Chapter 12 Outline

Section 1: Building Overseas Empires

The technologies, industries, and many other aspects of the Industrial Revolution strengthened
the West, allowing it to dominate the world with its new economic and political power.
Motives Driving the New Imperialism
The Western States had imperialism and started colonizing the world since 1492. But back then,
these states had little influence over the lives of China, India, Africa, and Ottomans. New
Imperialism emerged from the industrial revolution, and lives of the people in these colonies are
starting to become deeply influenced by the states that dominate them.
I. Economic Interests Spur Expansion
A. The Industrial revolution fueled oversea expansion
B. Manufacturers need raw materials
C. Suppliers need market
D. Bankers could invest in foreign ventures
E. Population could move oversea
II. Political and Military Motives
A. Overtaking islands and harbors
1. To transport coals and supplies
B. Politics
1. Tension, nationalism, and competition between European states made these states
followed each others moves to seize foreign territories
2. Take colonies to increase national prestige
III. Humanitarian and Religious Goals
A. Missionaries, doctors, and officials want to share the benefits of Western culture with
these inferior, weaker people
1. Medicine
2. Law
3. Religion
IV. Applying Social Darwinism
A. Racial superiority
B. Europeans see themselves as superior people
C. Europeans see non-Westerners as inferior
D. The Europeans see that the survival of the fittest is simply to improve human race
The Rapid Spread of Western Imperialism
Imperialism was supported by people of all classes and led by soldiers, merchants,
missionaries, and many more. Imperial expansion gained speed.
I. Weakness of Non-Western States
A. The ancient powers such as Qing China, Mughal India, and Ottoman Empire weaker as
European strengthened
B. African slave trade weakened Africa and its once powerful kingdom
II. Western Advantages
A. The West has stronger economy, more well-organized government, and powerful,
advanced navy and army
B. Technologies of telegraph and riverboats helped
C. Medical knowledge helped Westerners survive tropical disease

D. Weapons powerful such as Maxim machine guns and steam powered warships
persuade foreign kingdoms to surrender
III. Resisting Imperialism
A. Wars against Western imperialism were fought
B. Reforms in Hindu, Confucian, Muslim tradition
C. Nationalist movements were led by Western educated leaders
IV. Facing Criticisms at Home
A. Anti-imperialist call imperialism immoral and a tool for the rich
B. They see the hypocrisies of their homelands spreading democracy and the
undemocratic means of imperialism
Forms of Imperial Rule
The French had direct imperial rule by sending officials and soldiers. They tried to impose
French culture on them to transform them into French provinces. The British had indirect
imperial rule by appointing local rulers and have them receive British education to brainwash
them. Pattern goes on. Protectorate is a system in which local rulers are left in place but are
expected to follow orders of a foreign state. This system is cheaper compared to colonization.
Others had sphere of influence, in which exclusive zones are reserved for a state, such as for
trading.
Section 2: The Partition of Africa
Africa was carved up into pieces quickly by European powers.
African in the Early 1800s
About Africa: three times the size of Europe, spoke hundreds of different languages, have
different tribes and culture, live in dispersed or
crowded regions.
I. North Africa
A. South of the Mediterranean
B. Quite fertile
C. Was dominated by Islam
D. Mostly controlled by Ottomans
II. Islamic Crusades in West Africa
A. Usman dan Fodio called for Islamic
revolutions to overthrow the corrupted
local rulers
1. Sharia laws were set up
B. As a result, there were less conflicts,
literacy increased, trade prospered
C. Islamic arose in the region
King Leopold II of Belgium started colonizing
D. Asante Kingdom trade with Europeans
the Central Africa in Congo.
and Muslim
1. Small regions Asante Kingdom
dominated seek help from Europeans
to overthrow Asante Kingdom
III. East Africa
A. Islam influenced East Africa
B. Trade
1. Slave trade with the Middle East

2. Copper and Ivory traded with Indian clothe and firearm

IV. Southern Africa
A. Zulu Kingdom expanded by Shaka, a ruthless but brilliant leader
B. Zulu conquered places and cause its inhabitants to migrate North
C. Boers, decedents of Dutch traders, migrate North from Cape Colony that were given the
British because British banned slavery and interfere with their way of life
D. Boers as a result had conflict with the Zulus, which the Zulus lost
V. Impact of the Slave Trade
A. As slave trade were outlawed by Europeans, it continued to Asia
B.Resettlements
1.British resettled freed slaves to Sierra Leone
2.US resettled their freed slaves to Liberia

On the image of the left is Shaka, a brutal but

brilliant leader of the Zulu Kingdom, who
expanded the kingdoms territory and sparked
nationalist feelings.

European Contact Increases

African wanted to trade with Europeans but don't want them to colonize Africa. Disease, African
resistance, and geography prevented Europeans from colonizing them in the 1700s, but the
Industrial Revolution in 1800s changed that.
I. Explorers Advance Into Africas Interior
A. European explorers pushed into Africa
B. Mungo Park and Richard Burton explored the rivers of Nile, Congo, and Niger
II. Missionaries Follow Explorers
A. Missionaries followed explorers to convert Africans faith
B. Built schools, medical clinics, and Churches
C. See the evil of slave trade
D. Held paternalistic views over Africans by viewing their culture and religion as inferior to
those of European
III. Livingstone Blazes a Trail
A. Explored Africa for 30 years
B. His view over African hold sympathy and less bias
C. Believed that slave trade was evil
D. Wanted to end slave trade by opening up Central Africa to trade and Christianiy
E. To find Dr. Livingstone
1. Found at Tanzania by Henry Stanley, a journalist
A Scramble for Colonies

King Leopold II of Belgium started the colonization of Africa. He spoke of enlightening the
barbaric Africans to a better era, but actually wanted profit and conquest. Germany, Britain, ad
France followed.
I. Berlin Conference
A. To avoid bloodshed, European leaders met at Berlin conference to discuss about
colonization of Africa
B. Agreements
1. Recognize King Leopold IIs claim to Congo
2. Free trade for the river of Congo and Niger
3. In order for a state to claim Africa, it needs a government
C. After 20 years, Africa was partitioned into pieces with no regards of its peoples ethnic
boundaries nor tradition
II. Horrors in the Congo
A. King Leopold II exploited Congo people horrifically
B. Men were paid little and killed, beaten often
C. International outrage force King Leopold II to withdraw his private claim to Congo and
hand the territory to the Belgium government
D. Worse exploitation, crimes were over, yet the people of Congo could not involve in their
government, while the wealth from the mines went to Europe
III. France Extends Its Influence
A. French conquered Algeria in North Africa despite bloodshed
1. Expand to Tunisia later
B. Further expanded control to West and Central Africa
C. At its height, France controlled area in Africa as large as the United State
IV. Britain Takes Its Share
A. Britain took chunks
1. East and West Africa
2. Egypt and Sudan
3. South Africa
B. Took over Cape colony from Dutch
C. Boers who resented British ban on slavery and rule, migrated North
D. Discovery of Diamond and gold led to the Boer War, which the British won
E. Britain united South African cape colony and Boer republics to the Union of South Africa
run by White people and had a system of segregation
V. Others Join the Scramble
A. Portugal took Mozambique and Angola
B. Italy took the Horn of Africa: Somalia, Eritrea, and Libya
C. Germany took Eastern and South Western Africa
Africans Resist Imperialism
The Algerians fought against the French zealously for years while Samori Toure fought French
in West Africa, who tried to build his own Empire. The British fought against Zulu in Southern
Africa and Asante in Western Africa. When Asante King was exiled, the people of Asante
Kingdom followed their Queen, Yaa Asantewaa who commanded against the British. Nehanda
of the Shona in Zimbabwe also resisted. Germans fought against the Yao and Herero in East
Africa.
I. Ethiopia Survives
A. Ethiopia, a Christian Kingdom, survived from European colonization
B. Ethiopia had a feudal system but was modernized by Menelik II

C. Reforms
1. Built bridges and railroads
2. Had Western Schooling System
3. Imported Western weapons and hired Western army officers to train his army
D. Successfully remained independent from Western colonization and defeated Italy that
was trying to colonize it
II. A New African Elite Emerges
A. Western-educated African upper class emerged
B. Some supported Western culture and shun African tradition
C. Others supported African tradition and condemn Western systems that granted White
special privileges
D. Nationalist movement spread in Africa lead by these elites
Section 3: European Claims in Muslim Regions
European will strike against the Islamic regions.
Stresses in Muslim Regions
Islamic rules: Mughals in India, Ottoman in the Middle East, and Safavids in Persia
I. Empires in Decline
A. All three empires are weakening
B. Central government lost power to military elites, land owning nobles, and urban craft
guilds
C. Corruption
D. Muslim scholars provoke dissent against government
II. Rise of Muslim Reform Movements
A. Usman dan Fodio led struggle to reform Muslim practices
B. Muhammed Ahmad claimed that he was Mahdi, the savior of faith
1. Lead Muslims against British
C. Wahhabi movement in Arabia called for the recapture of Mohammeds original teachings
1. Against Ottoman schools of theology and law
2. Suppressed by Ottoman, but important in Saudi Arabia today
III. European Imperialism
A. European threatened Muslims
B. Diplomacy and military threats won European advantageous treaties
C. Won special rights for Europeans in Muslim lands
1. These rights are exploited to influence government
Problems for the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire was once powerful, but weakened due to Pashas, or provincial rulers, gaining
of power along with economic problems and corruption
I. Nationalist Revolts Break Out
A. As Nationalism spread from Western Europe, Ottoman Empires multiethnic society were
impacted
B. North Africa, Eastern Europe, and Middle East regions threatened to break away
1. Balkans: Greek, Bulgarians, Romanians, Serbians
2. Middle East: Arabia, Lebanon, Armenia
C. The rebellions were suppressed, but Egypt slipped
II. European Pressure Increases
A. France want to gain more Ottoman territory, apart from Algeria it seized

B. Russia wanted Bosporus

C. Britain want to prevent Russia from gaining Bosporus
D. Germany wanted to build Berlin-Baghdad railway
III. Efforts to Westernize
A. Sultans see the need to modernize and did
1. Improved military by training
2. Adopted European bearucracies and systems of tax collection
3. Built railways and improve education
4. Sent young men to be educated in the West
B. Problems
1. Population boom through health care result in increase of competition
2. Sending men for Western education brought back anti-Sultans thought
a) Sultans, they thought, were repressive
b) Sultans to them rejected reforms
IV. Young Turks Demand Reform
A. The Young Turks demanded reforms
B. The Young Turks overthrew the government
C. WWI came
V. Armenian Genocide
A. Nationalism sparked tensions between Turks and the minorities
B. The tension triggered the Armenian genocide
1. Armenians are Christians
2. The Turks accuse the Armenians of plotting against the Ottoman Empire and
supporting Russians
Egypt Seeks to Modernize
Egypt was semi-independent from the Ottoman Empire. Muhammad Ali, an Egyptian leader,
made much reform.
I. Muhammad Ali Introduces Reforms
A. Reforms
1. Fixed tax collection system, support irrigation system, and reorganized landholding
system
B. Army
1. Hired European officials to help train Army
2. Conquered Syria, Arabia, and Sudan
II. Building the Suez Canal

The opening of Suez Canal in Egypt, which was

built by a French venture capital. The canal
helped expanded trade between East Africa,
India, and Europe.

A. Successors of Muhammad Ali were unable to resist Western control

B. French entrepreneur Ferdinand de Lesseps organized a company to build the Suez
Canal through Egypt
C. Extend Egypts loans by asserting high interest rates
1. Egypt was unable to pay back loan
2. As a result, Egypt sold shares of the canal to Britain
a) Britain as a result controlled the canal more and more
III. Becoming a British Protectorate
A. Britain made Egypt a British Protectorate
B. The Egyptian governor is appointed by Ottoman
C. But British controlled the Ottoman governors decision
Persia and the European Powers
The Persian Qajar Shah who ruled Persia made reforms, building telegraph lines, rail roads,
and experimented with liberal constitutions. But Western asserted their control as Russia
wanted to expand to Central Asia and protect its Southern frontiers, while Britain wanted to
projects its interest in India. Both nations set up their own sphere of influence, and the discovery
of oil increase foreign interests over Persia. The Western powers persuaded the Persian
government to grant it concession, or special rights.
Section 4: The British Take Over India
After 200 years of strong rule, Mughal India collapsed from the lack of strong rulers, as the
British entered for commercial and political interests.
East India Company and Rebellion
The British East India Company entered Mughal India originally for trading benefits. But as the
empire weakened, the companys influenced increased.
I. Exploiting Indian Diversity
A. The British exploited Indians diversity to play in its favor
1. Dozens of language and cultures
B. The British encouraged competition between rival princes
1. In other words, through diplomacy, Britain gained power
C. Britain used military when diplomacy doesn't work
II. Implementing British Policies
A. Riches
1. The companys goal was to earn money
B. Infrastructure
1. Roads were built
2. Banditry was reduced
3. Western education established
4. Peace was preserved
C. Religion
1. Missionaries tried to convert Indians to Christiasns
D. Laws
1. Caste system was eliminated
2. Slavery was eliminated
3. Womens power was increased
a) The practice of Sati, in which widows suicide to join their dead husband, was
eliminated

III. Growing Discontent

A. Traveling Sepoys: not pious for hindus to travel overseas
B. Widows get to remarry
C. New rifles required the Hindus to bite off the cartridges greased with animal fat
1. Hindu cant eat cow
2. Muslim cant eat pork
IV. Rebellion and Aftermath
A. Sepoy rebelled in India
1. Marched off to Delhi and devoted themselves to the Mughal emperor
B. Sepoy massacred British people
1. British people revenged by torching Indian villages and slaughtering them
C. The Parliament replaced the British East India Company with the British crown
1. Troops were sent to India
2. Taxes were levied over the Indians

An image of a scene of the sepoy rebellion in India. The sepoys are ethnic
Indian soldiers of Britain.

Impact of British Colonial Rule

Britain appointed a viceroy in India, while British people hold top government jobs. Meanwhile,
the Indians fill up the rest of the jobs. Modernizing India, British exposed India to Western
technology and culture.
I. An Unequal Partnership
A. Colonial Trade System
1. Raw materials were imported to Britain from India while British exported British
goods
B. Infrastructure
1. Telegraph lines were built
2. Railroad network connected India
C. Suez Canal
1. Trade prospered

D. Textiles
1. Cheap British textile destroyed Indias prosperous weaving industry
E. Agriculture
1. British ended Indian herding, and encouraged them to settle to farm and build cash
crops
a) Cotton, jute were grown
2. Deforestation resulted (cutting of trees)
II. Population Growth and Famine
A. Improved health care
B. Greater production of food through farming
C. Population boom resulted
1. Famine resulted due to the strain on food supply by growing cash crops such as
cotton and jute
III. Benefits of British Rule
A. Peace was restored
B. Laws and justice system eliminated slavery, caste system
C. Railroad connected the country, while telegraphs and postal services facilitated
communication
D. National unity grew through greater contact
E. Upper class benefitted
1. Sons of rich sent to British school
2. Indian landowners and princes, who owned their territory, earned great profit
Different Views on Culture
Some Indians were inspired and impressed by the British technologies. On the other hand, the
other Indians felt more close and rooted with their Hindu and Muslim roots, and believe that
changes lay within it.
I. Indian Attitudes
A. Ram Mohun Roy, an Indian scholar, set up school in India
1. The school provided English styled education
2. Graduates founded even more English styled schools around
B. Ram Mohun Roy condemned traditions, such as caste systems, child marriage, sati, and
purdah (the isolation of women in separate quarters)
1. Ram Mohun also set up educational societies
2. Ram Mohun became the father of Indian Nationalism
II. Western Attitudes
A. Some admired Indian theology and philosophy
B. Western translations of Indian classics caused them to admire Indian ideas
C. Yet others treat Indian culture with contempt
Indian Nationalism Grows
English educated Indian provoke Indian nationalism as they grew exposed to ideas of
democracy and equality.
I. Indian National Congress
A. The Indian National congress, also known as the congress party, was set up
B. Want to achieve democracy through peaceful means only
C. Call for self rule but Western Modernization
II. Muslim League
A. Muslim original supported Indian national congress

B. But Hindus dominated the congress, and muslims are afraid that hindus may marginalize
muslims
C. The muslims formed a muslim league, and later thought of building a separate muslim
state
Section 5: China and the New Imperialism
Before, China had proper trade balance. But British changed the trade balance to benefit itself.
Trade Between Britain and China
Before, Chinese government restricted foreign trade to Southern China, where Chinese
exported silk, tea, and porcelain to receive gold and silver from foreign traders. But the trade
was changed as China begun to decline and the Industrial Revolution begun in the West.
I. The Opium War
A. The British traded Chinese tea with opium
B. Chinese begun to have e trade deficit as lots of wealth were traded for the addictive

To the left is a painting of the

Second Opium War.
opium
C. The Chinese government banned opium and outlawed opium traders
D. Chinese government called British to end opium trade
1. The British refused by calling for free trade rights
E. The Opium war erupted, in which the British destroyed Chinese by bombing Chinese
ports
1. Chinese weapons were outdated
II. Unequal Treaties
A. The Treaty of Nanjing
1. British received indemnity, or payment for losses of a war
2. British gained Hong Kong
3. China has to open five ports to trade
4. British citizen in China had the right of extraterritorially
a) Living under ones countrys own laws and courts
B. More unfair treaties

1. With Russia, France, and the United States

a) More Chinese ports had to be opened
b) China has to grant missionary rights to spread Christianity
The Taiping Rebellin Weakens China
I. Causes
A. Flood due to poor irrigation system and canals
B. Corruption
C. Rich evaded taxes
II. The Rebellion
A. The peasants seized large parts of China for 14 years
B. Called for the fall of Qing Dynasty
C. The dynasty nearly fell
III. Qing government survived, but had to share power with regional commanders
IV. Russia take parts of Chinese lands
Launching Reform Efforts
China did not promoted new industry because there was no need because Chinese wealth
came from land. Western technologies and missionaries were not supported by Chinese
because they threatened the confucian way of life. Although trade existed, it was not
encouraged because it was not Chinas source of prosperity. Ci Xi empress who gained power,
surrounded herself with deeply Confucius advisors.
I. Self- Strengthening Movement
A. Import western technologies
1. Weapon making factories
2. Rail roads
3. Ship yards
4. Mining
B. Did not progress much because it was not supported by government
II. War With Japan
A. Japan modernizes quickly with the West
1. Japan imperialism grew and competed for a global empire
B. Sino-Japanese war ended badly for Chinese
1. Japan gained Taiwan
III. Carving Spheres of Influence
A. British took Chang river valley
B. French took IndoChina
C. Germany and Russia took Northern China
D. US did not join
1. US pushed for open door policy, in which Chinese trade is opened to everyone
IV. Hundred Days of Reform
A. Reformers blamed conservatives for not reforming
B. Started reform like China
C. Gang Xu launched reform efforts that:
1. Modernize civil service exams
2. Streamline government
3. Encourage new industries
D. Conservatives started rallying against reforms, and once again regained power and
ended reforms

A painting of the Sino-Japanese War between Japan and China, in which China lost
heavily.

The Qing Dynasty Falls

China was in turmoil. Hatred against missionaries, foreigners protected by extraterritoriality, and
presence of foreign troops.
I. Boxer Uprising
A. The Righteous Harmonious Fists organized as a secret society
B. Goal was to drive out foreign devils
C. Attacked foreigners
1. Responded by Western and Japanese organized into multinational force to crush the
Boxers and save the foreigners
II. Aftermath of the Uprising
A. Conservatives started to accept reforms from the defeat
1. Women were accepted into schools
2. Science and mathematics were emphasized
3. Mining, shipping, railroads, banking, and exports grew
4. Chinese industry developed with foreign capital
B. Chinese business class emerged
C. Urban working class emerged and press for rights
III. Three Principles of the People
A. Chinese nationalism grew
B. Reformers tried to reform China, and by early 1900s, China turned into a constitutional
monarchy
1. Some people wanted a republic
C. Sun Yat-sen, a spokes person of Chinese republic, organized Chinese Revolutionary
Alliance
D. The Three Principles
1. China needs to be freed from foreign domination
2. Chinese people need to have rights, or democracy and representative government
3. Chinese people need to have economic security
IV. Birth of a Republic

A. Qing dynasty was toppled

B. Sun Yat-sen was named the president of the Chinese Republic
1. The republic face lots of problems, facing war with itself and outsiders