UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Chapter 7.2

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Fluid Velocity in Annulus

Particle Slip Velocity
Particle Reynolds Number
Friction Coefficient
Example
Iterative Solution Method
Alternative Solution Method
API RP 13D Method

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Historically, when an operator felt that the hole was not

being cleared of cuttings at a satisfactory rate, he
would:
Increase the circulation rate
Thicken the mud
(increase YP/PV)

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PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

More recent analysis shows that:

Turbulent flow cleans the hole better.

Pipe rotation aids cuttings removal.

With water as drilling fluid, annular velocities of 100-125
ft./min are generally adequate (vertical wells)

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A relatively flat velocity profile is

better than a highly pointed one.
Mud properties can be modified to
obtain a flatter profile in laminar flow
e.g., decrease n
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Density & Velocity

Drilled cuttings typically have a

density of about 21 lb/gal.
Since the fluid density is less
than 21 lb/gal the cuttings will
tend to settle, or slip relative to
the drilling mud.
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Vslip
_

V f luid

Vparticle

V partic le V f luid V s lip

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Velocity Profile

The slip velocity can be reduced by modifying the

mud properties such that the velocity profile is
flattened:
Increase the ratio (YP/PV)
(yield point/plastic viscosity)

or

Decrease the value of n

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Plug Flow
Plug Flow is good for hole cleaning.
Plug flow refers to a completely flat
velocity profile.
The shear rate is zero where the
velocity profile is flat.

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Newtonian Fluids:
The terminal velocity of a small spherical particle
settling (slipping) through a Newtonian fluid under
Laminar flow conditions is given by STOKES LAW:

138( s f )d s
vs

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PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

vs
Where

138( s f )d s

v s slip velocity, ft/s

s density of solid particle, lbm/gal
f density of fluid, lbm/gal
ds diameter of particle, in
fluid viscosity, cp

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Stokes Law gives acceptable accuracy for a particle

Reynolds number < 0.1

NRe

928 f v s d s

For Nre > 0.1 an empirical friction factor

may be used.

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What forces act on a settling particle?

Non-spherical particles
experience relatively higher drag
forces

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Sphericities for Various Particle Shapes

Shape

Sphericity

Sphere

1.00

Octahedron 0.85
Cube

0.81

Prism
* * 2

0.77

* 2 * 3

0.73

Cylinders
h r/15

0.25

h r/3

0.59

h r

0.83

h 2r

0.87

h 20r

0.58

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Particle Reynolds Number

In field units,
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Based on real cuttings

vs 1.89

d s s
1

f f

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Slip Velocity Calculation (using Moores Correlation)

1. Calculate the flow velocity.
2. Determine the fluid n and K values.

3. Calculate the appropriate viscosity (apparent

viscosity).
4. Calculate the corresponding Particle Reynolds
number.

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Slip Velocity Calculation (using Moores graph)

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Reference

Chapter 4, Applied Drilling Engineering by

Chapter 5, Drilling Engineering by J.J. Azar and

G. Robello Samuel.

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