Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
By Abir Mallick1
Introduction
This
presentation
is
developed as to provide a
basic guideline of Oil &
Gas Plant Shelters.
Its objective is to provide
technical knowledge and
information for design of
Steel Shelters/ Buildings.
The information provided
is based on common design
and construction practices
for steel structures.
Open Shelter:
Roofing and full side cladding to provide controlled environment inside the
Shelter. Normally proper HVAC systems are installed to provide controlled
environment. Claddings are also made insulated to keep HVAC system effective.
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a)
b)
c)
d)
Building design nowadays usually carried out by a multidiscipline design team. An architect draws up plans for a
building to meet the clients requirements. The structural
engineer
examines
various
alternative
framing
arrangements and may carry out preliminary designs to
determine which is the most economical. This is termed the
conceptual design stage. For a given framing arrangement,
the problem in structural design consists of:
Estimation of loading;
Analysis of main frames, trusses or lattice girders, floor
systems, bracing and connections to determine axial loads,
shears and moments at critical points in all members;
Design of the elements and connections using design data
from step (b);
Production of arrangement and detail drawings from the
designers sketches.
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Size of the Shelter depends on several aspects like space required for
equipment, lay-down area, space for maintenance, requirement for
different utility/ service rooms, control area, crane excess etc.
Generally size requirement comes from other disciplines with close coordination with structural engineers.
After finalization of size, spacing of frames (position of columns) are
decided keeping all the above requirements in mind. Keeping spacing
around 7.5m found out to be a good industrial practice.
Slope of the roof also depends upon various aspects like roof access,
protection against extreme weathers etc. The standard practice is to
keep slope around 6 to 15 degree (depending upon the cladding type).
This cambering also helps the Portal frame to counter deflection
against vertical loads.
Depending upon length of the building, number of braced bays are
chosen. Up to 50-60m length one braced bay found out to be sufficient.
The positioning of braced bay should be such a way to avoid any undue
deflection and stress concentration.
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The loading of a building structure can take on a wide variety of forms. In many
cases the exact loading will not fit neatly into a specific category. Yet, loads can
usually be considered to be:
1. Primary Loads Main loads which are normally used for design like
Dead Load
Live Load
Snow/ Sand Load
Wind load
Seismic Load
Crane load etc.
Temperature load
Test load
Construction Eccentricities
Shrinkage of structural materials
Settlement of foundation etc.
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Dead Load:
Dead Loads are those loads which are considered to act permanently; they
are "dead," stationary, and unable to be removed. The dead loads acting on a
portal-framed industrial building arise from the following items:
Self Weight
Fireproofing
Masonry Walls (Brick and Block Walls)
Concrete Walls and Floor
Wall Cladding
Roof Cladding
Finishing
Other permanent loads (Equipment and Piping Empty Weight, Cable Tray load,
etc)
These loads should be estimated as per unit weight of materials used in the
construction. Weight of equipment, piping and cables should be furnished by
respective disciplines.
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Live Load:
Live Loads are not permanent and can change in magnitude. They include items
found within a shelter such as human weight, machinery, or stored materials.
Different types of live load normally considered in Shelter are:
These loads should be estimated as per human occupancy loads, Operating weight of
equipment, piping and cables tray loads which should be furnished by respective
disciplines.
Following codes are usually used to estimate common dead/ live loads:
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Ice load in very cold areas is also a concern and should be calculated as per
requirements of codes (e.g. ASCE 7-05 Chapters 10 and C10).
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1.
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3.
This is
due to lateral movement of crane wheels.
The lateral force shall be assumed to act
horizontally at the traction surface of a
runway beam, in either direction
perpendicular to the beam. Normally the
force is calculated as 10% of the sum of
rated capacity of the crane and the
weight of the hoist and trolley.
This is due to movement of crane along
the length of building. Longitudinal forces
shall be assumed to act horizontally at
the top of the rails and in each direction
parallel to each runway beam. Normally
this force is taken as 5% of maximum
wheel load excluding impact.
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Wind Load:
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Depending
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When considering the analysis of structures for dynamic motions, the term
dynamic simply means time-varying. Hence the loading and all aspects of the
response vary with time.
Seismic loads are established by building codes and are based on:
Degree of seismic risks
The degree of potential damage
The possibility of total collapse
The feasibility of meeting a given level of protection
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Temperature Load
The best bracing system for structures under severe temperature variation is Chevron
(inverted V), K and V bracings. The outcome of using X bracing will be a severe axial
load in the braced bay elements. Braced bays are also kept approx. at the middle of
the structure to avoid excessive deflection and tie force at the longitudinal beams.
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Load combinations
Load combinations are formed by adding the effects of loads from each of the
load sources cited above.
Codes or industry standards often give specific load combinations which must be
satisfied. It is not always necessary to consider all the loads at full intensity. Also,
certain loads are not required to be combined at all.
Fr example : Wind load is not considered acting simultaneously with Seismic load.
In some cases only a portion of a load must be combined with other loads.
When a combination does not include loads at full intensity, it represents a
judgment as to the probability of simultaneous occurrence with regard to the time
and intensity.
Following International codes are usually used to estimate combinations of
different loads:
1-UBC 1997
2-IBC 2006
3-ASCE 7-05 Chapters 3 and C3
Dead + Live load, which is usually the load combination that dictates the choice of
column and rafter sizes from a strength point of view.
Dead + Wind load, however, is often the combination that governs from a
deflection point of view
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Load Combination
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Design Methods
Design Methods
Damage in cladding
Objectionable sag in rafter and suspended
ceiling etc.
Damage to external/ internal masonry walls,
mezzanine floor concrete slabs and other
architectural finishes.
Excessive deflection of column at crane gantry
level may cause damage to the alignment of crane
bridge.
Analysis and Design can be done as per any of the following widely popular
software:
STAAD-Pro
Sap 2000
GTSTRUDL
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Analysis of Building
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Building Detailing
Basic details of different sections/ plans which are normally used in shelters are
shown here
Transverse Elevation
Longitudinal Elevation
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Column Base:
Gable Frame:
Where buildings are not designed
for future lengthwise extension,
there is no need for portal frames
to be provided at the ends. A more
economical alternative is to supply a
light I- or channel section rafter
spanning across the tops of the
gable posts and tied laterally into
the rafter bracing system.
Both the rafter and the corner
columns can be much lighter than
that of a portal, but more
importantly the high cost of the
portal eaves and apex haunches can
be saved. It is necessary, though, to
provide lateral support and this can
be done by means of a simple bracing
system
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Steel Connections
Steel Connections
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Sag Rods
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Shelter Foundation
Shallow
footings
combined, strip etc.) or
Piled foundation
(isolated,
Different
checks
performed
for
foundations are
to
be
shallow
Foundation Design:
Shelter Foundation
Foundation
layout
drawing
showing isolated footings with
tie beams
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Shelter Foundation
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Shelter Foundation
Slab on Grade- Design of grade slab is an important aspect of Building design as the actual
loading for design is unknown. Normally UDL is assumed for design of slab and nominal
reinforcement is provided for crack control as bending moment will not develop due to UDL.
Sometimes, loads due to forklift movement, maintenance work, pipe or other platform supports
need to be considered for slab design as those are non-uniform and concentrated in nature.
Extra precautions need to taken to cater those concentrated loads on slab. Generally local
thickening of slab with extra reinforcement surrounding those supports/ areas are done to
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avoid punching failure.
END
THANK YOU
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