Phylum

PORIPHERA

Below: True organized tissues

CNIDERIA

CTENOPHORA

Sponges

Location
Marine

Symmetry
Asymmetrical /
Radial

Gut
No
gut

Circ.
No circ

Etc
No tissues; sometimes
see spores to move H2O

Jellyfish,
sea anemone,
coral, other
hydroids

Aquatic
(fresh/marin
e)

Radial

Deadend sac

No circ

Soft bodies; nerve net

Comb jellies

Marine

Bilateral
(approx.)

Deadend sac

No circ

Soft bodies; move via

cilia plates on body and
tentacles

Most
endoparasite
s

Bilateral

Deadend sac
(if any)

No circ

Flattened body

Roundworm
s

Everywhe
re, inc
endopara.

Bilateral

No circ

Slender unsegmented
body; whiplike
locomotion

Earthworms,
polychaetes,
leeches

Everywhe
re,
EXCEPT
endopara.

Bilateral

Complet
e gut
(mouth,
anus)
Complete
gut

Closed
(oligocha
ete, leech,
some
polych.)
or open
(some
polych.)

Segmented body; H2O

in body provides
hydrostatic skeleton for
locomotion

PLATYHELMINTHES

Flatworms
(tapeworm,
fluke)

Below: Body cavities and blood vascular systems

NEMATODA

ANNELIDA

ARTHROPODA

Class: CHELICERATA / ARACHNIDA

Class: UNIRAMIA (INSECTA, MYRIOPODA)

Spiders,
scorpions,
mites, ticks

Insects
(beetle 300k
species,
butterfly,
centipede),
myriapod

Mainly
terrestrial

Mainly
terrestrial,
few
aquatic

Bilateral

Complet
e guts

Bilateral

Complet
e gut

Bilateral

Complet
e gut

Open circ.
system:
Grasshop
per
tubular
heart
pumps to
ostia,
lateral
vessels,
anterior
vessel
(hemolym
ph input
from
hemocoel
and
vessels
eject into
hemocoel

Closed circ. system:

earthworm dorsal vessel
(main heart) connects to
ventral vessels and
auxillary hearts
Neurogenic HR
Segmented body (some
specialized);
exoskeleton; many
segments have
appendages
Body has 2 main
sections; 4 pairs of
walking legs; no
antennae; exoskeleton
Neurogenic HR
Spiders book lungs +
spiracle
Body has 3 (insect) or 2
(myriapods) main
sections; all appendages
(inc antennae) have
multiple joints;
exoskeleton, but no

carapace; 3 pairs of
walking legs (insect) or
many (myriapods)
Bombyx silkworm
-trachael resp system
BUT spiracles closed
-only open when PCO2
exceeds threshold
~airbreathers
Dytiscus water beetle
Traps air bubble +
tracheal system; PO2 in
bubble kept > threshold

Class: CRUSTACEA

Crabs,
shrimp,
pillbugs,
crayfish

Mainly
aquatic,
some are
terrestrial

Bilateral

Myogenic HR
Usually have carapace
(hard dorsal shield);
appendages have
multiple joints (inc
antennae)

Complet
e gut

Some land crabs respire

air with gills

MOLLUSCA

Clam, slug,
snail,
cephalopod,
octopus

Everywhe
re,
EXCEPT
endopara.

Bilateral

Complet
e gut

open
(e.g.
mussel)
Octopus
closed

Above: Protostomes (mouth, then anus forms Below: Deuterostomes (anus, then mouth forms)
Sea star,
Mainly
5-fold
Complete
ECHINODERMATA
sea urchin,
marine
radial w/ gut
sand dollar
hints of
bilateralit
y
CHORDATA Subphylum: VERTEBRATA
/ subphyla Urochordata (tunicate Ciona), Hemichordata, Cephalochordata
shark,
ray
Chondrichthys
Osteichthys

Mainly
marine

Bilateral

Complete
guts

Open or
none

Neurogenic HR
Soft body usually
covered by shell; large
muscular foot for
locomotion
Myogenic HR

Calcareous
endoskeleton
Some have water lungs

Closed

Myogenic HR
(birds/mammals SA
node; fish SV node)
Cartilagenous skeleton; no external scales
Conus arteriosus, instead of bulbus arterious; No operculum

Bonyfish
(teleost)
flounder,
bass,
hagfish,
seahorse

Aquatic
(marine/fres
h)

2 chamber (Atrium + Ventricle) or

4 chambers in series (SV
pacemaker, Atrium, Ventricle,
Bulbus Arteriosus) (all elastic
except bulbus, which empties into
ventral aorta)
Blood flows thru gills (higher P for
ionic and gas transfer) into stiff
dorsal aorta (lower systemic P);
Oxygenated at gills; Deoxy blood

Counter-current
respiration thru
secondary lamellae on
gill arch filaments
Calcified skeleton;
bony skeleton support
fins
Operculum covers gills,
change in oral and

enters heart
Amphibia

toad,
frog,
salaman
der

Aquatic and
terrestrial
(no known
true marine)

Xenopus

- reduce
mouth
volume
-mucus

Reptilia

lizard, rattle snake,

desert tortoise,
lizard, alligator

LIVE EVERYWHERE

Aves

Mammalia

Both oxy blood and deoxy blood

enter ventricle
Trabeculae keep mostly separate
(some mixing)
Blood exits through Spiral Valve in
Conus arteriosus (keeping
oxy/deoxygenated blood as separate
as possible)

3 chamber heart, 2 systemic arches

Ventricle divided in 2:
Cavum pulmonale Deoxy blood; Cavum venosum (and
arteriosum) Oxy blood
Horizontal Septum closes off parts of the heart to help prevent
mixing of oxy/deoxygenated blood
Some mixing still occurs:
Deoxy blood goes to system = R-L shunt
Oxy blood goes to lungs = L-R shunt
*Both mixing events occur all the time; Net R-L shunt in most
CROCODILIAN REPTILES
4 chamber heart in series, 2 systemic arches
Pulmonary Circuit: RA -> RV -> Left Aorta ->
Systemic Circuit: LA -> LV -> Right Aorta
*Cannot have a Left to right shunt
Normal Function
Diastole: RA -> RV, LA -> LV
Systole: RV -> Pulmonary Artery, LV -> Right Aorta
Apnea (R-L shunt)
Diastole: RA -> RV, LA-> LV
Systole: RV-> Left Aorta, LV -> Right Aorta
Mixing at Foramen of Panizzae and Anastomosis (end of aortas)
Terrestrial
Closed 2 series of heart chambers
in parallel
= body and lungs can have diff
input Ps
= CO must be same on both sides of
the heart

Terrestrial, secondarily
Heterocephalus (naked
mole rat)
- hypoxic, hypercapnic
burrows
- only poikilothermic
mammal (thermoconform)

Pulmonary circuit has lower P than

systemic lower input P at lung
capillaries = less need for lymphatic
drainage

opercular volumes push

water into body
Soft, moist
Blood
skin; breed
flow to
in water
lungs is
reduced
during
Simple
long
lungs, no
dives;
diaphragm
(oral cavity+ gas
intercostals) transfer
occurs
via skin
Cutaneous
or O2
respiration
(skin many
stores;
capillaries)
Also in
lungfishe
Waters
resistant
scales/shell;
distinctive
skull
morphology
Simple
lungs, no
diaphragm
Turtles:
pelvic and
pectoral
girdle b/c
intercostals
fixed to
shell

Feathers (modified
scales); no teeth, anterior
limbs mod. as wings
Cross-current resp:
Meso, dorso,para,
ventrobronchi, trachea
External hairy covering;
mammary aquatic glands
feed babies milk
Tidal respiration

PCCPNAAMEC
Poriphera, Cnideria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Chordata
Arthropoda: Arachnida/Chelicerata, Uniramia (Insecta and Myriopoda), Crustacea
Chordata: Vertebrata: Chondrichthys, Osteichthys, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia
Air-breathing fish
- Evolved to address hypoxic env, high water temp, or both
- Modified circ cystem
- Rise to surface to get air bubble to supplement O2 supply via part of the mouth/gut, swimbladder, or skin surface (surfaces must be
very vascularized)
- Gills (which close when exposed to air) are used for CO2 excretion and pH regulation (instead of O2 uptake)
o They are small to minimize O2 loss from blood
- Arapaima air-breathing teleost: gills uptake 1/5 of all O2, swimbladder (highly vascular) uptakes the rest
- Shunts developed to partition air to gills/air-breathing organ
- Hopelerythrinus tropical freshwater teleost when breathing, most cardiac output is directed to first 2 anterior gill arches (blood flows
to body); after air intake, blood flow to posterior gill arches (thus to swimbladder) increases so more O2 uptake occurs at swimbladder
- Channa argus air-breathing fish
o Ventral aorta divided into 2 vessels 1 supplies the anterior gill arches, the other the and the posterior gill arches airbreathing
organ
o ~Amphibians trabeculae in ventricles and muscular ridges on bulbus wall help prevent mixing of oxy/deoxy blood
- Dipnoi lungfishes more complete heart division
o Partial septum divides atria and ventricle
o Spiral folds in bulbus cordis
o Ductus acts as lung bypass when lung is not functioning ~ ductus arteriosus of fetal mammals
Blood flows from the posterior gill arches (body) to the dorsal aorta (bypassing lungs)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ficks eq Diffusion (passive; random mvmt of material via [gradient])

o J = K(Cs CX)
J = Flux Amount of material delivered per unit time
K = Constant Ease of movement of material. Depends on: Pathway, Area, Thickness, Permeability
Ficks eg Convection (faster, BUT expensive; occurs w/ diffusion at specialized organ lungs/gills; via blood/hemolymph)
o J=Q*C
mg/min = ml/min * mg/ml
Q = Rate of movement = P/R
C = Concentration of material (mg/ml)

Diving Cardiovascular changes

Apnea
Bradycardia, Reduced CO
Peripheral vasoconstriction of arteries
Reduced oxidative metabolism
Increase in blood CO2, Decrease in blood O2
Depol phase in cardiac muscle cells is much longer than in skeletal muscle due to v-gated Ca2+ channels
o Extends refractory period doesnt allow too-frequent contractions or tetanus
Regulation: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic (ACh) innervates SA node, AV node, Ventricles
Parasympathetic (E. NE) innervates SA node, AV node
Cardiac Output Amount of Blood pumped by a ventricle in a period of time
CO (ml/min) = HR (beats/min) x SV (ml/beat)
SV = EDV (end of filling) ESV (end of ejection)
EDV: Filling Time, Contraction of atria, Venous return, Ventricular stretch
ESV: SV, Ventricular Contractility
CO and BP determine how fast materials are delivered
Poiseuilles Law: Q = (P1-P2)r4/8L = P/R
Q = flow rate
r = radius of vessel **primarily regulates Q
= viscosity of blood *can change for acclimatization
Partial Pressure = PP = F(Content of gas) x Pb
PO2 = 0.21 x 758 mmHg = 159 mmHg
Henrys Law Concentration of gas in liquid
Q=*P
ml/L = ml/L/mmHg * mmHg
= solubility coefficient (ml/L/mmHg)
For gases soluble in liquid, the amount dissolved (at a given temp) is proportional to PP of the gas in gas phase
High Salinity and Temperature decrease (solubility of O2 in liquid)
CO2 is much more (20x) soluble than O2
CO2 transported easily dissolved in blood
O2 is hard to transport - Bigger, more complex animals require adaptation to dramatically increase
Hemoglobin
Tetramer protein Each protein has a Heme molecule
Fe in the middle of Heme can carry 1 molecule of O2; Each Hb can carry 4 molecules of O2
Deoxyhemoglobin + O2 <-> Oxyhemoglobin
Factors affecting O2 AFFINITY?
Le Chatelier Principle Concentration gradient will cause binding or unbinding.
E.g. High O2 will diffuse into blood at lung capillaries because of high [O 2] in air and low [O2] in blood.
Hgb keeps the [O2] low contributing to conc. gradient
pH (Bohr effect)
High pH (lungs) = high O2 affinity (loading)
Low pH (active tissue) = low O2 binding (unloading)
Cooperativity Each O2 molecule that binds to an Hgb tetramer makes it easier for the next O 2 to bind.
Monomeric Hb or Myoglobin (Mb) has no cooperativity = hyperbolic PO2vs.oxyHb graph
P50 Partial pressure of O2 at which means 50% of Hgb molecules are 100% saturated
Due to cooperativity less E required to bind 4O2 to half of the molecules than to bind 2O2 to all of the molecules
O2 pressure x Hb saturation
Factors affecting O2 SATURATION
Concentration gradient High [O2] = High O2 saturation
pH (Bohr effect) High pH = High O2 saturation
Cooperativity O2 binding increases O2 binding
Temperature High temperature = Low O2 saturation
CO2 (root effect in fish) CO2 decreases MONOMERIC Hgb capacity
2,3 DPG (ATP in fish) High 2,3 DPG (high alt, takes few days) = Low O2 saturation
aa sequence of Hb fetal higher affinity
Adaptations
HIGH ALTITUDE and LARGE animals typically have higher O2 affinity
Acclimatization Hematocrit and O2 affinity can change
Hypoxias

Hypoxic low (arterial) PO2 in air/lungs; high alt, hypoventilation, less lung diffusion capacity, odd ventilation-perfusion ratio
Anemic less O2 bound to Hb; hemorrhage, anemia, lower O2 affinity, CO poisoning
Ischemic reduced blood flow; heart failure, shock, thrombosis
Histotoxic failure of all cells due to being poisoned cyanide
Hypoxemia low blood PO2
Hypercapnia increased PCO2 (higher than in lungs)