Chemistry Project Extraction of Nicotine Sulphate from Samples of Cigarettes

Sharun Joshi Class: XII-A Roll Number (CBSE):___________ Session: 2012-13

Chemistry Project
2012-13
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Sharun Joshi of Class XII-A of Salwan Public School, May
ur Vihar has completed this project under by guidance and surveillance. He has e
xpressed deep interest and has shown utmost sincerity in the completion of this
project. His endeavours from conceptualising to completing this project titles Ex
traction of Nicotine Sulphate from sample of Cigarettes up to my satisfaction hav
e been successful.
___________________ Teachers Signature (Ms. Deepti Srivastava)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry teacher Ms. Deepti
Srivastava who provided me with her constant & invaluable support, guidance and
moral & technical assistance during the course of completion of this project. I
would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to our lab assistant for her e
xtensive support while working on this project, especially with regards to troub
leshooting. My sincere thankfulness to my classmates for their extended cooperat
ion and assistance.
SHARUN JOSHI , XII-A
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CONTENTS
TOBACCO ........................................................................
...............................................5 NICOTINE ......................
................................................................................
..................6 . MANUFACTURING OF TOBACCO .................................
........................................7 ADDICTIVE NATURE OF TOBACCO ..........
..........................................................8
ADDICTIVE NATURE OF NICOTINE PHYSICAL ADDICTION
B
...........................................................................8
................................................................................
................8
1
HEALTH EFFECTS .................................................................
...................................10 APPARATUS REQUIRED........................
.................................................................12 CHEMICALS AN
D OTHER MATERIALS REQUIRED ...................................13 PROCEDURE .....
................................................................................
..........................14 OBSERVATIONS ......................................
..................................................................15 CONCLUSION
................................................................................
.............................17 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................
......................................................................18 RESULT
................................................................................
.........................................16
PSYCHOLOGICAL ADDICTION ........................................................
............................9
N
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APPARATUS REQUIRED
250 ml Beaker
od

Filter Paper

Separating funnel

China Dish

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Physical Balance

Glass

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CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS REQUIRED
Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]
rettes

Kerosene as solvent

Concentrated Sulphuric Acid

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Ciga

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PROCEDURE
Collect different samples of cigarettes.
Remove the covers and collect the conte
nts of the cigarettes on separate pieces of papers. Weigh 1 gram of each sample
using a physical balance and label them. Place them in a dry place.
Dissolve eac
h sample in Calcium Hydroxide solution taken in 100ml beakers. Stir them with th
e help of a glass rod. Filter the different solutions after the Nicotine has ful
ly dissolved. Collect them separately in separating funnels.
Add two test tubes
of Kerosene Oil to each separating funner. Before pouring, ensure that the valve
is closed.
After Pouring shake the mixture vigorously in order to mix the two l
iquids and leave it for two days without disturbing. Two layers one heavy layer
in the bottom and the second lighter layer in the top separates out. Open the va
lve of the funnel and let the heavy layer out through the open valve. The lighte
r layer remains in the separating funnel.
Add half a test tube of concentrated S
ulphuric Acid to each separating funnel. Again shake it vigorously in order to m
ix them and leave it for sometime. Two layers are formed one heavy (dark drown)
layer at the bottom and another lighter (almost transparent) layer on the top.
O
pen the valve of the separating funnel and collect the heavier layer in a test t
ube. Now transfer the contents into a china dish. Repeat the same procedure for
the different samples and label them after the name of the cigarettes from which
they have been obtained.
Heat the crystals in liquid form and ultimately subjec
t them to cold water and leave them for a day or two.
Weigh the crystals hence o
btained with the help of a physical balance.
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OBSERVATIONS
S.no 1. 2. 3.
Cigarette Sample Country Cigarette (Beedi) Sample A Sample B
Quantity of Nicotine Suphate 0.17 gram 0.06 gram 0.05 gram
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RESULT The analysis showed relatively higher levels of nicotine in tobacco from
beedis (0.17g) as compared to cigarettes (0.05g in Sample B and 0.06g in Sample
A).
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CONCLUSION This study concludes that the nicotine content in tobacco contained i
n country cigarettes (beedi) is higher compared to the content in company manufa
ctured branded cigarettes.
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TOBACCO
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the ge
nus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in the form of nicot
ine tartrate, used in some medicines. It is most commonly used as a drug, and is
a valuable cash crop for countries such as Cuba,India, China, and the United St
ates. Tobacco is a name for any plant of the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae f
amily (nightshade family) and for the product manufactured from the leaf and use
d in cigars and cigarettes, snuff, and pipe and chewing tobacco. Tobacco plants
are also used in plant bioengineering, and some of the 60 species are grown as o
rnamentals. The chief commercial species, N. tabacum, is believed native to trop
ical America, like most nicotiana plants, but has been so long cultivated that i
t is no longer known in the wild. N.Rrustica, a mild-flavored, fast-burning spec
ies, was the tobacco originally raised in Virginia, but it is now grown chiefly
in Turkey, India, and Russia. The alkaloid nicotine is the most characteristic c
onstituent of tobacco and is responsible for its addictive nature. The harmful e
ffects of tobacco derive from the thousands of different compounds generated in
the smoke, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzpyrene), form
aldehyde, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, radioactive polonium-210, tobacco-specific n
itrosamines (TSNAs), phenols, and many others. Tobacco is cultivated similarly t
o other agricultural products. Seeds are sown in cold frames or hotbeds to preve
nt attacks from insects, and then transplanted into the fields. Tobacco is an an
nual crop, which is usually harvested mechanically or by hand. After harvest, to
bacco is stored for curing, which allows for the slow oxidation and degradation
of carotenoids. This allows for the agricultural product to take on properties t
hat are usually attributed to the "smoothness" of the smoke. Following this, tob
acco is packed into its various forms of consumption, which include smoking, che
wing, snuffing, and so on. Most cigarettes incorporate flue-cured tobacco, which
produces a milder, more inhalable smoke. Use of lowpH, inhalable, flue-cured to
bacco is one of the principal reasons smoking causes lung cancer and other disea
ses association with smoke inhalation.
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NICOTINE
Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae) th
at acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. The biosynthesistakes pla
ce in the roots and accumulation occurs in the leaves of the Solanaceae. It cons
titutes approximately 0.63.0% of the dry weight of tobacco and is present in the
range of 27 g/kg of various edible plants. It functions as an antiherbivore chemic
al; therefore, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past and nicoti
ne analogs such as imidacloprid are currently widely used. In low doses (an aver
age cigarette yields about 1 mg of absorbed nicotine), the substance acts as a s
timulant in mammals, while high amounts (3060 mg) can be fatal. This stimulant ef
fect is the main factor responsible for the dependence-forming properties of tob
acco smoking. According to the American Heart Association, nicotine addiction ha
s historically been one of the hardest addictions to break, while the pharmacolo
gical and behavioral characteristics that determine tobacco addiction are simila
r to those determining addiction to heroin and cocaine. The nicotine content of
popular American-brand cigarettes has slowly increased over the years, and one s
tudy found that there was an average increase of 1.6% per year between the years
of 1998 and 2005. This was found for all major market categories of cigarettes.
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MANUFACTURING OF TOBACCO
1. Filter Paper made up of 95% Cellulose Acetate 2. Tipping paper to cover the f
ilter 3. Rolling paper to cover the Tobacco 4. Tobacco blend
Modern commercially manufactured cigarettes are seemingly simple objects consist
ing mainly of a tobacco blend, paper, PVA glue to bond the outer layer of paper
together, and often also a cellulose acetatebased filter. While the assembly of c
igarettes is straightforward, much focus is given to the creation of each of the
components, in particular the tobacco blend. A key ingredient that makes cigare
ttes more addictive is the inclusion of reconstituted tobacco, which has additiv
es to make nicotine more volatile as the cigarette burns.
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ADDICTIVE NATURE OF TOBACCO
Addictive Nature of Nicotine
Nicotine is very addictive. It increases the release of brain chemicals called n
eurotransmitters, which help regulate mood and behavior. One of these neurotrans
mitters is dopamine, which makes one feel good. Getting that dopamine boost is p
art of the addiction process. Nicotine dependence, also referred to as tobacco d
ependence, involves behavioural as well as physical factors.
Physical Addiction
Over 13 million smokers try to quit each year, yet less than 5% of those who att
empt to quit unaided are cigarette-free after 6-12 months. For one simple reason
: a nicotine addiction is harder to beat than most people realize. Nicotine from
smoking changes the structure and function of your brain. When the brain stops
getting the nicotine it s used to, you begin feeling strong withdrawal cravings.
You think you want a cigarette when, actually, your brain wants nicotine. Let s
take a look at how nicotine addiction works. Each puff on a cigarette sends nic
otine to the brain within 10 seconds. Immediately, we feel more alert and calm.
It feels good, so we have another puff. And another. Soon the brain s chemical s
tructure actually changes. It becomes hooked into wanting more and more nicotine
to make the effects last. Physical dependence on nicotine is defined by the app
earance of characteristic withdrawal symptoms when the substance is suddenly dis
continued. So, while physical dependency can be a major factor in the psychology
of addiction and most often becomes a primary motivator in the continuation of
an addiction, the initial primary attribution of an addictive substance is usual
ly its ability to induce pleasure, although with continued use the goal is not s
o much to induce pleasure as it is to relieve the anxiety caused by the absence
of a given addictive substance, causing it to become used compulsively.
The speed with which a given individual becomes addicted to nicotine varies with
the substance, the frequency of use, the means of ingestion, the intensity of p
leasure or euphoria, and the individual s genetic and psychological susceptibili
ty. Some people may exhibit
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addictice tendencies from the moment of first intoxication, while most people ca
n smoke socially without ever becoming addicted. Opioid dependent individuals ha
ve different responses to even low doses of opioids than the majority of people,
although this may be due to a variety of other factors, as opioid use heavily s
timulates pleasure-inducing neurotransmitters in the brain. Nonetheless, because
of these variations, in addition to the adoption and twin studies that have bee
n well replicated, much of the medical community is satisfied that addiction is
in part genetically moderated. That is, one s genetic makeup may regulate how su
sceptible one is to a substance and how easily one may become psychologically at
tached to a pleasurable routine.
Psychosocial Addiction
Psychological dependency is a dependency of the mind, and leads to psychological
withdrawal symptoms (such as cravings, irritability, insomnia, depression, anor
exia, etc). Addiction can in theory be derived from any rewarding behaviour, and
is believed to be strongly associated with the dopaminergic system of the brain
s reward system (as in the case of cocaine and amphetamines). Some claim that i
t is a habitual means to avoid undesired activity, but typically it is only so t
o a clinical level in individuals who have emotional, social, or psychological d
ysfunctions (psychological addiction is defined as such), replacing normal posit
ive stimuli not otherwise attained. A person who is physically dependent, but no
t psychologically dependent can have their dose slowly dropped until they are no
longer dependent. However, if that person is psychologically dependent, they ar
e still at serious risk for relapse into abuse and subsequent physical dependenc
e. Psychological dependence does not have to be limited only to substances; even
activities and behavioural patterns can be considered addictions, if they becom
e uncontrollable.
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HEALTH EFFECTS
Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally. Tobacco use
leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs, with smoki
ng being a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pul
monary disease (COPD)
(including emphysema andchronic bronchitis), and cancer (particularly lung cance
r, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer). It also causes perip
heral vascular disease and hypertension. The effects depend on the number of yea
rs that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earl
ier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these dis
eases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke, shown has to been
cause
adverse health effects in people of all
ages. Cigarettes sold in underdeveloped countries tend to have higher tar conten
t,
and are less likely to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability tobacco
-related disease regions. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tob
acco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004 and 100 million deaths over the course of
the 20th century. Similarly, the United States Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk
to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death
worldwide." Several countries have taken measures to control the consumption of
tobacco with usage and sales restrictions as well as warning messages printed o
n packaging. in these
Source: netdoctor.co.uk
to
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Smoke contains several carcinogenic pyrolytic products that bind to DNA and caus
e many genetic mutations. There are 45 known or suspected chemical carcinogens i
n cigarette smoke. Tobacco also contains nicotine, which is a highly addictive p
sychoactive drug. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes physical and psycholog
ical dependency. Tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregn
ant smokers, it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the fe
tus such as premature births and low birth weight and increases by 1.4 to 3 time
s the chance forSudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). The result of scientific st
udies done in neonatal rats seems to indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke i
n the womb may reduce the fetal brain s ability to recognize hypoxic conditions,
thus increasing the chance of accidental asphyxiation. Incidence ofimpotence is
approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers, and is
a key factor causing erectile dysfunction(ED).
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
o www.en.wikipedia.com; o http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287555overview;
o www.righthealth.com; o www.netdoctor.co.uk; o www.nicorette.com; o World Health
Survey by the World Health Organisation (WHO); o Practical Chemistry for Class XI
I by Ratna Sagar Publications; o Science Reporter July, 2010 edition;
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