DNA, REPLICATION,

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, Unit 5

CELL DIVISION

HE.5.B.1: MODEL THE COMPONENTS OF

A DNA NUCLEOTIDE AND AN RNA
NUCLEOTIDE.

HE.5.B.1: MODEL THE COMPONENTS OF

A DNA NUCLEOTIDE AND AN RNA
NUCLEOTIDE.

RNA Nucleotide DNA Nucleotide

HE.5.B.1: MODEL THE COMPONENTS OF

A DNA NUCLEOTIDE AND AN RNA
NUCLEOTIDE.

RNA Nucleotide DNA Nucleotide

Sugar is
ribose
Bases
include:
Adenine
Guanine

Sugar is
deoxyribose
Bases include:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine

HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK

DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING
BASE-PAIRING RULE.

Note
packet
page 9

HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK

DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING
BASE-PAIRING RULE.

Overall Shape:
Double Helix
(looks like a
twisted ladder)

HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK

DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING
BASE-PAIRING RULE.

Nitrogen
containing bases:
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK

DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING
BASE-PAIRING RULE.

Base Pairing Rules:

Adenine to
Thymine
(A T)
Cytosine to
Guanine

HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK

DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING
BASE-PAIRING RULE.

Backbone:
Phosphate
Sugar
(deoxyribos
e)

HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK

DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING
BASE-PAIRING RULE.

Chargaffs Rules:
Amount of A
always equals
amount of T
Amount of C
always equals

HE.5.B.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA
AND RNA.

HE.5.B.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA
AND RNA.
DNA

RNA Structure

Structure

Single stranded Double stranded

Sugar = ribose Sugar =
deoxyribose
Bases:
Adenine
Bases:
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine

HE.5.B.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA
AND RNA.

RNA
Messenger
Function

RNA (mRNA)

Carries DNA messages from nucleus

to ribosome

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Makes up part of the ribosome

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Reads mRNA and carries the correct
amino acid to the ribosome

HE.5.B.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA
AND RNA.

DNA
Instructions
Function

for making/controlling
all things in the cell

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE

PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE

PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

DNA Replication:
General Description:
Process of making an exact copy
of DNA.

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE

PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

Replication Process:
1. Original DNA strands separate
2. Complementary nucleotides attach
Use base pairing rules

3. Backbone formed to create new strand

Sugar and phosphates bond together

4. End Result: Two identical DNA

molecules
Each has one original strand and one
new strand

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE

PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

Replication: Identify the

structures
1. Original DNA strands
2. Complementary nucleotides
3. DNA Polymerase (enzyme)
4. Newly constructed DNA Strand

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE

PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

DNA Replication occurs during

the Synthesis (S) phase of the
cell cycle

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE

PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

Terminology for Protein

Synthesis:
Transcription: Process of
copying a DNA message onto
an mRNA molecule.
Translation: Process of
translating the message on an
mRNA into a protein.

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE

PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

Terminology for Protein

Synthesis:
mRNA: Carries the DNA message
to the ribosome.
tRNA: reads the mRNA message
and brings amino acids to the
ribosome.
rRNA: makes up part of the
ribosome.

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE

PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

Terminology for Protein

Synthesis:
Codon: 3 letter word on mRNA
that codes for an amino acid
Anticodon: 3 letter word on
tRNA that matches the codon
Ribosome: structure in the cell
where proteins are made

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE

PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

Central Dogma
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Translation
Protein

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE

PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

Example:
DNA:
TAC CGG TAA
CGC
mRNA:
AUG GCC AUU
GCG
Amino Acid: Met Ala Ile
Ala

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE

PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

DNA determines sequence of mRNA

mRNA is grouped into codons of
3 letters
Each codon corresponds to a
specific amino acid
tRNA brings the correct amino acid
to the ribosome
Amino acids link together to make
a protein

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE

PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
Transcription
Drawing

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE

PROCESSES OF REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.
Translation
Drawing

M C . 2. B . 8: D E SC RIB E TH E M AIN E VE N T S OF T H E C E L L
CYC L E , IN C LU DIN G TH E D IFFE RE N C E S I N P L AN T AN D
AN IM AL C E L L D IVISIO N : IN T E R P H AS E , M IT OSIS ,
CYT OK IN E SIS

M C . 2. B . 8: D E SC RIB E TH E M AIN E VE N T S OF T H E C E L L
CYC L E , IN C LU DIN G TH E D IFFE RE N C E S I N P L AN T AN D
AN IM AL C E L L D IVISIO N : IN T E R P H AS E , M IT OSIS ,
CYT OK IN E SIS

1. Interphase
2. Gap 1 (G1) Phase
Does normal cell things, Cell grows,
makes more organelles

3. Synthesis (S) phase

DNA Replication occurs

4. Gap 2 (G2) phase

Same as G1

M C . 2. B . 8: D E SC RIB E TH E M AIN E VE N T S OF T H E C E L L
CYC L E , IN C LU DIN G TH E D IFFE RE N C E S I N P L AN T AN D
AN IM AL C E L L D IVISIO N : IN T E R P H AS E , M IT OSIS ,
CYT OK IN E SIS

5. Cell Division (M-phase)

6. Mitosis
7. Cytokinesis
8. Prophase
9. Metaphase
10.Anaphase
11.Telophase
12.Cytokinesis

M C . 2. B . 8: D E SC RIB E TH E M AIN E VE N T S OF T H E C E L L
CYC L E , IN C LU DIN G TH E D IFFE RE N C E S I N P L AN T AN D
AN IM AL C E L L D IVISIO N : IN T E R P H AS E , M IT OSIS ,
CYT OK IN E SIS

Step 1: Interphase
Purpose: Prepare the cell
Gap 1 (G1):
Normal cell things
Cell grows and copies organelles
Synthesis (S):
DNA Replication occurs
Gap 2 (G2):
Same as G1

M C . 2. B . 8: D E SC RIB E TH E M AIN E VE N T S OF T H E C E L L
CYC L E , IN C LU DIN G TH E D IFFE RE N C E S I N P L AN T AN D
AN IM AL C E L L D IVISIO N : IN T E R P H AS E , M IT OSIS ,
CYT OK IN E SIS

Step 2: Mitosis
Purpose: divide the nucleus
Prophase:
Chromosomes condense
Nuclear envelope disappears
Spindle fibers form

M C . 2. B . 8: D E SC RIB E TH E M AIN E VE N T S OF T H E C E L L
CYC L E , IN C LU DIN G TH E D IFFE RE N C E S I N P L AN T AN D
AN IM AL C E L L D IVISIO N : IN T E R P H AS E , M IT OSIS ,
CYT OK IN E SIS

Step 2: Mitosis
Metaphase:
Chromosomes line up along
equator (middle)

Anaphase:
Chromosomes pulled to
opposite ends of cell by
spindle fibers

M C . 2. B . 8: D E SC RIB E TH E M AIN E VE N T S OF T H E C E L L
CYC L E , IN C LU DIN G TH E D IFFE RE N C E S I N P L AN T AN D
AN IM AL C E L L D IVISIO N : IN T E R P H AS E , M IT OSIS ,
CYT OK IN E SIS

Step 2: Mitosis
Telophase:
Chromosomes uncoil
Nuclear envelope reappears
Spindle fibers disappear

M C . 2. B . 8: D E SC RIB E TH E M AIN E VE N T S OF T H E C E L L
CYC L E , IN C LU DIN G TH E D IFFE RE N C E S I N P L AN T AN D
AN IM AL C E L L D IVISIO N : IN T E R P H AS E , M IT OSIS ,
CYT OK IN E SIS

Step 3: Cytokinesis
Purpose: divide the cell
(cytoplasm)
Occurs after telophase
when there are two nuclei
in the cell

M C . 2. B . 8: D E SC RIB E TH E M AIN E VE N T S OF T H E C E L L
CYC L E , IN C LU DIN G TH E D IFFE RE N C E S I N P L AN T AN D
AN IM AL C E L L D IVISIO N : IN T E R P H AS E , M IT OSIS ,
CYT OK IN E SIS

Step 3: Cytokinesis
In plants:
Cell plate forms down
middle of cell
Cells break apart

M C . 2. B . 8: D E SC RIB E TH E M AIN E VE N T S OF T H E C E L L
CYC L E , IN C LU DIN G TH E D IFFE RE N C E S I N P L AN T AN D
AN IM AL C E L L D IVISIO N : IN T E R P H AS E , M IT OSIS ,
CYT OK IN E SIS

Step 3: Cytokinesis
In animals:
Cell membrane pinches in
Cells pinch apart

M C . 2. B . 8: D E SC RIB E TH E M AIN E VE N T S OF T H E C E L L
CYC L E , IN C LU DIN G TH E D IFFE RE N C E S I N P L AN T AN D
AN IM AL C E L L D IVISIO N : IN T E R P H AS E , M IT OSIS ,
CYT OK IN E SIS

Why we need cell division:

Growth
Growing from a single cell to
an adult requires more cells

M C . 2. B . 8: D E SC RIB E TH E M AIN E VE N T S OF T H E C E L L
CYC L E , IN C LU DIN G TH E D IFFE RE N C E S I N P L AN T AN D
AN IM AL C E L L D IVISIO N : IN T E R P H AS E , M IT OSIS ,
CYT OK IN E SIS

Why we need cell division:

Replace dead/injured cells
Cells must be replaced as
they are lost
Example: skin cells
constantly shed and must be
replaced

M C . 2. B . 8: D E SC RIB E TH E M AIN E VE N T S OF T H E C E L L
CYC L E , IN C LU DIN G TH E D IFFE RE N C E S I N P L AN T AN D
AN IM AL C E L L D IVISIO N : IN T E R P H AS E , M IT OSIS ,
CYT OK IN E SIS

Why we need cell division:

Replace cells after illness
Immune responses destroy
healthy and sick cells

MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE

STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE,
METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE

MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE

STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE,
METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE

PMAT
P=Prophase
M=Metaphase
A=Anaphase
T=Telophase

MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE

STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE,
METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE

Parent Cell: Interphase

Diploid
Somatic (body) cell
DNA is copied
Prophase:
Chromosomes
condense
Nuclear envelope
disappears

MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE

STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE,
METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE

Metaphase:
Chromosomes line
up along equator
(middle)
Chromosomes
attached to spindle
fibers
Anaphase:
Chromosomes pulled
apart by spindle
fibers

MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE

STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE,
METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE

Telophase:
Chromosomes uncoil
Nuclear envelopes
re-appear
Spindle fibers
disappear

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

1st division of Meiosis:

Almost identical to mitosis
Difference = chromatids on
homologous chromosomes can switch
Called crossing over

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

2nd division of Meiosis:

This division cuts chromosome # in
half
Still similar to mitosis
Difference: end up with 4 unique

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

Purpose of Meiosis:
To create gametes or sex cells that are
haploid
Importance of creating haploid cells:
A gamete has to fuse with another
gamete to make a new individual
(fertilization)
If each had full set of chromosomes,
the new individual would have twice

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

How does each sex cell become

unique:
Chromosomes line up randomly
Crossing over occurs

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

Fertilization:
Fusion of gametes to create a new
individual

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

Egg and
Sperm each
created
through
meiosis
Egg =
Haploid
Sperm =
Haploid

Egg and
Sperm
combine
during
Fertilization

Fertilization
creates a
new
individual

= New
Egg(haploid) +
Individual Cell
Sperm(haploid)
(diploid)

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

Somatic Cells Gametes:

Body Cells
Diploid

Sex Cells (egg

or sperm)
Haploid

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

1.Autosomes
Regular
chromosomes
22 pairs in
humans

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

2. Homologous
Chromosomes
A pair of
chromosomes
1 from mom
1 from dad
Same genes on
each one; just
different versions

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

3. Sex Chromosomes
23rd or last pair
in humans
Determine
gender
Females have XX
Males have XY

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

Diploid Cell:

Haploid Cell:

Has 2 copies of each

chromosome
1 from moms
egg
1 from dads
sperm
These are somatic
cells

Has 1 copy of each

chromosome
These are gametes
Egg for
females
Sperm for males

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

Diploid

Haploid

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis
Meiosis
1. Makes diploid
1.Makes haploid cells
cells
2. Creates identical 2. Creates unique
cells
cells
3. Makes somatic 3. Makes gametes
cells
4. Used to grow & 4. Used to create sex
heal
cells for

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

Mitosis
:

Diploid Parent
Cell

DNA
Replication
Nucleus then
cell divides
Diploid
daughter

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

Meiosis Part
I:

Diploid Parent
Cell

DNA
Replication
Nucleus then
cell divides
Diploid
daughter

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

Meiosis Part
II:
cell
divides
again

Diploid
daughter cells
from 1st
division
Haploid
daughter
cells

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

Haploid

Diploid

Human

23

46

Earthworm

18

36

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC

MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME
NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT.

Egg/Sperm

Zygote

Maize
(corn)

10

20

Dog

36

78