Experiment 1 (Current Flow)

Observations:
Resistance Value
100
210
320
470
1000
4700
22000
1000000
10000000

LED Brightness
Really bright, stays long when
unplugged
Less bright, stays for not so
long when unplugged
Less bright, slower compared
to above
Bright, stays for long when
unplugged
Less bright, turns off slower
Bright and turns on faster
Less bright and turns off
slower
Does not light up, resistor is
using all of the energy
Does not light up, resistor is
using all of the energy

Current (amp)
0.005
0.0238
0.01515
0.01064
0.0005
0.00106
0.000227
0.0000005
0.00000005

Discussion:
The LED became dimmer when the resistance value was getting higher. This is because the
resistor was taking all the energy and so there was not enough energy left for the LED.
Hypothesis: the less resistance value, the brighter the LED is.
An experimental error can be that the last two resistors were not lighting up, but they might have
lit up and was not bright enough for a human to see.
Experiment 2 (Diode)
Diode

LED

1st Position

On

2nd Position

Off

Diode Marking

Discussion:
1. The LED does not work when the diode is reversed and the grey side is on the left.
2. If the LED is reversed it will not work because the negative is on the wrong side.

3. Hypothesis: the black side of the diode is positive (+) and the grey side of the diode is
negative (-).
Conclusion:
The diode requires more work to do as it has to go through the diode and then to the LED. But,
when the diode is not in the circuit, it requires the circuit to do less work. Also, it only works
when the grey side of the diode is on the right side.
Experiment 3 (Series and Parallel Resistors)
Observations:
Circuit
A
B
C

LED Brightness
Bright
Dim
Brighter

Amperage
0.0106
0.0053
0.02121

Discussion:
1. In circuit A, the brightness is medium, circuit B is low and C is high.
2. Since the resistance for circuit A is 470 , it is bright, circuit Bs resistance is
940 which makes it dim and circuit Cs resistance is 235 meaning it would be
brighter than the two circuits.
3. Circuit B was in series which it made it do more work than usual for the current to
pass which made it dim. Circuit C was parallel meaning it has 2 ways and it is
double the amperage of circuit A.
Conclusion:
The diode has to do more work which may cause the LED to get dimmer. The LED was too dim
that it could not be seen by a human eye.
Experiment 4a (A digital Motor)
Observation:
Input
High (+)
Low (-)

LED
On
Off

Discussion:
1. If both the wires are connected to negative, it will not work. This is because equal amount
charge means the current does not go home.
2. The digitial circuit works when the LED turns on and it does not work when the LED is
off.

Conclusion:
When the wires are in negative (-) and positive (+), the circuit works and when bothof the wires
are in negaqtive (-), the circuit does not work.
Experiment 4b (A Digital Moitor)
Observation:
Input
High
Low

LED
On
off

Discussion:
1. Whne the input is low, the LED does not light up but, when input is high the LED lights
up.
2. If the wires are on high and high, the LED will not light up because the electrons cannot
flow, but when the wire is in high and low, the LED lights up since the electrons can flow.
Conclusion:
When both ends of the wire are in high the LED will work because the electrons can flow but
when the wire is in low (negative) the LED does not work since the electrons cannot flow.
Experiment 5 (7-Segment Display)
Pin #
1
2
3
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
14

LED Segment on
A
F
Does not connect
Left dot
E
D
Right dot
C
G
B
Does not connect

Conclusion:
A 7 segment display has small LEDs in it which light up when the wires are connected. If all the
wires are connected, the LEDs would form an 8.
Experiment 7 (OR Gates)
Observation:
Input A
High (1)

Input B
High (1)

Output (LED on or off)

On

High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

On
On
Off

Discussion:
1. When the inputs are high-high and high-low the LED lights up.
2. When the inputs are low-low the LED does not work.
Conclusion:
The LED lghts up when th einputs are high and it does not light up when the inputs are low.
Experiment 6 (AND Gate)
Observations:
Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED on or off)

On
Off
Off
Off

Discussion:
1. The LED works when the inputs are high. 1 for 1 = On (high for high), 1 for 0 & 0 for 0
= Off.
Conclusion:
The AND Gate allows the curetn to flow when both of the inputs are high.
Experiment 8 (Inverters)
Observations:
Input A
High (1)
Off
Low (0)
On
Discussion:
1. The circuit has been designed so that the current flows in one direction.
2. If two inverters are connected in series, the LED would be less brighter since it would
have to do more work.
Conclusion:
The inverter allows the current to flow differently.

Experiment 9 (NAND Gates)

Observations:
Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output
Off
On
On
Off

Discussion:
1. To make the LED work you would need high and low or low and high inputs.
2. The LED does not ligh tup when the inputs are high and high or low and low.
3. AND is positive and NAND is negative.
4. In AND, two same inputs cause the LED to turn on and in NAND, opposite inputs
cause the LED to turn on.
Conclusion:
The AND is positive and the NAND is negative. The AND works when there are two same
inputs and the NAND works when there are opposite inputs.
Experiment 10 (NOR Gates)
Observations:
Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output
Off
On
On
Off

Discussion:
1. High and low turns on and low and high turns on.
2. Low and low turns off as well as high and high.
3. N stands for negative in a NOR Gate.
4. In an OR Gate, two inputs need to be high to make the LED work and in NOR Gate,
one input needs to be high and the other should be low.
Conclusion:
High-high and low-low turns off whereas high-low and low-high turns on.
Experiment 11 (Exclusive OR Gates)
Observation:
Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output
Off
On
On
Off

Discussion:
1. High (1)-Low (0) = On, Low (0)-High (1) = On
2. Low (0)-Low (0) = Off, High (1)-High (1) = Off
Conclusion:
Therefore, when the inputs are high-low and low-high, the LED lights up and when the inputs
are high-high and low-low, the LED does not light up.
Experiment 16 (Digital Clock Circuit)
Observations:
Resistor
22 K
47 K
100 K
470 K
660 K
1M

Time sec./LED Cycle

48/10sec
22/10sec
16/10sec
4/10sec
5/10 sec
2/10sec

Discussion:
1. The chart shows that the numbets are decreasing meaning the higher the resistance
value is, the lower the number of blinks.
2. It could be used in real life when testing a resistor that is being used by counting the
number of blinks.
3. If a different capacitor was used, the LED might have blinked faster or slower. Also,
the energy stored in the capacitor might be less or more.
Conclusion:
The lower the resistance value is, the higher the number of blinks the LED does.