0.7 m/s the air input is supported by the increased turbulence.
Pressure pipelines with continuously increasing or no sole gradient in the delivery direction
are particularly suitable for the procedure. With longer pressure pipelines, long drawn-out
gas phases can form which, in the upper reaches of the pipe, spread out over the underlying wastewater. Here the placing of individual collection pockets, in which the wastewater
collects in plugs, is recommended, so that the wastewater plugs are subsequently driven
through the pipeline by the compressed air.
The necessary air requirement is dependent on numerous factors, for example from the
composition of the wastewater and its temperature, retention time in the pump sump and
in the pressure pipeline, pipeline geometry and the desired degree of sulphide control.
One can assume a compressed air requirement of 1 m3 air per m3 of wastewater per hour;
more accurate calculation bases are contained in Sect. 5.1.7. With compressed air flushing, in general it is not possible to empty the pipeline completely, which is also not necessary. On numerous occasions it has proved sufficient if, per flushing activity, a third to half
the pressure pipeline volume is exchanged for compressed air.
Simple, hydraulically driven systems consist of an air compressor which, with smaller
submersible motor-driven pumps, can be installed in the control box. In addition to direct
compressed air injection into the pressure pipeline, the compressed air can be fed in via a
compressor plant (e.g. sound insulated piston compressor) with or without compressed air
chamber, which is also normal with pneumatic siphon system. Although compressors with
low rotation speeds have a slightly lower efficiency, they have, however, less maintenance
effort and faults. Connection of the compressed air pipeline to the wastewater pressure
pipeline in general is by means of a simple adapter.
At the start of a ventilation the sewer film on the inner wall of the pressure pipeline is partially removed due to the turbulence and is removed as black sludge, which can take several days.
The procedures are particularly suitable with short pressure pipelines with small pipeline
cross-sections as well as with low sulphide development rates. The investment and
operating costs are relatively small. Compressed air requires no storage, is not corrosive,
bactericide or hazardous to health.
With the procedures it is to be noted that only some 21 % of the inserted gases are available as oxygen to support the milieu; the remaining part of the gas consists almost entirely
of nitrogen. The gas which does not dissolve can occasionally lead to the formation of
pressure surges, to cavitation effects on the pipe inner wall and to explosive-like escape at
the end of the pressure pipeline.

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With fibre cement or cement centrifuged metal pipe pressure pipelines there is a possibility
of biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion if, at the start of the pressure pipeline, sulphide is contained in the wastewater, there is a mixing of wastewater and gas in the course of the
pipeline and, with this, extended air bubbles form stably over longer periods, particularly at
high points without ventilation.
In many cases it has been possible to overcome sulphide problems by the addition of
compressed air or by pneumatic delivery.
5.2.3

Addition of Pure Oxygen

Through the dosing of pure oxygen (O2), produced in bulk, a considerably higher solubility
is effected so that, even with longer flow times in a pressure pipeline, for example with
long pipelines or with small delivery flows in the night hours, aerobic conditions are maintained. The solubility of the oxygen in the wastewater is directly proportional to the partial
oxygen pressure in a gas mixture. With the employment of pure oxygen, in comparison
with atmospheric oxygen, one requires to charge only ca. 1/5 of the gas quantity. The
saturation concentration for pure oxygen in water at 20 C is some 125 mg/l at 2 bar pipeline operational pressure, 210 mg/l at 4 bar and 300 mg/l at 6 bar. For wastewater, in accordance with the oxygen transfer correction factor, lower values are to be applied over
which, however, no precise information is available. One should assume an oxygen transfer correction factor = 0.7. If more oxygen is charged than can be immediately dissolved,
gas bubbles form in the crown of the pipe which, further down the flow, is completely or in
part dissolved. Even with pressure reduction, e.g. in pumping pauses and in the course of
the flow due to reduction of the manometric pressure head, the oxygen concentration reduces but not in proportion to the pressure reduction, so that higher concentrations than
saturation concentrations result ("oxygen supersaturation"). Sulphide problems are completely overcome if, at the end of the pressure pipeline, 0.5 to 1 mg/l oxygen is still contained in the wastewater.
In most cases pure oxygen is delivered in liquid form in a tanker vehicle and is transferred
to a storage tank from which it reaches the injection point via an air heated vaporiser without energy requirement. With a very large requirement self-production in an air separator
plant can be economic. A metering and regulation system serves for dosing and control.
Frequently, dosing takes place without a break for day and night charging via an automatic
time switch. An electric coupling with one pump effects the dosing during pumping impulses only so that, with this, the flow rate of the wastewater and the highest possible manometric pressure are utilised. A number of charging systems, such as lances, various
types of nozzle or gassing hoses are liable to blockage and require considerable maintenance so that charging by means of a simple pipe adapter is recommended.
Oxygen escapes at pipeline high points through ventilation and air outlet valves in the form
of gas. It is to be checked in operation whether, following closure of the valve, the increase
of the pump energy requirement and the increased danger of pressure surges remain
within acceptable limits.

July 1998

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ATV - M 168 E
Often due to the temperature based reduced biological activity of the desulphuration
agents, no pure oxygen needs to be charged in the times between December and April.
Pure oxygen is not bactericide or hazardous to health and, in part, oxidises already existing reduced sulphur compounds, however, oxygen is also used for the oxidation of other
wastewater component substances. Attention is to be paid to operating costs for the oxygen, the safety regulations for the handling of pure oxygen as well as operation and maintenance by appropriately trained personnel. For economic reasons the procedure is hardly
suitable for employment with drains with free wastewater levels.
5.2.4

Hydrogen Peroxide

Of all peroxides, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), due to its effect and costs, is best suited for
wastewater treatment. The clear, colourless, water mixable liquid is very stable in the pure
state, however, breaks down already with small impurities due to catalytically functioning
ions, whereby heavy metals are particularly effective. For transport and storage mainly
containers made from pure aluminium or stainless steel are used.
Hydrogen peroxide has a heavy oxidising effect and irritates and/or burns skin, mucous
membranes and eyes. The MAK [maximum working-place concentration] value is 1 ppm
(represents 1.4 mg/m3). The substance is delivered in drums or in a tanker vehicle with
concentrations of 35 or 50 % by weight. Due to the tighter safety precautions with the 50 %
concentration, the 35 % concentration is preferably employed in wastewater plants. Input
takes place simply using dosing pumps and a connection pipe, if required also as drop
dosing into the pump sumps or chambers. The dosing quantity can be reduced with longer
pressure pipelines if the dosing first takes place in the end range of the pressure pipeline
(some 0.5 hours flow time to the pressure pipeline outlet).
With sulphide-free wastewater the hydrogen peroxide had a disinfecting effect and as oxygen source; the decomposition products are oxygen and water:
2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
In wastewater containing sulphides, these are oxidised in precedence to other reduced
compounds, whereby the reaction process is dependent on the pH value:
pH value < 8.5:H2O2 + H2S S
2 H2O
pH value > 8.5:4 H2O2 + H2S H2SO4 + 4 H2O
With pH values up to 8.5, that is with normal communal wastewater, the stoichiometric requirement is 1 g hydrogen peroxide per 1 g hydrogen sulphide. In practice, due to side
effects, some 1.5 to 2 times the quantity is to be applied. In the presence of iron and other
metal ions always contained in communal wastewater, the reaction takes place within a
few minutes.
The substance makes an overdosing possible, so that an oxygen reserve can be taken
from the pressure pipeline into a subsequent gravity pipeline, causes no hydraulic problems and is suitable for doing in the gravity pipelines. Attention is to be paid to the relatively high chemical costs and the safety conditions with handling.

July 1998

40

ATV - M 168 E
5.3

Operational Measures

5.3.1

Cleaning and Maintenance

Heavily polluted sewers often have anaerobic wastewater conditions and favour biogenic
sulphuric acid corrosion. The most important operational measures for the maintenance of
functioning wastewater discharge facilities is therefore cleaning and maintenance. In particular the input of mineral substances into the sewerage system must be kept small, as
the mineral components of deposits require very high flow rates in order that they can be
flushed out of the sewer bottom. The mineral solids input can be most effectively reduced
by frequent monitoring and cleaning of road gullies and dirt traps.
The regular cleaning of hydraulic stress points, such as initial sewer sections or sewers
with storage capacity, also brings an improvement to the wastewater situation as the oxygen depleting deposits are removed regularly and the flow rate is increased.
In accordance with a German Federal Supreme Court (BGH) judgement, the complete
sewer network has to be cleaned at least once a year (BGH Judgement of 11 July 1974 Ref. No. III ZR 27/72). Continuous inspections should decide locally the necessity and frequency of cleaning of road gullies.
With sewers which are difficult to clean with a tendency to become dirty again a continuous cleaning process is sensible. With a process using travelling balls (beads) in the flow
or gush-flushing, a permanent sedimentation of solids is prevented by their regular
application (DINKELACKER, 1987).
If the cleaning possibilities are exhausted or impossible (e.g. in pressure pipelines), and
sulphide forms, then the oxygen balance in the wastewater should be improved through
suitable measures in order that no biogenic sulphuric acid occurs in the subsequent gravity
sewer.
Wastewater systems should not only be systematically and comprehensively investigated
but also more intensively and frequently investigated at stress and hazard points to avoid
the formation of corrosion. The inspection results should be documented and regulated for
all time intervals (date monitoring system).
5.3.2 Measures with the Occurrence of Corrosion
If corrosion damage occurs in existing systems, then subsequent protective measures are
to be taken. Corroded sole areas of shafts or sulphur deposits on the shaft walls and pipe
crowns, in combination with H2S, smell indicate that the discharge system is subject to an
attack of corrosion. First, the cause of the corrosion attack should be determined (e.g. discharges containing acids, discharge of organic acids, discharges containing sulphide or
biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion as a result of anaerobic wastewater conditions) in order
to exclude the corrosion sources by preventing problematic discharges. With biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion one should, under no circumstances, delay renovationmeasures too
long that a prejudicing of the stability of structures has occurred.

July 1998

41

ATV - M 168 E
The cause of the occurrence of biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion often lies in the planning
(comp. Chap. 5.1). A too small a gradient also causes a too small flow rate. Deposits form
and there is anaerobic sulphur transfer. At the same time re-aeration only over the surface
of the wastewater level is often insufficient. Also long flow paths to the wastewater treatment plant or, in particular, the operation of pressure pipelines with too large retention
times have a negative effect on the wastewater quality. An improvement can often be
achieved through additional or oxygen feed into the pressure pipeline.
5.3.3 Measures in Pump Sumps and Pressure Pipelines
Frequently problems occur at points, for example in pump sumps or in pressure pipelines
with too long retention times. Here, the oxygen balance has first to be checked. An oxygen
content of 1 mg/l in the wastewater normally suffices to prevent effectively the formation of
sulphide. If the mean O2 content is lower, then first consideration is to be given as to
whether an improvement through operational measures can be achieved. Individual operational measures are:
empty pump sumps as much as possible;
reduction of pump sump volumes by lowering the switch-in point and thus increase the
pumping frequency;
flushing of the pump sump to avoid deposits by circulation of the delivered wastewater
at intervals;
emptying of pressure pipelines at the end of the pumping process (only practical with
short pressure pipelines or small diameters).
If these measures cannot be completely or satisfactorily carried out the dosing of various
chemicals or a pressure aeration/pure oxygen gassing are to be considered (comp. Chap.
5.2).

Bibliography

[Translator's note: known translations are given in English only. Where there is no known translation into English a courtesy translation
of the title is given in square brackets, after the original German titles].

ATV-A 110E

Standards for the Hydraulic Dimensioning and the Performance

Verification of Stormwater Overflow Installations in Sewers and
Drains, 1988

ATV-A 115E

Discharge of Non-Domestic Wastewater into a Public Wastewater system, 1994

ATV-A 116E

Special Sewer Systems Vacuum Drainage Service - Pressure

Drainage Service, 1992

ATV-A 134 (draft)

Planung und Bau von Abwasserpumpanlagen [Planning and

Construction of Wastewater Pump Stations], 1998
[An English version dated 1982 exists]

ATV-M 143E

Inspection, Repair, Rehabilitation and Replacement of Drains

and sewers, 1998

July 1998

42

ATV - M 168 E
ATV-M 263E

Recommendations for Corrosion Protection of Steel Components in Wastewater Treatment Systems Using Coating and
Cladding, 1991

BICZOK, I

Betonkorrosion - Betonschutz [Concrete Corrosion - Concrete

Protection], Bauverlag Wiesbaden, 1968

BIELECKI, R.
SCHREMMER, H.

Biogene Schwefelsure-Korrosion in teilgefllten Abwasserkanlen. [Bogenic Sulphuric Acid Corrosion in Partially Filled
Sewers] Mitteilungen des Leichtwei-Instituts fr Wasserbau
der Technischen Universitt Braunschweig.

BOCK, E.
SAND, W.
KIRSTEN, K.
RAMMELSBERG, J.

Untersuchung zur Bestndigkeit von Zementmrtelauskleidungen duktiler Gurohre gegenber biogener

Schwefelsure-Korrosion.
[Investigation into the Resistance of Cement Mortar Linings
of Ductile Cast Pipes against Biogenic Sulphuric Acid]. fgr
Gurohrtechnik 25, p. 23-28, 1990

DINKELACKER, A.

Kanalreinigung durch mitlaufende Kugeln hat sich im Zweijahrestest bewhrt. [Sewer Cleaning Using Travelling Balls has
Proved Itself in a Two-year Test] Korrespondenz Abwasser ,
No. 2, p. 161-165, 1987

GRFEN, H. et al.

Die Praxis des Korrosionsschutzes [Corrosion Protection in

Practice], Kontakt Studium, Vol. 64, Expert Verlag 7031 Grafenau, p. 37-63

HANTGE, E.
MAINZ

Luftschadstoffe - Vermeidungsmanahmen und Auswirkungen auf Boden und Wasser am Beispiel des Bundeslandes
Rheinland-Pfalz [Air Pollutants - Measures of Avoidance and
Effects on Soil and Water Using the Example of RheinlandPfalz]. New DELIWA-Zeitscrifft, Vol. 11, 1993

HVITVED-JACOBSEN, T.
JTTE, B.
NIELSEN, P. H.
JENSEN, N. A.

Hydrogen Sulphide Control in Municipal Sewers. In: Pre

treatment in Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment,
Proceedings of the 3rd Gothenburg Symposium, Springer
Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1988

IMHOFF, K.
IMHOFF, K. R.

Taschenbuch der Stadtentwsserung [Handbook of Municipal

Drainage] 28th Edition, Verlag Oldenbourg, 1993

KEDING, M.
VAN RIESEN, S.
ESCH, B.

Der Zustand der ffentlichen Kanalisation in der Bundesrep

ublik Deutschland - Ergebnisse der ATV-Umfrage 1990 [The
Status of the Public Sewerage System in the Federal Republic of Germany - Results of the ATV Poll 1990], Korrespond
enz Abwasser, 37th Year, Vol. 10, 1990

KLOPFER, H.

Wassertransport durch Diffusion in Feststoffen [Water Delivery

through Diffusion in Solids] Bauverlag GmbH, Wiesbaden and
Berlin, 1974

July 1998

43

ATV - M 168 E
LAWA

Leitlinien zur Durchfhrungen von Kostenvergleichsrechnungen

[Guidelines for the Carrying Out of Cost Comparison Calculations] Lnderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser [Federal State Working Group - Water] (LAWA), 1993

LOHSE, M.

Schwefelverbindungen in Abwasserableitungsanlagen unter

besonderer Bercksichtigung der biogenen Schwefelsurekorrosion [Sulphur Compounds in Wastewater Discharge Systems
Paying Particular Attention to Biogenic Sulphuric Acid Corrosion], Publication of the Institute for Environmental Engineering,
University of Hannover, Vol. 62, 1986

LOHSE, M.

Der anoxische Druckleitungsbetrieb [Anoxic Pressure Pipeline

Operation]. Korrespondenz Abwasser, No. 6, p. 631-637, 1987

MATTHES, W.

Schadenshufigkeitsverteilung bei TV-untersuchten Abwasserkanlen [Distribution of the Frequency of Damage with Sewers
Investigated Using TV] Korrespondenz Abwasser No. 39, Vol.
3, p. 363-367, 1992

POMEROY, R. D.

The Problem of Hydrogen Sulphide in Sewers. Clay Pipe Development Association, 1976

SAND, W.

Die Bedeutung der reduzierten Schwefelsureverbindungen

Schwefelwasserstoff, Thiosulfat und Methylmercaptan fr die
biogene Schwefelsure-Korrosion durch Thiobacillen [The Significance of the Sulphuric Acid Compounds Hydrogen Sulphide,
Thiosulphate and Methymercaptane for Bogenic Sulphuric Acid
Corrosion through Thiobacilli]. Wasser und Boden 5, p. 237241, 1987

SGK

Richtlinien zum Korrosionsschutz in Abwasseranlagen C6d,

Korrosionskommission der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fr
Korrosionsschutz (SGK) [Directive for Corrosion Protection in
Wastewater Systems C6d, Corrosion Commission of the Swiss
Association for Corrosion Protection], Technopark, Pfingstweid
Strae 30, CH-8005, Zrich, 1994

STEIN, D.
KAUFMANN, O.

Schadenanalyse an Abwasserkanlen aus Beton- und

Steinzeugrohren der Bundesrepublik Deutschlandwest
[Damage Analysis on Sewers Made from Concrete and
Vitrified Clay Pipes In the Federal Republic of GermanyWest]. Korrespondenz Abwasser No. 40, Vol. 2, p. 168179, 1993

STRASSBURGER,
F. W.

Schweien nichtrostender Sthle [Welding of Stainless

Steels] Deutscher Verlag fr Schweitechnik, Dsseldorf,
1976

July 1998

44

ATV - M 168 E
THISTLETHWAYTE,
D. K. B.

The Control of Sulphides in Sewerage Systems. Butterworths,

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, 1972

TDT, F.

Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz [Corrosion and Corrosion Protection]. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1961

US EPA

Design Manual. Odor and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Sewerage Systems and Treatment Plants. US Environmental Protection Agency, 1985

WALTHER, W.

Boden- und Gewsserbelastung in Niedersachsen durch Stoffeintrge aus der Atmosphre [Loading of Soil and Bodies of
Water in Niedersachsen Due to the Input of Substances from
the Atmosphere]. Wasser & Boden, Vol. 1, 1994

Applicable Standard Specifications

[Translator's note: known translations are given in English only. Where there is no known translation into English a courtesy translation
of the title is given in square brackets, after the original German titles].

BS 915

Specifications for High Alumina Cement (British Standard Institution), Part 2, 1972

DAfStb Directive

Richtlinie fr Schutz-und Instandsetzung von Betonbauteilen

[Directive for Protection and Repair of Concrete Components]
1990

DIN EN 196

Methods of Testing Cement, Parts 1 - 9

DIN EN E-197

Cement; Composition, Parts 1-2, 04/98

DIN EN 295

Vitrified Clay Pipes and Fittings and Pipe Joints for Drains and
Sewers, 11/91
Requirements, Part 1, 11/96
Methods of Testing, Part 3, 11/91

DIN EN 476

General Requirements on Components for Gravity Drainage

Systems, 08/97

DIN EN 496

Plastics Piping Systems; Dimensions, 08/91

DIN EN 512

Fibre Cement Pressure Pipes and Joints, 11/94

DIN EN 578

Plastics Piping Systems; Plastic Pipes and Fittings; Determination of the Opacity, 09/93

DIN EN 579

Plastics Piping Systems; Crosslinked Polyethylene (PE-X)

Pipes; Determination of Degree of Crosslinking by Solvent Extraction, 09/93
July 1998

45

ATV - M 168 E
DIN EN 580

Plastics Piping Systems; Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U); Test

Method for the Resistance to Dichloromethane at a Specified
temperature (DCMT)

DIN EN 588

Fibre Cement Pipes for Drains and Sewers - Part 1: Pipes

Joints and Fittings for Gravity Systems, 11/96

DIN EN 598

Ductile Iron Pipes, Fittings, Accessories and their Joints in

Sewerage Applications - Requirements and Test Methods,
11/94

DIN EN 637

Plastics Piping Systems; Components Made from Glass Fibre

Reinforced Plastics, 08/94

DIN EN 681-1

Materials Requirements for Elastomeric Pipe Joint Seals Used

in Water and Drainage Applications - Vulcanised Rubber, 06/96

DIN EN 698

Plastic Piping and Protective Piping Systems - Thermoplatsics,

10/95

DIN EN 705

Glass Reinforced Thermosetting Plastics (GRP) Pipes and Fittings - Methods for Regression Analyses and their Use, 08/94

DIN EN 727

Thermoplastic Pipes and Fittings - Determination of Vicat Softening temperature (VST), 01/95

DIN EN 728

Plastic Piping and Ducting Systems- Polyofelin Pipes and Fittings - Determination of Oxidation Induction Time, 03/97

DIN EN 752

Drain and Sewer Systems outside Buildings

Generalities and Definitions, Part 1, 01/96
Requirements, Part 2, 09/96
Planning, Part 3, 09/96

DIN EN 761

Glass Reinforced Thermosetting Plastics (GRP) Pipes - Determination of the Creep Factor under Dry Conditions, 08/94

DIN EN 762

Plastics Piping Systems, 11/92

DIN EN 763

Injection Moulded Thermo Plastics Pipe Fittings - Test Method

for Visually Assessing Effects of Heat, 09/94

DIN EN 773

General Requirements on Components for Hydraulically Driven

Wastewater Pressure Pipes, 10/92

DIN EN 845

Festlegung fr Hilfsbauteile Fr Mauerwerk [Definition of Accesories for Brickwork], Parts 1 - 3, 12/92

DIN 846

Prfverfahren fr Hilfsbauteile fr Mauerwerk [Test methods for

Accessories for Brickwork], Parts 1 - 10, 12/92

July 1998

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ATV - M 168 E
DIN 1045

Structural Use of Concrete; Design and Construction, 07/88

DIN 1053, Pt 1

Mauerwerk - Berechnung + Ausfhrung

[Masonry - Calculations + Implementation], 11/96

DIN 1053, Pt 2

Mauerwerk - nach Eignungsprfung

[Masonry - Following Qualification], 11/96

DIN 1053, Pt 3

Reinforced Masonry; Design and Construction, 02/90

DIN 1053, Pt 4

Masonry; Buildings of Prefabricated Brickwork Components,

09/78

DIN 1164, Pt 1

Cement - Composition and Requirements, 10/94

DIN 2614

Cement Mortar Linings for Ductile Iron and Steel Pipes and Fittings; Application, Requirements and Testing, 02/90

DIN 4030, Pt 1

Assessment of Soil, Water and Gases for their Aggressiveness

to Concrete; Principles and Limiting Values, 06/91

DIN 4030, Pt 2

Assessment of Soil, Water and Gases for their Aggressiveness

to Concrete; Collection and Examination of Water and Soil
samples, 06/91

DIN 4032

Concrete Pipes and Fittings; Dimensions, Technical Conditions

of Delivery, 01/81

DIN 4034, Pt 1

Precast Reinforced and Unreinforced Concrete Components for

Manholes over Buried Drains and Sewers; Dimensions and
Technical Delivery Conditions, 09/93

DIN 4035

Stahlbetonrohre, Stahlbetondruckrohre und zugehrige Formstcke [Reinforced Concrete Pipes, Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipes and Associated Fittings], 08/95

DIN 4051

Sewer Clinkers; Requirements, Testing, Control, 08/76

Examples, 07/65

DIN 4060

Elastomer Seals for Pipe Joints in Drains and Sewers; Requirements and Testing, 12/88

DIN 4062

Cold Processable Plastic Jointing Materials for Sewerdrains;

Jointing Materials for Prefabricated Parts of Concrete; Requirements, Testing and Processing, 09/78

DIN 4281

Concrete for Drainage Units; Manufacture, Requirements and

Testing, 03/85

DIN 8061

Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes - General Quality Requirements and Testing, 08/94

July 1998

47

ATV - M 168 E
DIN 8062

Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U, PVC-Hl) Pipes - Dimensions, 11/88

DIN 8063, Pts 1 - 12

Pipe Joints and Pipe Fittings for Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride (Rigid PVC)

DIN 8074

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes; Dimensions, 09/87

DIN 8075 (Draft)

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes; General Quality

Requirements, Testing, 08/97

DIN 8077

Rohre aus Polypropylen, Mae [Polypropylene Pipes, Dimensions],12/97

DIN 8078

Rohre aus Polypropylen Typ I + II, Allgemeine Anforderungen

[Polypropylene Pipes Type I + II, General Requirements], 04/96

DIN 16 961, Pt 1

Thermoplastics Pipes and Fittings with Profiled Outer and

Smooth Inner Surfaces, Dimensions, 02/89

DIN 16 961, Pt 2

Thermoplastics Pipes and Fittings with Profiled Outer and

Smooth Inner Surfaces, Technical Delivery Conditions, 02/89

DIN 19 962, Pts 1 - 13

Pipe Joint Assemblies and Fittings for Polypropylene (PP)

Pressure Pipes (Pts 1,3,6-8,11,12, 08/80; Pt 2, 02/83; Pt 4,
11/88; Pt 5, 05/94; Pt 9, 06/83; Pt 10, 10/89; Pt 13, 06/87)

DIN 16 965

Wound Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Resin (UP-GF) Pipes:

Pt 1: Type A, 07/82
Pt 2: Type B, 07/82
Pt 4: Type D, 07/82
Pt 5: Type E, 07/82

DIN 16 968

Rohre aus Polybuten; Gteanforderungen [Polybutene Pipes;

Quality Requirements], 12/96

DIN 16 969

Rohre aus Polybuten; Mae [Polybutene Pipes; Dimensions],

12/97

DIN 19 537, Pt 1

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes and Fittings for Drains

and Sewers; Dimensions, 10/83

DIN 19 537, Pt 2

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes and Fittings for Drains

and Sewers; Technical Delivery Conditions, 01/88

DIN 19 537, Pt 3

Prefabricated High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Manholes for

Use in Sewerage Systems; Dimensions and technical Delivery
Conditions, 11/90

DIN 19 565, Pt 1

Centrifugally Cast and Filled Polyester Resin Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (UP-GF) Pipes and Fitting for Buried Drains and
Sewers; Dimensions and Technical Delivery Conditions, 03/89

July 1998

48

ATV - M 168 E
DIN 19 565, Pt 5

Prefabricated Glass Reinforced Plastic (UP-GF) Manholes for

Use in Sewerage Systems; Dimensions and Technical Delivery
Conditions, 11/90

DIN 19 850, Pt 1

Faserzementrohre und -Formstcke fr Abwasserkanle; Mae

fr Rohren, Abzweigen und Bogen [Fibre Cement Pipes and Fittings; Dimensions for Pipes, Branches and Bends], 11/96

DIN 19 850, Pt 2

Faserzementrohre und -Formstcke fr Abwasserkanle; Verbindungen, Mae [Fibre Cement Pipes and Fittings; Joints, Dimensions], 11/96

DIN 30 672, Pt 1

Corrosion Protection Wrapping Tape and Heat Shrinkable Material for Pipes Designed for Service Temperatures up to 50 C,
09/91

DIN 30 675, Pt 1

External Corrosion Protection for Buried Pipes; Corrosion Protection Systems for Steel Pipes, 09/92

DIN 30 675, Pt 2

External Corrosion Protection for Buried Pipes; Corrosion Protection Systems for Ductile Iron Pipes, 04/93

DIN 38 405, Pt 26

German Standard Methods for the Examination of Water,

Wastewater and Sludge; Anions (Group D); Determination of
Dissolved Sulphide by Spectrometry (D 26), 04/89

DIN 50 919

Korrosion der Metalle, Korrosionsuntersuchungen bei Kontaktkorrosion in Elektrolytlsungen [Corrosion of Metals, Corrosion
Investigations with Contact Corrosion in Electrolyte Solutions],
02/84

DIN 50 929, Pt 3

Corrosion of Metals; Probability of Corrosion of Metallic Materials when Subject to Corrosion from the Outside ; Buried and
Underwater Pipelines and Structural Components, 09/85

DIN 50 930, Pt 4

Korrosion metallischer Werkstoffe bei innerer Korrosionsbelastung durch Wsser, Beurteilung der Korrosionswahrscheinlichkeit nichtrostender Sthle [Corrosion of Metallic Materials with
Inner Corrosion Loading through Water, Assessment of the
Probability of Corrosion of Stainless Steels], 02/93

DIN 53 521

Determination of the Behaviour of Rubber and Elastomers when

Exposed to Fluids and Vapours, 11/87

DIN 61 855, Pt 1

Textile Glass; Glass Roving for Plastics Reinforcements;

Woven Glass Filament Fabric and Woven Roving; Types, 04/87

DVS 2205, Pt 1
[German Association
for Welding Technology]

Berechnung von Behltern und Apparaten aus Thermoplasten, Kennwerte [Calculation of Containers and Apparatus
Made from Thermoplastics, Parameters, 06/87

July 1998

49

ATV - M 168 E
GKR*) R 7.1.12

Rohre und Formstcke aus PVC-U (weichmacherfreies Polyvinylchlorid) mit gerippter Auenoberflche und glatter Innenflche mit Steckmuffen fr Abwasserkanle und -leitungen mit
dem Gtezeichen der Gtegemeinschaft Kunststoffrohre [Nonplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U) Pipes and Fittings with
Ribbed Outer Surfaces and Smooth Inner Surfaces with Spigot
and Socket for Sewers and Drains with the Quality Mark of the
Quality Association for Plastic Pipes]

GKR*) R 7.1.13

Bauteile aus PVC-Hl Typ I (Polyvinylchlorid schlagzh) mit profilierte Wandung und glatter Innenflche - zur Auskleidung von
Abwasserrohren - mit dem Gtezeichen der Gtegemeinschaft
Kunststoffrohre [PVC-Hl (Polyvinyl Chloride - Impact Resistant)
Type I Components with profiled Walls and Smooth Inner Surfaces - for the Lining of Wastewater Pipes - with Spigot and
Socket for Sewers and Drains

GKR*) R 7.1.15

Coextrudierte, kerngeschumte Rohre und Formstcke aus

modifiziertem PVC-U mit Steckmuffe fr Abwasserkanle und leitungen mit dem Gtezeichen der Gtegemeinschaft
Kunststoffrohre [PVC-U Co-extruded, Foam-filled Pipes and Fittings with Spigot and Socket for Sewers and Drains with the
Quality Mark of the Quality Association for Plastic Pipes]

GKR*) R 7.1.16

Vortriebsrohre und aus Rohren hergestellte Formstcke aus

PVC-U mit Steck Verbindungen ohne uere erhabene Konturen fr Abwasserkanle und -leitungen mit dem Gtezeichen
der Gtegemeinschaft Kunststoffrohre [PVC-U Driven Pipes
and Fittings Made from Pipes without Outer Raised Profiles for
Sewers and Drains with the Quality Mark of the Quality Association for Plastic Pipes]

GKR*) R 7.1.19

Rohre mit profilierter Wandung und glatter Innenoberflche aus

weichmacherfreie, Polyvinylchlorid (PVC-U) mit Steckmuffe fr
Abwasserkanle und -leitungen mit dem Gtezeichen der
Gtegemeinschaft Kunststoffrohre [PVC-U Pipes with Profiled
Walls and Smoother Inner Surfaces for Sewers and Drains with
the Quality Mark of the Quality Association for Plastic Pipes]

GKR*) R 7.1.23

Nichtbegebare Schachtunterteile und Regenrohrsandfnge aus

PVC-U fr Abwasserkanle und -leitungen mit dem Gtezeichen der Gtegemeinschaft Kunststoffrohre [Non-man Accessible Lower Shaft Components and Stormwater Pipe Grit Chambers for Sewers and Drains Made from PVC-U with the Quality
Mark of the Quality Association for Plastic Pipes]

_________________
*)

GKR = Gtegemeinschaft Kunststoffrohre = Quality Association for Plastic Pipes

July 1998

50

ATV - M 168 E
GKR*) R 7.4.20

Nichtbesteigbare Schachtunterteile aus PP Typ 3 (Polypropylen

Copolymerisat) fr Abwasserkanle und -leitungen mit dem Gtezeichen der Gtegemeinschaft Kunststoffrohre [Non-mansized Shaft Lower Components Made from PP Type 3 (Polypropylene Mixed polymer) for Sewers and Drains with the
Quality Mark of the Quality Association for Plastic Pipes]

GKR*) R 7.6.8

Nichtbesteigbare Schachtunterteile aus PE-M (Polyethylen mittlerer Dichte) fr Abwasserkanle und -leitungen mit dem Gtezeichen der Gtegemeinschaft Kunststoffrohre [Non-man-sized
Shaft Lower Components Made from PE-M (Medium Density
Polyethylene) for Sewers and Drains with the Quality Mark of
the Quality Association for Plastic Pipes]

GKR*) R 7.8.24

Kanalrohre und Formstcke aus UP-GF, gewickelt, mit dem

Gtezeichen der Gtegemeinschaft Kunststoffrohre [Wound
UP-GF Wastewater Pipes and Fittings with Quality Mark of the
Quality Association for Plastic Pipes]

pr EN 1124

Pipes and Fittings of Longitudinally Welded Stainless Steel

Pipes with Spigot and Socket for Wastewater Systems, 12/93

_________________
*)

GKR = Gtegemeinschaft Kunststoffrohre = Quality Association for Plastic Pipes

July 1998

51