Fiji

For other uses, see Fiji (disambiguation).

Iloilo, whom the military had retained as the nominal

Head of State, formally abrogated the Constitution and
reappointed Bainimarama. Later in 2009, Iloilo was rei
Fiji ( /di/ FEE-jee Fijian: Viti; Fiji Hindi: ),
[16]
After
[8]
ocially the Republic of Fiji (Fijian: Matanitu Tu- placed as President by Ratu Epeli Nailatikau.
years of delays, a democratic election was held on 17
[9]
[10]
galala o Viti; Fiji Hindi:
Fiji Hindi: Ripablik ph Phj ), is an island country September 2014. Bainimaramas FijiFirst party won with
election was deemed credible
in Melanesia in the South Pacic Ocean about 1,100 59.2% of the vote, and the[17]
by
international
observers.
nautical miles (2,000 km; 1,300 mi) northeast of New
Zealand's North Island. Its closest neighbours are
Vanuatu to the west, New Caledonia to the southwest,
New Zealand's Kermadec Islands to the southeast, Tonga 1 Etymology
to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna
to the northeast, and Tuvalu to the north.
Fijis main island is known as Viti Levu and it is from this
Fiji is an archipelago of more than 332 islands, of which that the name Fiji is derived, though the common En110 are permanently inhabited, and more than 500 islets, glish pronunciation is based on that of their island neighamounting to a total land area of about 18,300 square bours in Tonga. Its emergence can be described as folkilometres (7,100 sq mi). The farthest island is Ono-i- lows:
Lau. The two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu,
account for 87% of the population of almost 860,000.
The capital and largest city, Suva, is on Viti Levu. About
three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levus coasts, either
in Suva or in smaller urban centres like Nadi (tourism)
or Lautoka (sugar cane industry). Viti Levus interior is
sparsely inhabited due to its terrain.[11]

Fijians rst impressed themselves on European consciousness through the writings of

the members of the expeditions of Cook who
met them in Tonga. They were described as
formidable warriors and ferocious cannibals,
builders of the nest vessels in the Pacic, but
not great sailors. They inspired awe amongst
the Tongans, and all their Manufactures, especially bark cloth and clubs, were highly valued
and much in demand. They called their home
Viti, but the Tongans called it Fisi, and it was
by this foreign pronunciation, Fiji, rst promulgated by Captain James Cook, that these
islands are now known.[18]

Fiji has one of the most developed economies in the Pacic due to an abundance of forest, mineral, and sh resources. Today, the main sources of foreign exchange
are its tourist industry and sugar exports.[12] The countrys currency is the Fijian dollar. Fijis local government, in the form of city and town councils, is supervised by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban
Development.[13]

Feejee, the Anglicised spelling of the Tongan

pronunciation,[19] was used in accounts and other writings until the late 19th century, by missionaries and other
travellers visiting Fiji.[20][21]

The majority of Fijis islands were formed through

volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago.
Today, some geothermal activity still occurs on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni.[14] Fiji has been inhabited since the second millennium BC, and was settled rst by Austronesians and later by Melanesians, with
some Polynesian inuences. Europeans visited Fiji from
the 17th century,[15] and, after a brief period as an independent kingdom, the British established the Colony of
Fiji in 1874. Fiji was a Crown colony until 1970, when
it gained independence as a Commonwealth realm. A republic was declared in 1987, following a series of coups
d'tat.

2 History
Main article: History of Fiji

Pottery art from Fijian towns shows that Fiji was settled
before or around 3500 to 1000 BC, although the question of Pacic migration still lingers. It is believed that
In a coup in 2006, Commodore Frank Bainimarama
the Lapita people or the ancestors of the Polynesians setseized power. When the High Court ruled in 2009 that the
tled the islands rst but not much is known of what bemilitary leadership was unlawful, President Ratu Josefa
came of them after the Melanesians arrived; they may
1

2 HISTORY

have had some inuence on the new culture, and archae- rationale that the spirit of the ritually sacriced person
ological evidence shows that they would have then moved would invoke the gods to help support the structure, and
on to Samoa, Tonga and even Hawai'i.
men were sacriced whenever posts had to be renewed
The rst settlements in Fiji were started by voyaging (Scarr, page 3). Also, when a new boat, or drua, was
traders and settlers from the west about 5000 years ago. launched, if it was not hauled over men as rollers, crushLapita pottery shards have been found at numerous exca- ing them to death, it would not be expected to oat long
vations around the country. Aspects of Fijian culture are (Scarr, page 19). Fijians today regard those times as
similar to the Melanesian culture of the western Pacic na gauna ni tevoro (time of the devil). The ferocity
of the cannibal lifestyle deterred European sailors from
but have a stronger connection to the older Polynesian
cultures. Trade between these three nations long before going near Fijian waters, giving Fiji the name Cannibal
Isles; as a result, Fiji remained unknown to the rest of the
European contact is quite obvious with canoes made from
[24]
native Fijian trees found in Tonga and Tongan words be- world.
ing part of the language of the Lau group of islands. Pots
made in Fiji have been found in Samoa and even the
Marquesas Islands.

Ratu Tanoa Visawaqa

Across 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) from east to west, Fiji

has been a nation of many languages. Fijis history was
one of settlement but also of mobility. Over the centuries, a unique Fijian culture developed. Constant warfare and cannibalism between warring tribes were quite
rampant and very much part of everyday life.[22] During
the 19th century, Ratu Udre Udre is said to have consumed 872 people and to have made a pile of stones to
record his achievement.[23] According to Deryck Scarr
(A Short History of Fiji, 1984, page 3), Ceremonial occasions saw freshly killed corpses piled up for eating. 'Eat me!' was a proper ritual greeting from a commoner to a chief. Scarr also reported that the posts that
supported the chiefs house or the priests temple would
have sacriced bodies buried underneath them, with the

A Fijian mountain warrior, photograph by Francis Herbert

Dufty, 1870s.

The Dutch explorer Abel Tasman visited Fiji in 1643

while looking for the Great Southern Continent.[25] Europeans settled on the islands permanently beginning in the
19th century.[26] The rst European settlers to Fiji were
beachcombers, missionaries, whalers, and those engaged
in the then booming sandalwood and bche-de-mer trade.
Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau was a Fijian chief and warlord from the island of Bau, o the eastern coast of Viti
Levu, who united part of Fijis warring tribes under his
leadership. He then styled himself as Tui Viti or King
of Fiji, and then Vunivalu, or Protector, after the cession of Fiji to the United Kingdom. The British subjugated the islands as a colony in 1874, and the British

3
brought over Indian contract labourers to work on the
sugar plantations as the rst governor of Fiji, Arthur
Charles Hamilton-Gordon, adopted a policy disallowing
the use of native labour or any interference in their culture or way of life. In 187576, an epidemic of measles
killed over 40,000 Fijians,[27] about one-third of the Fijian population.[28] The population in 1942 was approximately 210,000 of whom 94,000 were Indians, 102,000
native Fijians, 2,000 Chinese and 5,000 Europeans.[29]

2.1

Independence (1970)

The British granted Fiji independence in 1970. Democratic rule was interrupted by two military coups in 1987
precipitated by a growing perception that the government
was dominated by the Indo-Fijian (Indian) community.
The second 1987 coup saw both the Fijian monarchy and
the Governor General replaced by a non-executive president and the name of the country changed from Dominion
of Fiji to Republic of Fiji and then in 1997 to Republic of the Fiji Islands. The two coups and the accompanying civil unrest contributed to heavy Indo-Fijian emigration; the resulting population loss resulted in economic diculties and ensured that Melanesians became
the majority.[30]

ment of Mahendra Chaudhry, who in 1997 had become

the countrys rst Indo-Fijian Prime Minister following
the adoption of the new constitution. Commodore Frank
Bainimarama assumed executive power after the resignation, possibly forced, of President Ratu Sir Kamisese
Mara. Later in 2000, Fiji was rocked by two mutinies
when rebel soldiers went on a rampage at Suvas Queen
Elizabeth Barracks. The High Court ordered the reinstatement of the constitution, and in September 2001,
to restore democracy, a general election was held which
was won by interim Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase's
Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua party.
In 2005, the Qarase government amid much controversy
proposed a Reconciliation and Unity Commission with
power to recommend compensation for victims of the
2000 coup and amnesty for its perpetrators. However, the
military, especially the nations top military commander,
Frank Bainimarama, strongly opposed this bill. Bainimarama agreed with detractors who said that to grant
amnesty to supporters of the present government who had
played a role in the violent coup was a sham. His attack on
the legislation, which continued unremittingly throughout
May and into June and July, further strained his already
tense relationship with the government.
In late November and early December 2006, Bainimarama was instrumental in the 2006 Fijian coup d'tat.
Bainimarama handed down a list of demands to Qarase
after a bill was put forward to parliament, part of which
would have oered pardons to participants in the 2000
coup attempt. He gave Qarase an ultimatum date of 4 December to accede to these demands or to resign from his
post. Qarase adamantly refused either to concede or resign, and on 5 December the president, Ratu Josefa Iloilo,
was said to have signed a legal order dissolving the parliament after meeting with Bainimarama.

In 1990, the new constitution institutionalised ethnic Fijian domination of the political system. The Group
Against Racial Discrimination (GARD) was formed to
oppose the unilaterally imposed constitution and to restore the 1970 constitution. In 1992 Sitiveni Rabuka, the
Lieutenant Colonel who had carried out the 1987 coup,
became Prime Minister following elections held under the
new constitution. Three years later, Rabuka established
the Constitutional Review Commission, which in 1997
wrote a new constitution which was supported by most
leaders of the indigenous Fijian and Indo-Fijian commu- In April 2009, the Fiji Court of Appeal ruled that the
nities. Fiji was re-admitted to the Commonwealth of Na- 2006 coup had been illegal. This began the 2009 Fijian
constitutional crisis. President Iloilo abrogated the contions.
stitution, removed all oce holders under the constitution including all judges and the governor of the Central Bank. He then reappointed Bainimarama as prime
minister under his New Order and imposed a Public
Emergency Regulation limiting internal travel and allowing press censorship.
For a country of its size, Fiji has fairly large armed forces,
and has been a major contributor to UN peacekeeping
missions in various parts of the world. In addition, a signicant number of former military personnel have served
in the lucrative security sector in Iraq following the 2003
US-led invasion.

Levuka, 1842.

3 Geography

The year 2000 brought along another coup, instigated by Main article: Geography of Fiji
George Speight, which eectively toppled the govern- See also: Flora and fauna of Fiji

4 POLITICS

Fiji covers a total area of some 194,000 square kilome- tres (75,000 sq mi) of which around 10% is land.
Fiji is the hub of the South West Pacic, midway between
Vanuatu and Tonga. The archipelago is located between
176 53 east and 178 12 west. The 180 meridian runs
through Taveuni but the International Date Line is bent
to give uniform time (UTC+12) to all of the Fiji group.
With the exception of Rotuma, the Fiji group lies between
15 42 and 20 02 south. Rotuma is located 220 nautical
miles (410 km; 250 mi) north of the group, 360 nautical
miles (670 km; 410 mi) from Suva, 12 30 south of the
equator.

Fijis location in Oceania.

Fiji consists of 332[31] islands (of which 106 are inhabited) and 522 smaller islets. The two most important
islands are Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, which account for
about three-quarters of the total land area of the country. The islands are mountainous, with peaks up to 1,324
metres (4,341 ft), and covered with thick tropical forests.
The highest point is Mount Tomanivi on Viti Levu. Viti
Levu hosts the capital city of Suva, and is home to nearly
three-quarters of the population. Other important towns
include Nadi (the location of the international airport),
and Lautoka, Fijis second city with large sugar cane mills
and a seaport.
The main towns on Vanua Levu are Labasa and Savusavu.
Other islands and islandgroups include Taveuni and
Kadavu (the third and fourth largest islands, respectively),
the Mamanuca Group (just o Nadi) and Yasawa Group,
which are popular tourist destinations, the Lomaiviti
Group, o Suva, and the remote Lau Group. Rotuma,
some 270 nautical miles (500 km; 310 mi) north of the
archipelago, has a special administrative status in Fiji.

3.1 Climate

A map of Fiji

The climate in Fiji is tropical marine and warm year

round with minimal extremes. The warm season is from
November to April and the cooler season lasts from May
to October. Temperature in the cool season still averages
22 C (72 F).
Rainfall is variable, with the warm season experiencing
heavier rainfall, especially inland. Winds are moderate,
though cyclones occur about once a year (1012 times per
decade).[32]

4 Politics
Main article: Politics of Fiji

Coconut palms line the beaches of Fiji

Politics in Fiji normally take place in the framework

of a parliamentary representative democratic republic
wherein the Prime Minister of Fiji is the head of government and the President the Head of State, and of a
multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the

4.2

Armed forces and law enforcement

government, legislative power is vested in both the gov- On 2 May 2009, Fiji became the rst nation ever to have
ernment and the Parliament of Fiji, and the judiciary is been suspended from participation in the Pacic Islands
independent of the executive and the legislature.
Forum, for its failure to hold democratic elections by the
date promised.[38][39] Nevertheless, it remains a member
of the Forum.

4.1

2006 military takeover

Main article: 2006 Fijian coup d'tat

Citing corruption in the government, Commodore Josaia
Voreqe (Frank) Bainimarama, Commander of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces, staged a military takeover
on 5 December 2006 against the prime minister that
he had installed after the 2000 coup. There had been
two military coups in 1987 and one in 2000. The commodore took over the powers of the presidency and dissolved the parliament, paving the way for the military
to continue the takeover. The coup was the culmination of weeks of speculation following conict between
the elected prime minister, Laisenia Qarase, and Commodore Bainimarama. Bainimarama had repeatedly issued demands and deadlines to the prime minister. A particular issue was previously pending legislation to pardon
those involved in the 2000 coup. Bainimarama named
Jona Senilagakali as caretaker prime minister. The next
week Bainimarama said he would ask the Great Council of Chiefs to restore executive powers to the president,
Ratu Josefa Iloilo.[33]

On 1 September 2009, Fiji was suspended from the

Commonwealth of Nations. The action was taken because Cdre. Bainimarama failed to hold elections by
2010 as the Commonwealth of Nations had demanded
after the 2006 coup. Cdre. Bainimarama stated a need
for more time to end a voting system that heavily favoured
ethnic Fijians at the expense of the multi-ethnic minorities. Critics, however, claimed that he had suspended the
constitution and was responsible for human rights violations by arresting and detaining opponents.[40][41]
In his 2010 New Years address, Cdre. Bainimarama announced the lifting of the Public Emergency Regulations
(PER). The PER had been put in place in April 2009
when the former constitution was abrogated. The PER
had allowed restrictions on speech, public gatherings, and
censorship of news media and had given security forces
added powers. He also announced a nationwide consultation process leading to a new Constitution under which
the 2014 elections will be held.

On 14 March 2014, the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group voted to change Fijis full suspension from
the Commonwealth of Nations to a suspension from the
councils of the Commonwealth, allowing them to particOn 4 January 2007, the military announced that it was
ipate in a number of Commonwealth activities, including
restoring executive power to president Iloilo,[34] who
the 2014 Commonwealth Games.[42] The suspension was
made a broadcast endorsing the actions of the military.[35]
lifted in September 2014.[43]
The next day, Iloilo named Bainimarama as the interim
prime minister,[36] indicating that the military was still ef- A general election took place on 17 September 2014.
fectively in control. In the wake of the takeover, reports Bainimaramas FijiFirst party won with 59.2% of the
emerged of alleged intimidation of some of those critical vote, and the election was deemed credible by a group
of international observers from Australia, India and
of the interim regime.
Indonesia.[17]
On 9 April 2009, the Court of Appeal overturned the
High Court decision that Cdre. Bainimaramas takeover
of Qarases government was lawful and declared the interim government to be illegal. Bainimarama agreed to 4.2 Armed forces and law enforcement
step down as interim PM immediately, along with his
government, and president Iloilo was to appoint a distin- The military consists of the Republic of Fiji Military
guished person independent of the parties to this litiga- Forces (RFMF) with a total manpower of 3,500 active
tion as caretaker Prime Minister, ...to direct the issuance soldiers and 6,000 reservists, and includes a Navy Unit
of 300 personnel.
of writs for an election.
On 10 April 2009, President Iloilo suspended the Constitution of Fiji, dismissed the Court of Appeal and, in
his own words, appoint[ed] [him]self as the Head of the
State of Fiji under a new legal order.[37] As President,
Iloilo had been Head of State prior to his abrogation of
the Constitution, but that position had been determined
by the Constitution itself. The new legal order did not
depend on the Constitution, thus requiring a reappointment of the Head of State. You will agree with me that
this is the best way forward for our beloved Fiji, he said.
Bainimarama was re-appointed as Interim Prime Minister; he, in turn, re-instated his previous cabinet.

The Land Force comprises the Fiji Infantry Regiment

(regular and territorial force organised into six light infantry battalions), Fiji Engineer Regiment, Logistic Support Unit and Force Training Group. The two regular
battalions are traditionally stationed overseas on peacekeeping duties.
The Law Enforcement branch is composed of:
Fiji Police Force[44]
Fiji Corrections Service[45]

4.3

5 ECONOMY

Administrative divisions

Main article: Local government of Fiji

Fiji is divided into Four Major Divisions which are fur-

A proportional representation of Fijis exports.

tenure in the sugar industry. The expiration of leases

for sugar cane farmers (along with reduced farm and facA map of Fijis administrative divisions.
tory eciency) has led to a decline in sugar production
despite subsidies for sugar provided by the EU; Fiji has
ther divided into 14 provinces. They are:
been the second largest beneciary of sugar subsidies after Mauritius. Fijis vital gold mining industry based in
Central Division has 5 provinces: Naitasiri, Namosi,
Vatukoula, which shut down in 2006, was reactivated in
Rewa, Serua, and Tailevu.
2008.
Eastern Division has 3 provinces: Kadavu, Lau, and Urbanisation and expansion in the service sector have
Lomaiviti.
contributed to recent GDP growth. Sugar exports and a
rapidly growing tourist industry with tourists number Northern Division has 3 provinces:
Bua,
ing 430,800 in 2003[46] and increasing in the subsequent
Cakaudrove, and Macuata.
years are the major sources of foreign exchange. Fiji is
Western Division has 3 provinces: Ba, Nadroga- highly dependent on tourism for revenue. Sugar processing makes up one-third of industrial activity. Long-term
Navosa, and Ra.
problems include low investment and uncertain property
Fiji was also divided into 3 Confederacies or Govern- rights. The political turmoil in Fiji in the 1980s, the
ments during the reign of Seru Epenisa Cakobau, though 1990s, and 2000 had a severe impact on the economy,
these are not considered political divisions, they are still which shrank by 2.8% in 2000 and grew by only 1% in
considered important in the social divisions of the indige- 2001.
nous Fijians:

The tourism sector recovered quickly, however, with visitor arrivals reaching pre-coup levels in 2002, resulting in
a modest economic recovery which continued into 2003
and 2004 but grew by a mere 1.7% in 2005 and by 2.0% in
5 Economy
2006. Although ination is low, the policy indicator rate
of the Reserve Bank of Fiji was raised by 1% to 3.25%
Main article: Economy of Fiji
Endowed with forest, mineral, and sh resources, Fiji in February 2006 due to fears of excessive consumption
is one of the most developed of the Pacic island nanced by debt. Lower interest rates have so far not proeconomies, though still with a large subsistence sec- duced greater investment in exports.
tor. Some progress was experienced by this sector when However, there has been a housing boom due to declinMarion M. Ganey, S.J., introduced credit unions to the is- ing commercial mortgage rates. The tallest building in
lands in the 1950s. Natural resources include timber, sh, Fiji is the fourteen-storey Reserve Bank of Fiji Buildgold, copper, oshore oil, and hydropower. Fiji experi- ing in Suva, which was inaugurated in 1984. The Suva
enced a period of rapid growth in the 1960s and 1970s but Central Commercial Centre, which opened in November
stagnated in the 1980s. The coup of 1987 caused further 2005, was planned to outrank the Reserve Bank building
at seventeen stories, but last-minute design changes encontraction.
Economic liberalisation in the years following the coup sured that the Reserve Bank building remained the tallest.
created a boom in the garment industry and a steady Trade and investment with Fiji have been criticised due
growth rate despite growing uncertainty regarding land to the countrys military dictatorship.[47] In 2008, Fijis

5.2

Transport

interim Prime Minister and coup leader Frank Bain- residence:[52]

imarama announced election delays and said that Fiji
would pull out of the Pacic Islands Forum in Niue,
where Bainimarama was to have met with Australian 5.2 Transport
Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and New Zealand Prime
Main article: Transport in Fiji
Minister Helen Clark.[48]
The Nadi International Airport is located 9 kilometres
The South Pacic Stock Exchange (SPSE) is the only licensed securities exchange in Fiji and is based in Suva.
Its vision is to become a regional exchange.

5.1

Tourism

Nadi airport Arrivals.

An island in the Mamanuca Islands group.

Fiji has a signicant amount of tourism with the popular regions being Nadi, the Coral Coast, Denarau Island,
and Mamanuca Islands. The biggest sources of international visitors by country are Australia, New Zealand
and the United States.[49] Fiji has a signicant number
of soft coral reefs, and scuba diving is a common tourist
activity.[50]
Fijis attraction is primarily its white sandy beaches and
aesthetically pleasing islands with all-year-round tropical weather. In general, Fiji is a mid-range priced holiday/vacation destination with most of the accommodations in this range. It also has a variety of world class
ve-star resorts and hotels. More budget resorts are being
opened in remote areas, which will provide more tourism
opportunities.[50]
Ocial statistics show that in 2012, 75% of visitors stated
that they came for a holiday/vacation.[51] Honeymoons
are very popular as are romantic getaways in general.
There are also family friendly resorts with facilities for
young children including kids clubs and nanny options.

The Yasawa Flyer connects Port Denarau near Nadi with the
Yasawa Islands.

(5.6 mi) north of central Nadi and is the largest Fijian

hub.[54] Nausori International Airport is about 23 kilometres (14 mi) northeast of downtown Suva and serves
mostly domestic trac. The main airport in the second
largest island of Vanua Levu is Labasa Airport[55] located
at Waiqele, southwest of Labasa Town. The largest aircraft handled by Labasa Airport is the ATR42. Airports
Fiji Limited (AFL) is responsible for the operation of
15 public airports in the Fiji Islands. These include two
international airports: Nadi international Airport, Fijis
main international gateway, and Nausori Airport, Fijis
domestic hub, and 13 outer island airports. Fijis main
airline was previously known as Air Pacic, but is now
known as Fiji Airways.[56]

Fiji has several popular tourism destinations. The Botanical Gardens of Thursten in Suva, Sigatoka Sand Dunes,
and Colo-I-Suva Forest Park are three options on the Fijis larger islands have extensive bus routes that are
mainland (Viti Levu). A major attraction on the outer aordable and consistent in service.[50] There are bus
islands is scuba diving.
stops, and in rural areas buses are often simply hailed as
Most visitors arriving to Fiji on short term basis in they approach.[50] Buses are the principal form of public
2012 were from the following countries or regions of transport[57] and passenger movement between the towns

6 SOCIETY

on the main islands. Buses also serve on roll-on-roll-o

inter-island ferries. Bus fares and routes are heavily regulated by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). Bus and
taxi drivers hold Public Service Licenses (PSVs) issued
by the LTA.
Taxis are licensed by the LTA and operate widely all over
the country. Apart from urban, town-based taxis, there
are others that are licensed to serve rural or semi-rural
areas. The agfall for regular taxis is F$1.50 and tari is
F$0.10 for every 200 meters.[58] For taxis that are allowed
to charge Value Added Tax (VAT), the agfall is F$1.50
and tari is F$0.30 for the rst 200 meters, and F$0.11
for every 200 meters thereafter. Taxis operating out of
Fijis international airport, Nadi charge a agfall of F$5.
The elderly and Government welfare recipients are given
a 20% discount on their taxi fares.[59]
Inter-island ferries provide services between Fijis principal islands and large vessels operate roll-on-roll-o services, transporting vehicles and large amounts of cargo
between the main island of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu,
and other smaller islands.

6
6.1

Society
Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Fiji

Native Fijian women, 1935

The 2007 census found that the permanent population

of Fiji was 837,000. The population density at the time
was 45.8 inhabitants per square kilometre. The life expectancy in Fiji was 72.1 years. Since the 1930s the population of Fiji has increased at a rate of 1.1% per year.
The population is dominated by the 1564 age segment.
The median age of the population was 27.9, and the gender ratio was 1.03 males per 1 female.

6.2

Ethnic groups

The population of Fiji is mostly made up of native Fijians, who are Melanesians (54.3%), although many also
have Polynesian ancestry, and Indo-Fijians (38.1%), descendants of Indian contract labourers brought to the islands by the British colonial powers in the 19th century.
The percentage of the population of Indo-Fijian descent
has declined signicantly over the last two decades due
to migration for various reasons.[60] Indo-Fijians suered
reprisals for a period after the Fiji coup of 2000.[61][62]
There is also a small but signicant group of descendants
of indentured labourers from the Solomon Islands.
About 1.2% are Rotumannatives of Rotuma Island,
whose culture has more in common with countries such as
Tonga or Samoa than with the rest of Fiji. There are also
small but economically signicant groups of Europeans,

Chinese, and other Pacic island minorities. The total

membership of other ethnic groups of Pacic Islanders is
about 7,300.
Relationships between ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians in
the political arena have often been strained, and the tension between the two communities has dominated politics
in the islands for the past generation. The level of political
tension varies among dierent regions of the country.[63]

6.3 Demonym
Within Fiji, the term Fijian refers solely to indigenous Fijians: it denotes an ancestral ethnicity, not a nationality.
Constitutionally, citizens of Fiji are referred to as Fiji Islanders though the term Fiji Nationals is used for ocial
purposes. In August 2008, shortly before the proposed
Peoples Charter for Change, Peace and Progress was due
to be released to the public, it was announced that it recommended a change in the name of Fijis citizens. If the
proposal were adopted, all citizens of Fiji, whatever their
ethnicity, would be called Fijians. The proposal would
change the English name of indigenous Fijians from Fijians to itaukei, the Fijian language endonym for indigenous Fijians.[64]

6.5

Religion

Deposed Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase reacted by stating that the name Fijian belonged exclusively to indigenous Fijians, and that he would oppose any change in
legislation enabling non-indigenous Fijians to use it.[65]
The Methodist Church, to which a large majority of indigenous Fijians belong, also reacted strongly to the proposal, stating that allowing any Fiji citizen to call themselves Fijian would be daylight robbery inicted on
the indigenous population.[66]
In an address to the nation during the constitutional crisis
of April 2009, military leader and interim Prime Minister
Voreqe Bainimarama, who has been at the forefront of the
attempt to change the denition of Fijian, stated:

9
Cakobau, the chief who eventually became the selfproclaimed King of Fiji.
[72]

6.5 Religion
Main article: Religion in Fiji
According to the 2007 census, 64.4% of the popula-

I know we all have our dierent ethnicities,

our dierent cultures and we should, we must,
celebrate our diversity and richness. However,
at the same time we are all Fijians. We are all
equal citizens. We must all be loyal to Fiji; we
must be patriotic; we must put Fiji rst.[67]
In May 2010, Attorney-General Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum
reiterated that the term Fijian should apply to all Fiji
nationals, but the statement was again met with protest.
A spokesperson for the Viti Landowners and Resource
Owners Association claimed that even fourth-generation
descendants of migrants did not fully understand what it
takes to be a Fijian, and added that the term refers to a
legal standing, since legislation aords specic rights to
Fijians (meaning, in legislation, indigenous Fijians).[68]
Fiji academic Brij Lal, although a prominent critic of the
Bainimarama government,[69][70] said he would not be
surprised if the new denition of the word Fijian were
included in the governments projected new Constitution,
and that he personally saw no reason the term Fijian
should not apply to everyone from Fiji.[71]

Sri Siva Subramaniya Hindu temple, Nadi

tion at the time was Christian, followed by 27.9% Hindu,

6.3% Muslim, 0.8% non-religious, 0.3% Sikh, and the
remaining 0.3% belonging to other religions.[73] Among
Christians, 54% were counted as Methodist, followed
by 14.2% Catholic, 8.9% Assemblies of God, 6.0%
Seventh-day Adventist, 1.2% Anglican, with the remaining 16.1% belonging to other denominations.[73]

The largest Christian denomination is the Methodist

Church of Fiji and Rotuma. (The general secretary is
Revd Tuikilakila Waqairatu.) With 34.6%[73] of the population (including almost two-thirds of ethnic Fijians),
the proportion of the population adhering to Methodism
is higher in Fiji than in any other nation. In 2012, per6.4 Languages
mission was granted by the government for Methodists
to hold their annual conference, for the rst time in four
Main article: Languages of Fiji
years, with the conditions that the conference not coincide with the national Hibiscus Festival and should only
Fijian is an Austronesian language of the Malayo- last for three days, and that no political matters were to
Polynesian family spoken in Fiji. It has 350,000 rst- be discussed, only church matters.[74]
language speakers, which is less than half the population Roman Catholics have their proper Metropolitan
of Fiji, but another 200,000 speak it as a second language. Archdiocese of Suva, whose province also includes the
The 1997 Constitution established Fijian as an ocial dioceses of Raratonga (on the Cook Islands, for those
language of Fiji, along with English and Fiji Hindi, and and Niue, both New Zealand-associated countries) and
there has been discussion about establishing it as the na- Tarawa and Nauru (with see at Tarawa on Kiribati,
tional language, though English and Hindi would remain also for Nauru) and the Mission Sui Iuris of Tokelau
ocial. Fijian is a VOS language.
(again with New Zealand). This reects that much major
The Fiji Islands developed many dialects, which may be
classied in two major branches eastern and western.
Missionaries in the 1840s chose an Eastern dialect, the
speech of Bau Island o the southeast coast of the main
island of Viti Levu, to be the written standard of the
Fijian language. Bau Island was home to Seru Epenisa

Roman Catholic missionary activity was conducted

through the former Apostolic Prefecture (created in
1863 from the Apostolic Vicariate of Central Oceania),
then Apostolic Vicariate of Fiji, which has since been
promoted to Archdiocese of Suva, which spans the whole
of Fiji.

10

7 CULTURE

Furthermore, the Assemblies of God, the Seventh-day

Adventists and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints (LDS Church) are signicant. Fiji also is the
base for the Anglican Diocese of Polynesia (part of the
Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia). These and other denominations have small numbers
of Indo-Fijian members; Christians of all kinds comprise
6.1% of the Indo-Fijian population.
Hindus belong mostly to the Sanatan sect (74.3% of all
Hindus) or else are unspecied (22%). The small Arya
Samaj sect claims the membership of some 3.7% of
Hindus in Fiji. Muslims are mostly Sunni (96.4%) following the Hana school of jurisprudence, with a small
Ahmadiyya minority (3.6%). The Sikh religion comprises 0.9% of the Indo-Fijian population, or 0.4% of
the national population in Fiji. Their ancestors originated from the Punjab region of India; they are a fairly
recent wave of immigrants who did not live through the
indenture system. The Bah' Faith has over 21 local
Spiritual Assemblies throughout Fiji, and Baha'is live in
more than 80 localities.[75] The rst Baha'i in the islands
was a New Zealander who arrived in 1924.[75] There is
also a small Jewish population of about 60 people.[76] Every year the Israeli Embassy organises a Passover celebration with about 50-60 people attending.[76]

6.6

Education

Further information: Education in Fiji

Primary school education in Fiji is compulsory, and free
for eight years.[77] As of 2001, attendance was decreasing
due to security concerns and the burden of school fees, often due to the cost of transport.[77] Following the government coup in May 2000, more than 5,000 students were
reported to have left school.[77]

Culture

Huts in the village of Navala in the Nausori Highlands.

Fijis culture was showcased at the World Exposition held

in Vancouver, Canada, in 1986 and more recently at
the Shanghai World Expo 2010, along with other Pacic
countries in the Pacic Pavilion.[78]

7.1 Holidays and festivals

See also: List of festivals in Fiji
This is a list of holidays celebrated in Fiji:[79]
New Years Day
Good Friday
Easter Saturday
Easter Monday
Fiji Day
Diwali

Christmas
Main articles: Culture of Fiji and Music of Fiji
Boxing Day
Fijis culture is a rich mosaic of indigenous Fijian, IndoFijian, Asian and European traditions, comprising social
Prophet Mohammeds Birthday
polity, language, food (coming mainly from the sea, plus
casava, dalo (taro) and other vegetables), costume, belief systems, architecture, arts, craft, music, dance, and
The exact dates of public holidays vary from year to year,
sports.
but the dates for the next year can be found at the Fiji
While indigenous Fijian culture and traditions are very Government Web Site
vibrant and are integral components of everyday life
The following holidays are no longer celebrated in Fiji:
for the majority of Fijis population, Fijian society has
evolved over the past century with the introduction of tra Queens Ocial Birthday[80]
ditions such as Indian and Chinese as well as signicant
inuences from Europe and Fijis Pacic neighbours, par National Youth Day
ticularly Tonga and Samoa. Thus, the various cultures of
Fiji have come together to create a unique multicultural
Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna Day[81]
national identity.

7.2

7.2

Sport

11

Sport

cic Islands Rugby Alliance (PIRA) formerly along with

Samoa and Tonga. In 2009, Samoa announced their departure from the Pacic Islands Rugby Alliance, leaving
Main article: Sport in Fiji
just Fiji and Tonga in the union. Fiji is currently ranked
eleventh in the world by the IRB (as of 28 December
Sports are very popular in Fiji, particularly sports involv2015).
ing physical contact. Fijis national sport is Rugby Sevens.
Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the
main sport. There are about 80,000 registered players
7.2.1 Rugby union
from a total population of around 950,000. One of the
problems for Fiji is simply getting their players to play
for their home country, as many have contracts in Europe
or with Super Rugby teams, where monetary compensation is far more rewarding. The repatriated salaries of its
overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies. In addition, a signicant number of players eligible to play for Fiji end up representing Australia
or New Zealand; notable examples are Fiji-born cousins
and former New Zealand All Blacks, Joe Rokocoko and
Sitiveni Sivivatu, current All Black Waisake Naholo as
well as Australian Wallabies former winger, Lote Tuqiri
and current wallabies Tevita Kuridrani, Henry Speight.
Fiji has won the most Pacic Tri-Nations Championships
of the three participating teams.
The Fiji national rugby union team during the 2007 Rugby World
Cup playing against Canada

7.2.2 Rugby league

Main article: Rugby union in Fiji
Main article: Rugby league in Fiji
Rugby Union is the most-popular team sport played in
The Fiji national rugby league team, nicknamed the Bati
Fiji.
(pronounced [mbati]), represents Fiji in the sport of
The Fiji national sevens side is one of the most popular
rugby league football and has been participating in interand successful rugby sevens teams in the world, and has
national competition since 1992. It has competed in the
won the Hong Kong Sevens a record twelve times since
Rugby League World Cup on three occasions, with their
its inception in 1976. Fiji has also won the Rugby World
best results coming when they made consecutive semiCup Sevens twice in 1997 and 2005 (coincidentally,
nal appearances in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup
the two times it has been held in Hong Kong). The Fiji
and 2013 Rugby League World Cup. The team also comnational rugby union sevens team is currently the reigning
petes in the Pacic Cup.
Sevens World Series Champions in World Rugby and will
feature in the Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics in Members of the team are selected from a domestic Fijian competition, as well as from competitions held in
2016.
New Zealand and Australia. For the 2000, 2008 and 2013
The national rugby union team is very successful given
World Cups, the Bati were captained by Lote Tuqiri, Wes
the size of the population of the country, and has comNaiqama and the legendary Petero Civoniceva respecpeted at ve Rugby World Cup competitions, the rst betively. Fiji have also produced stars like Akuila Uate,
ing in 1987, where they reached the quarter-nals. The
Jarryd Hayne, Kevin Naiqama, Semi Tadulala, Marika
Fiji national side did not match that feat again until the
Koroibete, Apisai Koroisau, Sisa Waqa and the Sims
2007 Rugby World Cup when they upset Wales 3834 to
brothers Ashton Sims, Tariq Sims and Korbin Sims
progress to the quarter-nals where they nearly beat the
eventual Rugby World Cup winners, South Africa. Fiji
also defeated the British and Irish Lions in 1977.
7.2.3 Rugby war dance (Cibi and Bole)
Fiji competes in the Pacic Tri-Nations and the IRB Pacic Nations Cup. The sport is governed by the Fiji
Rugby Union which is a member of the Pacic Islands
Rugby Alliance, and contributes to the Pacic Islanders
rugby union team. At the club level there are the Skipper
Cup and Farebrother Trophy Challenge.

The Cibi (pronounced Thimbi) war dance was traditionally performed by the Fiji rugby team before each match.
It was replaced in 2012 with the new Bole (pronounced
mBolay) war cry.

Tradition holds that the original Cibi was rst performed

The Fiji national rugby union team is a member of the Pa- on the rugby eld back in 1939 during a tour of New

12

REFERENCES

Zealand, when then Fijian captain Ratu Sir George

Cakobau felt that his team should have something to
match the Haka of the All Blacks. The 'Cibi' had perhaps
been used incorrectly though, as the word actually means
a celebration of victory by warriors, whereas 'Bole' is
the acceptance of a challenge.

[3] Fiji. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 18 April

2012.

7.2.4

[6] FJST Fiji Summer Time. timeanddate.com. Retrieved 24 October 2012.

Association football

Association football was traditionally a minor sport in

Fiji, popular largely amongst the Indo-Fijian community,
but with international funding from FIFA and sound local
management over the past decade, the sport has grown in
popularity in the wider Fijian community. It is now the
second most-popular sport in Fiji after rugby (union 15s
and union 7s).
The Fiji Football Association is a member of the Oceania
Football Confederation. The national football team defeated New Zealand 20 in the 2008 OFC Nations
Cup,[82] on their way to a joint-record third-place nish.
However, they have never reached a FIFA World Cup to
date. Fiji won the Pacic Games football tournament in
1991 and 2003.
7.2.5

Cricket

Cricket is a minor sport in Fiji. The Cricket Fiji is an

Associate member of International Cricket Council. Fiji
U19 cricket team won the 2015 edition of the tournament, and consequently qualied for the 2016 Under-19
World Cup, becoming the rst team outside of Papua
New Guinea to qualify from the region.

See also
Bua (Fijian Communal Constituency, Fiji)
Fiji Meteorological Service
Foreign relations of Fiji
Index of Fiji-related articles
Outline of Fiji
Telecommunications in Fiji
Visa policy of Fiji

References

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[62] "Dealing with the dictator". The Australian (Sydney). 16

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[64] Charter proposes common Fijian name at the Wayback

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[65] The Name Fijian Belongs to Indigenous Qarase, FijiVillage, 8 August 2008
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Derrick, Ronald Albert (1951). The Fiji Islands: A
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Lal, Brij V. (1992). Broken Waves: A History of
the Fiji Islands in the Twentieth Century. University
of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1418-5. Details of
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Mckler, Hermann (2002). Back to the Chessboard: The Coup and the Re-Emergence of Precolonial Rivalries in Fiji. In Kolig, Erich; Mckler,
Hermann. Politics of Indigeneity in the South Pacic. Hamburg: LIT Verlag. pp. 143158. ISBN
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Derrick, Ronald Albert (1957). A History of Fiji.
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1985
Scarr, Deryck (1984). Fiji: A Short History. Sydney,
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Waterhouse, Joseph (1998). The King and People
of Fiji. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-82481920-9.

[80] Fiji dumps Queens birthday holiday. ABC News, Australia (1 August 2012).

11 External links

[81] Public holidays claried. Ministry of Information, Fiji.

22 March 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2012.

Government

[82] Oceanian Nations Cup 2008. Retrieved 6 September

2009.

EXTERNAL LINKS

Ocial Website of the Government of Fiji

Chief of State and Cabinet Members

10

Further reading

Fiji Bureau of Statistics

Bahadur, Gaiutra (2014). Coolie Woman: The General information

Odyssey of Indenture. The University of Chicago.
ISBN 978-0-226-21138-1.
Wikimedia Atlas of Fiji

15
Geographic data related to Fiji at OpenStreetMap
Fiji entry at The World Factbook
Fiji at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Fiji at DMOZ
Fiji prole from the BBC News
Key Development Forecasts
International Futures

for

Fiji

from

The Fiji Times News, Sport and Weather from Fijis

leading newspaper
Coordinates: 18S 179E / 18S 179E

16

12

12
12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Pluribus Anthony, Flcelloguy, The Rambling Man, Windsor, YurikBot, Wavelength, Wester, Phantomsteve, RussBot, DanMS, IanManka,
Stephenb, Chamdarae, Shell Kinney, Rsrikanth05, Pseudomonas, UKWiki, Wimt, NawlinWiki, Wiki alf, Joshdboz, Grafen, Arichnad,
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Doldrums, 21655, Zzuuzz, Gregzeng, Ninly, Nikkimaria, KGasso, BorgQueen, GraemeL, CWenger, Americanedol, POds, RenamedUser
jaskldjslak904, CapPixel, David Biddulph, Katieh5584, Kungfuadam, NeilN, Fastifex, GrinBot~enwiki, Roke, Je Silvers, Amberrock,
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Roger Davies, Cubs Fan, David Kernow, Estoy Aqu, Herostratus, Mysterius, KnowledgeOfSelf, Hydrogen Iodide, Shoy, Pgk, Goldshbutt, Saimdusan, Phaldo, Bomac, KocjoBot~enwiki, SKC, EncycloPetey, Delldot, Cvene64, Boris Barowski, Kintetsubualo, Edgar181,
Mauls, Yopie, Ga, Xaosux, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Polaron, Carl.bunderson, Cs-wolves, Jake Larsen, Scaife, Lovecz, Keegan, Timbouctou, Persian Poet Gal, MK8, Thumperward, Olibird, MalafayaBot, Timneu22, Hibernian, Akanemoto, ERobson, Jfsamper,
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MJCdetroit, Matthew, Gala.martin, Xiner, VMS Mosaic, Rarelibra, Khoikhoi, Jmlk17, Masalai, ConMan, Flyguy649, Kneale, Weregerbil,
Astroview120mm, Crd721, Kahuroa, Mostlyharmless, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Ck lostsword, Kukini, Drunken Pirate, Ohconfucius, Panthro,
Alokchakrabarti, EmirA~enwiki, Chwech, Xdamr, Rauterkus, Giovanni33, KLLvr283, Kuru, AmiDaniel, Buchanan-Hermit, Evenios,
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NickW557, Logical2u, Lgh, Tom Hillstrom, Neelix, Xava, Maxim75, WeisheitSuchen, RoddyYoung, Error411, Cydebot, Matthobbs05,
Kanags, Gogo Dodo, Red Director, FellowWikipedian, Flowerpotman, Catalyst in Society, Chasingsol, Thrr, Q43, Tawkerbot4, Christian75, SimonDeDanser, UberScienceNerd, Tewapack, Nadirali, CieloEstrellado, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Biruitorul, TonyTheTiger, Heeji,
Daniel, 23prootie, Mojo Hand, Anupam, Tapa.co.nz, Ahmed27, Zulkkur, Bobblehead, Merbabu, Patel24, Tellyaddict, AbdulQadir, Brrryan, Dfrg.msc, AgentPeppermint, CharlotteWebb, Therequiembellishere, Tiki Nss, Dawnseeker2000, Natalie Erin, AlefZet, Escarbot,
AntiVandalBot, Yupik, RobotG, Widefox, StringRay, Shirt58, Pcrc06, Quintote, Dr. Blofeld, DarkAudit, Credema, ARTEST4ECHO,
Spencer, Yellowdesk, Babakexorramdin, Res2216restar, JAnDbot, Deective, Husond, Davewho2, JenLouise, MER-C, The Transhumanist, Giler, Googlesu~enwiki, Maias, Rulesfan, Acroterion, Bencherlite, Petrux, Bataluis, Henning Blatt, Schwans, Bongwarrior, VoABot II,
Scanlan, Chevinki, Bertramdhellemmes, Mclay1, Think outside the box, Ling.Nut, Noisettes, Rami R, Recurring dreams, Mattbray, The
Anomebot2, Avicennasis, Bubba hotep, Catgut, Atb129, Ahecht, Keserian, Chivista~enwiki, DerHexer, AndyI, JediLofty, TheRanger,
Islandgal, Johnrhowson, CeeWhy2, Rickard Vogelberg, FisherQueen, Kornfan71, Kumarnator, MartinBot, Juicemarie, Dythy, UnfriendlyFire, John Millikin, Miraculousrandomness, Anaxial, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, ASDFGH, AlexiusHoratius, Nono64, Paulmcdonald,
Praveen211, PrestonH, LedgendGamer, Tgeairn, El0i, Dinkytown, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Davidbrent, DrKay, Trusilver, EscapingLife, Rrostrom, Lizrael, Yonidebot, Extransit, G. Campbell, Dedee73, Gzkn, Croc123, Poopdeck90210, Katalaveno, Abhijitsathe,
McSly, Naniwako, Skier Dude, Tony360X, Ppshy1, Berserkerz Crit, Plasticup, Mankind 2k, NewEnglandYankee, Radar33, In Transit,
Anietor, Touch Of Light, Andyyo, Flatterworld, Tweakh, Sunderland06, KylieTastic, Juliancolton, Cometstyles, Smith.dan, Rnricklefs,
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Drappel, Joren, Seb az86556, Vgranucci, Wikiperuvian, Cremepu222, Wandering canadian, Gibson Flying V, Wiae, Jukanaka, Bmwall91,
Goswans1, Nrambaud, RadiantRay, Billinghurst, MacTire, Dog4life1992, Burneel, Synthebot, Falcon8765, Enviroboy, Sylent, Rinay,
Harthart~enwiki, Why Not A Duck, Markborg, Brianga, AlleborgoBot, Michael Frind, Logan, Mars2035, Movedgood, Chuck Sirloin,
NHRHS2010, EmxBot, Omarpeppy, Demmy, Msiron, SPQRobin, Gaelen S., Thw1309, Obaidz96, Mark lindamood, Johnlake44, SieBot,
StAnselm, Jim Dandalous, Wizard 109109, Tiddly Tom, Sheppa28, Euryalus, WereSpielChequers, BotMultichill, Gerakibot, Dawn Bard,
Hamster X, Sean a. rose, Tom pearce 101, Vanished User 8a9b4725f8376, Blake3522, Keilana, Cincydude55, Chriswaz, Toddst1, Flyer22
Reborn, HkCaGu, LibStar, Oda Mari, Bookermorgan, Merliomar~enwiki, Cupcakej1, Oxymoron83, Antonio Lopez, Faradayplank, Avnjay, Lightmouse, Hobartimus, Rastabilly, Henners6794, Matt Smith75, SaliDTK, La Parka Your Car, Mitch1981, Angielaj, Sean.hoyland,

12.2

Images

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TaerkastUA, Florentino oro, Denisarona, C0nanPayne, Emberstone777, USA306, Gr8opinionater, ImageRemovalBot, WikipedianMarlith, Faithlessthewonderboy, Loren.wilton, Elassint, ClueBot, Shaunheath, NickCT, Kkbabelol, Jacobi kitchen-gurney, Kotniski, The Thing
That Should Not Be, Remus John Lupin, R V H, Icarusgeek, EoGuy, RashersTierney, Paul K., Nnemo, XPTO, WDavis1911, Delta40,
Keegansmells, CrazyRepublican, THE GREAT HOUDINI, Jonnymo987, SuperHamster, Marktristan, CounterVandalismBot, J brack18,
Niceguyedc, Assmaniac, RafaAzevedo, Piledhigheranddeeper, Sanjaymaharaj, Trivialist, Cirt, Bhitro1, DragonBot, Jibzzzy, Detroiterbot,
Excirial, Quercus basaseachicensis, Alexbot, Jusdafax, Jwkozak91, Eeekster, Lartoven, Sun Creator, Iamnotaterrorist, Rasheed maheem,
Kryptonian250, Tnxman307, Royalmate1, Dekisugi, Thehelpfulone, Uganda121, Rekker, RenamedUser jaskldjslak901, Thingg, Aitias,
Silas Maxeld, Samantha555, Subash.chandran007, Versus22, Burner0718, Antun Gustav, Brizdle, SoxBot III, Keegz101, Bcherwrmlein, Liberal Humanist, Nafsadh, Vanished User 1004, Darkicebot, XLinkBot, Emborob, Fastily, Jma0211, Jovianeye, Rror, Skarebo,
WikHead, Ism schism, SilvonenBot, Nerdface19203, Mm40, 12345abcxyz20082009, Megapen, KAVEBEAR, MystBot, Good Olfactory, Gggh, HexaChord, Iznican, Luwilt, Chris1299, Cunard, Proofreader77, Bigowly17, Narayansg, Willking1979, Corvus13~enwiki,
Non-dropframe, Aaronjhill, Miner00141, Apoyon, M.nelson, Senilangakali, Elvisman1994, Ronhjones, Amazong, Jenrosales, Jncraton,
Fieldday-sunday, CanadianLinuxUser, Ka Faraq Gatri, Cst17, Download, LaaknorBot, Chamal N, CarsracBot, Aloar, Glane23, Glass
Sword, Lacey1234, Chzz, ChenzwBot, Gdog2, Caseman3344, Jodete, Pokeyx99, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Bguras puppy, BrianKnez,
Lightbot, BenettonHuhera, Isderion, Teles, Lottosupport, HerculeBot, Waltloc, Team4Technologies, Genius101, Luckas-bot, Yobot, 2D,
Terrisknickers, Senator Palpatine, Fraggle81, Amirobot, Tp 2k7, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Worm That Turned, QueenCake, TestEditBot, Againme, Synchronism, AnomieBOT, HairyPerry, Jfkscw2, Judo112, Oshoresurf, Rubinbot, Lavallen, Jim1138, Tucoxn, 9258fahskh917fas, Davidzundel, Gc9580, LlywelynII, Kingpin13, Llumanwyr, The cama family, Crystal whacker, Rinity, Mahmudmasri, Giants27, Materialscientist, Smallfrycjl, E2eamon, Maniadis, Upinthehills, Sven70, Neurolysis, ArthurBot, Quebec99, LilHelpa, Guillermo
Ugarte, Laicox, MauritsBot, Xqbot, Zeno Panthakree, Intermess, Night w, The Banner, Joshpwnz, Egxsmaxi11, YBG, BritishWatcher,
Srich32977, J04n, GrouchoBot, O2riorob, Abce2, Miesianiacal, Dangersebastian, ProtectionTaggingBot, ArkinAardvark, Frankie0607,
RibotBOT, Jopach, Brutaldeluxe, Sophus Bie, Fashionableponcho, Baodiwei, KaivitiTeen, Shadowjams, 8bigsis, iedas, Ahmed Nisar,
Mike4real, Cekli829, Tktru, Frozenevolution, Jubunooget, FrescoBot, Jonty4113, LucienBOT, Tobby72, Kembb001, Goajoel, Recognizance, Alarics, Qiliho, Blahblahgrlz1, Doctoraasix000x, D400j2000, Weetoddid, A Werewolf, Resurr Section, HamburgerRadio, Killian441, Amplitude101, Davique, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Elockid, HRoestBot, Wetawoman, Cool Stu Is Cool, MJ94, Goldenpinkie, Tom991, Lars Washington, Zachary Klaas, Serols, le ottante, , ElNuevoEinstein, Asukubello, BlueLankan, SkyMachine,
Tim1357, Jhsadvbfjfodusaf, VEO15, TobeBot, Jherbertz, RealFiji, Lotje, Jatoskep, Hong Kong Fui, Dinamik-bot, Kmw2700, Vrenator,
SeoMac, Lambsta, Yummy Dunn, Reaper Eternal, Dusty777, Ashley Rootberski, Merlinsorca, Diannaa, Lolol899, Underlying lk, Mark
conrad27, Tbhotch, EyeKnows, Gilliganisland123, Fry1989, Nohopeforu, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, LadsReppin, Potrhere, TjBot, Bento00,
Ahivarn, Fatnoobsrule, HistoryGraduatestudent, Peaceworld111, Salvio giuliano, Crystalji, Letdemsay, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Immunize, Ajraddatz, Ratmangxa, Dewritech, Racerx11, Baseball Fanatic, GoingBatty, NotAnonymous0, KARL RAN, Sueynn, Josuamudreilagi, Tommy2010, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, K6ka, Gaudoine, Drtroppo, 15turnsm, ZroBot, Schwyz, John Cline, TheGreerFamily,
Daonguyen95, Gjw1945, Josve05a, Magicji, Drunkest1, Mar4d, Dpenn89, Dgd, Redav, Cobaltcigs, H3llBot, Feyoun1, Lawl95, SporkBot, Tolly4bolly, Highvale, Sk8terboi746, Rajiv1995, Rcsprinter123, Jay-Sebastos, Sprinter77, Donner60, Baratti baratti, Reginamotc,
Juxtanaider, ElockidAlternate, Orange Suede Sofa, Jnigh, Axeltschentscher, Bill william compton, Hazard-Bot, Cool boy0311, Peter
Karlsen, VictorianMutant, TYelliot, Whoop whoop pull up, Anthoeleon, Lklusener, Josua n, ClueBot NG, Mechanical digger, Peter James,
Akuindo, SaracenKnights, This lousy T-shirt, Gilderien, Satellizer, A520, SunCountryGuy01, Stig1998, Frietjes, Delusion23, Cntras,
Primergrey, Aight 2009, Leangelodemorte, El Libro, Rezabot, Widr, Tntretro, Guptan99, IgnorantArmies, IamF4, Marbhu1234, Titodutta,
Calabe1992, Kondi, DBigXray, BG19bot, TCN7JM, M0rphzone, Kndimov, Northamerica1000, HIDECCHI001, Nvhkth, MusikAnimal,
Frze, Hattah, Drawley, Mark Arsten, Compfreak7, CarterL2011, Fogistion, Isamara, Jackpollo, Deladela22, Glacialfox, Klilidiplomus,
Shredder2012, Tusiman, Ashna Ram, Tutelary, Samyzlolz, Liam987, WBeckon, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Saufao, EnzaiBot, Khazar2,
EuroCarGT, AMS351996, Suck my hazza, MNGLOGANp, Futurist110, Treemapper, Davidmaaga, Profpremrajpushpakaran, SupDuc,
Skyblue9876, SiBr4, Kanuifrost, Snorry, Jamesx12345, Corinne, Uuuui88, Jacktheking123, Jonathan.yap, Guggenmarsh, Legryf, Epicgenius, UW Dawgs, Juanexp, Jason970919, CsDix, Travel-guider, Howicus, FrigidNinja, Seerus, Lfdder, HonorTheIsland, The Anonybot,
PhantomTech, Tentinator, Shazz123, Ibn Ridwan, EvergreenFir, NYBrook098, Flat Out, DavidLeighEllis, Bahooka, Poti Berik, 8.8Flack,
Kharkiv07, Avi4798, Ginsuloft, FDMS4, Rukshar732009, Shahrulzz1327, Jaxzan Proditor, Fijiisparadise, Andreas11213, Erikthau, Ariunaa.A, Shanrockz, Repulsiveplum, AgencyMAUS, Twofortnights, Wikismarties, JaconaFrere, Lakun.patra, Greenplastictree, Billal Ghazzawi, Skittlesanddragonmeat, Monkbot, TheBoulderite, Vitalvisual, The Original Fil, Shal1, StradBot, Donna Peng, Turdynerd, Ndzabukelwako, Reader226, Anare Cegumaitoga Cagi, Williamjames1234, Mouryan, Crystallizedcarbon, Rider ranger47, BlessedTapeworm,
Slenderman, Imtiaz Joseph, GiorgiXIII, PunSoc, Soletojo, Rubbish computer, Sarr Cat, Muhammadqasimaslam, Gavtmac, Mongoose
Army, Jmck888, KasparBot, Andywierda, Jzsj, Luveiviti, Happyalover, JJMC89, Fijian cat, Raajilkfj, Abharan bro, Papadanku, IAmJakeKerley, Cornboy4reason, Paudarco, Stonerlol123, Blakeclark123, Mkcoolness, WikiJunkie95 and Anonymous: 1721

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Images

File:BureNavala2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/BureNavala2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable
author provided. Merbabu~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Coat_of_Arms_Fiji.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_Fiji.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Simi Tukidia
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Fiji_National_Anthem.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Fiji_National_Anthem.ogg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.navyband.navy.mil/anthems/ANTHEMS/Fiji.mp3 Original artist: Charles Austin Miles
File:Fiji_and_oceania.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Fiji_and_oceania.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/islands_oceans_poles/fiji.jpg Original artist: Central Intelligence Agency
File:Fiji_divisions_named.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Fiji_divisions_named.png License: CC
BY 2.5 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machinereadable author provided. Golbez assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Fiji_map.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Fiji_map.png License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?

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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Fiji_on_the_globe_(small_islands_magnified)_(Polynesia_centered).svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Fiji_on_the_globe_%28small_islands_magnified%29_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator.
Original artist:
TUBS<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TUBS' title='User talk:TUBS'><img alt='Email Silk.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/15px-Email_
File:Fiji_vs_Canada_RWC2007_lineout.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Fiji_vs_Canada_
RWC2007_lineout.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Line out jumper Original artist: Jason Eckmire from London, England
File:Fijian_mountain_warrior,_Kai_Colo.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Fijian_mountain_
warrior%2C_Kai_Colo.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.oceania-ethnographica.com/poly127.html Original artist:
Photographer: F.H. Dufty, Levuka, Fiji
File:Fijian_women_ceremonial.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Fijian_women_ceremonial.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Stinsons Studios, Fiji
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Fiji.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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Isla.svg Original artist: Isla.svg: *Palm_tree_symbol.svg: DarkEvil
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Own work Original artist: Sarang
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3.0 de Contributors: Own work Original artist: Isderion
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English Wikipedia Original artist: Amended by -Justin (koavf), talk 18:10, 9 February 2006 (UTC) for further visibility.
File:Nadi_airport_-_Arrivals_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Nadi_airport_-_Arrivals_2.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Maksym Kozlenko
File:Oceania_(orthographic_projection).svg
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%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Based on File:Australia (orthographic projection).svg
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svg License: Public domain Contributors:
PIF_Logo.png Original artist: PIF_Logo.png: Henning Blatt
File:Ratu_Tanoa_Visawaqa.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Ratu_Tanoa_Visawaqa.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: David Rumsey Map Collection Original artist: Alfred Thomas Agate
File:Speakerlink-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kelvinsong
File:Sri_Siva_Subramaniya_Temple.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Sri_Siva_Subramaniya_
Temple.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JerryDP
File:The_Point_(Fiji).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/The_Point_%28Fiji%29.jpg License: CC BY
2.0 Contributors: The Point Original artist: Jon-Eric Melster from Oslo, norway
File:Tree_map_exports_2009_Fiji.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Tree_map_exports_2009_
Fiji.jpeg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Electronic Complexity Observatory, MIT Media Lab and the Center for International
Development at Harvard University. http://atlas.media.mit.edu Original artist: R Haussmann, Cesar Hidalgo, et. al.

12.3

Content license

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File:Urville-Viti-Lebouka2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Urville-Viti-Lebouka2.jpg License:

Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
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