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C- Gradation.
D Blending (Combining).
Information listed in this lecture is mainly taken from the Iraqi General Specifications
for Roads and Bridge (SCRB, 2007), Standard Specifications for Engineering Materials
and Methods of Sampling and Testing (AASHTO, 2013), Handbook of Highway
Engineering (Fwa, 2006), http://www.pavementinteractive.org (Accessed on 2015)
and Highways (OFlaherty, 2007) and Aggregate properties (NCHRP, Report 539,
2005).
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2- Source (optional)
3- Other properties
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The uncompacted void content is the difference between the volume of the
cylindrical measure and the absolute volume of the fine aggregate (calculated from
its mass and bulk dry specific gravity). For fine aggregate with a given gradation, the
higher the void content, the higher the assumed angularity and rougher the surface.
High angularity results in high internal friction of aggregate and hence high shear
strength ( = c + tan ).
Generally, angular aggregates are harder to compact due to the aggregate-interlock
(low workability), which gives the mix greater shear strength. These mixes tend to
be more stable and resistant to rutting.
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d) Clay content
Clay content is defined as the percentage of clay material contained in the aggregate
fraction that passes the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve. This property is determined using
AASHTO T176 Standard Method of Test for Plastic Fines in Graded Aggregates and
Soils by Use of the Sand Equivalent Test.
In this procedure, a sample of fine aggregate is placed in a graduated cylinder with a
flocculating solution. The cylinder is then agitated to loosen the clayey fines within
and surrounding the aggregate particles. After allowing the constituents to
settle for a specific length of time, the height of suspended clay and sedimented
aggregate is measured. The sand equivalent value is the ratio of the sand reading to
the clay reading as a percentage.
A low sand equivalent value, or high clay content, means that there is dirt on the
surface of the aggregates. This dirt can reduce the bond between the aggregate
and asphalt cement. Consequently, the mix would have a greater tendency for
stripping. Cleaner aggregate with higher sand equivalent values will enhance the
performance of HMA. According to SCRB (2009) sand equivalent value should not be
less than 45%
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b) Soundness
The soundness test determines an aggregates resistance (durability) to
disintegration by weathering and, in particular, freeze-thaw cycles. Aggregates that
are durable are less likely to degrade in the field and cause premature HMA
pavement distress and potentially, failure.
Soundness is the percent loss of material from an aggregate blend during the
sodium sulfate Na2SO4 or magnesium sulfate MgSO4 soundness test. This property is
determined using AASHTO T104 Standard Method of Test for Soundness of
Aggregate by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate. In this procedure,
aggregate samples are put through repeated cycles of immersion in saturated
solutions of sodium or magnesium sulfate followed by oven drying. The percent loss
of material is determined by taking the difference between the original and final
masses expressed as a percentage of the original mass. This test evaluates the
aggregates ability to resist breaking down or disintegrating due to weathering (i.e.,
wetting and drying and/or freezing and thawing). ASTM D692 Standard
Specification for Coarse Aggregate for Bituminous Paving Mixtures specifies a 5cycle weighted loss of not more than 12% when sodium sulfate is used or 18% when
magnesium sulfate is used.
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c) Deleterious Materials
The percentage of deleterious materials in blended aggregate is determined
using AASHTO T112 (ASTM C142) Standard Method of Test for Clay Lumps
and Friable Particles in Aggregate. In this procedure, aggregates are individually
subjected to finger pressure (while soaking) to determine materials that are friable
or clay lumps. The percent of clay lumps and friable particles is determined by taking
the difference between the original and final mass retained on a No. 200 (0.075
mm) sieve, after wet sieving, expressed as a percentage of the original mass. The
percent of deleterious materials can range from 0.2 to 10%.
=========================
3- Other properties
a) Particle Index (Shape and Texture)
Particle index is an overall measure of aggregate particle shape and texture. This
property is determined using ASTM D3398 Standard Test Method for Index of
Aggregate Particle Shape and Texture. In this test method, the percent voids in the
aggregate compacted in two stages according to a specified procedure is used to
calculate the particle index (Ia) value. Typically, rounded particles with smooth
surface textures may have a particle index of 6 or 7 while a highly-angular crushed
particle with rough surface textures can have particle indices of 15 to 20 or higher.
Surface texture, similar to particle shape, influences the workability and strength of
HMA. Aggregates with rough textures, such as crushed limestone or gravel, tend to
form stronger bonds with asphalt cement and increases the strength and asphalt
cement demand of a mix. On the other hand, aggregates with smooth textures, such
as river gravels and sands, tend to form weaker bonds with asphalt cement which
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leads to reduced strength and decreased asphalt cement demand. However, smooth
aggregate surface textures may provide more workability.
b) Plasticity Index
The Plasticity Index (PI) is a measure of the degree of plasticity of fines (material
passing the No. 200 sieve). It can provide an indication of the amount and type of
fines. This property is determined using ASTM D4318 Standard Test Method for
Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils. The PI is defined as the
difference between the liquid limit (LL) and plastic limit (PL).
c) Affinity for Asphalt
An aggregates affinity for asphalt cement is its propensity to attract and remain
attached to asphalt cement. Asphalt cement must coat the aggregate, stick to the
aggregate, and resist stripping of the asphalt film in the presence of water. It is
important to recognize that some aggregates appear to have a greater affinity for
water than for asphalt cement. These hydrophilic (water-loving) aggregates have a
tendency to get stripped (asphalt film gets detached from the aggregate) with
exposure to water. On the other hand, hydrophobic (water-hating) aggregates have
a greater affinity for asphalt cement. Limestone and dolomite are examples of
hydrophobic aggregates.
d) Absorption
Absorption is a measure of an aggregates porosity. While porosity is generally
associated with the absorption of water, a porous aggregate also tends to absorb
asphalt cement. Porous aggregates have a greater asphalt cement demand and
require additional asphalt cement for a comparable mix. Therefore, highly porous
aggregates are generally not used for HMA unless the aggregates possess certain
desirable qualities that outweigh the cost of additional asphalt cement.
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C Aggregates gradation
According to Iraqi roads specifications, Coarse Aggregate is that portion of the
combined aggregate retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve used for asphalt
concrete. Fine Aggregate is that portion of the combined aggregate passing the 4.75
mm (No. 4) sieve shall consist of stone screenings (dust) and natural sand. Natural
sand shall not exceed 25% of the portion fines than 2.36 mm for surface and binder
courses. Mineral Filler shall consist of limestone or other stone dust, portland
cement, hydrated lime or other non-plastic mineral matter from approved sources.
It shall conform to the grading requirements shown in Table R9/1.
The plasticity index as determined by ASSHTO T90 shall not be greater than 4. The
amount of filler to be added shall be only that amount which is necessary to the
grading requirements for the completed mixture prescribed.
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using percent passing (by weight) as the ordinate and particle size as the abscissa.
Fuller and Thompson (1907) developed one of the best-known grading charts in the
early 20th century. The equation for Fullers maximum density curve is as follows:
P = (d/D)0.45 * 100
where d is the diameter of the sieve in question, P total percent passing or finer
than the sieve, and D is the maximum size of the aggregate. Maximum size is the
smallest sieve through which 100 percent of the aggregate sample particles pass.
For example, for surface course; P(#4) = (4.75/19)0.45 * 100 = 53.58 %
for surface course; P(#200) = (0.075/19)0.45 * 100 = 8.28 %
for binder course; P(#4)
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Proportioning Determinations
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