Advanced Writing Skills (RED)

jID M N C ED
WRITING
SKILLS
CONTENTS
U N I T 7 Protest and C om plaint
A cknow ledgem ents iv

Forew ord v
G eneral In tro d u ctio n vi
In tro d u ctio n to S tudents vii
T e a c h e rs H an d lin g Notes viii
U N I T 1 Advice and O p in io n
P rotest, co m p la in t a n d a p o lo g y ; c o n tra st
a n d concession; q u ite /fa ir ly /ra th e r ; reactio n .
U N I T 8 C ontroversy
69
C o n tro v e rsy ; reasons, causes a n d

e x p la n a tio n s; g eru n d s as subjects a n d
o b jects; w ork.
A d v ic e ; fu tu re tim e c la u se s;
i t is
a d je c t iv e
t h a t . . .; c o n s u m e r
U N I T 9 C ontrast and
C om parison 79
v o c a b u la ry .
U N I T 2 Plans an d A rrangem ents
10
A rra n g e m e n ts a n d in v ita tio n s ; relativ e

clauses - d efin in g ; it is a d j e c t i v e + i n f i n i t i v e ;
e n te rta in m e n t.
U N I T 3 Permission
19
P e rm issio n ; su b stitu tin g infinitives for

re la tiv e c la u se s; p re se n t a n d p erfect
p a rtic ip le s; c h a ra c te r.
U N I T 4 Suggestions
U N I T 5 O b ligation
A d v a n ta g e s a n d d isa d v a n ta g e s; w hile a n d
w h e re a s ; q u alify in g a n d describ in g
n o u n s ; to w n a n d co u n try .
U N I T 10 P robability
29
39
O b lig a tio n ; re la tiv e clauses n o n

d e fin in g ; few /a few, e t c .; life a b ro a d .
U N I T 6 G eneralisations
49
Q u alify in g g e n e ra lisa tio n s; inversion

after neg ativ e in tro d u c tio n s; q u alify in g
a n d re-expressing s ta te m e n ts ; holid ay s
a n d tourism .
89
P ro b a b ility - p rese n t a n d f u tu r e ; w h a t a n d
w h ic h ; th a t a n d w h e th e r clauses as
su b jects; leisure tim e.
U N I T 11 P lanning
S uggestin g courses o f a c tio n ; expressing

co n trasts a n d c o n cessio n ; focus a n d
id e n tific a tio n ; food a n d h e a lth .
60
97
P la n n in g ; p u rp o se clauses; in v erte d
co n d itio n als; e q u a lity a n d p reju d ice.
K ey 108
Resources File
117
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
W e w ould like to thank the following people for their help and cooperation
in the developm ent o f this book: the principal, teachers, and students of
E urocentre, B ournem outh for their help and encouragem ent; students at
the In stitu to A nglo-M exicano in M exico C ity; and the secretarial staff at
E urocentre, B ournem outh, in p artic u la r H eath er W oodley and M ary
Parsa. W e w ould especially like to th an k J e ff Stranks for his contribution,
and R oger Scott for his help an d advice.
J o h n A rnold
Jerem y H arm er
FO REW O RD
W ith this book, the ten th E u ro cen tre p ublication in our series Teaching
Languages to Adults, we continue our program m e of providing m aterials
and techniques for language teaching in areas not yet fully covered.
T h e recent developm ents w ithin the field of linguistics have shown a need
for a new ap p ro ach to teaching English at the A dvanced level; w ith their
experience as teachers in an organisation teaching adults, the authors have
recognised the need to in te rp ret such developm ents at a strictly practical
level both for teachers an d students.
T hus Advanced Writing Skills concentrates on the production o f w ritten
English and incorporates new concepts o f A dvanced learning by leading the
students from controlled use to free an d individual production o f
ap p ro p riate language. In addition, this book provides the teacher w ith
m aterial suitable for a variety of learning situations.
It also offers m any opportunities for really challenging and varied
hom ew ork and encourages the responsible student to m ake full use o f his
self-study potential.
W e believe - and the testing of the m aterial in the English Eurocentres has
proved it - th at this book can m ake a valuable contribution to the teaching
of English at the A dvanced level for both teachers and students.
E rh. J . C. W aespi
Director o f thefoundation fo r
European Language and Educational Centres
GENERAL IN T R O D U C T IO N
In this book, language is treated u n d er three headings
F u n c tio n s
T o p ic N o tio n s
G ram m ar
U n d er F u n c tio n s we consider ways in w hich language is used, for exam ple,

Giving Advice. W e then present some o f the forms o f language th a t can be used
in perform ing such Functions, for exam ple, i f you take my advice you w ill. . .
U n d er T o p ic N o tio n s we deal w ith the vocabulary related to a p artic u la r
subject or topic, for exam ple, Work. U n d er G r a m m a r we present and
practise certain structural patterns.
THE COURSE
T h e course is designed for students w ho have either passed the C am bridge

First Certificate exam ination or successfully com pleted an equivalent course
of study.
By the end o f this book, successful students will be able to use the Functions,
T opic Notions, an d G ram m ar studied to express themselves fluently and
accurately, particu larly in w riting. Such students will be in a position to take
the C am bridge Certificate o f Proficiency exam ination after further training
in the specific techniques necessary for th a t exam ination.
U N IT LAY O U T
E ach u nit contains

a) A T ext, w hich exemplifies one or m ore F unctional areas, and w hich is
also about a p artic u la r topic, thus providing m aterial for discussion and
vocabulary extension.
b) C om prehension an d S um m ary exercises.
c) R evision-Test (except U n it 1).
d) P resentation and practice o f F u n ctional Language.
e) Sentence construction (i.e. G ram m ar).
f ) Features o f S tructure an d Style occurring in the text.
g) V ocabulary extension.
h) F inal W ritten Tasks, designed to integrate ( d)-(g) above.
DESIGN
T h e course is designed in such a w ay th a t it can be used, at the one extrem e,

for intensive courses, and at the other, for private study. As m any students at
this level follow non-intensive courses they will find the private study
potential of the book p articu larly valu able; a key is provided for the
m ajority o f the exercises. T hus, w here tim etabling makes this necessary,
p artic u la r parts of the unit m ay be d ealt w ith outside the classroom.
T h e following publications have been p articu larly useful in the p rep aratio n
of this book
Leech and Svartvik, A Communicative Grammar o f English, Longm an, 1975.
Q uirk and G reenbaum , A University Grammar o f English, Longm an, 1973.
W ilkins, Linguistics in Language Teaching, E dw ard A rnold, 1973.
VI
IN T R O D U C T IO N TO STUDENTS
R ead this, as it will help you to get the best out of the book.
T his book is especially designed for students who have passed the
C am bridge First C ertificate exam ination or who have done a course to
ab o u t the sam e level, an d com pleted it successfully. T his book will help you
tow ards a higher level o f English know ledge, and if you wish, tow ards the
C am b rid g e C ertificate o f Proficiency ex am in atio n .
THE L A Y O U T OF EACH UN IT
Text designed to provide discussion m aterial and show exam ples of the
language you will be studying.
Exercises on the Text designed to test your ability to u n d erstan d and take
inform ation out of the text and to give you practice in selecting p artic u la r
points from the text and linking this inform ation together w ithin a lim ited
n u m b er o f words.
Revision- Test designed to give fu rth er p ractice in elem ents o f language which
you have already studied in previous units.
Functional Language p r o v i d e s o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o s t u d y a n d p r a c t i s e t h e
l a n g u a g e y o u n e e d for p a r t ic u la r p u r p o s e s , s u c h as s u g g e s t i n g c o u r s e s
OF ACTION.
Sentence Construction this section revises an d extends your g ram m atical know l
edge of English.
Structure and Style provides opportunities to study an d practise special stylistic
features of w ritten English.
Topic Vocabulary here you can learn words in groups w'hich are all concerned
w ith a p a rtic u la r topic.
Writing Tasks this is the m ain piece of p ractice in w hich you can use the
language you have studied in the unit (as well as in previous units). These
compositions have been chosen to represent the kinds o f w ritten tasks which
you m ight one day w an t to perform in English.
THE RESOURCES FILE
At the back o f the book you will find a section m arked r e s o u r c e s f i l e . H ere
you will find pictures, forms, and oth er visual aids taken from new spapers
and other sources. These aids are designed to give you extra practice and
revision of w hat you have studied in the units.
(lO o rm o re lessons a week),
you can use this book u n d er the guidance o f your teacher(s). It is a good idea
to read the passage of an y unit in advance and look at the T alking Points
section. T h ere is a key to all of the exercises m arked (K), so you can use the
exercises for revision an d extra p ractice as necessary.
if y o u a r e f o l l o w i n g a n i n t e n s i v e c o u r s e
IF YOU AR E FO LLO W IN G A N O N -IN T E N S IV E COURSE (2-10 lessons a Week),

you will have to do the m ajority o f the exercises on your own. T h ere is a key
provided for all the exercises w here this is possible. I f there are points in the
explanations or exercises w hich you do not understand, ask your teachers
about them w hen you have the opportunity.
You will have plenty of opportunities w hen using this book to talk about
yourself, give your personal opinions, and say w hat you think. R em em ber
th a t learning an o th er language, especially at an advanced level, should be
an opp o rtu n ity to express yourself an d your ideas clearly and fluently, and
to enjoy learning to do this. W e wish you every success in bringing your
knowledge o f English to an a d v a n c e d level.
T E A C H E R S H A N D L IN G N O T E S
THE TEX T
It is suggested th at students read the text to be w orked on before com ing to

class.
EXERCISES ON THE TEX T
1 Vocabulary
This section is designed to show the students a variety o f vocabulary in
context. I t should be done orally, preferably before the other exercises on
the text.
2 Talking Points
These true/false questions are designed as oral classroom activity, e.g. the
teacher reads the sentences an d the students say w hether the answ er is
true or false. T h e questions are not designed to focus on any p artic u la r
aspect of language, b u t should form the basis for discussion on the subjectm atter o f the text.
3 Writing Points
These questions could be done orally, b u t the intention is th at the student
should be able to w rite complete answers, as he will have to do in the
Proficiency exam ination.
4 Context Questions
These questions could be d ealt w ith either orally, or in w riting. T hey are
designed to test the stu d en ts in -d ep th understanding of the text.
5 Summary Work
T h e m ain aim of this is to train students to sum m arise, w ithin given word
limits, inform ation they have read. T h e exercises can be used successfully
as group work in the class.
R E V ISIO N -T E ST
These can be done m ost effectively in the classroom u n d er quasi-test

conditions. T h e very act of doing the test should reinforce students ability to
use the language w hich they have studied and help them to com m it th a t
language to their m em ories.
FU N C T IO N A L
L A N G U A G E , SEN TEN CE C O N ST R U C T IO N , ST R U C T U R E A N D
STYLE
Since these various aspects o f language are often treated in sim ilar ways they
will be d ealt w ith together here.
It is suggested th a t the stu d en ts atten tio n be draw n very carefully to the
w ay language is used in the text to perform certain functions. T h ey thus see
th a t they are not m erely studying g ra m m a r b u t are studying a language
whose use is exem plified in the text.
W hen studying the charts, before doing the exercises th a t follow them , it is
suggested th a t the teach er m ight point out the g ram m atically tricky aspects
o f the language. A n exam ple o f this is on page 43 w here the ch art includes X
has no alternative but to DO . . . A com m on m istake w ith this construction is
the omission o f but. This can be pointed out to the student as he studies the
chart, helping him to avoid the m istake in the future.
T h e exercises th a t follow, for exam ple, a d v i c e , are designed for classroom
use. It is suggested th a t the controlled exercises th a t usually begin the
exploitation should be done o rally; indeed, most of the exercises are suitable
for oral use, b u t to provide variety it is often a good idea to m ake the students
w rite one or two sentences from a p a rtic u la r exploitation. Wrhere, at the end
of each section, the p ractice is o f a freer n atu re, group-w ork is often very
profitable.
As was said in the g e n e r a l i n t r o d u c t i o n , constraints o f tim e m ay m ake
it im possible to do all the w ork in class. F or this reason there is a key at the
back o f the book, and parts o f the units can be set as hom ew ork/self-study.
W here m aterial from the r e s o u r c e s f i l e is ap p ro p riate to the language
being studied a note will be found in the unit, an d the m aterial can then be
used as a m ore interesting, or extra, or alternative, stim ulus for the students.
t o p ic
vocabulary
In this section the stu d en t is presented w ith a vocabulary area. T his section
is not inten d ed for classroom u se ; the stu d en t should discover the m eaning of
the words him /herself. T each in g vocab u lary is usually a fruitless exercise,
an d w ould certainly be so here. T h e exercises w hich follow the section,
how ever, could be set as hom ew ork. It is suggested th a t all the students be
equipped w ith a good dictionary.
W R IT IN G TASKS
T h e m ain objective of these tasks is th a t the student should practise w h at he

has learnt. Students m ust be encouraged therefore to use the language from
the units. O ne w ay of doing this is to p u t a tick on the page every tim e the
student uses language he has studied from this book. T h e O p tio n Boxes
simply provide m ore com position titles, should they be needed.
THE RESOURCES FILE
As has been already pointed out, the r e s o u r c e s f i l e can be used as a

source of extra practice m aterial, p articu larly w here this is suggested. Its
m ain function, however, is to provide interesting and real m aterial for
revision. Suggestions will be found u n d er each item , b u t teachers should feel
free to exploit this m aterial as they see fit.
MARKETING
CONSULTANCY
SERVICES
Tel: 725380
Mr J.K. Farringdon,
Sales Director,
World Motor-cycles Ltd.,
Dudley Drive,
Birmingham,
United Kingdom.
Dear Mr
North Africa Division

Hamra Street
Beirut, Lebanon
Telex: 52413
22nd August.
Farringdon,
We are writing in reply to your letter of August 2nd, which was

passed on to us by MCS Head Office in London. In your letter, you
asked for our advice concerning the marketing of motor-cycles in
North African countries, in particular Tunisia.
5 At the moment, it would seem to us that it is not possible to give
a definitive answer about the prospects for such a plan. This is

especially so, since, in our opinion, there are such vast differences
between the various countries in this area. It would appear to us
that your best course would be to have an area sales survey made, a
10 task we would gladly undertake on your behalf. At the same time as
finding out about sales prospects, it is essential that possible future
dealers should also be investigated, and this service is part of all
sales-surveys we make.
In addition to having a survey made, we would also advise you to make
15 a personal visit to the area, perhaps while the survey team is making
its investigations. This would enable you to 'get the feel' of the
countries concerned, which, in our opinion, is vital for any
businessman planning a major marketing venture.
We look forward to hearing from you again in the near future.
If you
20 need any details about the kind of survey we undertake, Head Office
will be very happy to supply them.

Yn u y a
a -i nrOT*oT \r
C. Clark
ADVICE >1ND
OPINION
a
1
| Exercises on the text

VOCABULARY
F ind words or phrases in the text th a t m e a n :
a) advertising an d selling a com m odity
b) an organisation giving professional advice
c) sure and final
d) chances of success
e) very great
J) investigation to find out the chances of selling som ething
g) for you
h) people who sell for an organisation
i) extrem ely im p o rtan t
2 T A L K IN G P O IN T S
Say w hether the following statem ents are true or false. If you think the
answ er is false, give your reasons.
a) M r F arrin g d o n s letter arrived at the H ead Office on A ugust 2nd.
b) M r F arrin g d o n s letter asked for advice ab o u t selling m otor-bikes in
N o rth A frican m arket-squares.
c) M arketing C onsultancy Services cannot yet say w hether it is a good
idea to sell m otor-cycles in N o rth A frican countries.
d) M r F arrin g d o n w ont be able to sell motor-cycles in all N orth A frican
countries because they are so different from each other.
e) M r F arringdon is advised to m ake an area sales-survey.
f ) W hen M C S do sales-surveys, they also find out about places which
could sell the articles concerned.
g) M C S think th at it is im p o rtan t for businessmen to visit areas where
they w ant to sell things.
h) I f M r F arrin g d o n writes to H ead Office asking for details, he will
m ake them very happy.
3 W R IT IN G P O IN T S
Answ er the following questions w ith com plete sentences.
a) W hy did M r F arrin g d o n w rite to M C S ?
b) W h at reasons do M C S give for being unable to answ er M r
F arrin g d o n s questions ab o u t m arketing?
c) W h at advice do M C S give ab o u t finding out w hether m arketing
prospects are good ?
d) W h at do M C S advise M r F arrin g d on to do personally, and w hy?
4 C O N T E X T Q U E S T IO N S
a) Such a p la n in line 6 refers to . . .
b) T his a re a in line 8 refers to . . .
c) W h at does this service in line 12 refer to?
j4DVICE
4ND
OPINION
d) W h a t does w h ich in line 17 refer to ?

e) T h e m in line 21 refers to . . .
5 SU M M A RY W O R K
Im agine you are M r F arrin g d o n . Y ou are p rep arin g a very short
m em o ran d u m for the o th er directors o f W orld M otor-cycles L td. on the
advice given by M C S. W rite the rep o rt in not m ore th a n 50 words.
| Advice
1 Look a t the following ways o f giving advice, some of w hich a p p ear in the
text.
1 would { advUe
J 1 you to D O ...
[ recommend J
If you take my advice you will DO . . .
If I were you I would DO . . . (informal')
Susan Fisher is a stu d en t w ho is a b o u t to leave school. Use the following to
give h er advice a b o u t h er future.
a) advise/learn/foreign languages
b) m y ad vice/continue/study
c) recom m end/get/job as soon as possible
d) if I/you/go/night-school/learn/profession
e) advise/earn enough m oney/travel ro u n d the world
f ) if/you/w ork/shop w ith your father
g) m y advice/get m arried , settle dow n/have a fam ily
N ow m ake m ore sentences o f your ow n, using the language in this section,
in w hich you give advice to
a) Som eone whose new car keeps going w rong
b) Som eone whose p et tiger has vanished
c) Som eone whose w ife/husband spends m ost o f her/his tim e aw ay from
hom e
2 Look a t m ore ways o f giving advice (some of w hich a p p ear in the text) in
w hich the w riter/speaker gives his opinion before giving his advice.
OPINION
ADVICE
In my opinion
As far as I m concerned
From my point of view I think
you should DO . . .
the best thing you can DO .. .
is DO . . .
It would | seem i (to me) that

[ appearJ v
your best course would be to

DO . . . <(formal)
ADVICE AND
OPINION
a . Now you are giving opinions and advice to someone whose neighbours
are always holding parties and throw ing litter over the fence.
a) seem /m e/best course/tell them how/feel
b) point/view /should call/police
c) opinion/throw /rubbish back
d) seem /best course/letter/com plaint
e) as far/concerned/best thing /tak e th em /court
f ) appear/best course/law yer
g) opinion/sue them /dam ages/nervous disorder due to the continual
noise
b. Now m ake m ore sentences o f your own, using language from this section,
in w hich you give advice to
a) Som eone who dresses shabbily, has untidy hair, seldom washes, and
gets turned dow n at all the interview s he/she goes for
b) Som eone w ho has been accused, by one of his/her colleagues, of
em bezzling m oney, even though it is not true
c) Som eone w ho is having problem s w ith his/her English
3 Look at the following ways of asking for advice.
What* do vou \ aC^ *SC
, 1 me to DO ?
[ re c o m m e n d J
Could you give me some advice about DOING:

Where*
* Other W H -q u e stio n s
f \ DO ? (slightly informal}
are also c o m m o n ,
e.g. How/when,
etc.
a. U sing the language from the ch art above ask for advice in the following
situations
a) Y ou w ant to know w here to live in E ngland in a ru ral area, b u t near
London
b) Y ou w ant advice about learning a m usical in s tru m e n t-i.e . you do not
w ant to learn a very difficult one
c) Y ou have been offered two jobs. O ne is in a nice tow n b u t the pay is
low, the other is w ell-paid, b u t in a horrible area
d) W hen you try to be nice to your children, they are rude to you
e) You w ant to give up smoking, b u t you do not know how to
4 Below are five situations in w hich people need advice. U sing the language
from 1, 2 and ^ ( o n pages 3 an d 4), im agine you are w riting the letters in
w hich advice is asked for and given.
ADVICE >1ND
OPINION
F red erick C la y b o rn
Age 37
Heavy drinker, drink affecting his

health; has been told by doctor
to stop.
Executive in electronics firm,
says drink helps him to fulfil
work-load.
H e c o rre s p o n d s w it h a frie n d
corresponds
unde
,a Fernandez As
ants to learn Eng)
,de or secretary
e corresponds with
Resourcesfile references 1 C2 caption b)
2 G2 caption a)
c | Sentence construction
F U T U R E T IM E C LA U SES
Look at the following sentence from the text
. we w ould also advise you to m ake a personal visit to the area, perhaps
while the survey team is making its investigations' (Lines 1416)
T h e second p a rt of the sentence refers to the future, b u t the present
continuous tense is used because it is a t i m e c l a u s e beginning w ith while.
T h e sentence is p rod u ced in the following w a y :
W e w ould also advise you to m ake
a personal visit to the area.
P erhaps the survey team will be

making its investigations ( then).
D epending on the situation an d context, there are four possible tense forms
w hich can ap p e ar in t i m e c l a u s e s
you
you
you
you
DO ( Present Simple)
A R E DOIJVG (Present Continuous)
H A VE D O N E ( Present Perfect Simple)
HA VE B E E N D O IN G (Present Perfect Continuous)
ADVICE >4ND
OPINION
EXAMPLES
i)
will
You
T om
He will arrive
m eet
11!
I can m ention it
I will be talking
to Jack
iii)
D o n t come
I will have had my
lunch
iv)
Y ou will get to
know our m ethods
You will have been
working here fo r a
while
w hen
You will m eet T om when he arrives.
w h il e
I can m ention it while I am talking to

Jack.
u n t il
D o n t come until I have had my lunch.
w hen
You will get to know our m ethods

when you have been working here fo r a
while.
Im agine you have been m ade red u n d an t, and you are being given
inform ation at an unem ploym ent office. C om bine the following pairs of
sentences in the same w ay as in the examples.
a) You will get welfare m oney.
t il l / u n t il
You will get a new job.
b) Y ou will be able to find work.
AS SOON a s / o n c e
T h e econom ic situation will have im proved.
c) W ould you fill in this form ?
W H IL E
Y ou will be w aiting.
d) You can apply for help w ith your rent paym ents. a s s o o n a s
Y ou will have been receiving welfare m oney for
a m onth.
e) W e will also help you.
WHEN
Y our children will need to buy school books.
f ) Please inform us.
IM M EDIATELY
You will be offered a new jo b .
! In the following sentences people are talking about their forthcom ing
holidays. Com plete the sentences w ith a suitable tim e clause.
a) W h e n ____ , yo u ll need a long holiday.
b) I ll be lying in the sun, w h ile _____
c) As soon a s ____ , m y own holidays will be starting.
d) I m going to book m y flight im m e d iately _____
e) 15 there any chance o f you seeing m y father, w h ile ____ ?
f> By the tim e ____ , yo u ll be too tired to enjoy your holidays.
g) I m not going to work so h ard , once
or youll get
h) Y oud b etter learn to drive properly, before
arrested.
ADVICE AHD
OPINION
3 H ere is an advertisem ent for a career in banking. Im agine you are giving
inform ation ab o u t jo b prospects to someone who is thinking o f taking up
the career.
nager
iationally oriented
c in Kuwait. The
/ing within a fast
.ondary objective
oarate subsidiary
lent full service
A CAREER IN
BANKING ?
Salary 2,400 rising to 4,800 after 7 years.
In-service tra in in g . Special 1 m onth course in
London after 1 year's service. Low interest
loans fo r hou se-pu rch a sers w ith no m inim um
service requirem ent. S a tisfa ctory experience
in all d epartm ents leads to a u to m a tic co n
sideration fo r deputy m anager's post. Free
m edical insurance after 3 m on ths' service.
Please repty in complete confidence to M r H urst,
R ecruitm ent Officer.
e.g. When you start, you will be earning at least 2,400 ayear.
Resourcesfile reference B1 caption a)
| Structure and style
T h ere are a n u m b er o f adjectives w hich, w hen used in the p attern

It is a d j e c t i v e t h a t . ..
often use s h o u l d w ith the verb in the th at-clau se.
In the text, line 12, there is the clause
. .. it is essential th a t possible dealers should also be investigated
This p a tte rn occurs after adjectives expressing
Surprise an d shock (e.g. amazing, horrifying, crazy, etc.)
D isapproval and d isap p o in tm en t (e.g. typical, sad, etc.)
A dvisability an d im p o rtan ce (e.g. better, essential, vital, etc.)
Ju stice (e.g. (only) fa ir, (only) natural, etc.)
T h e m ain use of this p a tte rn is to com m ent on an idea ra th e r th an on a fact,
an d such sentences w ith should are ra th e r subjective.
C om pare
i) It is surprising th a t you believe him .
= The f a c t thatyou believe him is surprising.
ii) It is surprising th a t you should believe him.
= j u s t t h e i d e a o f you believing him is surprising.
(A lthough in m any cases there is very little, if any difference, betw een a
exam ple
ADVICE >4ND
OPINION
sentence w ith should an d one w ithout, an advanced student ought to
begin to note exam ples where should is used and try to im itate them .)
1 R ew rite the following sentences beginning w ith It is a d j e c t i v e th at
exam ple
You know m y uncle. T h a t is ra th e r odd.

It is rather odd thatyou should know my uncle.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
C hildren are allowed so m uch freedom . T h a t is crazy.

It is essential for children to be tau g h t discipline.
I t is only n atu ra l for parents to spoil their children.
It is extrem ely im p o rtan t for children to learn to share things.
No two children learn in the sam e way. This is strange.
It is m uch b etter for parents to know about the problem s their children
have at school.
g) It is only right for parents to get involved in the education of their
children.
h) Some parents consider school a w aste of tim e. This is sad.
2 M an y people are w orried ab o u t the increase in noise and air pollution in

towns. Im agine you believe th a t noise and air pollution should be
reduced. M ake statem ents on the subject beginning as follows
a) It is only fair t h a t . . .
b) I t is typical t h a t . . .
c) I t is horrifying t h a t . . .
d) I t is absurd t h a t . . .
e) I t is u nfortunate t h a t . . .
f ) It is absolutely vital t h a t . . .
g) It is only reasonable t h a t . . .
h) I t is quite incredible t h a t . . .
e
1
|Topic
vocabulary
CO N SU M ER VOCABULARY
U sing a dictionary or any o th er source find out the m eaning of the
following words connected w ith advertising, buying and selling.
a) m arket; to m arket
b) p ro d u c t; article
c) ad v ertise; ad v ert(isem en t); co m m ercial; advertising cam paign
d) to h ire; to ren t; hire-purchase (agreem ent)
e) guarantee
j ) re d u c tio n ; to re d u c e ; cu t-p ric e ; value (for money)
g) second-hand; shop-soiled; b arg ain ; to be (not) w orth it
h) b a d ly -m a d e ; w ell-m ad e; to la s t; to break d o w n ; to w ear out
ADVICE >4ND
OPINION
2 U sing the vocabulary from 1 above, com plete the blanks in the following
sentences
a) W o o f dog food has started a new a d v e rtisin g ____ T hey have p u t
____ in the new spapers a n d _____on the television.
b) Som ebody ow ned m y car before m e, so it is _____
c) S m ooth shirts a r e _____Y ou can still w ear them after ten years
because they n e v e r_____
d) I f you are going to buy a new cam era, m ake sure you get a -------so th a t
you can have it rep aired free for the first year.
e) T h e d ep a rtm en t store is holding a sale. Prices have b e e n -------, so th a t
everything is very cheap. Y ou can pick up some really fa n ta stic ------f ) T h ey are n o t ____ buying. T h ey a r e _____and they o n ly _____ for two
m onths.
3 Now w rite sentences of your ow n (using consum er vocabulary) about
things you have b o u g h t recently.
| W ritin g tasks
(K)
150-200 words
1 Y ou w an t to m ake a career as a tourist guide, an d since you speak English

you w ould obviously be interested in w orking w ith English-speaking
tourists. W rite a letter to the British Em bassy in your country asking for
advice ab o u t the best w ay to achieve this am bition.
2 O P T IO N BO X
a) A letter to an English person w ho is com ing to stay in your country for
two m onths. Give them advice ab o u t clothes, m oney, etc.
b) A letter to som eone you know in E n g lan d asking for advice about
w here to study English. Y ou should explain w hy you w an t to continue
w ith English, and w h at sort of things you w ant to do, etc.
Resourcesfile reference E2 caption c)
34, Clareville Mansions,

Trebelwyn,
Nr. Wadebridge,
Cornwall.
9th November.
Dear Mr
Huntley,
I am writing to you in your capacity as the Member of Parliament

for this constituency about a matter .which has angered and worried
many of us who live in Trebelwyn and nearby.
We have always known about the Craven Hill government research
station, two miles from this village, and until a month ago we
had always believed that it was used for the purpose of
agricultural investigation.
But as you must be aware, the recent
revelations in the Sunday Star, and the comments which the Prime
Minister made mean we now know for certain that Craven Hill is
10 used for the development of materials for biological warfare.
5
A lot of us have become extremely alarmed by this, and we have

formed a group called 'Craven Hill Action Group'. I am the
appointed leader and I am therefore writing to you to ask for
help. Many of the members of our group have very strong moral
15 objections to the idea of biological warfare.
It is frightening
to realise that a small test-tube full of germs could destroy a
whole civilisation. Even those, however, who do not feel strongly
about this are determined to get the Craven Hill station closed
down so that our families and children do not have to live in
20 fear of some terrible accident.
25
30
We are asking, therefore, for your help. In two weeks' time we

are holding an afternoon fete to raise money for our campaign,
and in the evening some of our members will be putting on a
concert. We were wondering if it would be possible for you
to
come and meet us, and maybe give a speech since we know that you
have spoken against nuclear and biological warfare,
and you are a
man whose outspoken views on this subject are well known. If you
are not able to join us then we would like to come to London and
visit you at the House of Commons, and we were wondering what day
would be most convenient for you.
We are looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Kenneth Pringle
Craven Hill Action Group
10
PLANS >JND
ARRANGEMENTS
a
1 VOCABULARY
F ind words or phrases in the text th a t m ean:
a) position
b) an area th a t elects one m em ber o f P arliam en t
c) concerned w ith the land an d farm ing
d) disclosures, surprising new facts
e) organise, p u t together
f ) feelings th a t som ething is bad, against som ebodys principles
g) an open-air sale ru n by people who are not shopkeepers, w hich tries to
raise m oney
Say w hether the following statem ents ab o u t the text are true or false. I f
you think the answ er is false, give your reasons.
a) M r H u n tley is a politician.
b) C raven H ill investigates agriculture.
c) All the villagers are m em bers o f the A ction G roup.
d) Some m em bers of the group think it is w rong to use biological
weapons.
e) T h e group thinks th a t C raven H ill endangers local people.
j ) T h e group w ants M r H u n tley to play in their concert.
g) T h e group wishes to arran g e a m eeting in L ondon w ith M r H untley.
A nsw er the following questions w ith com plete sentences.
a) W h a t is M r H u n tley , an d w ho does he represent?
b) W h at is biological w arfare ?
c) H ow could a small test-tube full o f germ s destroy a whole
civilisation?
a) W ho is us in line 3?
b) W h at d o e s it refer to in line 6?
c) W ho are those in line 17 ?
d) W hose families are our fam ilies in line 19?
Im agine you are one of the C raven H ill A ction G ro u p '. You w ant to
place an advertisem ent in a n atio n al new spaper explaining w hat you are
an d w hat you object to. Y ou hope th a t the advertisem ent will bring a lot
o f people to your next m eeting. A dvertisem ents are expensive, so you
m ust lim it your w ords to 60. W rite the advertisem ent, using o n l y
inform ation from the text.
11
PLANS AND
ARRANGEMENTS
b
|Revision-test
1 J o in the following pairs of sentences to m ake one sentence.

a) J o h n will not stop working.
H e will have finished w hat he is doing.
b) H e will stop work.
H e will go and have a drink.
c) H e will feel a little drunk.
H e will have been drinking for a couple of hours.
(3 marks)
2 C hange each of the following sentences so th a t they start w ith the phrases
given.
a) Give up d rinking
I f I were you . . .
b) Stop smoking so m any cigarettes
It w ould ap p ear . . .
c) H ow can I stop sm oking?
C an you give me . . .
d) E at sweets in stead
In m y opinion . . .
(4 marks)
3 Choose the right answer, a , b, c , or d in the following questions.
a) W hen he got a jo b , he h ad no difficulty i n ____ his family.
a b u y in g
b d e se r tin g
c su p p o r tin g d h o ld in g u p
b) W hen the factory closed dow n he w a s _____
a sacked
b m ade redundant
c fired d g i v e n u n e m p l o y m e n t
c) This was very serious because he h ad signed a ____ agreem ent for a
new car.
a
rent
h ir e -p u r c h a se
c secon d -h an d
sh o p -so ile d
(3 m a r k s )
4 W rite three sentences to someone whose son has ru n aw ay from hom e,
and has disappeared. Y ou should use

Advice language
T im e clauses
(5 marks)
(T otal: 15 marks)
c | Arrangements and invitations

1 M A K IN G A R R A N G E M E N T S
Look at the following ways o f m aking arrangem ents some of w hich occur
in the text.
I was wondering J if
\
I wonder
[whetherJ
,,
.
...
/convenient!
for you
Monday would be <
...
'
[possible
we could DO . . . on Monday.
it would be possible for X to DO .
Would it be <( possible \ for x t o Z)0 . . . on Monday?

Lconvenient^
Could XD O . . on Monday? (slightly informal)>
12
PLANS AND
ARRANGEMENTS
Use the following to m ake arrangem ents.
a) I w o n d er/w e/m eet/F rid ay
b) W ould/possible/m e/see you/T uesday
c) C ould you com e/m y house next week
d) I/w ondering/possible/you/visit us/the sum m er
e) w e/lunch together next week
j ) W ould /co n v en ien t/m e/p ay y o u /visit/T hursday
g) I w o n d er/F riday/convenient/you
h) we h ave/drink to g eth er/S atu rd ay
2
E X T E N D IN G IN V IT A T IO N S
Would you like to DO . . . ?
Would you be interested in D O ING.. . ?
Use the following to extend invitations.

a) you like/stay w ith us next w eekend
b) you /in terested /g o in g /th eatre next T h u rsd ay
c) com e to a p a rty /F rid a y
d) going hitch-hiking/sum m er
3 R E S P O N D IN G T O A R R A N G E M E N T S A N D IN V IT A T IO N S
I will not be able to DO .. .
I can not manage to DO . . .
I am afraid <
it will not be possible for X to D . . .
tim e will not be convenient
No
Yes
I would be delighted to DO . . .
It will be possible for X to DO . . . ^weak)>
I would love to DO . . . (slightly informal')
Below are some situations concerning invitations or arrangem ents. Say

w hat you w ould w rite in each case.
a) A friend has asked you to stay for the weekend. Y ou wish to accept.
b) T h e gas board have w ritten you a letter asking if they can come and
read your m ete r on T h u rsd ay . T his w ould be a b ad day for you.
c) You have w ritten to an English com pany for a jo b interview . T h ey
replied, asking you to go at 12.30 next W ednesday. You wish to
confirm the ap p o in tm en t.
d) A friend has asked you if you could arran g e a p arty for some visitors he
has. You cannot.
e) Y ou have been asked to a concert by one o f your distant relations. Y ou
accept.
13
PLANS >4ND
ARRANGEMENTS
4
G eorge is a student w ho is in his last term at college. H e is trying to get a

jo b teaching. Below is his diary for the next two weeks.
July
July
^
O b l u s i o k lA /v ttP i/f& y
M onday Week 38
C // A j - . A
t/VWWkjJ
C oK C M -fr l/tf/fL J tfc /h jy

Tuesday
' uosda'
a J Schtnrf
fo y itA c /u k a /O jb /S ~ 3 0
^ ^
------------------------------------------------- -------------------
6 w7;esday , ,
% + >
l4-(Tb F tlv h c S ^ U u v i^ y
Wednesday
1 o
* /
------ ---------------------------
----------- .____________
0M
7 ThursdavB/iAAAM^ PAYEW
eok23
1%
Thursday
1^ /ftHrfi/iiAJ fr j
Pul w it JiK,^M,]MaMc
PAYE Week 24 .
a S o h s tttf w '
/A. //-Jo
____________ ____________ ____ ______
8 Friday ft- r o
L o h vcJw K k a u y K
Friday
T u * n n JJ frU ~ ~ 1 / 6 (fo h y b r i d y w fT
P n fa tv r B radhtM i?
__
--------------------------.------- -------------
P ^ fe a !^ B ra d I
g fl
Saturday
0M
Sunday
Saturday
F ro th e d /
foi/L C A w s
___________________
15tha"'Tr,n',v
16th after Trinity
lA ft/l J& tU vt] rS p o u f l i d s
Using the language o f a r r a n g e m e n t s an d i n v i t a t i o n s w rite sentences

from the letters betw een G eorge and others. G eorge will refuse an
invitation if he has som ething arranged for th a t time.
a) G eorges bank m anager wants to see him at 11.00 on W ednesday the
6th.
b) A school wants George to go for an interview during the afternoon of
T hursday the 7th.
c) J e n n y s parents invite G eorge for lunch on Sunday the 10th.
d) G eorges landlord wants to call and see him on the m orning of
Tuesday the 12th.
e) G eorges m aiden a u n t wants to have dinner w ith him on the evening
of M onday the 11th.
f ) Professor B radbury wants to change the tim e of the tutorial to 12.00 on
T hursday the 14th.
g) O ne of G eorges lecturers invites G eorge to go sailing on S atu rd ay the
16th.
h) G eorges bank m anager now wants to see him on the m orning of
Friday the 15 th.
Resourcesfile references
14
1 D1 caption b)
2 D2 caption a)
PLANS AND
ARRANGEMENTS
d
| Sentence construction
R E L A T IV E C L A U S E S - D E F IN IN G
In using relative (who, that, which, etc.) clauses you need to concentrate on
the following p o in ts:
i) w hen it is necessary to have a relative pronoun, an d w hen it can be left
out;
ii) w hether the style is <informal) or <(form al)
Look at the following exam ples from the text an d notice w hen the relative is
the subject, w hen it is the object o f the following verb, an d w hen it is a
possessive.
su b ject
. . . a matter which has angered and worried many o f us (1. 2 )
ob ject
. . . the comments which the Prime Minister made . . . (1. 8/9)
p o s s e s s i v e . . . a man whose outspoken views on this subject. . . (1. 27)
T h e basic rules for using relatives can be sum m arised as follows.
People and pets
Subject
( inform al)
that
(who)
Object
*
(that)
( formal)
who
who(m)
Possessive
whose
whose
With preposition
*
, , \ PREPOSITION
(that)
who . . .
PREPOSITION
PREPOSITION
whom
(veryformal>
Things
(i n f o r m a l )
that
*
(that)
(f o r m a l )
which
which
whose
(of which)
(veryformal}
*
, .
.
(that)
. . . PREPOSITION
preposition + which
* Cases where no relative is used are known as contact clauses. (The words in
brackets are the less usual forms.)
In m any cases the idea o f possession is shown by a w ^ -p h ra s e ,
. | man) . , ,. f ears.
e.ff. A {
> with big { ,
,
\car I
I headlights.
is m ore com m on th an
A I man)
,
) ears
(
,.
A <
> whose < ,
are big.
Icar j
[headlightsJ
*
1 M ake the following pairs or groups o f sentences into one sentence by using
relative or contact clauses an d om ittin g the w ord in italics. W rite each
sentence in the style indicated.
15
PLANS AND
ARRANGEMENTS
EX AM PLE
O ne m em ber o f P arliam en t was very helpful. I spoke to him. <(formal)

I spoke to one m em ber o f P arliam en t who was very helpful.
a) T h e oth er day I bum ped into an old friend of m ine. He now works in
the car trade, (informal)
b) M y friend suggested going for a drink in a pub. H e knew one.
(informal}
c) T h e pu b was a kind of cellar. Its tables were old and wooden.
(informal)
d) I was am azed at some of the stories. H e told them about the car trade.
(informal)
e) It w ould seem th a t there are a few real crim inals in the trade. T he
police know all about them. But they are very difficult to catch, (form al)
f
M ost o f the crim inals work in gangs. Their leaders tend to prefer
driving sports cars, (fo rm a l)
g) M any of the car dealers m ake their m oney by respraying stolen cars
before selling them . J a c k was talking about these car dealers. ( form al)
2
A dd a relative clause to the w ord in italics to define it m ore exactly. M ake

your sentences either (fo rm a l) or (inform al).
exam ple
I particu larly dislike people . . .
(form al)
i) I particularly dislike people who encourage their

children to misbehave.
(informal) ii) I particularly dislike people that let their children
shout and scream.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
R ecently I m et someone_____ .
W here is th at book____ .
Food____ is very expensive.
Students prefer teachers_____
Cars____ are very annoying.
Grandparents____ are often u n h ap p y .
I asked for the suit_____
T h a t w om an is the one____ .
I can still rem em ber the visit_____
|Structure
and style
IT IS A D J E C T I V E S I N F IN IT IV E
Look at the following sentence from the text.
It isfrightening to realise that a small test-tube fu ll o f germs could destroy a whole
civilisation. (Lines 15-17)
16
PLANS AND
ARRANGEMENTS
This is a com bination o f the following two sentences
i) A small test-tube full of term s could destroy a whole civilisation.
ii) W hen anyone realises this, it is frightening/R ealising this is frightening.
1 J o in the following pairs of sentences in the sam e way.
a) Som eone from o u r country has w on a gold m edal. I t is exciting w hen
anyone hears this.
b) Some parents m altreat their children. Believing this is hard.
c) A spider spins its w eb. W hen we see how this is done, it is fascinating.
d) M ore an d m ore young people are going to university. W hen anyone
sees this, it is encouraging.
e) O n e d ay people will be living on V enus. V isualising this is difficult.
2 M ake sentences in the sam e w ay ab o u t the following situations (your
sentences should reflect your personal opinions).
a) M ore an d m ore couples are getting divorced
b) M edical research is being expanded
c) Y ou have passed an im p o rtan t exam ination
d) O u r ancestors w ere apes
e) W e sometimes th ink we have experienced som ething before, w hen in
fact we have not
f ) A m ericans w ere English once
|Topic
vocabulary
E N T E R T A IN M E N T
1 Below are w ords connected w ith different types o f en tertain m en t. F ind
out w h at they m ean, using a d ictio n ary or any other source.
a. Places and types
a) th eatre ; cinem a; nigh t-clu b ; hall
b) c o n c e rt; p la y ; sh o w ; c a b a re t; festival; circu s; fair
b. Theatre
a) com edy; trag ed y ; farce
b) sta g e; w ings; a u d ito riu m ; orchestra p i t ; scenery
c) c u rta in ; a c t; scen e; interval
c. Music
a) p o p ; classical; c h o ra l; j a z z ; fo lk ; opera
b) th em e; m ovem ent; sym phony; concerto
c) im provise; im provisation; live (a d j.); solo
d. General
a) p u t o n ; p erfo rm ; take p a rt in
b) (go on) to u r; booking; d a te ; ru n
17
PLANS AND
ARRANGEMENTS
Use ap p ro p riate words from the list above to com plete the blanks in the
following sentences.
a) T h e first tim e Paul saw M aria, she w a s ____ in a play. She h ad the
m ain fem ale role.
b) T h e play was a _____It was very funny, and Paul, who was sitting in
t h e ____ w atching, cou ld n t help laughing.
c) T h e next night Paul w ent to a ____ concert, w ith the famous
saxophonist Bill Blowitt. P aul h ad never seen h im ____ before, he had
only heard him on records.
d) L a te r th a t week Paul w ent back to w atch M aria. She first appeared
from th e ____ at the side o f the stage for her scene in the first_____ She
got m arried at the end o f the play, ju st before t h e ____ fell.
e) A fter t h e ____ Paul m et M aria, an d asked her if she w anted to go
dancing in a ____ , w here there was a ____ w ith a famous com edian.
I W riting tasks
150-200 words
1 You are a new spaper reporter, an d you w ant to interview an English

politician w ho is visiting your country. W rite a letter asking for an
app o in tm en t w ith him next week (you should state w hen you are
available and w hen you are n o t).
2 O P T IO N B O X
a) A letter to an English friend, inviting h im /h er to stay w ith you.
b) A letter to your bank m anager, asking for an ap p o in tm en t next week.
c) You have been invited to stay w ith an A m erican friend who lives in
your country. You w ould like to take your sister w ith you because she has
nothing to do a t present an d w ould otherw ise be left alone in the house.
W rite accepting the invitation, asking if you can take your sister.
18
1 A2 caption c)
2 G2 caption b)
(R)
PERMISSION
oman
or her
tiird at
ird is
enings
uring
ee to
way
randenterd, but
rmous
ie vast
iation,
intent
FOLLOWING his release last week after more Iff

than a fortnight in the hands of kidnappers, I f
the managing director of the massive Portmann Industrial Electrics combine, Mr George 1
Myers has told the story of his terrifying
ordeal to the SUNDAY STAR. Here then is the
EXCLUSIVE story, as told by Mr Myers.
Sling
Death wagon
ordeal
y go
n be
las a
fact,
that
mous
arity,
ihood
ing in
; have
e must
1 tele'ying
a
la ss
best
delany
hear
rks,
last
hich
had
etrirnal
ave
ire
I'ect
<des.
ular
2 a
our
ibly
lied
i in
yes.
10
15
20
'111y
25
30
L O O K IN G back over th o se terrib le weeks m ost o f the tim e Hat

on my back w ith my h an d s tied I w ould say th a t the m ost
difficult th in g to b ear w as the inactivity. I could only th in k o f d eath ,
w hich w as starin g m e in the face. I m ade m yself th in k o f the h ap p y
tim es I had h ad , but I kept th in k in g o f my life as grains o f sand in
an h o u r-g lass; I had no idea how m uch tim e I h ad left.
f(
|||
|j |
|j t
The kidnap had clearly been planned

meticulously. As I was taking my usual
evening stroll with the dog, a rather welldressed man came up to me and asked me
to direct him to the local church hall. I was
just turning round to point up the road
when a wet cloth was pressed over my
nose . . . that was the last I knew until I
came to in the back of a large van of some
kind. It was only after I realised we were
moving that 1 remembered what had
happened. Still groggy from the chloro
form 1 tried to sit up, but I was firmly
strapped to a narrow bed.
As soon as we stopped, the back door
was thrown open and in jumped two men.
The light of their torches blinded me,
but as I got used to it I recognised the man
who had stopped me in the street. 1 felt
that he was sneering at me, and as the days
went by, I discovered that Jamesas he
was knownwas the most heartless, cal
culating person I had ever had the
misfortune to meet. I immediately asked
what they meant to do with me, to which
he replied that it all depended on whether
my company would pay the ransom
money. 1 asked to be allowed to get in
|g|
1
Turn to Page 6 Column 5
19
PERMISSION
From Page 2
When James returned, he was carrying

6 0 a small cassette recorder. With thinly-
veiled sarcasm he asked me if I would mind

reading a short typed message to my firm,
be terribly worried, and it was then that I
explaining my situation, and demanding
found out just how nasty James was. Feel
a substantial ransom for my release. Once
free, he said, and got out o f the van,
65 again, I begged to be permitted to make a
chuckling to himself at his little joke.
40
recording to send to my wife, and you can
1 suddenly had what 1 thought was a
imagine how my heart sank when he told
brilliant idea. For several years I have been
me that the only thing my wife might
taking pills for my heart, so 1 decided to
receive was my wedding ring- with my
feign an attack. Breathing heavily and
70 finger still in it.
clutching my throat, I shouted that I was
45 having a heart-attack. and that 1 needed
By this time I was beginning to feel the
call o f nature, and I asked if I could use
my pills. You can imagine my surprise
the toilet. James agreed readily, lifted
w hen James came in with a glass o f water,
down a plastic bucket from the side o f the
and a bottle o f my special pills. How long
75 van. and untied my legs. They refused to
had they been keeping tabs on me. I
50 wondered, to know so much about my
leave me alone even for a couple of
minutes . . . my humiliation and de
personal life? Having given me the pills,
moralisation were complete.
James told his accomplice to let me have
something to eat while he arranged things'.
The second part of George Myers'
As, in the position 1 was in, 1 couldnt
55 move, 1 asked them to untie me, and to let
dramatic story w ill be in next
me use my hands. The accomplice undid
week's SUNDAY STAR. Make sure
the straps that kept me tied to the bed. but
you don't miss it. ORDER YOUR
he wouldn't free my hands.
35 touch with my wife, as I knew she would
COPY NOW!
Exercises on the text

VOCABULARY
F ind words or phrases in th e text th a t m ean:
a) extrem ely carefully
b) w ith very u n clear thoughts (because of alcohol or drugs)
c)
d)
e)
J)
g)
h)
having no feelings
u npleasant (of a person)
laughing softly
p reten d
someone w ho helps (usually in a crime)
the feeling th at you have lost your dignity
T A L K IN G P O IN T S
Say w hether the following statem ents about the text are true or false. I f
you think the answ er is false, give y our reasons.
a) T h e kidnappers w an ted to know w here the church hall was.
b) Jam e s h ad an u npleasant sense o f hum our.
c) T h ey would n ot let M yers send a message to his wife.
d) M yers needed his pills.
e) Jam e s w anted to cu t off M yers ring finger.
J) T h ey let M yers have som ething to eat.
g) T h ey let M yers go out to the lavatory.
h) T h ey ordered M yers to read a p rep ared statem ent.
PERMISSION
Answer the following questions w ith com plete sentences.
a) W h a t did M yers usually do in the evenings ?
b) W ho stopped M yers an d asked him the w ay to the church hall?
c) W here was the bed th a t M yers was strapped to?
d) W hy was M yers surprised w hen Ja m e s b rought the pills ?
()
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
H e in line 32 refers to . . .
W h a t m om ent is referred to by th e n in line 36 ?
W h a t does it refer to in line 32 ?
W ho is h e in line 53 ?
. . . those terrible weeks (line 1). W hich terrible weeks?
5 SUM M ARY W O R K
a) W h a t does M yers ask for perm ission to do in the story?
b) C hange each of the incidents from 5 a w ith the k id n ap p ers answers
back into dialogue form.
| Revision-test
1 In the following sentences, com plete the blanks and p u t the correct form
of the words in the brackets.
a) W ould it b e ____ for you (come) an d see me on T h u rsd ay evening?
b) I m afraid I ____ T h u rsd ay , b u t I (love) to come some oth er d a y .
c) (Come) you on M o n d ay ? I d like you to m eet the m a n ____ was at
J e f f s p a rty .
d) T h a t sounds a good idea. W ould you (in te re st)____ com ing w ith me
som etim e next w eek?
e) I (be) delighted. I w an t to see th a t p l a y ____ has h ad such good
reviews.
(10 marks)
2 R earran g e the order o f the following w ords to m ake sentences.
a) th in k /M ars/o n /m ay /life /to /its/th ere/exciting/be/that.
b) isnt/su re /w e/o n /life/M ars/lan d ed /m an /th ere/can t/b e /th a t/u n til/
there / has.
(2 marks)
3 W rite sentences:
a) asking som eone to m eet you next F riday
b) asking someone for advice ab o u t w here to study
b) giving your opinion ab o u t w here to study
d) telling someone th a t you will not be able to m eet them on F riday
(8 marks)
( T o ta l: 20 marks)
21
PERMISSION
c | Permission
1 In the passage you have ju st read, M yers often asks to be allowed to do
things; we often use to be not allowed to to say w hat we cannot do.
exam ple
You are not allowed to park on a doubleyellow line.
Below are signs in a park. Say w hat you (im personal) are not allowed to
do there.
NO- SUNBATHING
| KEEP OFF THE GRASS

IT IS FORBIDDEN
TO FEED THE DUCKS
DO NOT CLIMB THE TREES
NO
RADIOS
2 W hen we talk ab o u t perm ission we say w hat we could/could not do, and
w hat we can /can n o t do. Below are some ways o f saying this.
a) Describes w hether we could or not
allow X to DO . . .
(Will not allow X to DO . . .)
(Will not let X D O . . .)
. f allowed )
to be <
.
, > to DO . . .
) permitted j
b) Describes the
act
o f saying yes or no
give X permission to DO . . .
(Will not give X permission to DO . . . )
to be 1 ^ en I permission to DO . . .
) reiused j r
a . R e-w rite the following sentences starting w ith the words given. Use
language from ( a) an d ( b) above.
22
PERMISSION
EXA M PLE
Y esterday M a ry s fath er said she could stay out late.

M a ry s father gave her permission to stay out late.
N ow do these in the sam e way.
a) A t the Zoo we w anted to feed the anim als. A notice said, Do N ot Feed
the A nim als.
W e ____________________________________________________________
b) Y esterday A n ita w an ted to go to the cinem a w ith h er friend. H er
father d id n t say no.
A n ita s father __________________________________________________
c) Y esterday F re d s boss said he could take the day off work to go to his
sisters w edding.
F re d s boss _____________________________________________________
d) F red s boss told J a k e (F red s friend) th a t J a k e couldnt have the day
off to go to his frien d s sisters w edding.
J a k e ____________________________________________________________
e) T rain ers o f horses c a n t give th eir horses stim ulating drugs before
races.
T rain ers _______________________________________________________
b.
W hen Jim was in the arm y, there w ere a lot o f things he could not do, and
some he could. M ake sentences using the inform ation below ab o u t w hat
you think he could/could not do. S ta rt your sentences in one o f the ways
suggested.
W hen J im was in the arm y . . .

O ne night the s e rg e a n t. . .
T h e s e rg e a n t. . .
Smoke d u rin g lectures.

Go out drinking.
T ak e his girlfriend back to the cam p.
Be absent w ithout permission.
Play cards for m oney in the cam p.
Go on leave.
T ell the sergeant w h at he th o u g h t of him .
C an you think of oth er things th a t soldiers can /can n o t do in the arm y?

3 W hen we ask ab o u t perm ission we re p o rt our questions in the following
ways
if X could D O . . .
X asked - to be allow ed to D O . . .
for perm ission to D O . . .
an d we rep o rt the answ er to o ur question in the following ways

refused )
j let X D O . . .
agreed J t0 [ allow X to D O . . .
and by using expressions from 2 (above)
23
PERMISSION
U sing the language above, change the following into reported speech.
EXAM PLE
Isa b e l: Y ou c a n t borrow m y pen, R o b e rt.

Isabel refused to let Robert borrow her pen.
Now do the same w ith the following.
a) G loria: C an I leave the class early, please?
T each er: N o .
b) F r e d : C an I have m y holidays in S ep tem b er?
F red s boss: Yes, o f course you c a n .
c) P au la: C an I have a p erm it to stay in the country for three m onths
longer?
Im m igration official: You c a n t stay in the country any longer unless
you are a full-tim e stu d en t.
4 D ian a Close, of Coastal T .V ., took a film crew abroad to m ake a
docum entary. Below is the film schedule she had planned.
Sub j e c t :
Monday
A.M.
M ilitary
P hâde-
I n te r v ie w
p r e s id e d
S c h e d u le f o r : C i
P.M.
T uesday
. m.
P.M. S e o o i A d a r y ScW ool q A a ss . l^ te W r e i/O

p ri v \o p a l;
W ednesday
A.M. VisiV- - t o u r is t r<esorh. \I\sit-
T h u rsd ay
P.M. PotvKcal r a l ly o n q q n 'ise d b^| -the.

<0 o v / e K? Mr v v e n^. Mi r v i s f - e r
JuSnog.
a . m. X^t^rvievO f o r m e r p r e s \ cJewf-.
tv\eaha { V^tQSprhat]pr i So*- v P<^ r >-i .
P.M. Ê.\/,eiMAA) C -la ss.\c o .\ .r w o sic c c n c e r r .

s o f cxxxcXi
cjl .
W hen Close and the film crew reached the country, they found th a t there
were some things they could do (the governm ent of the country said they
could), and some things they could not. D iana Close crossed out the
things in the schedule th at they could not do.
U sing the permission language you have studied, im agine th a t you are
D ian a Close telling your boss w hat you asked to do, and w hat you could/
could not do.
24
PERMISSION
EX AM PLE
We asked fo r permission to film the parade on Monday, and we wanted to include

pictures o f the soldiers training. Well, we were allowed to film the parade, but they
refused to let us watch the soldiers training.
1 A2 caption a)
2 A2 caption b)
S U B S T IT U T IN G IN F IN IT IV E S F O R R E L A T IV E C L A U SE S
N otice in this sentence from the text, an infinitive is used ra th e r th a n a
relative clause.
T h e most difficult th in g to bear (T he m ost difficult thing which I had to bear)
was the inactivity. (Line 2)
T his structure often occurs as a w ay o f avoiding defining relative clauses
w hich either
contain the verbs must, can, could, should, have to, and need
or
define preceding superlatives (the biggest, the only, thefirst, etc.)
EXAM PLES
i) M r Myers has a lot o f letters

...
li
which he must answer,

to answer.
,
( who was caught)
~
1 he last one < ,
,
>was fames.
[to be caught
j
1 C hange the sentences w hich follow, using an infinitive as illustrated

above.
a) T h e best w ay in w hich you can learn things is by actually doing them
yourself.
b) T h e first people you should go to w hen you need help are your friends.
c) T enzing and H illary were the first m en w ho clim bed Everest.
d) Sorry I c a n t come earlier b u t I have a lot o f arrangem ents w hich I
have to m ake.
e) O n e o f the problem s in some u rb a n areas is th a t children have no
parks w hich they can play in.
f ) C an you im agine an y th in g so frustrating a bottle of wine and
nothing w hich I could open it w ith?
g) T h ere is no w ay w hich could p rev en t the disease from spreading.
(K)
2 M anchester is trying to encourage m ore tourists who visit L ondon to

m ake the jo u rn e y n o rth . T h ey have p rin ted the following inform ation
sheet to be h an d ed ou t a t airports and m ajor stations.
25
PERMISSION
rWELCOME TO->
MANCHESTER!
TO THE GCE .
you w a n t to
v -c o s t homo
ts.-Send for
BlOW.
ng :
a
a
.panisti
a va ila ble
M ircas i n :
cco (infancy
am m arca
fritin g
Q ok-k aa p in g
tman S c rip t
' Couraaa
H i s t o r i c p l a c e s ! F r i e n d ly p e o p l e !
I
I
I
I
LOW PRICE ACCOMMODATION

From London TRAIN 2j hours 13.00 (ret.)
BUS
4j hours 5.00 (ret.)
CONNECTIONS TO THE LAKE DISTRICT
ES!
RCP 29
VON
** RCP29
,i7 4PF
js ,
M o o r g a te ,
it>rofA.B.C.C.
Cathedral Northern Art Gallery over 20 cinemas

Library Theatre Halle Orchestra
Restaurants to suit all tastes and pockets
I
I
I
I
I
I
Further information
The Manchester Bureau
King's Square, London SW1 (near Victoria Station)
Accommodation arranged if desired
Use the above inform ation to m ake sentences like the following exam ple
I f you want to meetfriendly people, the place to stay is Manchester.
| Structure
and
style
P R E S E N T AND P E R F E C T P A R T IC IP L E S W R IT T E N STY LE
Look a t the following two sentences from the text
a i) Breathing heavily an d clutching m y throat, / shouted th at I was having
a heart-attack . (11. 43-45)
b i) Having given me the pills, James told his accom plice to let me have
som ething to eat. (11. 51-53)
In speech, we w ould probably express the same ideas as follows
a ii) I started to b reath e heavily, clutched m y th ro at, and shouted . . .
b ii) W hen h ed given me the pills, Jam es told his accom plice . . .
Breathing and clutching are both know n as p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e s .
Having given is w h at is know n as a p e r f e c t p a r t i c i p l e .
Perfect participles are rare in norm al spoken English, as are present
participles, except w hen they replace relative clauses. For exam ple, Jam es
p rob ab ly said to M yers (sarcastically)
W ould you m ind reading this typed message to your firm
w hich explains I ,
.
.
, .
, . . r > the situation you re in r
explaining
26
PERMISSION
N ote 1 W e only use the p e r f e c t p a r t i c i p l e if it is necessary to show clearly
that one actionfinished before the other one started. If the w riter had used a
present p articip le in (bi), how w ould the m eaning have changed?
N ote 2 T h e subject o f the p articip le m ust be the sam e as the subject o f the
m ain clause. F o r exam ple, this sentence w ould be im possible:
Walking through the park, theflowers were beautiful, since it w ould m ean
th a t the flowers w ere w alking th ro u g h the p a r k !
1 W hen G eorge M yers was released, he gave a press conference. H e
questioned p articu larly ab o u t his feelings both d u rin g his captivity
since his release. U sing a present or perfect participle, com bine
following pairs o f sentences to show how the new spaper rep o rted
interview .
was
and
the
the
EX A M PLE
I th o u g h t they w ould kill m e if I tried to escape, so I never tried .

i) Thinking they w ould kill him if he tried to escape, he h ad never tried.
I never heard the accom plices nam e, so I d o n t know w ho he w as.
ii) Never having heard the accom plices nam e, he d id n t know w ho he was.
a) I realised very early on th a t they w ere such heartless people, so I did
noth in g to antagonise th em .
b) I tried to reason w ith Jam e s once or twice, b u t I gave up because it
clearly h ad no effect w hatsoever.
c) I sometimes looked a t Jam e s an d realised w hat greed for m oney could
do to people.
d) I was very close to d ea th at times, an d I now know how m uch I value
life.
e) I spent 14 days in captivity an d now I am looking forw ard to a long
rest.
(R)
2 L ast n ight you w ent to a circus. U sing present an d perfect participles,

w rite sentences a b o u t the following things
a) T h e clowns
b) T h e lion-tam er
c) T h e trapeze artist
d) A n elephant th a t got out o f control
e) T h e tight-rope w alker
| Topic vocabulary
CHARACTER
1
H ere are some m ore com m on adjectives ab o u t peoples personalities.

F ind out w h at each one m eans, using a dictionary or an y o th er source.
a) g o o d -n atu re d ; b ad -tem p ered
b) g o o d -h u m o u red ; cheerful
27
PERMISSION
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
easy-going
severe; strict
sy m p ath etic; unsym pathetic
unselfish; selfish (self-centred)
co n sid erate; inconsiderate
h)
i)
j)
k)
I)
generous; m ean
w ell-m an n ered ; ill-m annered
self-confident
m odest; conceited
hard-hearted
2 A w om an is gossiping to her next-door neighbour ab o u t an elderly

m arried couple she know's, an d ab o ut their personalities. U sing only
words from the list above, com plete the blanks, according to the
explanations she gives either before or afterwards.
W ell, yesterday, I m et old M rs Jones. Lovely old lady she is - always
cheerful an d helpful - ever so ( a) w hich is m ore th an I can say about
th a t h u sband o f hers. H e s so (b) , arguing and shouting and
com plaining all the time. A nd I th o ught m y husband was ( c) until I saw
the w ay he holds on to his m oney! N ot th a t she worries or com plains. I ve
never known anyone so (d) . But h e s really ( e) , I m ean he never thinks
ab o u t her or w h at she w ants. H e s got no feelings at all, the (f) old d e v il!
T h e y re ju st so different - if you tell her ab o u t your problem s, she listens
and tries to u n d erstan d and gives you advice, you know, very (g) . A nd
its only because of her th a t their children have turned out so polite and
charm ing - such (h) young people! He ju st gave them discipline, told
them w hat they cou ld n t do, like some ( l) schoolm aster. Still, M rs Jones
keeps smiling and h ap p y I d o n t think I d be th at (j) , m arried to him !
3 T ake ten other words from the original list of vocabulary and try to think
o f people who you know th a t you could apply them to. T h en w rite ten
sentences about them , showing from the context w hy you can use th at
w ord to describe them .
| W riting tasks
150-200 words
1 W rite a com position ab o u t a teacher who once tau g h t you. You should
try to include some of the ch aracter vocabulary you have been studying,
and some permission language. S tart your com position w ith the w o rd s:
O n e teacher w ho I will never forget was
2 O P T IO N BO X
a) A n u nfortunate experience at the customs.
b) A jo u rn e y th a t took longer th a n expected.
c) M y grandm other.
28
1 A1 caption a)
2 D1 caption a)
(K)
major problem. Animals can

50 cause disease, too. It is the
threat of rabiesa disease with
no known cure -that has made
the English government impose
strict restrictions on animals
55 coming into the United King
dom. When the Spanish govern
ment recently destroyed a num
ber of stray dogs as protection
against the same threat, English
60 tourists immediately wrote
letters to the newspapers com
plaining about mass murder'.
Another problem is the care
lessness o f some pet owners.
65 Most little children want a dog
or a cat, and they continually
pester their mothers and fathers
until they get one. It is only
when the "sweet little thing' has
70 been brought home that the
parents realise how much time
and money must be spent on
'Rover or "Bonzo. At this
point many of them abandon
75 it. This brings me to my last
point. Pets which are allowed to
run free are often not sweet at
all. English farmers lose hun
dreds o f sheep a year, killed by
80 someone's pet poodle or dachs
has left all his/her money to a
hund, and you must have read
dog or cat home.
of children being mauled by
There are a variety o f reasons
pet alsations or even tigers.
why I, personally, find the
You may think that I dislike
4 0 popularity of British pets alarm
8 5 all pets, but this is not true at
ing. Among other things they
all. I would only suggest that
cause physical problems. An
we have got our priorities wrong
example of this is New York
and that something should be
where they have great difficulty
done about it. For example, the
45 getting rid of the mess that dogs
9 0 authorities clearly
have a
leave on the streets. Many
responsibility
to
introduce
people find this funny, but in a
stricter penalties for pet-owners
number o f large cities it is a
whose animals savage livestock
or harm little children. This
9 5 might deter them from being so
careless. Surely it would be a
good idea, too, if we made dog
licences more expensive. The
increased revenue from them
100 could be used for many needy
causes.
As far as I'm concerned, it s
time we stopped being senti
mental about pets. I can see no
1 0 5 reason, for example, why we
should get upset when animals
are cut up for medical experi
ments. If this will lead us to
discovering cures for serious
110 human diseases, then I say.
keep cutting!'
support the Dr Hadwen
We are a nation of pet-lovers.
Trust for Humane Research
Wouldn't it be better to be
. lovers of human-beings?
JULIA ELLIOTT discusses

the English love of pets and
makes some suggestions.
A nation of
pet-lovers
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
A RECENT survey in the United

States showed that the average
family there spent more money
on its pets than on its children.
Although this is a rather shocking
statistic, it should not surprise
anyone who has seen the doggy
beauty parlours or the quiet
shady groves where loved pets of
all varieties are laid to rest for
ever. It' is possible that the
Americans are unique in treating
their little friends in this way, but
what information we do have
would suggest that the English,
too, are slavish in their attentions
to the whims of their pets.
This can clearly be seen when
we look at pet foods, which
often contain more vitamins
than human food or, at least,
are seldom less nutritious. They
certainly cost as much. Last
year the British public spent two
hundred million pounds on pet
food alone, to say nothing of
veterinary brlls and animal
furniture. It is difficult not to
feel resentful about this when
one considers what the same
amount could do for victims of
starvation and poverty, and so
it is not unusual for me to get
hot under the collar when I read
about another old person who
help encourage
experiments
29
SUGGESTIONS
a
| Exercises
on
the text
1 VOCABULARY
a) scientifically collected fact or figure
b) buried
c) tiny parts o f food, necessary for health
d) good for people as food
e) upset or angry ab o u t som ething th a t has happened
f ) dogs w hich ru n freely
g) ask annoyingly again and again
h) badly h u rt
i) order o f im portance
j ) attack and h u rt badly
(K)
you think the answer is false, give your reasons.
a) M ost A m erican families seem to be m ore concerned ab o u t their pets
th an their children.
b) T h e w riter thinks th a t old people usually leave their m oney to homes
for pets w hen they die.
c) New Y orks problem s am use J u lia Elliott.
d) L ittle children often ab an d o n their pets.
e) J u lia Elliott suggests th a t the authorities should give pet-ow ners
harsher punishm ent if their anim als cause dam age.
J) J u lia Elliott thinks we have stopped being sentim ental about pets.
g) J u lia Elliott does not feel u n h ap p y about experim ents on anim als.
(g)
a) H ow does J u lia Elliott think m oney spent on pets could be b etter
used?
b) W hy does J u lia Elliott think th a t people should not be surprised at
the w ay A m erican people spend m oney on pets?
a) W h at d o e s this refer to in line 5?
b) W h at are they in line 22, an d w h at does as m u ch in line 23 refer to?
c) W h at is this in line 29?
d) W ho or w hat is it in line 75?
e) W h at is it th a t som ething should be done about in lines 88/89?
(g)
5 SUM M ARY W O R K
a) M ake a list o f the four reasons the w riter gives for being alarm ed at
the popularity of British pets.
30
SUGGESTIONS
b)
M a k e a lis t o f t h e c h a n g e s t h e w r i t e r s u g g e s t s .
c)
I m a g in e th a t y o u are w r itin g a r ep o rt o n th e d a n g e r s o f pets, a n d

th a t in
your
short in tr o d u c tio n
you
d an gers. T a k in g y o u r in fo rm a tio n
m ust
o n ly
b riefly
from
m e n tio n
th ese
th e text, w rite th e
in t r o d u c t io n in n o t m o r e th a n 8 0 w o r d s.
| Revision-test
1 C om plete the blanks, an d p u t the correct form of the words in brackets.

a) (Breathe) heavily, an d (gasp) in the hot air, Jam es clim bed the steps
to his bungalow .
b) Jam es h a d been told th a t the bungalow was the perfect place (spend)
the h o lid a y ____ he took early this year.
c) I t was the w eath er ____ m ade him happiest, an d in fact he felt
alm o st____ instead o f depressed as he norm ally did.
d) It was only right th a t h e ____ have a holiday, because he (work) very
h ard th a t year.
(8 marks)
2 P u t the following into rep o rted speech.
T e ach er: I w onder if I could take F rid ay off. M y wifes parents are
arriving at H eath ro w after th eir holiday in Greece.
P rin c ip a l: I m afraid th a t w o n t be possible.
(4 marks)
3 W rite sentences using the following words.
a) shop-soiled
b) to hire
c) to take p a rt in
d) unsym pathetic
(4 marks)
4 P u t the following words in the correct ord er to m ake sentences.
a) fath er/p erm issio n /h im /Jo h n s/car/th e/to /g av e/b o rro w

b) girlfriends/realised/he/driving/house/tow ards/his/suddenly/
w allet/had/he/forgotten/his
(2 m arks)
5 W rite a sentence ab o u t w h at you could/could not do at school, using
perm ission language.
(2 marks)
(T o tal: 20 marks)
c I Suggesting courses of action

1
L o o k a t th e fo llo w in g w a y s o f m a k in g su g g e stio n s, s o m e o f w h ic h a p p e a r
in th e text.
31
SUGGESTIONS
I w ould suggest D O IN G
(Surely) it w ould be* a good idea if X D I D
W ouldn t it b e t good if X D I D
(Surely) X could D O
I w ould (only) suggest th a t X should D O (ratherform at)
X clearly has the responsibility to D O (ratherform al: strong)
It is tim e X D ID (strong)
* O th er phrases can be used here, e.g. . . . more sensible, advantageous.
t O th er words or phrases can be used here, e.g. safer, sensible, more intelligent, etc.
a. Traffic has becom e a m ajor problem in most big cities. Below are some
suggestions for solving the problem .
a) Surely/good idea/in crease/tax on petrol
b) I/suggest/ban cars/city centres
c) I t is tim e/encourage people/use public transport
d) Surely/streets/m ade into pedestrian precincts
e) I t is tim e/ban cars/city centres
J) W o u ld n t/sensible/im prove public transport
g) T h e authorities/responsibility/im prove public transport
h) I/suggest/people/stop driving/w ork
i) T h e governm ent/responsibility/build b etter ring roads
j) Surely city councils/ban cars/city centres
b. T h e
rising crim e rate in E ng lan d has w orried m any people. Below are
different suggestions from different people. Form sentences by starting
w ith the words in brackets.
a) M ore psychiatric help for crim inals (T he prison authorities)
b) Prisons less com fortable (Surely)
c) Police should be arm ed (I w ould only suggest)
d) Bring back the d eath p enalty (T he governm ent)
e) Recognise th a t crim inals - products of society (It is time)
Now com plete the following in sim ilar ways.

f ) S tricter penalties for first offenders
g) Stop treatin g crim inals like anim als
h) M agistrates should stop being so lenient
i) T h e police force - m ade larger
W h at suggestions can you think o f to help low er the crim e rate?
2 In England, every houseow ner pays m oney to the local council. This
m oney is called R ates. O n page 33 is a diagram showing how a typical
city council spent the rates in one year. T h e figures are in millions of
pounds.
a. U sing the inform ation, im agine th a t you are planning the city councils
budget for the following year, m a k e s u g g e s t i o n s about the am ount of
32
_________________________ SUGGESTIONS
m oney to be spent, and the w ay to spend it. In p articu lar, m a k e
ab o u t how m uch should be spent on Social Services, and
w h at exactly th a t m oney should be spent on.
su g g e st io n s
s o c ia l s e r v ic e s in c lu d e h elp for old p eo p le , h elp for ch ild ren an d fam ilies

w ith p rob lem s, h om es, etc., for ill an d m e n ta lly d isab led , d a y nurseries, m eals
taken to eld erly p eo p le in their h om es, etc.
t r a n s p o r t m eans subsidies to lo ca l bus com p an ies.
b. A t the end of your discussion, you should fill in the following charts.
B l IK ,F T
FO R T H E
C O M IN G
YEAR
KI31'CATION_____________________________________________________
P O L IC E _______________
S O C IA L S E R V IC E S
R O A D S _______________
HIRE S E R V IC E _______
R E F U S E D IS P O S A L
I R A N S P O R T _________
TOTAL
280m
33
SUGGESTIONS
3 M ake suggestions ab o u t the following.
a) T h e problem o f nicotine addiction. H ow can we get people to stop
smoking?
b) T h e problem o f pollution in some big cities. H ow can w'e solve this
problem ?
1) A1 caption c)
2) G1 caption a)
E X P R E S S IN G C O N T R A S T S A N D C O N C E S S IO N
You may think that I dislike all pets
I
BUT
I
this is not true at all

H ere are other ways o f expressing the sam e idea o f contrast.
In spite of
-NOUN
Despite
A lthough
In spite o f the fact th at
Despite the fact th a t
SENTENCE
EXAMPLES
In spite o f the rain he wentfo r a walk.

[Although
) .,,r,,
<T . r , r
, > itwasraim ne, he went tor a walk.
[In spite of thefact that j
1 Som eone w ho read J u lia E lliots article did not com pletely agree w ith
w hat she said. M ake the following sentences w hich the reader m ight have
used in her letter to the pap er ab o u t the article.
EXA M PLE
Elliotts point
Some old people leave their
m oney to dogs homes
Readers point
Dogs homes are still short
of m oney
Although Julia Elliott says that some old people leave their money to dogs homes,
these homes are still short o f money.
Now do the same with the following.
34
(K)
SUGGESTIONS
Elliotts point
a) R abies is a dangerous
disease w ith no know n cure
Readers point
I t is not a th re a t because
o f im p o rt restrictions
----------------- IN SPITE OF T H E FACT T H A T <----------
b) I d o n t dislike pets
E llio tts article shows a great

prejudice against pet-ow ners
----------------------> D ESPITE TH E FACT T H A T <---------------
c) T h e irresponsibility o f
some pet-ow ners
------------------------------------- d e s p i t e
d) T h e benefits we get from

experim enting on anim als
I t w ould be unfair to send

these pet-ow ners to prison
*-----------------------------
E xperim enting on anim als is

in h u m an e an d sickening
----------------------------------* i n s p i t e o f <---------------------------
2 R ead the following story.

Tw o m onths ago I bought this fridge. V ery expensive it was too. But I ve
had nothing bu t trouble from it. For a start the c o l d c o n t r o l
d id n t work. I set it at m ed iu m and it froze everything - I had to pu t my
b u tte r on the stove to thaw it out. I phoned the com pany, b u t nobody
cam e. After I d w aited a week I w rote them a letter, b u t still nobody
cam e. A fter phoning again (with no result) I w ent round to see them , and
they sent a m an round. H e said h e d fixed it, bu t it still d id n t work. T he
fridge has got a guarantee, b u t they still sent me a bill.
Im agine th a t all these things h appened to you, and m ake statem ents of
contrast and concession w hich you m ight use in a letter to the com pany.
EXAM PLE
In spite o f thefact that thefridge was very expensive, it has caused a lot o f trouble.
F O C U S A N D ID E N T IF IC A T IO N
In the following sentence, the w riter is trying to focus the re a d e rs attention
on one aspect the th re a t of rabies.
It is the threat o f rabies . . . that has made the English government impose strict
restrictions . . .
(1. 5054)
35
SUGGESTIONS
T h e re ad e rs atten d o n is focused by the p attern
It is . . . t h a t . . .
This is a very com m on p a ttern in both ( informal) and (form at) style if we
w ant to
..
., r
.
. . .
e it h e r : 1) lo cu s a tte n tio n o n a p a r tic u la r p o in t
o r:
ii) clarify who or w hat is referred to.
EXAMPLES
i) I d i d n t r e m e m b e r h i m u n t i l h e g a v e h i s n a m e , ( n o r m a l )
nt until
,
,.
T
,
, , .
,
,
,
, } he gave his name t h a t 1 r e m e m b e r e d h i m . ( f o c u s )
only when)
*
v
ii) T h a n k you for getting the work done so quickly.
D o n t thank m e ; th an k G illian . ( n o r m a l )
j ( who)
i t s G illian <
[
f you should thank, not m e . ( c l a r i f i c a t i o n )
{ ( thaty
f iT w a s
<
) it w a s
R e-w rite the following sentences, focusing atten tio n or clarifying the
w ord or phrase in italics.
EXAM PLE
I d id n t m eet Tim on S aturday, I m et M ike.

It wasnt T im |
I m et on S aturday, it was M ike.
a) D id M a rth a bring her h u sband w ith her yesterday? No, she cam e
w ith Sheila Lloyd.
b) Sheila w ent to school w ith m y sister.
c) D id n t herfam ily em igrate to A u stralia?
d) Yes, th a ts right. In fact we did nt know until we saw her th a t she was
back in this co u n try .
e) I h ear she gave young D avid a toy koala b e a r. No, she d id n t give it
to David, she gave it to A lan .
f ) She brought this boomerang for D av id .
g) A ny new s? Yes, shes m arried, but shed been w ith us for a couple of
hours before she told us. (Use . . . only after a couple of hours)
h) Som eone she m et out th e re? W ell in fact she m et him in New
Zealand.
2 R ead the following Bob D ylan poem .
sim p l e
t w ist
of
fate
T hey sat together in the park

As the evening sky grew d a r k ;
She looked at him an d he felt a spark
T ingle to his bones.
Tw as then he felt alone
A nd wished th a t h e d gone straight
A nd w atched out for a simple twist of fate.
* T h e same rules for relatives apply here as in U n it 2,
36
s e n t e n c e c o n s t r u c t io n .
(R)
SUGGESTIONS
T h ey w alked along by the old canal
A little confused, I rem em ber well,
A nd stopped into a strange hotel
W ith a neon b u rn in g bright.
H e felt the h ea t o f the night
H it him 'like a freight tra in ,
M oving w ith a sim ple twist o f fate.
A saxophone som eplace far off played
As she was w alking by the arcade.
As the light burst th ro u g h a beat-u p shade
W here he was w aking up,
She d ro p p ed a coin into a cup
O f a b lind m an a t the gate
A nd forgot ab o u t a sim ple twist o f fate.
H e hears the ticking of the clocks
A nd walks along w ith a p arro t th a t ta lk s;
H u n ts h er dow n by the w aterfront docks
W here the sailors all come in.
M aybe shell pick him out again.
H ow long m ust he w ait
O n e m ore tim e for a sim ple twist o f fate?
N ow correct the following statem ents, w here necessary, using the p a tte rn
it was . . .
exam ple
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
A saxophone was playing nearby.

No, it wasfa r off that it was playing.
H e sat w ith h er in a p ark one m orning.

H e felt a spark w hen he looked a t her.
T h ey stayed at a hotel they knew.
T h e story took place on a cool evening.
T h e h eat hit him like an express train.
She gave a blind m an a 10-dollar note.
H e walks aro u n d an d talks to his p arrot.
H e hunts for her by a canal.
T h e sailors all com e in a t the w aterfront docks.
| Topic vocabulary
FO O D AND H EA LTH
1 Below are words or phrases connected w ith food and drink. F ind out w hat
they m ean, using a dictio n ary or any o th er source.
a) a d ie t; to go on a d ie t; to be on a diet
b) a healthy / u n h ealth y / varied / w ell-balanced / calorie-controlled + diet
37
SUGGESTIONS
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
p a u n c h ; to p u t on w e ig h t; o bese; obesity
u n d ern o u rish ed ; w ell-nourished; to slim ; m alnutrition
to sta rv e ; starvation
h arv e st; to h a rv e st; c ro p ; yield
fam in e; drought
food su rp lu s; to hoard food
fertilisers; pesticides
health foods; v eg etarian ism ; vegetarian
Substitute one of the above words or phrases for the parts of the following
sentences w hich are in italics.
a) Last week M ary stopped eating so much because she w anted to get
thinner.
b) She was incrediblyfa t, and she h ad been gettingfatter andfatter.
c) She lives in a country th at last year suffered a seriousfood shortage.
d) H er husband, a farm er, was recently badly affected by a lack o f water.
e) H e doesnt believe in using chemicals which stimulate growth,
f
H e is a. person who doesnt eat meat.
| W riting tasks
2 0 0 -2 5 0 w ord s
1 W rite a new spaper article ab o u t the grow ing problem of a w orld-w ide
food shortage. In the first h a lf of the article you should state the problem ,
and in the second suggest ways o f overcom ing it. Below are some notes
w hich m ight help.
T h e headline for the article is n o s e c o n d h e l p i n g ,
notes
O verp o p u latio n - less food for each person

- less lan d for farm ing
- exhaustion of n atu ra l resources
O verconsum ption (particularly rich countries)
- less food
Pollution, environm ental destruction
2 O P T IO N B O X
a) Smoking, an easy w ay to com m it suicide.
b) People do not take enough exercise.
c) Loneliness is the old-age pensioners most dangerous enemy.
38
1 C 1 caption b)
2 El caption a)
(K)
OBLIGATION
In the light of the case of Khalem Darubi, still awaiting the result
of his appeal to the Immigration Appeal Tribunal, BERNARD FOX
looks at the immigration law s of this country.
LEAVE
TO ENTER
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
If you are a man, and the woman you want

to marry is settled in the United Kingdom,
you may find it extremely difficult to enter
this country. The Immigration Act states:
Husbands and fiances are admitted for
settlement only in exceptional circum
stances and must hold entry clearances for
that purpose.
This is the problem Mr Darubi faces.
If, however, the situation had been the
other way round there might have been
less of a problem, for a woman whose
fiance is a man who has settled in this
country will normally be given permission
to enter the country for three months, and
she can then ask for the time limit to be
removed after she has got married.
Visitors to this country are normally
admitted for six months, but foreign
students can usually stay for one. year.
They must attend a bona fide' educational
institution, and they are required to studv
for a minimum o f fifteen hours a week oh
a daytime course. Prospective students
have to show that they can afford their
studies, and that they have sufficient
financial resources to support themselves
while in this country.
Another exception to the six-month
norm is that of au pair girls, who are given
"limited leave" of two years. But in general,
visitors are only admitted for half a year,
and only on the understanding that they
have come for pleasure, not work.
In order to work here the foreigner needs
a work permit, which must be applied for
by his prospective employer. The problem
here is that the Department o f Employ
ment has the right to grant or refuse these
permits, and there is little that can be done
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
about it; it would be extremely unwise for

a foreign visitor to work w ithout a perm it,
since anyone doing so is liable to im
m ediate deportation. There are some
exceptions to this rule, most notably
people from the Com m on M arket
countries, who are entitled to work without
permits, and who are o fte n given tem
porary residence permits of up to five
years. Some other people, such as doctors,
foreign journalists, authors and others,
can w ork w ithout permits, and foreign
students are norm ally allowed to take
part-tim e jobs while they are studying
here.
The problem with the Act is not ju st that
some of its rules are u n fairwhy should
M r D arubi not be allowed into the
co u n try?but the way it is adm inistered,
and the people who adm inister it.
The first person a visitor to these shores
meets is an im m igration official, and it is
he, or she, who has the power to stop him
coming into the country. If this happens
the visitor has the right to appeal first to
an Inspector, and then to the Im m igration
Appeal Tribunal. While the appeals are
being considered, the visitor has no choice
but to wait in a detention centre, sometimes for quite a long time. Few appeals
are successful.
Critics of the law say th at im m igration
officials treat the confused visitors badly,
and appear to accept or reject them for no
apparent reason.
W hichever side o f the political fence
you are on, there seems to be an urgent
need for a good look at the Act, for it
causes frequent argum ent, and in the eyes
o f many, real injustice.
Twe
o f the fit
beautifu
transfer
R a i l . . i,
service
acknov
experts!
sue!
five st.
Italian
Asl
call us
CITs 1
remem
GUAF
SUM!>
ITAL
can af
39
OBLIGATION
a
1 VOCABULARY
Find words or phrases in the text th a t m ean:
a) has m ade his or her hom e in a place
b) m an who has agreed to m arry
c) taken aw ay, cancelled
d) likely in the future
e) enough
f ) being m ade to leave the country against your wishes
g) allow ed by right or law
h) p u t into practice, organise, m anage
i) th o ught about
j) people who disagree or dislike som ething
Say w hether the following statem ents about the text are true or false. If
a) M r D arubi w ants to jo in his fiancee in England.
b) W om en w ishing to m arry residents of the U nited K ingdom have fewer
problem s th an m en do.
c) Visitors to this country can norm ally stay for a year.
d) A prospective em ployer can give or refuse a work perm it.
e) C om m on M arket residents have problem s getting a work perm it.
f ) Im m igration officials are sometim es unfair, according to critics.
g) Im m igration officials go to m eet im m igrants at the detention centres
on the shore.
a) W h at w ould probably h ap p en to a non-C om m on M arket resident if
he was working w ithout a work p erm it and the police found out?
b) W h at can visitors do to get into the country if they are refused entry?
c) W h at does the w riter think is the problem w ith the law?
a) T h a t purpose in line 8 refers to . . .

b) T h e situation in line 10 refers to . . .
c) W ho are they in line 21?
d) W ho i s h im in line 63?
e) W h at d o e s it refer to in line 78?
40
OBLIGATION
5 SUM M ARY W O R K
a) M ake a list of the four things foreigners have to do or show to be
allow ed to study in E ngland.
b) W rite a short dialogue (not m ore th a n 150 words) betw een an official
at the British Em bassy in your co u n try and someone w ho is a national
o f your country an d w ants to study in E ngland. Use o n l y inform ation
from the text.
| Revision-test
1 J o in the following pairs of sentences using a l t h o u g h ,

a) J o h n s intelligent.
J o h n s lazy.
b) J o h n lives five m inutes aw ay from his office.
J o h n never gets to work on tim e.
c) J o h n is p aid a lot o f m oney.
Tohn does no work.
in spit e o f
etc.
{o m arks)
2 J o in the following pairs o f sentences using relative clauses.

a) T h e m an was w earing a sm all black hat.
I
saw him .
b) T h e briefcase w7as black too.
H e was carrying it.
c) A girl stopped to talk to him .
H er face was very red.
d) T h e conversation lasted a long tim e.
T h ey h ad this conversation.
1
(4 marks)
3 W rite the correct form o f the w ords in brackets, and com plete the blanks.
a) Surely it (is) a good idea if the governm ent (ban) the sale o f alcohol.
b) I t stim e we (realise) th a t alcohol is very dangerous.
c) ____ is alcohol ____ m akes people behave so badly at football
m atches.
d) T h e governm ent ____ has the ____ to punish football hooligans
severely.
rn
. .
7
(o marks)
4 W rite three sentences suggesting w h at could be done to encourage
people to stop eating too m uch.

You should use: suggestion language, and
food an d h ealth vocabulary
(5 marks)
(T o tal: 20 marks)
41
OBLIGATION
c | Obligation
1

Prospective students have to show that they can
afford their studies . . . (11. 24-26)
Have to expresses obligation. Below is a ch art showing w hen we use have
t o an d w hen we use must, must not, an d need not.
CONCEPT
FORM
p o i n t s to n o t e
T h e speaker decides.
A stated rule or law.
m ust D O . . .*
O bligation is imposed
by the speaker, or by
public signs.
O bligation the speaker

knows about. A hab itu al
obligation.
have to D O . . .*
O bligation is im posed
by external circum
stances.
N egative obligation
m ust not D O . . .
T h e speaker says there

is no choice.
No obligation
do not have to D O . . .
T h e speaker leaves the

choice open.
need not D O . . .
T h e speaker decides
th a t an action is not
necessary or not oblig
atory.
No obligation; the
speaker decides.
The past simple tense o f the forms marked (*) is h a d
to
DO . . .
a . In the follow in g exercise, co m p lete the blanks w ith the correct form from
th e o b l ig a t io n ch art ab ove.
a) In his n ew jo b G e o r g e ________ w ork very hard.
b) (M oth er to s o n ) : Y o u ______finish your lu n c h .
c) (Sign at Z o o ) : V isito r s_____ feed the a n im a ls.
d) (H u sb an d to w if e ) : T h e ca rs broken d ow n . I _____go to w ork by
train tom orro w .
e) (T ea ch er to s tu d e n ts ): Y o u ______d o an y hom ew ork ton igh t, relax and
h ave a good tim e .
j ) (S tu d en t to s tu d e n t): T o m o rro w s a p u b lic h o lid a y , so w e _____go to
sch o o l.
g) (S tu d en t to s tu d e n t): I m fed up w ith sch o o l; w e _____d o far too
m u ch h om ew ork.'
h) Last n igh t J o h n m issed the bus, so h e ____ w alk h om e.
i) (Son to m o th e r ):
go to sch ool to m o rro w ?
j ) Before yo u can b eco m e a d octor, y o u ____ pass a lot o f exam s.
b . A n ew sp ap er t h e Su n d a y st a r recen tly h eld an essay co m p etitio n for
adults. O n p age 43 are the rules o f th e co m p etitio n .
42
(R)
OBLIGATION
laurice
Essay
Competition
Fine
/'resents
'lusively
the UK
CONDITIONS OF ENTRY
Number of words: 2,500-3,000.
Entries may be handwritten or typewritten.
No quoting from any source.
Final entry date: May 24th.
Entry is open only to adults of 25-60 years old.
Title of essay: 'My childhood'.
Entries may be autobiographical or fictional.
No help or advice from other people.
ill
N ow create conversations ab o u t the com petition using the language from

the ch art above. In the conversations people will be asking ab o u t the rules o f
the com petition. T h e conversations will take place b e tw e e n :
i) two friends w ho are interested in the com petition, one o f w hom has not
read the advertisem ent, and
ii) the organiser o f th e com petition and a rep o rter from a radio station.
E X A MP LE
R e p o rte r: Can teenagers take part in the competition ?

O rg a n ise r: JVo, entrants must be between twenty-five and sixty years old..
2 Look at the following sentence from the text.
. . . they are required to studyfo r a minimum offifteen hours a week on a daytime
course (11. 2224)
T h e re is an o th er w ay o f expressing o b l i g a t i o n . Below are furth er ways
o f expressing some different kinds o f o b l i g a t i o n .
FORM
points to note
,
f obliged
to be <
. . to D O . . .
^required.
Expresses official obli

gation - laws, rules, etc.
r made
to DO . . .
to be < forced
>
(slightly formal^
I compelled J
Somebody else makes you

do something.
f There is ^
f alternative "1 .
\ X has / " " { c h o i c e
} but to 0 0 . . .
There is nothing for it but to DO . . .
Obligation in which noth

ing else is possible in a
certain situation.
43
OBLIGATION
a. Below is a list o f things th at you have to do w hen you arrive at an English
airport. C hange the list into statem ents of obligation using language from
the chart.
exam ple
have a p a s sp o rt. . . You are required to have a passport.
Now you do the same.

a) have a sm allpox vaccination certificate
b) in some cases have a visa
c) fill in an entry form
d) show your passport to the im m igration official
e) go through customs
j ) declare any excess spirits or cigarettes
b. Below is a
list of things th a t h ap p en ed to D iam ond J o e , a well-knowTn

smuggler, w hen he last arrived at H eath ro w airport. C hange the list into
statem ents ab o u t wrh a t other people m ade him do, using the language
from the chart.
a) stop at the customs
b) open his suitcase
c) tu rn out his pockets
d) go to a special room
e) take off his shoes
f ) give the customs officials the w atches tied to his jack et
g) go to the police station
h) spend a night in jail
c. Using the list in the previous exercise, show where D iam ond Jo e had no
choice. Use the language from the chart.
exam ple
He had no alternative but to open his suitcase when the customs official stopped him.
3 Answer the following questions.
a) W h at do you have to do to pass a driving test in your country?
b) W h at laws are there in your country about driving in towns and cities
(e.g. speed limits, pedestrian crossings, etc.) ?
c) W h at laws are there in your country about drinking and driving?
Using the above inform ation, and using the language you have studied in
the text, m ake conversations betw een a reporter and
i) policem en (W h at w ould h ap p en if. . . ?, W h at do you have to d o ?)
ii) drivers w ho have com m itted offences (W h at happened . . . ? , W h at
did you have to d o ?)
Ask ab o u t the following things
a) the day George was stopped by the police for speeding in a built-up
area
b) w hat a policem an has to do if he sees someone speeding
c) the law ab o u t drinking an d driving
44
OBLIGATION
d) the day M a ry s brakes failed, an d she w ent into a tree, m anaging to
avoid a little girl
e) the day A rth u r was driving too fast through a b u ilt-u p area after
having d ru n k far too m uch a t a party . A policem an in a patrol car saw
him
f ) w h at candidates have to do to pass a driving test
g) the day a policem an was held hostage by a bank robber
E X A MP LE
R ep o rter: Mary, when didyou realise thatyour brakes hadfailed?

M a r y :" Well, I saw this little girl playing in the street, so I had no choice but to stop
quickly
1 A 1 caption d)
2 C l caption a)
R E L A T IV E C L A U S E S - N O N -D E F IN IN G
N on-defining clauses are different from defining clauses (see U n it 2,
s e n t e n c e c o n s t r u c t i o n ). T h ey give ex tra inform ation ab o u t som ething
th a t is already clearly defined.
In order to work here the foreigner needs a work permit, which m ust be
applied for by his prospective em ployer. (11. 35-37)
T h e which-clause is not telling us w hich or w h at kind o f work perm it the
w riter is referring to. It is giving us m ore inform ation a b o u t the work perm it.
H ere are two m ore exam ples o f non-defining relative clauses.
A n exception is people from Common Market countries, who are
entitled to w ork w ithout perm its.
T h e head of the A ppeal T rib u n a l is David Masters, who(m)
the Im m ig ran t C om m unity respects very m uch.
subject
object
Points to note
1 N on-defining clauses ten d to be ra th e r form al in style, an d are restricted
in general to w riting.
2 In non-defining clauses it is not possible to use th a t.
3 In non-defining clauses it is not possible to leave out a relative.
4 N on-defining clauses are separated from the rest o f the sentence by
comm as.
N on-defining relatives can be sum m arised as follows.
People and Pets
SUBJECT
OBJECT
PREPOSITION
who
w h o (w h om )
prep
+w hom
POSSESSIVE
whose
45
OBLIGATION
Things
subject
object
PREPOSITION
POSSESSIVE
w h ich
w h ich
P R E P + w h ic h
* Possessives are usually expressed using
example
w h ic h
has/ have
My car, which has a brokenfuel-gauge, is in the garage.
1 GENERAL KNOW LEDG E TEST

In this exercise fill the space w ith the correct answer, then m ake the two
sentences into one containing a non-defining relative clause.
a) ____ is the highest m o u n tain in the world.
It is in N epal.
b ) __ hosted the 1976 O lym pic Games.
It is in C anada.
c) ____ are organisations representing w orking people.
T h e first o f them was founded in Britain.
d) ____ is w ell-known for the production of coffee.
Its capital used to be R io de Jan eiro .
e) Sculptors quite often u s e ____ to m ake statues.
It is a m etal alloy.
f ) __ _ flows through several E u ro p ean capitals.
Strauss w rote a w altz about it.
g) ____ has m ade com m unications m uch easier and quicker.
A lexander Bell pioneered it over a century ago.
h) ____ . was forced to resign as U .S. president in 1974.
His behaviour in the W aterg ate scandal was rath er dubious.
2 M ake sentences w ith non-defining clauses, on the following subjects
a) the Beatles b) A m erica c) k arate d) the Eiffel T ow er e) Beethoven
f ) the Q ueen
|Structure
and style
F E W : L IT T L E . A F E W : A L IT T L E
Few appeals are successful. (1.71)
Few appeals has alm ost the same m eaning as hardly any appeals or not many
appeals. It has a n e a r n e g a t i v e m e a n i n g .
A fe w appeals w'ould be com pletely w rong here because it has alm ost the same
m eaning as a small number o f appeals. It has an a f f i r m a t i v e m e a n i n g .
In the charts below, notice the difference betw een (normal) style and
(slightly form al) style.
46
OBLIGATION
UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS*
Negative
Positive
Comparisons
hardly any
not much
a little
a bit of
not as much
(very) little
a small amount of
less
normal)
(s l i g h t l y
formal)
*An uncountable noun is something you cant count, e.g. mayonnaise, advice, money, etc.
COUNTABLE
nounst
(
normal)
'
slig h tly f o r m a l )
Negative
Positive
Comparisons
hardly any
not many
a few
not as many
less
(very) few
a small number of
fewer
Remember that a countable noun is something you can count, e. g. bottle, apple, tourist, etc.
1 In this exercise, choose the best w ord or phrase from the ch art above.
R em em b er to consider negative an d positive m eanings an d com parisons.
T O U R IS T N U M B E R S D O W N T H IS Y E A R !
J im C ran e reports his interview w ith Alec K now le
o f the T o u rist D evelopm ent B ureau.
( a) tourists are expected this y ear th a n for over six years. This was the
depressing message from the T o u rist D evelopm ent B ureau. I t seems th a t
the present econom ic situation has h ad (b) effect on the trend o f British
holidaym akers spending th eir holidays abroad.
W h a ts needed is ( c) effort by British holiday resorts to give their towns
(d) of character. ( e) real attem p ts at m odernisation have been m ade
since the early 60s.
T h e G overnm ent have offered some help w ith the cost o f m odernisation
and a t the m om ent even (j) m oney w ould be useful. N evertheless, (g)
people believe th a t the present dow nw ard tren d in p o p u larity can be
quickly reversed.
(h) an d (i]_ people are w illing to risk the uncertain w eather in Britain.
(J) can be done ab o u t the w eather, o f course, but m uch m ore effort
could surely be p u t into bringing o u r resorts into the eighties.
2 U sing the language from the chart, m ake a conversation in w hich two
people are arguing ab o u t w hether or not the public should be forced to
w ear seat-belts by law . Speaker A thinks they should, and speaker B
thinks they should not.
EX AMP LE
B m ight s a y : A bit o f common sense isfar more important than a law telling us what
to do!
47
OBLIGATION
H ere are some words and phrases you can use
people
d eath (s)
accident(s)
injury(ies)
fatal accident(s)
|Topic
trouble to p u t on
break the law
feel safe
vocabulary
L IF E A B R O A D
1 Below is a list o f words ab o u t m oving to, or living in, a foreign country.
F ind out w hat each one m eans, using a dictionary or any other source.
a) visa; passport; p erm it; docum ent
b) to book a ticket; to m ake a reservation; to pay a deposit
c) p o lio ; sm allp o x ; cholera (vaccination certificate)
d) custom s; customs h a ll; im m ig ratio n ; official (two m eanings)
e) to declare (at custom s); to have som ething/nothing to declare
f ) to sm uggle; to im port
g) to pay du ty on (an a rtic le ); to avoid (p ay in g ); to evade
h) citize n ; a lie n ; foreig n er; to u rist; im m igrant
i) resid en t; n a tiv e ; p a tr ia l; n atio n ality (by b irth /b y blood)
j) native language; m other tongue; dialect; accent
2 W rite sentences ab o u t the following using language from 1 above.
a) G etting an airline ticket
b) A rriving at an English airp o rt
c) Foreigners who live in E ngland
d) W h at h ap p en ed w hen your friend had m ore than the perm itted
n um ber of cigarettes at customs
e) People in your country who are foreigners
f ) T h e jo b of an im m igration official
| W riting tasks
200-280 words
1 W rite a p am phlet outlining the jo b o f a customs officer. You should state

w hat you think his obligations are. T h e pam p h let will be used to try and
recru it m ore people into the work force of the Custom s and Excise
D epartm ent.
2 O P T IO N BO X
a) A letter to an English friend saying w hat you d o n t like ab o u t the place
you are studying at and detailing the things you have to do.
b) T h e story o f a m an who was unfairly accused of smuggling.
c) T h e introduction to a brochure advertising a new English L anguage
Institu te in your country, stating, am ong other things, w hat the students'
obligations are.
48
1 E2 caption a)
2 G 4 caption a)
GENERALISATIONS
Living in a Class House
by R I C H A R D
M ARTIN
ver the last 25 years, British society has changed a great dealor at
*
least many parts o f it have. In some ways, however, very little has
changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned. Ideas about
social classwhether a person is working-class or middle-classis one
5 area in which changes have been extremely slow.
In the past, the working-classthat is those people w ho do manual
w orktended to be paid less than middle-class people, sucli as teachers
and doctors. As a result o f this and also o f the fact that workers' jobs were
generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes
10 came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages
on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wfife
her housekeeping, would go out and squander the rest on the 3 B's
beer, baccy and betting.
The stereotype o f what a middle-class man did with his money wras
15 perhaps nearer the truth. He w asand still isinclined to take a longerterm view. N ot only did he regard buying a house as a top priority, but
he also considered the education o f his children as extremely important.
Both o f these provided him and his family with security. Only in very
fewr cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training)
20 to make such long-term plans.
Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number o f cases factory
workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors.
Social security and laws to improve job-security, combined with a general
rise in the standard o f living since the mid-fifties, have made it less necessary
25 than before to worry about tomorrow'. Working-class people seem slowly
to be losing the feeling o f inferiority they had in the past. In fact there
has been a grow ing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes
to feel slightly ashamed o f their position.
The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily
30 seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar
tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money on having a good time,
and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems
to be much less ditference than in previous generations. Nevertheless, w*e
still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type o f job they
35 may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always
be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather
that the old conflicts w ill re-appear, but between different groups.
23
from Social Change in the 20th Century, edited by P eter W illiam s.
49
GENERALISATIONS
a
| Exercises
on
the text
1 VOCABULARY
a) safe
b) very clear, easily seen
c) to spend wastefully
d) typical picture o f someone or som ething
e) being not as good, not as im p o rtan t
j ) enjoying themselves
g) disagreem ents and fights
h) to ap p ear slowly
Say w hether the following statem ents ab o u t the text are true or false.
I f you think the answ er is false, give your reasons.
a) In B ritain over the last q u a rte r cen tury little things have changed.
b) Differences in life-style an d attitudes betw een m iddle-class people and
working-class people cam e into existence p artly because of different
levels o f pay.
c) T h e typical w orking m an was paid in cash.
d) O n Fridays the typical w orking m an told his wife w hat was to be done
at hom e over the next week.
e) O w ning a house an d educating his children well m ade the typical
m iddle-class m an feel safe.
f ) In the past workers did not buy houses because they sim ply did not
earn enough.
g) These days people are h ard ly concerned at all about the n ear future.
h) T h ere are dangers for the future due to the big differences in pay
betw een the low -paid and the w ell-paid.
(R)
a) W hy did differences o f life-style and attitudes em erge betw een the
m iddle-class and the working-class?
b) W h at were the differences in the ways m iddle-class m en and workingclass m en spent their m oney?
c) H ow has the situation changed over the last 25 years?
a) I t in line 2 refers to . . .
b) T h is in line 8 refers to . . .
c) His fam ily in line 18 refers to . . .
d) T h e ir in line 28 refers to . ..
e) W e in line 33 refers to . . .
(K)
50
GENERALISATIONS
5 SUM M ARY W O RK
U sing the relevant inform ation from your answers to 3 above, w rite a
letter (in ab o u t 100 words) p artly agreeing, and p artly disagreeing w ith
the views expressed in a new spaper article entitled w e r e a l l m i d d l e class n o w
|Revision-test
1 C om plete the blanks w ith f e w , a f e w , h a r d l y a n y , etc.

a) ____ people w ent to M ark S im s concert at the tow n hall, w hich was
very sad.
b) M ark is not a very p o p u la r m usician, so he does ____ earn ____
money.
c) ____ people w ent to M a rk s concert th an to the orchestral concert the
week before.
d) ____ people said they enjoyed his concert, w hich m ade him very
happy.
(4 marks)
2 J o in the following pairs of sentences using w h o , w h i c h , etc. You m ust
use the correct p u n ctu atio n .
a) H am let is a tragedy.
It was w ritten by WTilliam Shakespeare.
b) A n acto r once played the p a rt o f H am let in a film.
I know him.
c) T h e play is very serious.
I t is a very long play.
d) T h e king gets killed in the end.
T h e king is a bad m an.
(4 marks)
3 C om plete the blanks in the following letter.
D ear Jo h n ,
I was sorry to h ear a b o u t your problem . As far as (1)______ your best
(2) w ould be to try and get a divorce. Y ou can certainly consult m e
ab o u t it. I w ould be very pleased if you cam e ro u n d to m y office. (3)
F riday m orning be (4) ?
In order to get divorced, you (5) be able to prove th a t the break-up of
your m arriage is your wifes fault. T his is often very difficult. T h e law
should be changed. T h e g o v e rn m e n t____ ()____a responsibility (7)
do som ething ab o u t it.
A nyw ay, I hope som ething can be done.
Y ours sincerely,
(7 marks)
4 U sing the language o f o b l i g a t i o n , w rite sentences ab o u t the following.
a) A m an w ith a gun stopped Fred in the street and told F red to give him
his m oney.
51
GENERALISATIONS
b) W h at do you have to do to o b tain a passport?
c) T h e police stopped a m an in the street and asked him to go to the
Police Station.
d) A m other ordered her son to w ash his hands before dinner. W h at did
she say ?
e) W h at do you have to do to get into university in your country?
(5 marks)
.
#
#
(T o ta l: 20 marks)
c | Qualifying generalisations
W hen we m ake general statem ents ab o u t a subject (e.g. the w eather), it is

necessary to show th a t such generalisations are not tru e in every case. Below
you will find a n u m b er o f ways o f q u a l i f y i n g g e n e r a l i s a t i o n s .
1 T R U E IN M O S T C A S E S
FORM
p o i n t s to n o t e
to tend (not) to DO . . .
This is a very com m on p attern in both

w ritten and spoken styles.
to have a tendency to D O . . .
M ainly used ab o u t people, rath e r th a n

things. M ore com m on in w ritten style
th an in spoken style.
to be inclined to D O . . .
This is probably m ore often used to m ake

critical com ments.
You can m ake such generalisations m ore exact by fu rth er qualifying them w ith
sometimes, often, generally, usually.

examples
T h e y generally tend to share very sim ilar tastes in music and cloths (11. 30-31)
M iddle-class people have a tendency to be m ore individualistic.
Y oung people are much more inclined to challenge au th o rity th an in the past.
a. M ake the following prom pts into generalisations th a t are true in most
cases.
a) Doctors tend/m ore m oney/teachers
b) W orkers children/tendency/leave school/16
c) W orking-class people/inclined/think/m iddle-class/snobs
d) M iddle-class/tendency/vote C onservative
e) L ab o u r M .P.s tend not/as w ell-to-do/C onservative M .P.s
b. C hange these sentences into generalisations th at are true in m ost cases.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
52
R om antic novels are w ritten by women.

Paperbacks cost less th an h ard b ack books.
People prefer w atching T . V. these days to listening to the radio.
A rt critics criticise rom antic novels for being unreal.
People read m ore m agazines th an books.
School children think poetry is silly.
GENERALISATIONS
c. W h at generalisations th a t are tru e in m ost cases can you m ake ab o u t the
following subjects.
a) T h e leisure tim e activities of people u n d er 25 and over 40
b) A n atio n ality o th er th an your ow n
2 U N C E R T A IN G E N E R A L IS A T IO N S
CONCEPT
FORM
t o
n o t e
'to D O . . .
to be D O IN G . . .
T h e Sim ple Infinitive ( T O D O )

is used to describe fixed habits,
unch an g in g habits/situations
to D O . ..
ap p ear <
to be D O IN G . . .
T h e C ontinuous Infinitive ( T O
B E D O IN G ) is used to describe
changing habits/situations.
seem
I think
but I m
not sure
p o in t s
perhaps
P erh ap s can be placed at the

beginning, m iddle, or end o f a
sentence.
EXAMPLES
W orking-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling o f inferiority they

h ad in the past. (11. 25-26)
C hildren appear to enjoy p rim ary school m ore th an secondary school.
Parents are, perhaps, no t strict enough w ith their children these days.
Perhaps, parents are not strict enough w ith their children these days.
Parents are not strict enough w ith their children these days, perhaps.
Look a t the w ay the following sentences are changed into uncertain
generalisations.
i) C hildren do not w orry ab o u t class differences +
C hildren \ SEEM
(appearj
NOT t o w o r r y
ii) A ttitudes are changing ra th e r

A ttitudes I SEEM
SEEM/APPEAR.
a b o u t class differences.
Slowly+SEEM /APPEAR.
I x o BE c h a n g i n g ra th e r slowly.
(APPEAR )
a . C hange the following sentences in the same way.

a) F at people enjoy life m ore th a n th in people + a p p e a r
b) A l a r g e n u m b e r o f c h i l d r e n a r e o v e r w e i g h t + SEEM
c) A g r o w i n g n u m b e r o f p e o p l e a r e t a k i n g u p y o g a + a p p e a r
d) T h e price o f food is increasing very ra p id ly + s e e m
e) Fresh fruit and v eg eta b les are less p o p u la r th an in the past+SEEM
f ) Convenience foods m ake life m uch easier for w orking w ives - (- a p p e a r
b. M ake
un certain generalisations ab o u t the following subjects. T ry to

include exam ples th a t show u n ch an g in g situations and others th a t show
changing situations.
53
GENERALISATIONS
a) M odern fashions (both w om ens an d m en s)
b) D ifferent makes o f car
c) H ow people change w hen they get old (give exam ples of people you
know who are getting old at present)
3 PH R A SE S S H O W IN G IN H O W M A N Y CASES A
G E N E R A L I S A T I O N IS T R U E
a)
In the vast m ajority of cases . . .

In a large nu m b er o f cases . . .
In most cases . . .
G enerally (speaking) . . .
In quite a n u m b er of cases . . .
O ften/som etim es/occasionally. . .
In some cases. . .
In one or two cases . . .
b) O nly in a few cases . . .
(Only) in very few cases . . .
+ S E N T E N C E
s e n t e n c e
(with inversion o f subject and operator)*
* For further exam ples involving inversion see p. 55 s e
n te n c e
c o n s tr u c tio n .
T h e phrases in group a) usually occur at the beginning of sentences, b u t

they can also be placed at the end, or particu larly in w ritten style, in the
m iddle.
EXAMPLES
In the vast majority o f cases, working-class children leave school at 16.

In a small number o f cases m iddle-class children end up in factory jobs.
Only in veryfe w cases d o p e o p l e w i t h o u t q u a l i f i c a t i o n s g e t t e c h n i c a l j o b s . *
4 F IN A L I N T E G R A T E D P R A C T I C E O F G E N E R A L I S A T I O N S
IN S E C T I O N S 1 -3
R ecently, a social survey was carried out com paring the w ay of life o f m en
of various ages in M anchester and L ondon. H ere are some o f the results of
the survey.
Under 25
2540
4 0 -6 5
W EIGHT
M 5 9 -9 1 kilos
L 5 7 -8 7 kilos
M 5 9 -1 0 0 kilos
L 5 9 -9 1 kilos
M 5 4 -1 0 0 kilos
L 5 9 - 9 5 kilos
INCOM E
M 1 8 0 0 -3 2 0 0
L 19504500
1 7 0 0 -7 6 0 0
1 9 5 0 -1 2 0 0 0
1 8 0 0 -8 5 0 0
1 8 0 0 -1 5 0 0 0
OWN HOUSES
M 10%
L 6%
55%
45%
45%
60%
TAKE PART IN
SPORT
M 65%
L 57%
35%
30%
TELEVISION
(HRS. PER WK.)
M 5 -1 8
L 6 -1 5
1 8 -2 6
2 0 -2 4
M Manchester
54
L London
'
7%
10%
1 8 -3 0
1 9 -3 0
GENERALISATIONS
A very sim ilar survey was carried o u t 15 years ago. H ere is a selection o f
the results.
Under 25
2540
4 0 -6 5
W EIGHT
M 5 2 -8 9 kilos
L 5 4 -8 4 kilos
5191 kilos
5489 kilos
5491 kilos
57-91 kilos
INCOM E
M 4 0 0 -1 0 0 0
L 4 5 0 -1 3 0 0
5 0 0 -2 0 0 0
6 0 0 -3 0 0 0
4 0 0 -2 5 0 0
5 0 0 -7 0 0 0
OWN HOUSES
M
L
18%
30%
17%
35%
3%
4%
M ake generalisation sentences in w hich you

a) C om pare L ondon an d M anchester now
b) C om pare L ondon (or M anchester) now w ith 15 years ago
c) Say how things seem to be changing
EXAMPLES
i)
Toung men in London tend to weigh less than young men in Manchester, but in
most cases there isnt much difference.
ii) More and more people seem to be buying houses.
B2 cap tio n a)
F2 cap tio n a)
IN V E R S IO N A F T E R N E G A T IV E IN T R O D U C T IO N S
Look at the following two sentences from the text. N otice the form o f the
verbs. A re the sentences statem ents or questions?
i) Not only did he regard buying a house as a top priority, but he also . . . (11. 16-17)
ii) Only in very fe w cases did workers have the opportunity ( or the education and
training) to make such long-term plans. (11. 18-20)
Both the sentences begin w ith a d v e r b p h r a s e s having n e g a t i v e i d e a s .
Sentences w hich begin w ith such n e g a t i v e i d e a s have inversion o f the
verb an d subject or in o th er words, the negative idea phrase is followed by
the q u e s t i o n - f o r m o f the verb an d subject.
1 R e-w rite these statem ents by placing the phrase in italics a t the beginning
o f the statem ent w ith the question-form following.
E X A M PL E
H e not only regarded buying a house as a top priority, b u t he also . . .

Not only d i d h e r e g a r d buying a house as a top priority, b u t he also . . .
a) Some people not only think cam ping is cheaper, b u t they actually
prefer it to hotels.
b) I have rarely seen so m an y beautiful views as I saw in the Lake D istrict.
c) Ja c k h ad never h a d such a m iserable evening before.
55
GENERALISATIONS
d) I was not able to find out the result of the test until thefollowing month.
e) A lot o f m oney is being spent in only a few places on research into the
causes o f cancer.
NOTES ON USAGE
is used in both spoken and w ritten English. It has

the effect o f emphasising what is said or written. As spoken English has m any
oth er ways o f showing em phasis, e.g. into n atio n and stress, n e g a t i v e
i n v e r s i o n tends to occur more in written style.
H ere are some o f the m ost com m on negative introductions (note th at
some are nearly negative in m ea n in g ).
n e g a t iv e inversio n
N ot only . . . b u t also . . .
N ot a (single) w ord . . .
N ot a s o u l. . .
N ot until/till . . .
N ow here . . .
N o-one . . .
In no w ay . . .
U n d er no circum stances . . .
O n no a c c o u n t. . .
No longer . . .
in no (other) place/country, etc.
A t no (other) tim e . ..
N ever (before/again) . . .
N either . . .
N or . . .
By no m eans . . .
In none o f . . .
Few . . .
In few cases . . .
L ittle . . .
(O nly) rarely . . .
H ard ly ever . . .
H ard ly . . . w hen . . .
N o sooner . . . th an . . .
In addition, phrases qualified by only are sim ilarly subjected to

inversion.
e.g. In A m erica you can buy m any kinds of w'hisky,
b u t o n l y in S cotland canyou find some of the rarer kinds.
Hardly an d no sooner both have tim e-m eanings.
N o sooner - as soon as, im m ediately
e.g. n o s o o n e r had the play finished t h a n the audience burst into
applause.
H ard ly - ju st after
e.g. h a r d l y had the army arrived w h e n there was a massive explosion.
M ake em phatic statem ents ab o u t the following situations using negativeinversion to show the emphasis.
a) You have ju st seen a film w hich you did not enjoy at all.
b) N am e one very good thing th a t is only to be found in your country.
c) You once w ent to the w rong p arty and did not realise for a long time.
d) Y ou are dissatisfied w ith a second-hand car/refrigerator you have
bought recently.
e) Y ou refused to help a friend in difficulty, and now you feel very bad
about it.
f
You got hom e last night feeling very tired, b u t as soon as you w alked in
the door, the phone rang.
56
GENERALISATIONS
g) Y esterday afternoon you w ent w alking and saw no-one. I t was a very
pleasant experience.
h) Y ou have ju st got hom e from holiday. It was one o f the m ost m iserable
times you have ever h ad because it never stopped raining.
i) Y ou are w arning a child not to leave the house w ithout telling you.
j ) A politician is m aking a speech prom ising th a t people will not have so
m any taxes any longer if he is elected.
Q U A L IF Y IN G A N D R E -E X P R E S S IN G S T A T E M E N T S
S tatem ents can be qualified or re-expressed in a variety o f ways, depending
on the effect you wish to achieve.
STYLE
(,N orm al) in both

spoken+ written
BY E X P L A IN IN G
BY GIVIN G
BY M A KING MORE
OR CLA RIFY IN G
EXAMPLES
p r e c is e
in o th er words
th a t is (to say)
for exam ple

for instance
in other words
to be precise*
Rather (fo r m a l)
spoken^ written
( Formal) written
( mostly technical
texts)
e x a c t
nam ely
i.e.
e.g.
viz.
BY M A K IN G M O R E
BY EMPHASISING
BY
ACCURATE
PART
STR EN G TH EN IN G
(.NormaP) in both
spoken+ written
(or) at least
p articu larly
in p articu lar
especially
w h at is m ore
(and) in fact
an d actu ally f
Rather ( form al ) in
both spoken+ written
(or) rath e r
(or) b etter
furtherm ore
* to be precise tends to com e at the end o f the qualifying p a rt of the sentence, e.g.
Seam en, merchant seamen to be precise, are often very interesting people,
f Actually and in fa c t have very sim ilar m eanings, b u t are used slightly differently
sometimes. Actually tends to be used m ore for strengthening n e g a t i v e statem ents
th an for positive ones, e.g.
i) I m et J a c k s sister yesterday. In fact I m et practically the whole family. [Infact
sounds better here th a n actually.)
ii) I ve never m et D av id s brother.
j ^ VC never m ct an Y f bis family,
i Both in fa c t and actually are also used to co n trad ict opinions and inform ation, e.g.
It has been said th a t children need m others.
f acj I
Âctually)
-w o u ld
b e m ore
accurate to say th a t m others need ch ild ren .)
57
GENERALISATIONS
1 C om plete the spaces in the following p arag rap h , using ap p ro p riate words
and phrases from the ch art above.
B ritish E nglish a n d A m e ric an E nglish are differen t la n g u ag es,
____(a) ____ they are distinctly different dialects of the sam e language.
Nevertheless, the two dialects are slowly m oving closer together for a
variety of reasons, (b) as a result of telecom m unications. T h ere has been
a kind o f rivalry for well over two centuries. ( c)
this rivalry has
expressed itself in m u tu al snobbishness, (d) each language regarding
the o th er as somehow inferior.
A ttitudes in B ritain have changed a lot in the last tw enty years, ( e) the
attitudes o f some people have changed. Y oung people, (J) university
students, tend to use m ore A m erican words th an their elders. You will
still find the occasional tru e-b red English bull-dog who insists th a t the
A m erican language, () the accent, has a corrupting influence. W h at
such people do not seem to realise is th a t English is a living language, and
(h) the im p o rtatio n an d coining o f new words and phrases is absolutely
essential in our ever-changing world.
FINAL NOTE
T h e kind o f phrases given in the ch art are extrem ely im p o rtan t for both
spoken and w ritten English. T h ey are ra th e r idiom atic, so it can be a little
difficult to get used to using them . O bserve w hen you are listening to
English, or reading it w hen such phrases are used, and try to copy their
use. d o n t be a f r a i d of maki ng mistakes a t f i r s t , p a r t i c u l a r l y
IN YOUR WRITTEN WORK.
| Topic vocabulary
H O L ID A Y S A N D T O U R I S M
1 Below are words or phrases connected w ith holidays and tourism . Find
out w h at each one m eans, using a dictionary or any other source.
a) h o lid ay ; v a c a tio n ; long w eek en d ; bank holiday
b) package h o lid ay /to u r; excursion; d ay-trip
c) ch arter flig h t; group booking
d) first class; tourist class
e) v o y ag e; o u tin g ; sightseeing tour
f ) h o sp itality/hospitable; facilities; service
g) (excellent, etc.) cuisine; cleanliness; hygiene
h) holiday reso rt; ru in s ; the site o f (historical happening)
i) night-life; w indow -shopping; guided to u r ; view
j) tourist a ttra c tio n ; sh rin e ; m o num ent
2 U sing the language above, w rite sentences ab o u t holidays and tourism in
the following places
a) Florence or a city in your country
58
(R)
GENERALISATIONS
b) E ngland
c) A resort by the sea
d) A hotel
e) A place o f historical im p o rtan ce in your country
j ) T h e place you w ould m ost like to go to for your next holiday
Resourcesfile reference
g |
C3 caption b)
W riting tasks
250-300 words
1 Y ou are p a rt o f a group o f people p rep arin g a guide book in English for

tourists to your country. I t is your jo b to w rite the G eneral In tro d u ctio n .
In tro d u ce the tourists to various aspects o f life in your country, m aking
generalisations a b o u t such things as the w eather, the different regions and
the habits and custom s o f the people in those regions.
2 O P T IO N BO X
a) A letter to an English-speaking friend in w hich you tell h im /h er ab o u t
a coun try or a region th a t you live in. Y ou should describe the place and
the w ay people behave.
b) Y our im pressions o f a foreign country.
c) An article for a new spaper ab o u t the holiday habits o f people from
your country.
E2 caption b)
59
PROTEST
AND COMPLAINT
19th November
35 Ashfield Crescent,
Barton,
Sussex.
Dear Mrs Hugget,

You may remember that on two occasions we have discussed the
noise your children make while practising their musical instruments.
The last time we talked about the subject you agreed to make sure
that they would stop practising in the evenings, and that they would
5 confine themselves to no more than one hour's practice a day.
You can imagine my astonishment, then, when I realised that
nothing had changed and the situation was continuing as before. It is
getting so bad now that I find it difficult to stay in the house, my
nerves are shattered, and I invent any excuse to go out for the evening
10 to be away from the squeaks and wails of your children playing their
various instruments. Much as I like music, I have had enoufji, and to
be frank, I am not prepared to put up with the situation any more.
I am a fairly reasonable man, and 1 am quite prepared to help
others when I can, but this has gone far enough. I think it's high
15 time you realised your responsibilities as a member of the community,
and I must warn you that unless you do something about the situation
I will be forced to take legal action.
I have sent a copy of this letter to my solicitor.
39 Ashfield Crescent,
Barton,
Sussex.
Yours sincerely,
R.G. BARGE
21st November
Dear Mr Barge,
I was sorry to receive your letter. I had no idea that you
20 felt so strongly on the subject, and I do apologise for any
suffering we may have caused you.
Robert, my son, plays the violin, James, the trumpet, and my
daughter Emily is an accomplished cellist. They are all
extremely dedicated, and are making excellent progress in
25 their studies. I resent your description of their efforts
as 'squeaks' and 'wails', and I find it difficult to believe
that it is having the effect on your nerves that you claim after all, you live two houses away.
I am extremely sorry for any unnecessary hardship you have
30 suffered on our account, but I would have thought that

children's education was more important than some minor
discomfort. Are you, Mr Barge, as reasonable as you say?
I have sent your letter, and a copy of this one, to MY
solicitor.
35 I look forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
PROTEST
>IND COMPLAINT
a
| Exercises
on
the text
VOCABULARY
Find the words or phrases in the text th a t m ean:
(g)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
to lim it oneself
surprise
destroyed, exhausted
noises m ade by a m ouse or a rusty gate
noises m ade by som eone crying very loudly or lam enting
very good, a t a high stan d ard
g) very keen on som ething, h a rd w orking, fond of
h) feel upset, angry ab o u t
i) suffering
Say w hether the following statem ents a b o u t the text are true or false. If
a) M rs H u g g ett and M r Barge have h ad two conversations about the

H u g g ett fam ilys m usical activities.
b) T h e H u g g ett children are confined for one hour every day.
c) M r Barge never stays in his house.
d) M r Barge will do som ething if M rs H u g g ett does som ething.
e) T h e H u g g ett children take their m usical activities very seriously.
J) M rs H u g g ett is M r B arges next-door neighbour.
g) M r Barge squeaks and wails in a house two doors aw ay w hile he is
inventing m usical instrum ents.
W R IT IN G P O IN T S
A nsw er the following questions w ith com plete sentences.
(K)
a) W h at instrum ents do the H u g g ett children play?

b) W h at th reat did M r Barge m ake?
c) H ow does M rs H u g g ett feel ab o u t M r Barges com plaints?
a)
b)
c)
d)
W e in line 1 refers to . . .
W h at does it in line 7 refer to?
W h at is referred to by this in line 14?
I t in line 27 refers to . . .
5 SUM M ARY W O RK
Y ou are M r N ash. W rite a rep o rt on the B arge/H uggett arg u m en t for
your superior. Y our rep o rt should not be m ore th an 90 words long.
61
PROTEST
>IND COMPLAINT
b
| Revision-test
1 M ak e th e follow ing in to g e n e r a l is a t io n s .
a) E nglish p e o p le ____ to d rin k a lot o f tea.
b) E nglish people h a v e ____ to like dogs.
c) T hese days people seem ____ m o re a n d m o re alcohol. O n l y _____
p la c e s ____ th e c o n su m p tio n o f alcoho l seem to be going dow n.
d) _____ s o m e ____ d ru n k p eople a re v ery p le asa n t, b u t g e n erally th ey
____ ra th e r aggressive.
(7 m arks)
2 C h an g e or jo in th e follow ing sentences, b e g in n in g w ith th e w ords in
capitals.
a) T h e h a m b u rg e rs w ere b u rn t. T h e chips w ere greasy, ( n o t o n l y )
b) J a c k w a ited for M a ry for tw o hours. T h e n h e finally gave u p a n d w en t
hom e, ( n o t u n t i l )
c) Y ou c a n n o t h e a r m o re b e au tifu l m usic th a n th e m usic on g ra m o p h o n e
records, ( n o w h e r e )
d) G eorge does n o t go to th e cin em a very often, ( o n l y r a r e l y )
e) P a u la a rriv e d hom e. T h e te le p h o n e ran g , (n o s o o n e r )
(5 m arks)
3 W rite sentences using the follow ing w ords o r phrases.
a) to have n o th in g to declare
b) d iet
c) c h a rte r flight
(3 m arks)
4 C o m p lete th e blanks a n d w rite th e c o rre ct form o f th e w ords in brackets.

a) W h e n I asked m y te a c h e r____ perm ission to leave th e class early , he
____ to let m e. I was very angry.
b) M r S m ith s boss (give) h i m ____ to go for a n in terv iew last S a tu rd a y .
c) I t ____ to m e th a t y o u r best course w o u ld be to stu d y h a rd e r.
(5 m arks)
( T o ta l: 20 m arks)
c | Protest, complaint, and apology

1 C O M P L A IN IN G
Look a t the follow ing ways o f c o m p la in in g , w hich are ta k en from th e text.
Ti
,
, r ) the way+SENTENCEl ,
1 nave h ad en ou g h oi ^ DOING
1
f sta n d ]
I cannot < ,
>
I bear j
v
strong}
the way+SENTENCE 1
X an y longer
>(very strong)
x DQmG
a. M ak e the follow in g in to sen ten ces o f co m p la in t.

a) I/e n o u g h /th e w a y h e/a lw a y s tak in g m y cigarettes
b) I/sta n d /J o h n p lays/gu itar
62
PROTEST
AND COMPLAINT
c) I/n o t b ear films a b o u t cowboys an y longer
d) I/enough/people com plaining
e) I/n o t stand/w ay people always com plain all the tim e
b. M ake statem ents o f co m p lain t ab o u t the following.

a) Som eone w ho is always late for arran g em ents he has m ade
b) Som eone w ho is always calling ro u n d and staying too late
c) T h e noise from the road outside your house
2 P R O T E S T A N D W A R N IN G
Look at the following ways o f expressing protest and w arning which are
taken from the text.
I am not prepared to DO . . . any longer
I will not DO . . . any longer
Unless X D O E S . .., Twill D O ...
Its |
| ^ me ^ D I D . . .
(ratherformal')
(rather informal)
a. M ake the following in to sentences o f protest and w arning.

a) I/n o t p re p a re d /p u t u p w ith his laziness any longer
b) It/tim e he stop/lazy
c) I/n o t listen/his excuses any longer
d) Unless he m ends his ways, I/sack him
e) I/n o t/h is rudeness an y longer
b. N ow m ake statem ents o f protest an d w arning ab o u t the following.
a) Som eone who always parks th eir car outside your house so th a t you
cannot get in or o u t o f the garage
b) Som eone who is always borrow ing m oney an d forgetting to give it
back
c) A factory th a t pollutes the local river
1 C3 caption a)
2 FI caption a)
3 A P O L O G IS IN G
Look at the following ways o f apologising and m aking excuses, some of
w hich are taken from the text.
APOLOGIES
EXCUSES
I do apologise for DOING . . .

extremely)
T
sorry+
1 am -(verv
>
,
sentence
terribly J
Please accept my apologies for
DOING . . . ( formal)
I had no id ea+ s e n t e n c e
I had no intention of DOING . . .
T
(an accident
tWaS {unavoidable}
I did not mean to DO . . .(informal)
In the following situations apologise an d /o r m ake excuses.

a) Y our friend asked you to brin g a book she w anted. Y ou forgot.
63
PROTEST
>JND COMPLAINT
b) A friend thought you were going to m eet h im /h er at a pub. You d id n t
go because you d id n t realise th a t he/she expected you.
c) You borrow ed som eones car an d h ad an accident.
d) A t a p arty you are very rude a b o u t your boss. T h e w om an on your left
tells you she is your bosss sister.
e) In a bus you lose your balance an d bum p into someone.
4
In the following situations one person com plains, protests or warns, and
the other person apologises an d makes excuses. You should m ake the
exchanges th a t they m ight use in letters on the subject.
M r Lawson vs the Gas Board
Mrs Smith vs the manager of the shop
Mrs Smith bought a Hoover in a

shop. It keeps going w rong, and
she has already com plained to the
manager three times.
Jeremy Alston v s Maude Comfort
Jeremy Alston is annoyed by the

many animals belonging to Maude
that keep coming into his garden.
Mrs Plarkett vs Daniel Jones
Mrs Plarkett has to give Daniel

Jones a w arning that he may lose
his job because he is always late,
and is very lazy at his job.
64
Mr Lawson has twice had his gas

cut off by the Gas Board because
their computer has made errors
with the bill. His gas has just been
cut off again for the same reason.
G1 caption b)
PROTEST
AND COMPLAINT
d
C O N T R A S T A N D C O N C E S S IO N
Look at the following sentences from the text.
Much as I like music, I have had enough ...( 1 .1 1 )
H ere are various ways o f showing contrasting ideas in a sentence.
I l ike m u s i c ; h o w e v e r , I h a v e h a d e n o u g h .
I like m usic, I h a v e h ad en o u g h . (Strong}

I like m usic, I h a v e h a d en o u g h . (Strong: slightlyformal}
I like m u sic; this situation, h o w e v e r , has g o n e far en ou gh, (ratherformal}
I like m u sic; n e v e r t h e l e s s , I h a v e h a d en ou gh , (ratherformal}
even though
m u c h as
1 J o in the following pairs o f sentences, using the words given.

a) I enjoy listening to
I c a n t stand listening
good violin players.
to people w ho are learning
to play the violin.
-*
EVEN THOUGH
b) I think m odern composers

should be encouraged.
I am not very keen on

m odern classical music.
m uch as
<-
c) I like tru m p et music.
I never enjoy horn pieces.

however
(Both forms)
d) I am very keen on
classical music.
I wish m y neighbours w ould

stop playing their Beethoven
sym phonies so loudly on their
stereo at three in the m orning.
nevertheless
2 R ead the following in w hich a w om an gives her views a b o u t the m odern

cinem a.
O ne o f m y favourite types o f film is the epic, b u t I wish they w ould stop
m aking them ab o u t terrible disasters. M ost o f m y m ale friends enjoy
seeing beautiful girls on the screen, b u t they are alarm ed by the fact th a t
m ost m odern film m akers seem to feel obliged to show so m uch sexual
activity. I, personally, like the inform al atm osphere in cinem as, b u t I get
annoyed by people w ho constantly ch atter, an d ruin the enjoym ent o f
65
PROTEST
vJND COMPLAINT
others. I like the occasional cigarette, b u t I find the smoke-filled
atm osphere in m ost cinem as alm ost un bearable. I am not against paying
for m y enjoym ent, b u t the prices they charge at m ost m odern cinem as are
ridiculous. W h at I m trying to say is th is : I love cinem as, but I m going to
stop going to them .
Im agine th a t you are the person w ho w rote the piece above. U sing the
language o f contrast and concession, m ake sentences concerning your
feelings about the cinem a.
Even though I love cinemas, I m going to stop going to them.
example
3 Now m ake statem ents o f c o n t r a s t an d c o n c e s s i o n about your feelings

on the following subjects.
a) driving b) sun-bathing c) w om ens liberation d) new spapers
e) television com m ercials f ) guitars
Q U I T E /F A I R L Y /R A T H E R
i) I am afairly reasonable man . . . (1.13)
In this sentence you could not use quite or rather since they w ould change
the m eaning.
ii) . . . and T am quite prepared to help others . . . (11. 13-14)
In this sentence you could not usz fairly or rather since they w ould change
the m eaning.
1 Quite
Quite can have two different m eanings.
a) completely!extremely
b) to a certain extent
T h e m eaning o f quite often depends on the w ord it refers to.
EXAMPLES
C om pletely/extrem ely
Pm quite sure
The view was quitefantastic
T o a certain extent
The hotel was quite good
The holiday has been quite interesting
In speech quite is said w ith a p artic u la r tone depending on its m eaning.

MEANING
INTONATION
Completely/extremely
to a certain extent
high level tone

falling tone with a rising
tone at the end o f the phrase
T h e tone is very im p o rtan t because in some situations quite could have

either o f its m eanings.
66
PROTEST
AHD COMPLAINT
examples
The problem is quite easy to solve.

This could m ean extremely easy or not too difficult.
a . U sing quite w ith each o f the w ords in the list below, w rite sentences ab o u t
a film you recently saw.
a) interesting b) original c) convincing d) incredible e) stunning
f ) horrifying g) believable h) tiring i) m oving
S tate w hether you m ean completely!extremely or a certain extent.
b. Practise saying your sentences w ith the correct intonation.

2 Fairly and Rather
i) f a i r l y and r a t h e r both qualify adjectives an d adverbs, and have a
slightly different m eaning.
f a i r l y = an ideal; it has a positive m eaning
r a t h e r = w hat you do not w an t; it has a negative m eaning
EX AMP LE
It is over five weeks since the W ards were involved in a car accident,
b u t M rs W ard is still r a t h e r poorly, w hereas M r W ard is now
f a i r l y well.
ii) In com parisons, only r a t h e r is possible.
Look at this e x a m p le :
H ow ever, M rs W ard is r a t h e r b etter th an she was two weeks ago.
T h e m an in the o th er car was r a t h e r luckier th an the W ards.
H e was not even hurt.
iii) r a t h e r can also m ean very much indeed.
example
Use
fairly
M r Ward was not quite certain whosefa u lt the accident was, so he was
r a t h e r relieved when the police decided not to prosecute him.
or r a t h e r in the following sentences.
a) You should be able to catch the b u s ____ soon, if you leave now.
b) T his sw eater looks____ small for a child o f seven. T h a t blue one looks
____ bigger and it is m ore attractive.
c) W hen M ichael got top m arks in his test for the third tim e, his teacher
rem ark ed th a t the class w a s ____ low for him .
d) H ey! th a t coat suits you ____ well! I bet it was ___ expensive
th o u g h !
e) No, in fact I got it in a sale, so it w a s ____ cheap, b u t not as cheap as
th a t one you b o ught second-hand last w eek.
J) U n d erstan d in g the difference betw een fairly an d ra th e r is ____
difficult.
3 M ake sentences a b o u t your work an d your tim e at school using the
phrases given below.
a) fairly easy to learn b) ra th e r quickly c) quite interesting d) fairly
difficult e) quite im possible f ) ra th e r am using g) ra th e r m ore
challenging h) ra th e r boring i) quite fun
67
PROTEST
AND COMPLAINT
|Topic
vocabulary
R E A C T IO N
1 Below are words an d phrases concerned w ith em otional reaction.
Find out their m eaning, using a dictionary or any other source.
a) am azem en t; surprise; astonishm ent
b) h o rro r; m isery; disappointm ent
c) to be a p p a lle d ; to be a sto u n d e d ; to be disgusted
d) ecstatic; overjoyed; thrilled
e) to be p u t o u t; to be o ffen d ed ; to h u rt som eones feelings
f
furious; speechless w ith anger
g) to be taken aback
h) to be upset ; to be d ism ay ed ; to be disheartened
i) m oving; touching
j ) to feel cru sh ed ; horror-stricken
2 In the following sentences com plete the blanks w ith words from 1 above.
a) Last night I w ent to see a rom antic film w hich was r a th e r ------b) As I cam e out o f the cinem a I saw J o h n , who I had thought was in
A ustralia. You can im agine m y _____
c) I asked him how he was, and he said th at he w a s _____H e had never
felt so happy.
d) H e told m e th a t he was going to m arry G riselda, and I was com pletely
_____O nly recently, he had told me she was horrible.
e) W hen I expressed m y ____ he was r a t h e r _____because he thought I
was being rude.
f ) This m ade m e ____ because I am never rude. W hen he saw how angry
I was, he apologised.
| W riting tasks
200-280 words
1 D espite the fact th at you have twice asked them to be quieter, your
A m erican neighbours seem to have parties every night, playing loud
music, and deafening you w hen their friends start up their cars and
m otorcycles in the early m orning. W rite them a letter of protest and
com plaint.
2 O P T IO N B O X
a) R ecently you bought a television, w hich has continually gone wrong.
Y ou have com plained to the m anufacturers before, b u t nothing has been
done. W rite them an o th er letter.
b) A letter to an A ustralian friend in which you tell the story o f an
evening you spent w ith som ebody you disliked intensely.
Resources file references
68
1 A 1 caption b)
2 B3 caption b)
(K)
CONTROVERSY
Pilots a special position?

BERNARD FOX looks at the high salary pilots receive
rc\
of
Ki
A
w
and
ie. SA
and
>rt.
'tor
W H E N British Airways and Air France

first put their brand new Concordes into
service their pilots had undergone some
months of special training, just as any
5 pilot now wishing to fly the supersonic
plane must undergo a rigorous conversion
course: flying Concorde is clearly not the
same as flying a conventional airliner.
There is, of course, nothing strange about
10 this, for every time an airline decides to
use a new aircraft, the pilots must be
taught to adapt to its special needs and
characteristics, and every time pilots fly
new aircraft they demand new rates of
15 pay. Many o f us remember how British
Airways were unable to use the new 747
until the Jumbo pilots were satisfied that

they were getting adequate pay.
Both in the case of the Jumbo and the
20 Concorde, the airlines and the pilots
eventually reached an agreement, but in
the future pilots will no doubt continue
to press for more money every time the
airlines introduce new aircraft. As in the
25 past they can argue that new aircraft
require extra skill and entail extra
responsibility.
T he whole question of how much pilots
are paid was the subject of a television
30 programme last week when David Yeadon
interviewed an airline captain who was
also an active member of the pilots union.
Throughout the interview Yeadon in
sisted that pilots were overpaid; he even
35 said that they were in a position to force
the airlines to pay them whatever they
wanted. T he threat of a long strike often
was enough, he said, to frighten airlines
into producing the required money. The
40 captain, naturally, argued that pilots
deserved every penny they earned because
of the responsibility they had, both in
lives and money.
It is certainly true that the pilots
45 position is a special one. By any standards,
the training he has to go through is
unusually tough. T o get an air transport
pilots licence he has to do a course that
is at least as difficult as a university
50 degree. Even then, the qualified pilot
faces the constant risk of losing his
licence just by failing one of the sixmonthly medical and flying tests which
he has to take to ensure that he is still fit,
55 and that his flying is still up to scratch.
In most other jobs, a man reaches
retiring age at sixty or sixty-five years
old, but this is not the case with pilots.
Their career ends in their early fifties
60 an age at which many other men are
reaching the peak of their careers. It is
difficult for a man of that age to find
another job, and few pilots like the idea
of being inactive so early, even if money
65 is no problem.
The main argument against the size of
pilots salaries is that there is nothing
special about the responsibilities they
bear. Some people would argue that a
70 train-driver is in the same position, and
they would even go so far as to say that
any bus-driver also deserves a much higher
continued on back page
69
CONTROVERSY
continued from fro n t page
salary than he gets at present. It is a fact

of our society that we underpay many of
75 our most important workers. People have
tended to think, for example, that nurses
and teachers do their jobs because they
feel a special calling. T he argument
here is that if the type of job they are
80 doing satisfies them, they dont need to
be highly paid. Here it is worth pointing
out that most pilots take out a loss of
licence insurance, and all of them receive
a pension that is equal to half their pay.

Whatever the rights and wrongs of the
situation it is undeniable that there is
something special about a pilots job. As
we live our lives down here someone is in
charge of a few hundred people thirty
90 thousand feet above the Atlantic Ocean;
it is not a responsibility most of us would
wish. The question we should ask our
selves is how much that kind of respon
sibility is worth.
85
1 VOCABULARY
F in d w ords o r phrases in the te x t th a t m e an :
a) n o t o u t o f the o rd in a ry
b) typical things th a t people o r objects - h a v e th a t th ey can be
iden tified /reco g n ised by
c) a sufficient a m o u n t o f
d) to d e m a n d
e) specialised know ledge a n d e x p e rt a b ility
J ) a very stro n g suggestion w hich c a n be frig h ten in g
g) v ery difficult
h) a t th e rig h t h igh sta n d a rd
i) th e top of, su m m it
j ) m oney given re g u la rly to a person w ho retires
Say w hether the following statem ents ab o u t the text are true or false. I f
a) C oncorde pilots need to be tau g h t to fly Concorde even though they
have flown oth er jets.
b) Y eadon th o ught th a t pilots were not given enough money.
c) I t is difficult to get an air-p ilo ts licence.
d) Everybody thinks th at train-drivers should get as m uch m oney as
pilots.
e) B ernard Fox says th a t all nurses are called to becom e nurses.
j ) B ernard Fox thinks th a t the jo b of a pilot is very ordinary.
g) B ernard Fox says th a t m any o f us w ould like to be pilots.
a) H ow often are pilots tested to see if they are still good pilots?
b) W h at argum ents do pilots use w hen they dem and m ore pay for flying
new aircraft ?
c) W hy does B ernard Fox think th a t nurses have been und erp aid in the
past?
70
CONTROVERSY
a) W h o exactly a re th e p ilo ts in line 11 ?
b) W h o does th e y refer to in line 18 ?
c) In line 25, w ho c an a rg u e th a t new a irc ra ft re q u ire e x tra skill?
d) W h o is h e in line 46?
e) W hose careers is th e w rite r re fe rrin g to in lin e 61 ?
J ) T h e m in line 80 refers to . . .
(R)
a) M ak e a list o f the four m a in a rg u m e n ts from th e tex t in fav o u r o f th e
h ig h salaries o f pilots.
b) M ak e a list o f the th re e m a in a rg u m e n ts from th e tex t a g ain st th e hig h
salaries p a id to pilots.
c) T a k in g y o u r in fo rm atio n o n l y from th e tex t w rite a co n v ersatio n o f
n o t m o re th a n 150 w ords b e tw ee n som eone w h o thinks th a t pilots are
too h ighly p a id , a n d som eone w ho disagrees.
b|
Revision-test
1 C o m p lete the blanks using f a i r l y , r a t h e r , o r q u i t e .

a) P e te rs ju s t w on 1 ,0 0 0 , a n d h e s ____ h a p p y .
b) L a st n ig h ts c o n ce rt w a s ____ fan tastic. I ve n ev er en jo y ed m yself so
m uch!
c) J a n e L eslies new book i s ____ good, a lth o u g h it co u ld h av e been
b e tte r.
d) I m ____ m ore in te re sted in p o p m usic th a n classical m usic. (4 m arks)
2 M ak e the follow ing in to p r o t e s t s using th e w ords given.
a) M y n e ig h b o u r plays m usical in stru m e n ts la te a t n ig h t.
(n o t p r e p a r e d )
b) H e should stop p la y in g m usical in stru m e n ts a t n ig h t, ( h i g h tim e )
c) H e b u rn s bonfires in his g a rd e n all the tim e, ( h a d e n o u g h )
d) Soon I w ill call th e police if he does n o t stop p la y in g th a t h o rrib le
violin, ( u n l e s s )
(4 m arks)
3 W rite sentences a b o u t th e follow ing, using th e w ords given.
a) P op m usic ( e v e n t h o u g h )
b) A m a n w ho w e n t to w ork w ith a b a d cold (in s p i t e o f )
c) E n jo y in g zoos, b u t bein g w o rried a b o u t cag ed a n im a ls (m u c h a s)
d) D av id drives fast, b u t safely ( h o w e v e r )
e) A rich m a n w ho is very m e a n ( a l t h o u g h )
(5 m arks)
4 W rite a sentence o f a p o l o g y for each o f th e follow ing situ atio n s th a t
h a p p e n e d recently.
a) Y ou a rriv e d la te for a d in n e r p a rty .
b) S om eone asked you to pick th e m u p a n d tak e th em to th e co n cert. Y ou
ag reed b u t forgot.
(2 m arks)
71
CONTROVERSY
5 W rite three sentences
in your country.
generalising
ab o u t the holiday habits of people

(5 marks)
(T otal: 20 marks)
c | Controversy
1
O T H E R P E O P L E S A R G U M E N T S
(One of) the (main) argument(s) | ^ f af^ Q Ur 0f j
that
It has been j sa^

1 that. . .
[arguedj
Some people would argue th a t. . .
It can be argued th a t. . .
note
T h e w riter m ay or m ay not agree w ith such argum ents.
a . J e t travel particu larly w ith planes like the J u m b o and C oncorde - has
always been a controversial subject. Below are statem ents ab o u t it which
are, or have been, oth er peoples argum ents. Use the language from the
ch art to m ake these statem ents as if you were w riting about/discussing the
subject.
example
J e t aircraft are unnecessary.

It has been said that je t aircraft are unnecessary.
N ow do the same w ith the following.

a) People need to get from place to place very quickly, and because o f this
we need je t transport.
b) All aircraft, an d particu larly C oncorde, are too noisy.
c) A ir travel helps to bring countries closer together.
d) C oncorde should be banned.
e) Jets m ake a lot of peoples lives intolerable.
f ) A ir transport is destroying ou r environm ent.
b. U sing the language from the chart, can you give other peoples argum ents
about
a) the am ount o f m oney paid to pop stars
b) learning classical languages like L atin and Greek
2 S U B JE C T IV E A R G U M E N T S
. . . it is undeniable that there is something special about the responsiblity they
bear. (11. 86/87)
H ere B ernard Fox is telling us w h at

opinion as an argum ent.
72
he
thinks, and giving his subjective
CONTROVERSY
Below is some o f the language we can use for this.
It is a fact that* . . .
It is undeniable that* . . .
There can be no doubt that* . . .
(Personally) I would argue th a t. . .
believe
t ha t . . .
' Personally) I would tend to argue
<(.slightly tentative/formal>
think
The language marked * can also be used to state objective arguments.
a. M arriag e has always been arg u ed a b o u t! Below are statem ents about
m arriag e w hich express different opinions. Im agine th a t they are your
opinions, and change them into subjective argum ents.
a) Society w ould not exist w ith o u t m arriage.
b) M arriag e is unnecessary.
c) M arriag e keeps couples together.
d) M arriag e is im p o rta n t for the children.
e) A m arriage licence is a worthless piece o f paper.
f
M arriag e restricts freedom .
g) A lot of m arried people get divorced.
b. N ow give subjective argum ents ab o u t one o f the following.

a) sm oking in public places
b) the effect o f violence on television
3 R H E T O R IC A L Q U E S T IO N S
R heto rical questions (questions to w hich the speaker/w riter does not
expect an answer) are often used in arg um ent. Below are some ways of
doing this.
f often
How ^m anyftim es >must X DO . . . before T D O E S . . . ?
(jong i
f Other words can be used here, e.g. people, children, etc.
J Other words can be used here, e.g. far, low, etc.
EXAMPLES
How low must the value o f the poundfall before the government does
something about it?
How long must we w ait before the government comes to its senses?
a . N ow m ake the following pairs o f sentences into R hetorical Q uestions,

using the question form given.
example
(R)
A lot o f a c c id e n ts take p la c e in factories.

Safety regulations m ust be in troduced . . . H ow long
How long must accidents take place in factories before better
safety regulations are introduced.
73
CONTROVERSY
a) People die in car accidents.
W e m ust force people to w ear se at-b e lts. . . H ow m any
b) H ealth standards are falling.
W e m ust train m ore doctors . . . H ow low
c) A lot o f people die from cancer.
W e m ust b an sm oking . . . H ow m any
d) E arthquakes go on killing people.
W e m ust build safer b u ild in g s. . . H ow long
e) People are m urdered.
V iolence on television m ust be stopped . . . H ow often
b. Now m ake rhetorical questions o f your own ab o u t the following subjects.

a) W ar
b) Pollution
4 Censorship has always been a controversial subject, and below you will
find argum ents both in favour o f it and against it. You should use
c o n t r o v e r s y language to m ake statem ents ab o u t it, and you should
try to use
other peoples argum ents
subjective argum ents
rhetorical questions
c---------------------------------'
People should be allowed to read/
see/listen to what they like.
Censorship leads to dictatorship.
What people should be
responsible for deciding what
we cannot see/read/listen to?
Censorship doesn't lead to
immorality, but repression does.
Censorship is a denial of personal liberty,
etc.
P o rn o g ra p h y e n c o u ra g e s
im m o ra lity .
V io le n c e in film s e n c o u ra g e s
v a n d a lis m .
U n s c ru p u lo u s p e o p le w ill m a ke
a lo t o f m o n e y o u t o f o th e r
p e o p le 's w e a k n e s s e s if
p o rn o g ra p h y is a llo w e d .
W o m e n a re e x p lo ite d by
p o rn o g ra p h e rs.
C e n s o rs h ip is n e c e s s a ry to
p r o te c t t h e in n o c e n t m o ra lly
and p o lit ic a lly .
e tc .
74
1 FI caption a)
2 G5 caption a)
CONTROVERSY
d
R E A S O N S , C A U S E S A N D E X P L A N A T IO N S
T h e re is, o f course, n o th in g strange a b o u t this, for every tim e an airline
decides . . . (11. 9-10)
. . . nurses an d teachers do their jobs because they feel a special calling.
(11. 76-78)
T h ere is quite a large variety o f ways in English o f showing the cause of, or
reason/explanation for a situation or action. T h e most com m on w ay in
w riting is to use one o f th e following conjunctions
i) b e c a u s e ii) a s iii) s i n c e iv) f o r
In m any cases, m ore th a n one o f these can be used, w ith very little difference
of m eaning. H ow ever, it is im p o rtan t to see w hy they are used, an d w hen
one or o ther o f them eith er should not or can n o t be used.
T h e following tw o pieces of inform ation can be connected w ith all four
conjunctions, b u t w ith differences o f m eaning, an d in one case a great deal
of am biguity.
a) I w e n t t o v i s i t m y p a r e n t s a c t i o n
b) I w a s l e a v i n g t h e t o w n
reason
i ) Because e m p h a s i s e s t h e r e a s o n , a n d t h e r e f o r e u s u a l l y c o m e s s e c o n d
I
went to visit my parents because I was leaving the town.
i i) As c a u s e s t h e a c t i o n t o b e e m p h a s i s e d , a n d s o u s u a l l y c o m e s first
As I was leaving the town, I went to visit my parents.
i ii ) Since c a u s e s t h e a c t i o n t o b e e m p h a s i s e d , a n d s o u s u a l l y c o m e s first
Since I was leaving the town, I went to visit my parents.
iv) For has a very sim ilar m eaning to y ou see in spoken English. It does not
give the reason for o r cause o f a n action, it sim ply gives an explanation
for w h at has ju st been said. F or this reason, it m ust com e after the action
w hich it is explaining.
I
went to visit my parents, fo r I was leaving the town.
an d a s are used in exactly the sam e w ay as each other. H ow ever, if
you look a t sentence (ii) above, it will be seen th a t the use o f a s m akes the
sentence am biguous. It could also m ean at the same tim e. I f there is any
chance o f such am biguity, s i n c e m ust be used, s i n c e also has the m eaning of
tim e, w hich can cause confusion to o ; in such cases a s m ust be used.
since
1 In the following sentences, choose w hich o f the four conjunctions can be

used in the spaces to p roduce unam biguous sentences. T h e re will often be
m ore th an one possible answ er. In th a t case say w hich you think is the
m o s t suitable.
a) ____ his wife is trying to lose some w eight, she is going w ithout lunch
every day.
b) T h e situation was becom ing increasingly d e s p e ra te ,____ night was
draw ing in, an d we still h ad not found anyw here to take shelter.
(K)
75
CONTROVERSY
c) ____ he was on his w ay to the village, he offered to collect m y groceries
for me.
d) M artin has taken up fishing,------ he w ants to avoid arguing so m uch
w ith his m other-in-law .
e) Soon G abriel w ould have to move his sheep back to the lower pastures,
____ w inter was draw ing on, and the grass w ould then be blanketed in
snow.
j ) ____ the child has disappeared, we have been unable to find out where
it lives.
g) H e is not in a position to give you an answ er y e t,____ you h av en t yet
m ade a form al offer in w riting, inform ing him of the precise details of
the deal.
h) ____ G eorge h ad been staying w ith his sister, he had not been able to
see as m uch of M arie as he w ould have liked.
G E R U N D S AS S U B J E C T S A N D O B J E C T S
Look at this sentence from the text, then choose the right answ er to the
question w hich follows
Flying Concorde is clearly not the same as flying a conventional airliner. (11. 7-8)
Is the subject o f the verb is
a) Flying Concorde, or b) C oncorde? (answer at the bottom of this page)*
FLYING
is like a verb. It can

a) have an object ( Concorde)
b) be followed by adverbs
( quicklyjto London/at night)
is like a noun. It can

a) be the subject o f a verb
{is quicker)
b) be preceded by adjectives
(good, intelligent)
Because the gerund has both the features o f nouns and those of verbs, it is an
excellent w ay o f varying style, p articu larly w ritten style.
1 Look at the following w ord groups
G ERUNDS
OBJECTS
getting m arried to
playing
allowing
attacking
riding
m aking
shouting (at)
bank m anagers
doctors
donkeys
film stars
games
guitars
songs
suggestions
opjoauo^ Suivy *
76
a)
H O W ADVERBS
loudly/silently/slowly
too silently
b)
W H E R E ADV ER BS
at hom e/in hospital/in

public places
in shops/on board ship
c)
W H E N ADV ER BS
after breakfast/at night/

once a w eek/on Sundays
CONTROVERSY
Begin or com plete the following opinions w ith meaningful gerund phrases.
(Y our sentences can be as serious or am using as you lik e !)
T h e p a tte rn will be as follows.
gerund
(o b j e c t )
(a d v e r b
group
a)
( a d v e r b g r o u p s a a n d b)
( a d v e r b g r o u p s a , b a n d c)
( a d v e r b g r o u p s b a n d c)
(N ote the o rd er o f adverbs in English.)

I c an t agree t h a t ____ is good for health.
____ tends to m ake you thirsty.
I certainly believe i n _____
W o u ld n t you agree t h a t ____ is an extrem ely relaxing w ay to spend a
w eekend?
e) ____ surely should be b an n ed , sh o u ldnt it?
a)
b)
c)
d)
2 G eru n d phrases are p artic u larly useful for showing our likes and dislikes.
C om plete the following sentences aboutyourself using gerund phrases.
a) O n e o f m y favourite kinds o f holiday is ____
b) ___ is som ething I w ould do m ore of if I h ad the tim e
an d the m oney.
c) I m ust say I f in d ____ra th e r boring.
d) W hen I was small the thing I looked forw ard
to most
w a s --e) W hen I get older, I m really going to e n jo y _____
| Topic vocabulary
W ORK
1 H ere is a list o f w ords connected w ith jobs and types o f work. Find out
w hat each one m eans, using a dictio n ary or any other source.
a) dead-end
b) steady; (in)secure
c) exhausting; taxing
d) bo rin g ; tedious; soul-destroying; m echanical; frustrating
e) dem an d in g ; rew ard in g ; useful; interesting; stim ulating
f ) o v e rp a id ; u n d e rp a id ; badly-paid
g) m an u a l; (un)skilled; clerical; creative
h) te m p o ra ry ; fu ll-tim e; p art-tim e
i) freelan ce; self-em ployed; unem ployed
j) to (give the) sack; to fire; to g ive/hand in your notice;
to take on (an em p lo y ee); to m ake someone re d u n d a n t
2 U sing words from the list above, m ake sentences about the following jobs
or situations.
a) w orking on an assem bly line b) a b arrister c) a research chem ist d) a
docker e) a farm er f ) a personnel officer g) a stockbroker h) a university
77
CONTROVERSY
le c tu re r i) a b ilin g u al secretary j) a n air-hostess k) w o rk in g in th e
n e w sp a p er in d u stry I) b ein g a s tu d e n t m) y o u r ow n jo b (if you h av e one)
W riting tasks
1 W rite a com position entitled
250-300 words
should
m iners
be
nurses?
H ere are some argum ents on the subject.

Miners
a) T h ey work in ap palling conditions.
b) T h e re is a constant risk of accident.
c) M ining is an u n pleasant jo b .
d) T h ey work in near-darkness.
e) Coal is still a vitally im p o rtan t source of energy.
Nurses
a) T h ey work very long hours.
b) N ursing is very dem anding.
c) N ursing is em otionally taxing.
d) W e all need nurses at some tim e d u ring our lives.
e) Nurses bear a lot o f responsibility.
2 O P T IO N BO X
a) T h e punishm ent should fit the crim e.
b) T o d a y s pop-stars are p aid far too m uch m oney.
c) M arriage is d e ad .
78
G3 caption a)
paid
more
than
CONTRAST >4ND
COMPARISON
HAROLD MAGNA, a freelance
jo u rn alist from London, con
siders the relative m erits of town
and country.
BACK
TO NATURE
FOR centuries town and country
have been regarded as being in
opposition to each other. It has
been suggested that the superficial
differences between the twowideopen spaces contrasting with brick
and concreteare less important
than the contrasting attitudes of
town and country.
I am one of the m any city people who
are always saying th at given the choice we
would prefer to live in the country away
from the dirt and noise of a large city. I
have managed to convince myself that if
15 it werent for my jo b I would immediately
head out for the open spaces and go back to
10
nature in some sleepy village buried in the

country. But how realistic is this dream ?
Cities can be frightening places. The
20 majority of the population live in massive
tower blocks, noisy, squalid and impecsonal. The sense of belonging to a
com m unity tends to disappear when you
live fifteen floors up. All you can see from
25 your window is sky, or other blocks of
flats. Children become aggressive and
nervouscooped up at home all day, with
nowhere to play; their m others feel iso
lated from the rest of the world. Strangely
30 enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants
of one street all knew each other, nowadays
people on the same floor in tower blocks
d o n 't even say hello to each other.
C ountry life, on the other hand, differs
35 from this kind of isolated existence in that
a sense o f com m unity generally binds the
inhabitants of small villages together.
People have the advantage of knowing that
there is always som eone to turn to when
40 they need help. But country life has dis
advantages too. While it is true that you
may be am ong friends in a village, it is also
true that you are cut off from the exciting
and im portant events that take place in
45 cities. There's little possibility of going to
a new show or the latest movie. Shopping
becomes a m ajor problem, and for any
thing slightly out o f the ordinary you have
to go on an expedition to the nearest large
50 town. The city-dweller who leaves for the
country is often oppressed by a sense of
unbearable stillness and quiet.
W hat, then, is the answer? The country
has the advantage of peace and quiet, but
55 suffers from the disadvantage of being cut
Please turn to back page
CONTRAST jflND
COMPARISON
m uch
sensitivity as the plastic flowers they
| Exercises
on
the text
VOCABULARY
Find words or phrases in the text th a t mean:
a) only on the surface
b) dirty and unpleasant
c) enclosed in a small space
d) cut off from everything (or everyone) else
e) ties together
J ) feeling weighed dow n by
g) a m iddle course
h) not real
Say w hether the following statem ents about the text are true or false. If
a) T h e w riter w ould like to move to the country.
b) T h e w riter will definitely move to the country.
c) T h e w riter says th a t cities are d irty and noisy.
d) T h e w riter says th a t people tu rn to others unnecessarily w hen they
need help.
e) T h e w riter thinks th a t im p o rtan t an d exciting things h appen in cities.
J) T h e w riter says th a t it is a good thing th a t villages are cut off.
g) T h e w riter thinks th a t T o b y would not like the country.
W R IT IN G P O IN T S
a) In the w riters opinion w h at causes city people to be u nhappy?
b) W h at do you think the w riters opinion of com m uters is?
c) Do you think the w riter will move to the country? W hy?
80
CONTRAST >9ND
COMPARISON
a) W ho are w e in line 11 ?
b) T his d re am in line 18 refers to . . .
c) W h at people is the w riter talking ab o u t w hen he says you in line 23?
d) Its in line 58 refers to . . .
e) W ho are they in line 67?
(g)
a) M ake a list of w h at the w riter thinks are the advantages of living in
i) a city
ii) the country
b) M ake a list o f w h at the w riter thinks are the disadvantages o f living in
i) a city
ii) the country
c) T ak in g your inform ation o n l y from the text, w rite, in not m ore than
60 words, ab o u t w hy the co untry is a b etter place to live in th an the
city.
| Revision-test
1 C om plete the blanks or p u t the correct form of the words in brackets.

a) O n e o f t h e _________ in favour of (wear) crash helm ets (be) th a t they
reduce fatal accidents.
b) Some p e o p le __________th a t m otorcyclists should not be forced to
w ear crash helm ets.
c) (Ride) m otorcycles w ithout (wear) crash helm ets is (ask) for trouble.
(7 marks)
2 R earrange the following groups of words into gram m atically accurate
sentences.
a) U nhappy/you/are/w h en /to /p lace/g o /th e/th e/p u b /is.
b) B ad/you/is/for/too/alcohol/m uch/drinking/but.
c) B rita in /a fte rn o o n /c lo s e /in /h a v e /p u b s /to /a t/in /th e /th re e o clock.
d) U n h ap p v /im p o rtan t/th ree o clock/is/be/after/not/to/it!
(4 marks)
3 R ew rite the following sentences, focusing attention on or clarifying word
or phrases in italics.
a) J a c k d id n t come on Friday, he cam e on Saturday.
b) H e w asnt w ith Alison, he was w ith D iane.
c) D id n t Diane get divorced last year?
(3 marks)
4 W rite three sentences on the subject of capital punishm ent using
controversy la n g u ag e
N
,
1
& &
(6 m arks)
Serunds
(T o tal: 2 0 m arks)
81
CONTRAST AND
COMPARISON
c | Advantages and disadvantages
1 D IF F E R E N C E S
Look at the following sentence from the te x t:
C ountry life, on the oth er h an d , differsfrom this kind of isolated existence in
that a sense, of com m unity generally binds the in h ab itan ts of small villages
together. (11. 34-37)
U sing the p attern , X differsfrom T in th a t. . ., m ake the following sentences
abou t quality new spapers an d p o p u lar newspapers.
note
Q uality - the serious natio n al newspapers
P opular - the less serious, m ore pictorial newspapers,
less concerned w ith im p o rtan t news.
a . a) Q u ality new spapers / differ / p o p u lar new spapers in th a t / have m ore
real news
b) P opular new spapers / differ / q u ality new spapers / th a t / have m ore
pictures
c) Q uality new spapers/differ/popular new spapers/treat foreign news
m ore fully
d) Q u ality n ew spapers/differ/popular n ew sp ap ers/th at/carry longer
an d m ore detailed articles
e) P opular new spapers/diffec/quality new spapers/contain m ore cartoons
f ) Q u ality new spapers/popular new spapers/include m ore serious criti
cism of the arts
g) Q u ality new spapers/popular new spapers/im portant editorials
h) P opular new spapers/quality newspapers/less tiring to read
b . H ere is an o th er w ay o f expressing the same idea
between X and T is that X . . .
U sing this language, express the differences betw een quality and p o p u lar
new spapers given in a (above).
EXAMP LE
One o f the differences between quality newspapers and popular newspapers is that
quality newspapers have more real news.
c. Now m ake sentences of your own ab o u t differences betw een
a) new spapers an d m agazines in your own country

b) m en an d w om en
2 A D V A N T A G E S A N D D IS A D V A N T A G E S
Look at these sentences from the text
i) T h e country has the advantage o f peace and quiet, b u t suffers from the
disadvantage of being cut off. (11. 5356)
ii) t\i\.oneofitsmainadvantagesisthatyovLa.rza.\.x\\e,centYeo{\hing$. (11.5859)
82
CONTRAST AND
COMPARISON
N ow look at these ways of talking ab o u t advantages an d disadvantages.
(One of) the (main) { ^ X a n T a g e s }
has the
of ^ IN G ' ' \
{ d OIJVC . . . } S tha* ' "

(ratherformal}
a . W rite the following sentences ab o u t the advantages an d disadvantages of

having a car.
a) O ne/disad v an tag es/h av in g a c a r/it costs a lot to insure
b) Cars h av e/ad v an tag e/g ettin g you exactly w here you w ant to go
c) T h e ad v an tag e/h av in g a c ar/n o t get w et an d cold/bad w eather
d) C ars/disadvantage/costing a lot o f m oney to rep air
e) C ars/advantage/speed
J) O n e/ad v an tag es/car/n o t have to d ep en d /p u b lic tran sp o rt
b. N ow
m ake m ore sentences o f your own ab o u t the advantages and

disadvantages of
a) having a d ictatin g m achine ra th e r th an a secretary
b) being a vegetarian
Resourcesfile reference F 4 cap tio n a)
3 C H O IC E
Given the choice we would prefer to live in the country . . . (11. 1112)
W e can say
If X had the
Given the
chance
choice
opportunity
choice
chance
opportunity
X would DO . . .
X would DO . . . (rather informaly
4 You are looking a t the possibility o f ren tin g one of the two places below.
HOUSE
K itch en . D in in g -r o o m . L ou n g e. 3 b e d
room s. B athroom . Separate W .C . G arage;
garden. P leasan tly situ ated in u n sp oilt
co u n try sid e 6 m ile s from city centre.
Price: 85.00 per month.

FLAT
K itc h e n /d in in g -r o o m . L o u n g e . 2 b e d
room s. B a th ro o m /W .C . C entral h eatin g.
Id eally situ a ted : 2 m in s. w alk from city
centre.
Price: 65.00 per month.
83
CONTRAST AND
COMPARISON
You should
i) discuss the differences betw een them
ii) discuss the advantages an d disadvantages of both of them
iii) say w h at you w ould do if you w ere given the choice, giving your
reasons
5 M ake n o m o r e th an four sentences ab o ut each of the following.
Y ou should
i) discuss the differences betw een them
ii) discuss the advantages an d disadvantages they have
iii) say w h at you w ould do if you w ere given the choice
a)
b)
c)
d)
Listening to records or going to concerts

G oing on package holidays or going on holiday on your own
G oing to work by bicycle or going by public transport
Being m arried or being single
E4 caption a)
W H IL E A N D W H E R E A S
Look at the following sentences from the text
i) . . . whereas in the past the in h ab itan ts all knew each other, now adays
people on the same floor . . . d o n t even say hello . . . (11. 30-33)
ii) . . . while it s true th a t you m ay be . . ., its also true th at you are cut off
from the exciting . . . events . . . (11. 41-44)
While an d whereas are both conjunctions (words used to jo in two halves of a
sentence). T hey are used to contrast two situations or actions. T hey can usually
be placed either at the beginning o f the contrasted situations/actions (as in the
exam ples above) or between the two contrasts.
example
A bicycle is a very healthy w ay to travel,

I while I a
)whereas)
c a r js
a u jck an(j com fortable way.
(T here are some differences in use betw een the two words, because while
can, of course, also have the m eaning o f at the sam e tim e as. In most cases
they are interchangeable, however.)
1 Below there are some contrast p ro m pts, in w hich present-day life is
contrasted w ith life 50 years ago. M ake generalisations from these
prom pts using while or whereas.
50 YEARS AGO
NOWADAYS
a) fam ilies/rent hom es . . .
m ajority/fam ilies/ow n/hom es
b) 5 % /w ork/agriculture . . . only 3% w ork/land
c) only rich people/cars . . . families/2 cars
84
(K)
CONTRAST >4ND
COMPARISON
d) peop le/ab ro ad . . .
e) c h ild re n /s c h o o l/1 4 ...
f ) m arry /late 20s . . .
2
m illions/holiday/S pain/M orocco

children have to /16
m arry /early 20s/not b o th er/m arried at all
In a recent survey, m en an d w om en o f various ages w ere asked w hat they

considered to be their m ain leisure activity. H ere are the results.
Single
men
15-30
Single
women
15-30
Married
men
20-30
Married
women
20-30
Men
Women
30-50
30-50
17
15
10
10
10
10
Television
21
27
22
29
24
30
Drinking
16
20
25
22
18
17
Gardening
10
Handicrafts
10
10
22
11
18
Studying
Dancing
10
Other activities
10
17
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Activities
Taking part in sport
Reading
Cinema
W atching sport
M ake contrasting generalisations a b o u t p eoples preferences as follow s:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
J)
g)
h)
i)
j)
M iddle-aged m en . . . single m en u n d er 30
Single w om en . . . m arried w om en
Single m en . . . m arried w om en
M en . . . w om en
Single m en u n d er 30 . . . m arried m en u n d er 30
Y oung w om en . . . m iddle-aged w om en
M arried m en . . . m arried w om en
G ardening
S tudying
M en taking p a rt in s p o r t . . . m en w atching sport
E3 caption a)
85
CONTRAST AND
COMPARISON
e
Q U A L IF Y IN G A N D D E S C R IB IN G N O U N S
a) G enerally speaking nouns are qualified by one or m ore single-word
adjectives placed before them .
example
. . . t h e unwilling original i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e v i l l a g e s .
(11. 71-72)
b) C ertain adjectival phrases o f two words also are placed before nouns.
Such phrases are very often jo in ed by hyphens.
example
. . . wide-open spaces. (11. 5 -6 )
c) In other circum stances adjectival phrases m ust be placed after nouns.

This is especially true of phrases beginning w ith
i)
past participles ( d o n e )
or ii) present participles ( d o i n g )
or iii) prepositions
(a t , n e a r , etc.)
H arold M a g n as next article will be about a factory
i) run by a co-operative
ii) producing refrigerators
iii) near the docks.
example
1 Find an exam ple in the text o f an adjectival phrase beginning w ith

a) a past participle (in p ara g ra p h
2.)
b) a preposition (in lines 61-67)
(R)
2 C hange the following sentences so th a t you m ake ju st one sentence w hich

contains a noun followed by at least one adjectival phrase.
(R)
In the new spapers there are a lot of interesting articles. T hey

are w ritten by H arold M agna.
In the newspapers there are a lot o f interesting articles written by Harold Magna.
example

a) H aro ld M ag n a is a freelance jo u rn alist. H e works in London.
b) N ear Chelsea football stadium there is a new block of flats. H arold
lives there. (H arold lives . . .)
c) N ear his p aren ts hom e there is a beautiful cottage. It was built in
1792. H arold once set his h eart on it. (H arold . . .)
d) H arold has a lot o f friends. T h ey live in the centre of London. T h a ts
the problem . (The problem is . . .)
e) H arold is considering the idea o f renting a weekend cottage. T h e idea
was suggested by his father. T h e cottage is about 50 km from London.
3 C om plete the following sentences using adjectival phrases beginning w ith
a past participle
a present participle
a preposition
86
CONTRAST AHD
COMPARISON
idirected by John Ford,

showing African wildlife.
with lots o f action.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
I'd really like to live in a house . . .

I ve never m et anyone . . .
Books . . . tend to interest m e m ore th a n b o o k s. . .
C hildren . . . really get on m y nerves.
Television program m es . . . are very stim ulating.
| Topic vocabulary
TO W N AND C O U N TR Y
Below are two lists features o f u rb a n (town) an d ru ral (country) life.
URBAN
RURAL
high-rise office blocks

m ain roads - side roads
city centre
crowds
shopping precincts
building sites
sem i-detached houses
terraced houses
factories (factory-w orkers)
vehicles
hustle-and-bustle
industry
concrete - bricks
cottages
country lanes - paths
village green
em pty spaces
general store
fields m eadows
hills - valleys
woods - forests
farms (farm -labourers)
farm anim als
peace and quiet
agriculture
hedges - plants
1 U sing a d ictionary or an y o th er source, find out w hich o f the following

descriptive adjectives could be applied to each of the words an d phrases
above.
hectic
isolated
tow ering
secluded
friendly
personal
dingy
invigorating
lonely
claustrophobic
tran q u il
dreary
idyllic
lively
sleepy
depressing
2 U sing the vocabulary lists above, think o f at least 5 reasons why

a) you like or dislike u rb an life
b) you like or dislike ru ral life
87
CONTRAST >1ND
COMPARISON
| W riting tasks
300-350 words
1 An English friend of yours has w ritten to you to ask w hat you think about
the following situation. H e has been offered a jo b in a large city in your
country and w ants to know w hether you think it w ould be better to live in
the city or in the country w ithin easy com m uting distance of his job. W rite
a letter to him giving your opinion.
2 O P T IO N BO X
a) A n objective view of the advantages an d disadvantages of com m ercial
television.
b) A feasibility study on w hether your com pany should open an office in
a p artic u la r city.
88
1 B 1 caption b)
2 F3 caption a)
PROBABILITY
A NATIONAL
DISEASE?
disturbing is the possible effect

on people's minds and attitudes.
60 There seems to be a particular
risk o f television bringing a
sense of unreality into all our
lives.
Most people, it is probably
65 true to say, would be horrified
to see someone gunned down in
the street before their very eyes.
The same sight repeated nightly
in the comfort o f one's living70 room tends to lose its impact.
Could the same be true o f news
reports of violence and deaths
in various parts of the world?
This is almost certainly the case,
75 since the advent of television
journalism has brought man's
bitterest and bloodiest conflicts
onto the small screen repeatedly.
What worries many people is
80 that if cold-blooded murder
both acted and real means so
little, are scenes of earthquakes
and other natural disasters likely
to have much effect either?
85
Such questions are, to a large
extent, unanswerable, and it is
true to say that predictions
about people's probable re
actions are dangerous and often
90 misleading. But if television is
dulling our reactions to violence
and tragedy, it can also be said
to be broadening people's hori
zons by introducing them to
of this popularity diminishing in
95 new ideas and activities- ideas
the near future. If. then, we have
which may eventually lead them
40 to live with the monster, we must
into new hobbies and pastimes.study its effects.
In the last few years there has
That the great boom in tele
been a vast increase in educative
vision's popularity is destroying
'the art o f conversation'a 100 programmes, from the more
serious Open University, to
45 w i d e l y - h e l d m i d d l e - c l a s s
Yoga and the joys of amateur
opinionseems to be at best
gardening. Already, then people
irrelevant, and at worst de
have a lot to thank the small
monstrably false. How many
conversations does one hear 105 screen for, and in all probability
the future will see many more
50 prefaced with the remarks.
grateful viewers who have dis
"Did you see so-and-so last
covered new pursuits through
night? Good, wasnt it!', which
the telly's inventive genius.
suggests that television has had
a beneficial rather than a detri- 110 Television, arguably the most
important invention of the
55 mental effect on conversational
twentieth century, is bound to
habits; at least people have
be exerting a major influence in
something to talk about! More
the life of the modern man for
115 as long as one dare predict; that
it will also continue to grow in
popularity as the years go by is
virtually certain. Yet in arous
ing hitherto unknown in120 terestschallenging to its own
hold over the lethargic minds of
its devoteesit is not incon
ceivable that television may be
sowing the seeds of its own
125 downfall.
JULIA ELLIOTT looks at television

At any time between four
in the afternoon and mid
night, at least ten million
viewers are sure to be
5 watching television; this
figure can even rise to 35
million at peak viewing
hours. With such large
numbers involved, there
10 arethosewho would main
tain that television is in
danger of becoming a
national disease.
15
20
25
30
35
The average man or woman

spends about a third of his or her
life asleep, and a further third at
work. The remaining third is
leisure time mostly evenings
and weekends, and it is during
this time that people are free to
occupy themselves in any way
they see fit. In our great-grand
fathers' days the choice of enter
tainment was strictly limited, but
nowadays there is an enormous
variety of things to do. The vast
majority of the population,
though, seem to be quite content
to spend their evenings goggling
at the box. Even when they go
out, the choice of pub can be
influenced by which one has a
colour television; it is, in fact,
the introduction of colour that
has prompted an enormous
growth in the box's popularity,
and there can be little likelihood
PMING
89
PROBABILITY
a
1
VOCABULARY
Find words or phrases in the text th at m e a n :
a) the tim e of day w hen people w atch television the most
b) begun, caused
c) sudden and large increase
d) im m ediate effect
e) the coming, the arrival of
f ) the furthest point o f peoples im aginations
g) extrem e intelligence and cleverness
h) sleepy, w ithout energy
i) a tim e when people do not work
a) 35 million people w atch television every day.
b) J u lia Elliott says th a t people take keep-fit classes.
c) People sometimes go and see w hether a p u b has colour television
before they decide w hether to spend an evening there or not.
d) Some people think th at television causes diseases.
e) J u lia Elliott thinks television has had a bad effect on the a rt of
conversation.
f ) People see m en gunned dow n on their sitting-room carpets.
g) J u lia Elliott thinks th at scenes o f violence on television have gradually
less effect.
h) J u lia Elliott thinks television is dull.
i) T h e m onster practises Yoga while sowing seeds in an am ateu r garden.
a) A ccording to J u lia Elliott, how do most people spend their evenings?
b) W hat is the effect o f continual violence on television, in J u lia E lliotts
opinion?
c) W hy does J u lia Elliott think th a t television m ay be sowing the seeds of
its ow n dow nfall ?
4
C O N T E X T Q U E S T IO N S
a) H e r in line 15 refers to . . .
b) W ho does th eir refer to in line 29?
c) W h at is it in line 52 ?
d) W h at or who does th em refer to in line 94?
90
PROBABILITY
a . Answer the following questions
a) W h at is the beneficial effect of television m entioned in the text?
b) W h at three adverse effects o f television are m entioned in the text?
b. T akin g
your inform ation o n l y from the text, w rite an anti-T .V .

advertisem ent for the A nti-Television L eague, the aim of which is to
increase m em b ersh ip , a n d ask for financial co n trib u tio n s. Y our
advertisem ent should not be m ore th an 100 words.
|Revision-test
1 C om plete the blanks and p u t the correct form of the words in brackets.
a) ____ the advantages of (know) an o th er language is th a t you can
com m unicate w ith people from o th er countries.
b) English people d iffe r____ people who are not E n g lish _____they drink
a lot o f tea.
c)
the choice I ('buy) a villa in the S outh o f F rance.
d) T h e m ain d ifferen ce_____________ the South o f F rance and E n g la n d _the
South of F rance is very hot.
e) Bicycles____ the a d v a n ta g e _____(be) cheap to run.
(11 marks)
2 Jo in the following sentences to m ake g e n e r a l i s a t i o n s and com
parisons, using w h i l e , w h e r e a s , and g e n e r a l i s a t i o n s l a n g u a g e .
a) British cars are small.
A m erican cars are large.
b) British people prefer Scotch.
A m ericans prefer Bourbon.
c) British children leave school at sixteen.
A m erican children leave school at nineteen.
(6 marks)
3 C om plete the following w ith a suitable
a) I like food . . .
b) I often read books . . .
c) I often go to the library . . .
adjectival p h r a s e
(3 marks)
(T o tal: 20 marks)
c | Probability, present and future

1 Look a t the following ways of expressing p r o b a b i l i t y in the present and
the future, some of w hich are taken from the text.
91
PROBABILITY
ALMOST C ER TA IN LY
ALMOST CERTAINLY NOT
Will
W ont
r,
bound
Be <
> to
(sure J
Be hardly likely to
Will probably
Be likely to
Be unlikely to
Probably w ont
M ay not
May
POSSIBLY N OT
POSSIBLY
i _____________ i
DO Complete action/situation or
BE DOING Incomplete action/situation
N ote: M ay and will can both be used to refer to the present as well as the
future.
EXAMPLES
i) W h a ts J o h n doing at the m o m en t?
He |
| be having his lunch.
ii) A re you free tom orrow evening?

No, I ll be travelling to France.
I m not sure, I may be having dinner with my mother.
a. A rth u r Bessant is leaving hospital tom orrow after six m onths. M ake the
following sentences about w hat he is doing n o w , using the language from
the ch art a b o v e :
a) He/feel happy . . .
will
b) H e/so rry /th at he is leaving . . . pro b ably w ont
c) H e /re a d /n e w s p a p e r...
m ay
d) H e/drink/w hisky . . .
h ard ly likely
b . W rite sentences about w hat you think your friends/fam ily are doing now.
c. Now m ake statem ents about w hat will happen and w hat will be happening
when A rth u r Bessant leaves hospital tom orrow . (R em em ber to use the B E
D O IN G form for actions/situations already started and not yet com plete.)
will
a) His w ife /w a it. . .
bound to
b) H e/say thank you/nurses . . .
H
e/give
present/the
Sister
.
.
.
m ay well
c)
m ay not
d) H e/w alk steadily . ..
His
wife/feel
hap
p
y
.
.
.
unlikely to
e)
sure to
J) His w ife/start arguing w ith him again . . .
His
wife/tell
him
about
her
boyfriend
.
.
.
hardly likely to
g)
m ay
h) H e/find out ab o u t her boyfriend . . .
d. N ow say w hat you think will/is likely to, etc., happen if he finds o
her boyfriend.
92
(R)
PROBABILITY
e. M ake predictions a b o u t yourself in five years tim e. Say w h at you may be
doing/may do, etc., or w h at you wont be doing/wont do, etc.
Resourcesfile reference G3 caption b)
2 H ere are some m ore ways o f expressing p r o b a b i l i t y in the present and
future, some of w hich are taken from the text. T h e language is moreformal
th a n th a t in 1, an d is m ore com m on in w ritten English.
ALMOST
CERTAINLY
POSSIBLY
It is virtu ally certain that+SENTENCE (ratherformat}
X is v irtu ally certain to b e D O IN G . . .

In all probability+SENTENCE
It is w ith in the boun d s o f possibility that
+ s e n t e n c e (ratherformal)
It is n ot in c o n c e iv a b le that+SENTENCE (veryformal)
T h e r e c a n be little likelih ood that + SENTENCE
(ratherformal)
T h e r e can be little likelih ood o f X
CERTAINLY
NOT
D O ING . . .
T h e r e is ab so lu te ly n o c h a n c e that+SENTENCE
T h e r e is ab solu tely no c h a n c e o f X D O IN G . . .
(most o f w hich could refer to p r e s e n t or

depending on the context in w hich they occur)
i) He is virtually certain to be waiting fo r you.
ii) In all probability he will be waiting fo r you.
iii) It is not inconceivable that he will be waiting fo r you.
iv) There can be little likelihood o f him waiting fo r you.
exam ples
future
tim e,
a . M ake statem ents o f p r o b a b i l i t y ab o u t the w orld tw enty years from

now ; be careful ab o u t w hen to use ( will) D O , ( will) B E D O IN G .
in all probability
a) F ash io n s/d ifferen t. . .
little
likelihood
U
s/drive/sam
e
types
o
f
car
.
.
.
b)
bounds o f possibility
c) M an/live on M ars . . .
A
rgue
ab
o
u
t
the
sam
e
things
d)
virtually certain
as we do now . ..
no chance
e) Cities/look the sam e . . .
(K)
b. N ow
m ake your ow n statem ents ab o u t the following in tw enty years,

using the language from the charts in 1 and 2.
a) tran sp o rt b) housing c) fam ily life d) fashions e) holidays f ) ecology
an d the environm ent
1 B1 caption c)
2 F4 caption b))
W H A T A N D W H IC H
93
PROBABILITY
i) What worries m any people is th at if cold-blooded m urd er m eans so little
. . . (11. 79-84)
ii) H ow m any conversations does one h ear prefaced w ith the rem ark, Did
you see so-and-so last n ight? G ood, w asnt it!, which suggests th at
television . . . (11. 48-56)
w h a t
----- the thing(s) t h a t . . .

{what usually refers to the things th at follow)
w h ic h
------> t h i s s i t u a t i o n
(which refers back to the situation ju st m entioned and often

summarises it)
WHAT
worries m any people is th a t if cold-blooded m urd er . . .
H ow m any conversations . . . Good, w asnt it!
W7HICH
suggests. . .
L
[Note: w h i c h always has a com m a before it in this case.)
1 Some students recently visited a large com puter firm. This is an article
w ritten for the student m agazine. Insert what or which, as appropriate.
( a) surprised us m ost w hen we arrived was the silence, (b)_ was not
(c) one w ould expect surrounded by so m any m achines. T h e m anager
took us round, ( d) was very kind o f him since he was obviously a busy
m an i _ you m ight think strange considering com puters are supposed
to m ake life easier. M ost of the students h ad one or two questions to ask on
CO they h ad read before com ing to the com pany, and all of them were
deeply im pressed by (g) the m an ag er h ad to say on the subject. H e knew
his stuff, (h) was a change after some of the disastrous visits we had
been on previously. W hen we left everyone was already satisfied th at ( lJ
they h ad come to find out, an d (j) they h ad w anted to see, they had
seen.
2 You have ju st arrived back hom e after an educational visit to a foreign
country. M ake statem ents using what- or which- clauses about things you
saw, were told. etc. (Choose a real country, possibly one you know.)
examples
What I liked best was the way people were sofriendly. We were allowed
to see whatever we wanted, which surprised me rather.
jStructure
and style
T H A T A N D W H E T H E R C L A U S E S AS S U B J E C T S
<.F O R M A L ) S T Y L E
N otice these two different ways o f expressing the same idea.
94
(K)
PROBABILITY
i) That it will also continue to grow in
popularity is virtually beyond question.
( veryformal style)
(11. 115-118)
question th a t it) /7
c
, , .x
J It is virtually1 beyond
.n
^ <less formal style>
will continue to grow in popularity.
p o p ularity.
J
J
In (i) the subject o f the verb is is the whole clause in italics beginning T h a t.
Whether clauses can also be used as subjects in (formal style)?.
iii) Whether television has been a good or bad
(very formal style)
invention seems to be entirely a m a tte r of
opinion.
iv) It seems to be entirely a m a tte r o f
opinion w hether television has been a
(lessformal style)
good or b ad invention.
N otice the different transform s w hich are the origin o f that clauses, and
fwhether3 clauses.
v) It will continue to grow . I t is virtually
in p o p u larity .
beyond question.
That it will continue to grow in popularity is virtually beyond question.
vi) H as television been a good
or bad in v en tio n ?
I t is entirely a
m a tte r o f opinion.
Whether television has been a good or bad invention is entirely a matter o f opinion.
1 C om bine the following pairs o f sentences in the sam e w ay to produce
formal style sentences a b o u t l i f e - p a s t a n d p r e s e n t .
a) D id people use to be h ap p ier in the past?
It is difficult to ju d g e.
b) People did n o t have the sam e opportunities.
It is quite obvious.
c) T h e stan d a rd o f living has risen substantially.
I t is absolutely clear for all to see.
d) H ave people benefited from technical progress?
It seems questionable.
(K)
2 W rite sentences w ith t h a t an d w h e t h e r clauses as subjects on the

follow ing:
a) T h e im p act o f television on p eoples leisure activities
b) T h e strain o f living in the m iddle o f a busy city
c) T h e usefulness (or not) o f English as an in tern atio n al language
| Topic vocabulary
L E IS U R E T IM E
1
H ere is a list o f w ords an d phrases describing leisure tim e activities. Find

out w h at each one m eans, using a d ictionary or any o th er source.
95
PROBABILITY
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
(to do) a hobby; a pastim e; handicrafts

to engage in spare-tim e activ ities; to take p a rt in som ething
to practise sport
read in g ; ski-ing (and m any oth er gerunds for pastimes)
to try your h an d at som ething
to atten d evening classes
to give up a h o b b y ; to take up a hobby
relaxing
h) a fruitful
w ay to spend time
profitable
i) to be
j skilled in
[good at
doing som ething
j) to develop (latent) talents

k) to take (a lot of) pleasure in doing som ething
I) to im p ro v e; im provem ent
physically
m) to benefit m entally
psychologically
from doing som ething
Use the vocabulary above to find out the following inform ation from
people.
a) their spare-tim e activities, past an d present
b) w here they do these spare-tim e activities
c) why they do these spare-tim e activities
d) w hat activities they have tried and then given up, and why.
C2 caption a)
| W riting tasks
275 350 words
1 W rite a com position in w hich you im agine w hat life will be like in tw enty
years. T h e title is l i f e a n d l e i s u r e t w e n t y y e a r s f r o m n o w .
2 O P T IO N BO X
a) C om puters - the consequences now an d in the future.
b) T h e likely reactions o f someone w ho has given up smoking.
c) M y next holidays.
96
D 1 caption c)
LETTERS TO
THI
More of your letters

on the proposed Obscenity Act
Joor
Tien.
J me,
man
I felt
\d a y s
as he
is, cald the
asked
vhich
ether
nsom
get in
would
that 1
.s. 'Feel
e van,
C.
was a
ve been
Jed to
y and
i 1 was
needed
urprise
water,
w long
me. 1
.luf my
he pills,
ne have
things',
ouldn't
d to let
undid
led. but
,'arrying
thinly'd m ind
iv firm,
landing
>e. Once
i m ake a
you can
t he told
e might
*';L ~nv
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
From Kenneth Stewart, House o f Commons

Sir, 1 feel I must register a strong protest
against the proposed new legislation
concerning literary censorship, which the
governm ent is to introduce in the current
parliam entary session. However laudable
the aims of the legislationto cut down
on the flood of pornography and vio
lence the use of the law to achieve these
aims is deplorable. Once again, we are
faced with an attack on individual liberty,
and the depressing adm ission that educa
tion has failed.
In the past ten years, we have seen a
growing tendency to introduce legislation
to make people do w hat is good for them.
The breathalyser to cut dow n on drunken
driving, the enforced wearing of crashhelmets and car seat-belts are just the main
examples of the gradual encroachm ent of
the law on personal liberty. O ur now
being told what we are and are not to read
represents the greatest threat so far to all
this country is said to stand for. in
particular the belief that it is through time
and education that changes in people's
attitudes can best be achieved.
Surely, it is through the education
system and the mass media that people
should be brought to discrim inate wisely
between lite ra tu re ' and works which have
a tendency to deprave and co rru p t' (as the
law at present describes pornography). In
order to warn people o f such works, our
aim should be to give children a better,
more sensitive appreciation of the classics,
translated from all languages, so that they
have a yardstick against which to assess
the standard o f other works they come
across. Meanwhile the media should freely
discuss new works, having no fear of
expressing strong and frank opinions on
works, w hether good or bad. so that
readers are in no doubt about what they
are getting for their money. This should
also enable people to see the purely
financial, non-artistic motives o f many
publishers and writers alike.
fully sympathise with the aims o f the
5 0 legislation. It is the means to which I take
exception. U nder the proposed law. a

Publications Board (similar to the present
Board o f Film Censors) would be estab
lished, to which controversial books would
5 5 be referred. This plan seems designed to
do no more than to intim idate publishers
into avoiding publication o f doubtful
works. And how are the judges to be
chosen? On what grounds, precisely, are
6 0 books to be passed or rejected? The rather
sketchy answers to these questions which
have so far been suggested are most
disturbing, posing as they do the threat o f
governm ent control over what we read.
65
A lthough the intention o f the legislation
is to clamp down on books which tend to
underm ine public m orality', isn't it con
ceivable that such a phrase might be
attached to any book considered a political
7 0 danger to the government of the day?
This, together with the proposal that the
Home Secretary should be the person
responsible for appointing the members of
the Publications Board, represents a m ajor
7 5 threat to our entire dem ocratic tradition,
and if implemented m ay soon bring about
a state of affairs in which we have no
further rights to take away. It is just one
step short of dictatorship.
80
F or very m any years we have been
warned that our fundam ental rights are
slowly being eroded. Clearly the time has
com e to fight for freedom. U ltim ately,
should anyone, in spite o f their education,
85 wish to read trash, they ought to be free
to do so. Only by schools and the media
taking on the burden of exposing cheap
literature for what it is can we ever hope to
both turn back the tide o f immorality and
9 0 at the same time stem the erosion of
personal rights and liberty.
I am.
Yours, etc..
K. G. STEW A RT,
M em ber o f Parliament.
PLANNING
a
1 VOCABULARY
,
a) w orthy of praise
b) very bad and regrettable
c) to reduce
d) to choose, see the difference betw een
e) to encourage people to be bad, to m ake people bad
J) to m easure an d ju d g e
g) new spapers, T .V ., etc.
h) unspoken reasons for doing som ething
i) to be in agreem ent w ith
j) to object to
k) m ethod (s)
I) not detailed
m) p u t into action
n) gradually reduced, taken aw ay
Say w hether the following statem ents about the text are true or false.
Justify your answ er by quoting from the text.
a) M r Stew art is protesting against a new law about censorship.
b) M r Stew art disagrees w ith attem pts to discourage pornography.
c) M ore and m ore laws are being in troduced w hich take aw ay peoples
freedom to choose.
d) T ry in g to change peoples attitudes by introducing laws is against
tradition.
e) People should be b etter tau g h t to choose betw een good and bad
literature.
J) A yardstick should be used to m easure books.
g) M an y publishers and w riters are interested in m oney ra th e r th an a r t.
h) All books w ould have to be referred to the Publications Board if the
new law were passed.
i) T h e reasons for rejection o f books by the Publications Board have not
yet been finally an d clearly decided.
j) T rash should be free if people w an t it.
(K)
| Comprehension
test
Answer these questions.

a) W h at w ould be achieved, according to M r Stew art, by giving
children a better, m ore sensitive ap preciation of the classics ? (11.35-36)
b) These aim s in lines 9/10 refer to . . .
98
PLANNING
c) W h at, according to M r S tew art, will h ap p en if the present proposals
becom e law ?
d) H ow w ould the public benefit from free an d frank discussion in the
m edia of new works?
e) W ho are th ey in line 37?
j ) WTh a t does M r S tew art think is d ep lo rab le, an d w hy does he think
so?
g) In w h at w ay are the sketchy answ ers (1. 61) so far suggested
distu rb in g ?
h) T h e y in line 63 refers to . . .
i) W h at does this p la n ' in line 55 refer to?
j ) H ow does M r S tew art consider the proposed legislation is a th re a t to
trad itio n ?
k) W ho is referred to by th ey in line 85?
I) In a p ara g ra p h o f not more than 80 words, say how M r S tew art thinks the
tide o f im m o rality could best be tu rn e d back.
c | Planning
1
PLA N S
hoping
X is
(slightlyformal)
X
to
DO . . .
HOPE
thinking
of DOING . . .
planning to D O .. .
proposing to DO . . .
PLAN
intending
going
to
to
DO . . .
DO . . .
INTENTION
hopes
to
DO . . .
HOPE
plans
to
DO . . .
PLAN
intends
to
DO . . .
INTENTION
is
to
DO . . .
ARRANGEMENT
PLANS T H A T H A V E BEEN C H A N G ED
was thinking of D O ING . .

was hoping to DO . . . ,
had hoped to DO . . .,
was planning to DO . . .,
had planned to DO . . . ,
was proposing to DO . . . ,
. had proposed to DO . . . ,
was intending to DO . . .,
but now . . .
99
PLANNING
'
note
had intended to D O . . ?
b u t now '. . .
was going to D O . . . ,
was to have D O N E . . . ?
All these forms can refer to plans about the past or the future.
a . Below is a list of projects for a city council. You will notice th a t the council
originally set a t a r g e t im p l e m e n t a t io n d a t e , i.e. how long it w ould
be before the projects could be started and finished.
R ecent econom ic difficulties, though, have forced the council to look at
their projects again, an d some o f them have had to be cancelled. O thers
have h ad their t a r g e t d a t e changed.
PROJECTS
b)
d)
f)
TARGET IMPLEMENTATION
DATE
Swimming-pool
to be built;
50 metres.
Hopefullv, ;ompleted
in 2 years,
New fire-engine
for town depot.
Purchase in 8 weeks.
Subsidise arts
festival.
Intention for next

summer's festival.
Purchase new
Rolls-Royce for
use of Mayor and
other councillors.
Make East Street
into pedestrian
precinct.
Build new under
pass (pedestrian)
at Richmond
Junction.
Plan for^
Christa^
dates/
p r o j :3CTS
to
/o&2t>ibLn
fore
Within
mont
-to
A rrange me n X .j? /
completed/to start
constm'ction work in
foup-'months.
g)
Complete ring-road.
h)
Convert existing
ring-road into dual
carriageway, where
it is single lane.
Continue woijôver
next yeajr'mid a half.
i)
Implement plans for

a new one-way
system in the city
centre.
To take effect from

next June.
j)
Employ more men in

the refuse collec
tion department.
As soon as^-possible.
k)
Employ more clerks

in the council
offices.
As soon as possible.^
100
NEW TARGET
jo ?
oeJ:
ru2J<t
PLANNING
A secretary was a t the m eeting in w hich it was decided th a t certain plans
h ad to be changed or scrapped an d it is h er h an d w ritin g th a t you can see
on the Project List.
U sing the language o f p l a n s and p l a n s t h a t h a v e b e e n c h a n g e d ,
m ake statem ents ab o u t the council projects. T h en m ake statem ents th a t a
representative o f the council m ight m ake a t an official press conference.
EXAMPLES
i) The council was to have built a 50-metre swimming-pool, but now they are hoping
to complete a 25-metre pool in twoyears.
ii) (A representative o f the council talking) We had planned to build a 50metre swimming-pool, but now we hope to complete a smaller 25-metre pool
within the next twoyears.
b. M ake
statem ents ab o u t your
plans
an d your
plans that
have
been
CHANGED.
M ake the statem ents ab o u t the following.

a) W h at you were going to be w hen you left school (if th at is different
from w h at you do now)
b) W h at you are p lan n in g to do for your next holiday
c) W h at you are p lan n in g /h o p in g to do in the next ten years
d) Som ething you p lan n ed th a t you were not able to do
2 E X P L A IN IN G A N D J U S T IF Y IN G PLA N S
T h e (m ain )
T h e (main)
(D O IN G )
idea
aim
reason
behind (D O IN G . . . ) X is
th a t SENTENCE
to D O . . .
\ aim of X
I th a t s e n t e n c e
reasonfo r D O I N G . . . / 1S [to D O . . .
X is in ten d ed to D O . . .
D E F E N D IN G PLA N S
i u
(can* X D O . . .
only by D O IN G . . .^
; 1
[will* X be able to D O .
)
}
. .J
* N ote the inversion of subject an d operator.

EXAMPLES
i) The main reasonfo r increasing income tax is to raise more revenuefo r government
projects.
ii) The main idea behind the increase o f income tax is to raise more revenue.
iii) Increasing income tax is intended to raise more revenue.
iv) Only by increasing income tax will the government be able to realise its projects.
a. C hange the following into
d e f e n c e s of plans.
ex pla n a tio n s
, justificatio ns
an d
(K)
101
PLANNING
example
T h e Council is cleaning the local river. T hen people will be

able to swim in it. o n l y b y
Only by cleaning the local river will people be able to swim in it.
a) T h e council is closing dow n one school. T h e council will save money.

(o n l y b y )
b) T h e bus tim etable has been changed. T he com pany w ants to m ake the
service m ore efficient, (is i n t e n d e d )
c) T h ey are proposing to build an O ld Peoples Hom e. T h ey w ant to
cater for the grow ing prop o rtio n of old people, ( t h e m a i n a i m
beh in d
d) T h e com pany is w ithdraw ing this product from the m arket. T he

com pany w ants to carry out fu rth er tests, ( t h e m a i n r e a s o n f o r )
e) T h e m eeting is being held at 7.30. T his will enable everyone to attend,
(is i n t e n d e d )
f ) Pay them the m oney you owe. You will avoid prosecution, ( o n l y b y )
g) T h e council is in tending to dem olish a lot o f old buildings. T h ey w ant
to erect new office blocks, ( t h e m a i n i d e a )
b .J a c k Sm ith has been a vacuum -cleaner salesm an for ten years. H e is
m arried w ith no children. H e and his wife have becom e tired of their
subu rb an life and have decided to give up their house and life-style to go
and live on a com m une farm out in the country.
Ja c k is going to w rite to i) his parents
ii) his boss
M ake some o f the sentences you think he w ould w rite explaining, and
defending his plan.
3 Im agine th at you are at a press conference in which governm ent

spokesmen are outlining plans for a new arts com plex (to include theatres,
exhibition halls, etc.), w hich will be paid for out of taxes. This replaces an
earlier plan to increase governm ent subsidies to private th eatre
com panies, and as a result m any o f them will probably be forced to close.
a) In small groups, using the language from 1 and 2 (above), im agine
th at you are journalists asking about the plans and governm ent
spokesm an explaining/defending the plans. You can refer to the plan
on page 103.
E XAMPLE
Jo u rn alist: Could you explain why youre not going to give subsidies to private
companies?
G overnm ent representative: We were intending to help private companies, but
we have decided that only by re-allocating that money will we be able to build the
new complex.
b) Im agine you are the jo u rn alist w riting a report o f the press conference.
Resourcesfile references 1 El caption b) 2 E4 caption b)
102
PLANNING
P U R P O S E C L A U S E S
O u r aim should be to give children a better, m ore sensitive appreciation
o f the classics,
so that they have ayardstick . . . (11. 3438)
M eanw hile the m edia should freely discuss new works . . . so that readers are
in no doubt about what they are gettingfo r their money. (11. 40-45)
H ere are some ways o f m aking p u rp o se clauses.
ACTION
so as to DO . . .
so as not to DO . .
SO that SENTENCE
in order to DO .. .
.
<(slightly moreformal)
1 C hange the following pairs o f sentences into purpose clauses, using the
words in brackets.
e x a m p l e H e w ent to E ngland. H e w anted to learn English, ( i n o r d e r )
He went to England in order to learn English.
103
PLANNING
a) H e w orked m ore hours th an norm al. H e wTanted to earn enough
m oney to go to A m erica for a holiday, (so a s t o )
b) W hen he got to A m erica he bought a car. In this he w ould be able to
com e and go as he pleased, (so t h a t )
c) H e drove very slowly. H e did not w ant to have an accident.
(so
as n o t t o
d) H e bought a cam era. H e w anted to have a perm an en t record of his

holiday, ( i n o r d e r )
e) W hen he got hom e he stayed aw ay from work for a
week.In this w ay
he could have a rest after his exhausting holiday, (so t h a t )
2 Im agine the purpose behind the following actions and w rite sentences
w ith purpose clauses.
e x a m p le
W illiam did strenuous exercises every m orning . . .

William did strenuous exercises every morning in order to stayjit.

a) T h e local council have im posed stricter penalties for parking offences
b)
c)
d)
e)
Jam es is studying Spanish . . .

M r Sm ith bought a gun last year . . .
C hildren should be encouraged to read . . .
After drinking all night w ith his friends, M r Brown got hom e very
late. H e tried to be as quiet as he could . . .
f ) M r G reen, a prospective M em ber of P arliam ent, spent m any hours
visiting people in their homes . . .
g) M aria saved m oney every m onth . . .
h) T h e governm ent has increased incom e tax . . .
|Structure
and style
IN V E R T E D C O N D IT IO N A L S
Should anyone, in spite o f their education, wish to read trash, they
ought to be free to do.so. (11. 84-86)
This is an o th er way o f saying
Tr
[wishes
to read trash, they ought to be free to do so.
I f anyone
T h ere are two other conditional p attern s in w hich i f can be om itted by
inverting the auxiliary verb and the subject
If the plan were to f a il. . . - Were the plan to f a il. . .
If the plan were not to succeed . . . - Were the plan not to succeed . . .
If oil had never been discovered . . . - Had oil never been discovered . . .
If oil h ad not been discovered . . . - Had oil not been discovered . . .
104
PLANNING
Note
T HE I NVE RS ION P A T T E R N S A RE R A T H E R ( F O R M A L ) IN STYLE,
P A R T I C U L A R L Y ( b)
FORM
TIM E
CONCEPT
(a)
I f X should D O . . .
Should X D O . . .
F u tu re
U nlikely, b u t possible th a t X w ill happen.
(b)
I f X were to D O . .
W ere X to D O . . .
F u tu re
E xtrem ely unlikely, b u t th eo retically

possible th a t X will happen.
If X h ad D O N E ..
H ad X D O N E . . .
Past
X did not happen
(c)
1 U sing a suitable p a tte rn from the c h a rt above, m ake 2 sentences for each
of the following p ro m p ts; in one sentence use i f , in the other om it i f
an d invert the auxiliary verb an d the subject.
(K)
E X A M PL E
T h e price of petrol was raised last m onth, so car sales have d ropped again.
i) I f the price o f petrol hadnt been raised, car sales would not have dropped again.
ii) Had the price o f petrol not been raised, car sales would not have dropped again.
a) W e did not know your phone n u m b er, so we could not contact you.
b) I do not think the T .V . rep air-m an will call today, b u t ju st in case he
does, I can be co n tacted at this num ber.
c) T h ere was a serious d ro u g h t in parts o f Africa recently. A large
n u m b er of anim als died o f thirst.
d) T h e council is unlikely to approve the plan for a local arts centre, b u t if
it does it will be a g reat victory for the Local Arts C am paign.
e) T h ere seems to be very little chance o f a total b an on n u clear weapons,
b u t such a b an w ould m ake m illions o f people feel m uch safer.
J) I t is highly unlikely th a t m ore m oney will be spent on new universities.
P rim ary and secondary ed ucation w ould certainly have to be cut as a
result.
g) T h e level o f unem ploym ent m ight increase further, b u t I do not think
it will. I f it does, the tra d e unions will d em and action from the
governm ent.
h) Ben Jonson was a sixteenth-century playw right. Shakespeare lived at
the same tim e, an d so Jo n so n is not so famous as he deserves to be.
i) I d o u b t w hether a n y th in g will go wrong. Let me know if it does, w ont
you?
2 C om plete the following sentences or ad d a second sentence, using an
inverted conditional.
a) It is unlikely th a t m en will land on M ars before 1980, how ever . . .
105
PLANNING
b) It is virtually o ut o f the question th a t cars can be totally b anned from
city cen tres; in f a c t . . .
c) C hristopher C olum bus did n ot know the continents of A m erica
existed.
d) It is ju st barely possible th a t books will be totally replaced by taped
cassettes.
e) Prices are n ot expected to rise by m ore th an 10% in the next 18 m onths.
3
T h in k of some things w hich are either unlikely or extrem ely unlikely to

h ap p en to you in the future an d then im agine w hat you w ould do if these
things actually happened.
jTopic
vocabulary
E Q U A L IT Y A N D P R E JU D IC E
1 Below is a list o f words relating to prejudice and (in)equality. F ind out
w hat each one m eans, using a d ictionary or any other source.
a) R ac e; creed/religion; colour
i inferior |
[superior]
someone
b) to consider <
ir
oneseli "
[equal ]V
/IN
as /III
an / "
[outsider (
c) to tre at someone
j badly
{
, ,
. .
>
[like a second class citizenj
d) to enjoy equal prospects an d o p p o rtu n ity ; equality of o p portunity

, J conventional
(
. ,
r
e)
, r attitudes/beliefs
7 (unconventional J
'
f)
(un) acceptable
positive
negative
unbiased
o f behaviour
a ttitu d e tow ards som eone/som ething
h) to ex p lo it; exploitation
i) to be prejudiced against som eone; racial prejudice, religious bigotry
racial )
sexual ( ^^scr^m ^n a tôn
2
S ubstitute one o f the above words o r phrases for the parts of the following
sentences which are in italics.
a) T h e new sex discrim ination act gives w om en the same chances as men in
the field o f em ploym ent.
b) M en have previously tended to behave towards women as i f they were
inferior.
106
(R)
PLANNING
c) I t was only people w ith unusual ideas w ho th o u g h t th a t w om en should
not be taken advantage of.
d) I t is possible th a t a lot o f m en still have unreasonable feelings against
wom en.
e) T h e new law, how ever, m eans th a t w om en can n o t be treated worse than
men.
| W riting
tasks
300-350 words
1 A group know n as i n t e r a c e has recently been set up (with some

governm ent financial help) to help im m igrants integrate m ore into
society. T h e group needs public contributions to finance some o f its
projects, so they are p rep arin g a press release on their future aim s and
plans. W rite the press statem en t explaining in the in troduction w h at the
present problem s are.
2 O P T IO N BO X
a) Y ou h av e w on a lo ttery an d now have enough m oney to take a year off
work an d enjoy yourself. W rite to an English friend explaining your
plans.
b) T h e British g overnm ent have stated an intention to treble fees for
overseas students a t universities and colleges. W rite a letter of protest.
c) Y ou have been p u t in charge o f security at a m ajor in tern atio n al
airpo rt. In a re p o rt to your superiors, state the changes you think
necessary, an d justify the inconvenience and delay th a t they m ay
cause.
1 D2 caption b)
2 E3 caption b)
107
KEY
U N IT 1
A 1
2
3
a) marketing b) consultancy c) definitive d) prospects e) vast j ) sales-survey

g) on your behalf h) dealers i) vital
a) F b) F c) T d) F e) F f T g) T h) F
(suggested answers) a) Mr Farringdon wrote to M C S to ask their advice
about marketing motor cycles in North Africa, b) M GS felt unable to answer
Mr Farringdons questions because there were such vast differences between
the countries in the area, c) M C S advised Mr Farringdon to have an area
sales survey made, d) M C S advised Mr Farringdon to visit the area to get
the feel of it.
a) Mr Farringdons plan to market motor cycles in North Africa, b) North
African countries, c) This service refers to the investigation of possible future
dealers, d) 'W hich' refers to getting the feel of the countries concerned.
e)
details.
B 1 a) I would advise you to learn foreign languages, b) If you take my advice

you will continue to study, c) I would recommend you to get a job as soon as
possible, d) If I were you I would go to night-school to learn a profession, e) I
would advise you to earn enough money to travel round the world, f ) I f I
were you I would work in the shop with your father, g) If you take my advice
you will get married, settle down, and have a family.
2a a) It would seem to me that your best course would be to tell them how you
feel, b) From my point o f view I think you should call the police, c) In my
opinion you should throw the rubbish back, d) It would seem to me that your
best course would be to write a letter o f complaint, e) As far as Im
concerned the best thing you can do is take them to court, j ) It would appear
to me that your best course would be to see a lawyer, g) In my opinion you
should sue them for damages for nervous disorder due to the continual noise.
C l
You will get welfare money till/until you get a new job. b) You will be able
to find work as soon as/once the economic situation has improved, c) Would
you fill in this form while you are waiting? d) You can apply for help with
your rent payments as soon as you have been receiving welfare money for a
month, e) We will also help you when your children need to buy school
books, f ) Please inform us immediately you are offered a new job.
D 1 a) It is crazy that children should be allowed so much freedom, b) It is

essential that children should be taught discipline, c) It is only natural that
parents should spoil their children, d) It is extremely important that children
should learn to share things, e) It is strange that no two children should learn
in the same way. 'J) It is better that parents should know about the problems
their children have at school, g) It is only right that parents should get
involved in the education of their children, h) It is sad that some parents
should consider school a waste of time.
E 2 a) campaign, advertisements, commercials b) second-hand c) well-made,
wear out d) guarantee e) reduced, bargains J) worth, badly-made, last.
108
U N IT 2
A 1 a) capacity b) constituency c) ag ricu ltu ral d) revelations e) form ed J) m oral
objections g ) fete
2 a) T b) F c) F d) T e) T J) F g) T
3 (suggested answers) a) M r H u n tley is the M em b er o f P arliam en t represent
ing the constituency of T rebelw yn, b) Biological W arfare is the use of
dangerous germs to cause disease, c) A small test-tube full o f germs could give
the entire pop u lation of a country a fatal disease.
4 a) U s are the people w ho live in T rebelw yn an d nearby, b) I t refers to the
C raven H ill governm ent research station, c) T hose are the people w ho do
not have strong m o ral objections to biological w arfare, d) O u r fam ilies are
the families of the A ction G roup m em bers.
a) I w onder if we could m eet on F riday, b) W ould it be possible for m e to see

you on T uesday? c) C ould you com e to m y house next w eek? d) I was
C l
w ondering if it w ould be possible for you to visit us d u rin g the sum m er.
e) Could we have lunch together next week? f ) W ould it be convenient for
me to pay you a visit next T h u rsd ay ? g ) I w onder if F rid ay w ould be con
venient for you. h) C ould we have a drink together next S atu rd ay ?
a) W ould you like to stay w ith us next w eekend? b) W ould you be interested
in going to the th eatre next T h u rsd ay ? c) W ould you like to com e to a p a rty
next F riday? d) W ould you be interested in going hitch-hiking next
sum m er?
D 1
a) T h e other day I bum ped into an old friend of m ine th at/w h o now works in
the car trade, b) M y friend suggested going for a drin k in a pu b (that) he
knew, c) T he p u b was a kind o f cellar w ith old w ooden tables, d) I was
am azed at some o f the stories (that) he told ab o u t the car trade, e) I t w ould
seem th a t there are a few real crim inals in the trad e who the police know all
about, bu t who are very difficult to catch, j ) M ost of the crim inals work in
gangs whose leaders tend to prefer driving sports cars, g ) M any o f the car
dealers w ho J a c k was talking ab o u t m ake their m oney by respraying stolen
cars before selling them .
E l
a) It is exciting to h ear th a t som eone from our country has w on a gold m edal.
b) It is h ard to believe th at some parents m istreat th e ir children, c) It is

fascinating to see how a spider spins its w eb. d) I t is encouraging to see th a t
m ore an d m ore young people are going to university, e) It is difficult to
visualise th a t one d ay people will be living on Venus.
F 2
a) perform ing b) com edy, au d ito riu m c) jazz, live d) wings, act, cu rtain e)
show, night-club, cabaret.
U N IT 3
a) m eticulously b) groggy c) heartless d) nasty e) chuckling f ) feign

g) accom plice h) hum iliation
2 a) F b) T c) T d) F e) F f) T g) F h) T
3 (suggested answers) a) In the evenings M yers usually took his dog for a walk.
b) T h e kidnap p er called Jam es stopped M yers an d asked, him the way to the
church hall, c) T h e bed th a t M yers was strap p ed to was in a large van.
d) M yers was surprised th a t Jam es knew so m uch about him.
A 1
109
a) Jam es, b) T h e n refers to the m om ent w hen M yers asked to be allowed to

get in touch w ith his wife, c) I t refers to w h at the kidnappers m ean t to do
w ith M yers, d) H e is Jam es, e) Those terrible weeks refers to M yers weeks
in captivity.
C 2a a) W e were not allow ed/perm itted to feed the anim als, b) A n ita s father
allowed her to go/let h er go to the cinem a, c) F re d s boss gave Fred permission
to take the day off to go to his sisters w edding, d) J a k e was refused permission
to go to his friends sisters w edding, e) T rainers are not allow ed/perm itted to
give their horses stim ulating drugs before races.
3 (possible answers) a) G loria asked for permission to leave the class early. T he
teacher refused to let G loria leave early, b) Fred asked if he could have his
holidays in Septem ber. F red s boss agreed to allow him to have his holidays
in Septem ber, c) P au la asked to be allow ed to have a perm it to stay in the
country for three m onths longer. T h e im m igration official refused to let her
stay in the country any longer unless she was a full-tim e student.
1 a) T he best w ay to learn things is by actually doing them yourself, b) T h e

first people to go to w hen you need help are your friends, c) Tensing and
H illary were the first m en to clim b Everest, d) Sorry I can t come earlier, but
I have a lot o f arrangem ents to m ake, e) O ne o f the problem s in some u rb an
areas is th a t children have no parks to play in. J ) C an you im agine any th in g
so frustrating - a bottle of wine an d nothing to open it w ith? g) T h ere is no
way to prevent the disease from spreading.
1 a) H aving realised/R ealising very early on th a t they were such heartless

people, I did nothing to antagonise them , b) H aving tried to reason with
Jam es once or twice, I gave up because it clearly h ad no effect w hatsoever, c)
Sometimes, looking at Jam es, I realised w hat greed for m oney could do to
people, d) H aving been very close to d eath a t times, I now know how m uch I
value life, e) H aving spent 14 days in captivity I am looking forw ard to a long
rest.
2 (possible answers) a) good-hum oured b) b ad-tem pered c) m ean d) unselfish
e) selfish f ) h ard -h earted g) sym pathetic h) w ell-m annered i) strict
j ) cheerful.
U N IT 4
A
1 a) statistic b) laid to rest c) vitam in d) nutritious e) resentful f ) stray dogs

g) pester h) m auled i) priorities j ) savage.
2 a) T b) F c) F d) F e) T f ) F g) T
3 (suggested answers) a) J u lia Elliott thinks th a t m oney spent on pets could be
better used if it were spent on victims o f starvation and poverty, b) J u lia
Elliott thinks th a t people should not be surprised at the w ay A m ericans spend
their m oney on pets if they have seen doggy beauty parlours and dog
cemeteries.
4 a) T his refers to the fact th a t the average fam ily in A m erica spent m ore
m oney on its pets th a n on its children, b) T h ey refers to pet foods, an d as
m uch refers to the price o f h u m an food, c) T h is refers to how m uch the
British public spent on pets last year, d) I t refers to the family pet. e) It is our
priorities being w rong th a t som ething should be done about.
110
C 1a a) Surely it would be a good idea if we increased the tax on petrol. b) I would
suggest banning/that we should ban cars from city centres, c) It is time we

encouraged people to use public transport, d) Surely the streets could be
made into pedestrian precincts, e) It is time we banned cars from city centres.
f ) Wouldnt it be sensible if we improved public transport? g) The
authorities clearly have a responsibility to improve public transport, h) I
would (only) suggest that people should stop driving to work, i) The
government clearly has a responsibility to build better ring roads, j) Surely
city councils could ban cars from city centres.
lb (suggested answers) a) The prison authorities clearly have a responsibility to
provide psychiatric help for criminals, b) Surely prisons could be made less
comfortable, c) I would only suggest that the police should be armed, d) The
government clearly has a responsibility to bring back the death penalty, e) It
is time we recognised that criminals were the products of society.
D 1 a) In spite of the fact that Julia Elliott says that rabies is a dangerous disease
with no known cure, it is not a threat because of import restrictions.
b) Despite the fact that Julia Elliott says that she does not dislike pets, her
article shows a great prejudice against pet owners, c) Despite the irresponsi
bility of some pet owners, it would be unfair to send them to prison, d) In spite
of the benefits we get from experimenting on animals, it is inhumane and
sickening.
E l
a) No, it was Sheila Lloyd she came with, b) It was Sheila who/that went to
school with my sister, c) Wasnt it her family who/that emigrated to
Australia? d) It wasnt until/It was only when we saw her that we knew she
was back in this country, e) It wasnt David (that) she gave it to, it was Alan.
J) It was this boomerang (that) she brought for David, g) It was only after a
couple of hours that she told us she was married, h) It was in New Zealand
that she met him.
2 a) No, it was one evening that he sat with her in a park, b) No, it was when
she looked at him that he felt a spark, c) No, it was at a strange hotel that they
stayed, d) No, it was on a hot night that the story took place, e) No, it was like
a freight train that the heat hit him. f ) No, it was a coin that she gave him.
g) No, it is the parrot that talks, h) No, it is by the waterfront docks that he
hunts for her. i) Yes.
F 2 a) went on a diet b) obese, putting on weight c) famine

e) fertilisers f ) vegetarian
d) drought
U N IT 5
A 1 a) settled b) fiance c) removed d) prospective e) sufficient f ) deported
g) entitled h) administer i) considered j) critics
2 a) T b) T c) F d) F e) F f ) T g) F
3 (suggested answers) a) If a non-Common Market resident was found to be
working without a permit, he would probably be deported, b) If they are
refused entry, visitors can appeal to Inspectors or to the Immigration
Appeals Tribunal, c) The writer thinks the law is badly administered.
4 a) settlement b) M r Darubi wanting to marry a woman who is settled in the
111
U nited K ingdom , c) T h e y are foreign students, d) H im is a visitor to these

shores, e) 'I t' refers to the Act.
C l a a) has to b) m ust c) m ust not d) (will) have to e) n eed n t f ) d o n t have to

g)
have to h) h ad to i) Do I have to j ) have to.
1 a) Everest, w hich is in N epal, is the highest m o u n tain in the world.

b) M ontreal, w hich is in C anada, hosted the 1976 O lym pic Games, c) T rad e
U nions, the first of w hich was founded in Britain, are organisations
representing w orking people, d) Brazil, the capital of w hich used to be R io de
Jan eiro , is well-known for the production of coffee, e) Sculptors quite often
use bronze, w hich is a m etal alloy, to m ake statues, j ) T he D anube, about
w hich Strauss w rote a w altz, flows th ro u g h several E u ro p ean capitals.
g) T he telephone, w hich A lexander G rah am Bell pioneered over a century
ago, has m ade com m unications m uch easier and quicker, h) Nixon, whose
behaviour in the W aterg ate scandal was ra th e r dubious, was forced to resign
as U .S. president in 1974.
E 1
(suggested answers) a) fewer b) little c) a bit of/a little d) a little e) hard ly any
f ) a small am o u n t o f g) (very) few h) less i) less j ) (very) little
U N IT 6
A 1
a) secure b) distinct c) squander d) stereotype e) inferiority f) having a good

tim e g) conflict h) em erge
2 a) F b) T c) T d) F e) T J ) F g) F h) T
(suggested answers) a) Differences o f lifestyle and attitudes betw een m iddleclass and working-class people em erged because working-class people were
paid less than middle-class people and had less secure jobs, b) T h e typical
working-class m an was p aid in cash and spent his m oney on beer, tobacco,
and betting, w hereas the typical middle-class m an bought a house and paid
for a good education for his children, c) T he situation has changed over the
last 25 years in th a t working-class m en now generally earn as m uch as
middle-class m en and they have greater jo b security.
a) British society, b) the fact th a t working-class m en were paid less, c) the
family of a typical middle-class m an. d) the middle-classes. e) British society.
C l a a) Doctors tend to earn m ore m oney th an teachers, b) W orkers children

have a tendency to leave school at 16. c) W orking-class people are inclined to
think th a t middle-class people are snobs, d) M iddle-class people have a
tendency to vote Conservative, e) L ab o u r M .P.s tend not to be as well-to-do
as Conservative M .P.s.
2a a) F at people ap p ear to enjoy life m ore th a n thin people, b) A large nu m b er
o f children seem to be overw eight, c) A grow ing nu m b er o f people ap p ear to
be taking up Yoga, d) T h e price o f food seems to be increasing very rapidly.
e) Fresh fruit and vegetables seem to be less p o p u lar th an in the past.
f ) Convenience foods ap p ear to m ake lile m uch easier for w orking wives.
D 1
112
a) N ot only do some people think th a t cam ping is cheaper, b u t they actually

prefer it to hotels, b) R arely have I seen so m any beautiful views as I saw in
the Lake District, c) N ever before h ad J a c k had such a m iserable evening.
d) N ot until the following m onth was I able to find out the result of the test.
e) In only a few places is a lot of m oney being spent on research into the
causes of cancer.
E 1
(suggested answers) a) or ra th e r b) especially c) in p artic u la r d) in o th er

words e) a t least f ) p articu larly g) in p articu la r h) w h at is m ore
U N IT 7
A 1
a) confine b) astonishm ent c) sh attered d) squeaks e) wails J ) accom plished

g) dedicated h) resent i) hardship
2 a) T b) F c) F d) F e) T j ) F g) F
3 (suggested answers) a) T h e H u ggett children play the violin, the tru m p et,
and the 'cello, b) M r Barge th reaten ed to take legal action, c) M rs H u g g ett
feels th a t M r Barge is ra th e r unreasonable an d should be m ore interested in

childrens education th an m inor discomfort.
a) M r Barge an d M rs H u g g ett b) I t refers to the situation, c) T h is refers to
the situation th a t M r Barge feels strongly about, d) the H u g g ett children
practising.
C l a a) I have h ad enough o f the w ay he is always taking m y cigarettes, b) I

cannot stand the w ay J o h n plays the g uitar, c) I can n o t b ear films ab o u t
cowboys anym ore, d) I have h ad enough of people com plaining, e) I cannot
stand the w ay people always com plain all the tim e.
2a a) I am not p rep ared to p u t up w ith his laziness any longer, b) I t s abo u t/h ig h
tim e he stopped being lazy, c) I will not listen to his excuses any longer.
d) Unless he m ends his ways I will sack him . e) I am not p rep ared to p u t up
w ith his rudeness any longer.
D 1 a) Even though I enjoy listening to good violin players, I c a n t stand listening

to people who are learning to play the violin, b) M uch as I think m odern
composers should be encouraged, I am not very keen on m odern classical
music, c) I like tru m p et m usic; how ever, I never enjoy h o rn pieces/I like
tru m p et m usic; h o rn pieces, how ever, I never enjoy, d) I am very keen on
classical m u sic; nevertheless, I wish m y neighbours w ould stop playing their
Beethoven sym phonies so loudly on their stereo at three in the m orning.
E
2 a) fairly b) rath er, ra th e r c) ra th e r d) rath er, ra th e r e) fairly J ) fairly /rath er
2 (suggested answers) a) m oving b) astonishm ent c) ecstatic d) taken aback

e) surprise, upset f ) furious
U N IT 8
A 1
a) conventional b) characteristics c) ad eq u ate d) press for e) skill f ) th re a t

g) tough h) up to scratch i) peak j ) pension
2 a) T b) F c) T d) F e) F f ) F g) F
3 (suggested answers) a) Pilots are tested every six m onths, b) W hen they
dem and m ore pay for flying new aircraft, pilots argue th a t they need extra
skill and bear ex tra responsibility, c) B ernard Fox thinks th a t nurses have
been u nderpaid in the past because people thought th a t the jo b they were
doing satisfied them .
a) T h e pilots are those w ho w ork for an airline w hich decides to use new
aircraft, b) T h ey refers to the J u m b o pilots, c) Pilots o f new aircraft can
argue th a t new aircraft require ex tra skill, d) H e refers to the pilot in
113
general, e) T he w riter is referring to the careers of those who are not pilots.
f ) Nurses and teachers.
C 3a a) H ow m any people m ust die in car accidents before we force them to w ear
seat-belts? b) H ow low m ust h ealth standards fall before we train m ore
doctors? c) H ow m any people m ust die from cancer before we b an smoking?
d) H ow long m ust earthquakes go on killing people before we build safer
buildings? e) H ow often m ust people be m urdered before violence on
television is stopped?
D 1
a) as/since b) for c) since d) because e) for f) as g) because h) as.
U N IT 9
a) superficial b) squalid c) cooped up d) isolated e) binds f ) oppressed
g) com prom ise h) im itation
2 a) T b) F c) T d) F e) T f ) F g) T
3 (suggested answers) a) City people are u n h ap p y because they feel isolated.
b) In my opinion, the w riter thinks th at com m uters are insensitive, c) I d o n t
A 1
think the w riter will move to the country because of his job.
a) W e are the city people w ho say they w ant to live in the country, b) going
back to n atu re c) H e is talking ab o u t the in h ab itan ts of tow er blocks, d) the
city e) T h ey are the com m uters.
C l a a) Q uality papers differ from p o p u lar new spapers in th a t they have m ore real
news, b) P opular new spapers differ from q u ality new spapers in th a t they
have m ore pictures, c) Q u ality new spapers differ from p o p u lar new spapers
in th a t they carry longer and m ore detailed articles, d) Q u ality new spapers
differ from po p u lar new spapers in th a t they tre a t foreign news m ore fully.
e) P opular new spapers differ from q u ality new spapers in th a t they contain
m ore cartoons, f ) Q u ality new spapers differ from po p u lar new spapers in
th a t they include m ore serious criticism of the arts, g) Q u ality new spapers
differ from p o p u lar new spapers in th a t they have m ore im p o rtan t editorials.
h) P opular new spapers differ from q u ality new spapers in th a t they are less
tiring to read.
2a a)O ne of the disadvantages of having a car is th a t it costs a lot to insure.
b) Cars have the advantage of getting you exactly w here you w ant to go.
c) T h e advantage o f having a car is th at you d o n t get wet and cold in bad
w eather, d) Cars have the disadvantage o f costing a lot of m oney to repair.
e) Cars have the advantage o f speed, f ) O ne o f the advantages of having a
car is th a t you d o n t have to depend on public transport.
D 1
a) W hereas fifty years ago families ren ted homes, now adays the m ajority of
families own their homes, b) Fifty years ago 5% o f the population w orked in
agriculture, while now adays only 3% w ork on the land, c) W hile fifty years
ago only rich people had cars, now adays m any families own two cars.
d) W hereas fifty years ago only a few people w ent abroad, now adays millions
of people go on holiday to Spain and M orocco, e) Fifty years ago children
could leave school at fourteen, w hereas now adays children have to stay at
school until they are sixteen, f ) W hile fifty years ago people m arried in
their late twenties, now adays they m arry in their early twenties or do not
bother to get m arried at all.
114
E l
2
a) buried in the co u n try
b) w ithin com m uting distance o f the large

conurbations.
a) H arold M ag n a is a freelance jo u rn alist w orking in L ondon, b) H aro ld
lives in a new' block o f flats n ear Chelsea football stadium , c) H aro ld once set
his h eart on a beautiful cottage b uilt in 1792 n ear his p aren ts hom e, d) T h e
problem is th a t H aro ld has a lot o f friends living in the centre o f London, e)
H aro ld is considering the idea, suggested by his father, o f ren tin g a w eekend
cottage about 50 km from L ondon.
U N IT 10
A 1 a) peak viewing hours b) leisure tim e c) prom pted d) boom e) im pact

f ) advent g) horizons h) genius i) lethargic
2 a) F b) F c) F d) F e) F f ) F g) T h) F i) F
3 (suggested answers) a) A ccording to J u lia Elliott, mostpeople spend
their
evenings w atching television, b) A ccording to J u lia E lliott, the effect of
continual violence on television is th a t it loses its im pact, c) Television is
giving people new interests, an d these interests m ight stop people w atching
television.
4 a) T he average w om an, b) T h e ir refers to the vast m ajority o f the
population, c) I t refers to the program m e the speaker is asking about.
d) T h e m refers to people in general.
C l a a) H e will be feeling happy, b) H e p ro b ab ly w ont be feeling sorry th a t he is
leaving, c) H e m ay be read in g a new spaper, d) H e is h ard ly likely to be
drinking whisky.
lc a) His wife will be w aiting for him . b) H e is bound to say th an k you to the
nurses, c) H e m ay well give a present to the Sister, d) H e m ay not be w alking
steadily, e) H is wife is unlikely to be feeling happy, f) His wife is sure to start
arguing w ith him again, g) His wife is h ard ly likely to tell him ab o u t her
boyfriend, h) H e m ay find out a b o u t h er boyfriend.
2a a) In all prob ab ility fashions will be different, b) T h ere can be little
likelihood of us driving the sam e types o f car. c) It is w ithin the bounds of
possibility th a t m en will be living on M ars, d) W e are v irtually certain to be
arguing about the sam e things as we do now. e) T h ere is absolutely no chance
th a t cities will look the same.
D 1
E 1
a) W hat b) W hich c) Wrh a t d) WThich e) W hich J) W h at g) W h a t h) W hich

i) W h at j) W h at
a) W hether people used to be h ap p ier in the past is difficult to ju d g e, b) T h a t
people did not have the sam e opportunities is quite obvious, c) T h a t the
stan d ard of living has risen is clear for all to see. d) W h eth er people have
benefited from technical progress seems questionable.
U N IT 11
A 1 a) laudable b) deplorable c) cut dow n on d) discrim inate e) co rru p t j ) assess
g) the m edia h) m otives i) sym pathise j) take exception to k) means
I) sketchy m) im plem ented n) eroded
2 a) F b) F c) T d) T e) T f ) F g) T h) F i) T j) F
C 2a a) O nly by closing down one school will the council be able to save money.
b) T he new bus tim etable is intended to m ake the service m ore efficient.
c) T h e m ain aim behind the proposal to build a new old peoples hom e is to
cater for the grow ing proportion o f old people, d) T h e m ain reason for the
com pany w ithdraw ing this p ro d u ct from the m arket is to carry out fu rther
tests, e) H olding the m eeting at 7.30 is intended to enable everyone to
attend. J) O nly by paying them the m oney you owe will you avoid prosecu
tion. g) T he m ain idea behind dem olishing a lot o f old buildings is to erect
new office blocks.
D 1 a) H e worked m ore hours th a n norm al so as to earn enough m oney to go to

A m erica for a holiday, b) W hen he got to A m erica he bought a car so th a t he
would be able to come and go as he pleased, c) H e drove very slowly so as not
to have an accident, d) H e bought a cam era in o rder to have a p erm an en t
record of his holiday, e) W hen he got hom e he stayed aw ay from work for a
week so th a t he could have a rest after his exhausting holiday.
E l
a) H ad we known your phone n u m b er we could have contacted you.

b) Should the T. V. rep air m an call today I can be contacted a t this num ber.
c) H ad there not been a serious dro u g h t in parts of Africa recently, a lot of
anim als would not have died of thirst, d) Should the council approve the
plan for a local arts centre it w ould be a great victory for the local arts
cam paign, e) W ere there to be a total b an on n uclear w eapons, millions of
people would feel m uch safer, f ) W ere m ore m oney to be spent on
universities, prim ary an d secondary education would have to be cut.
g) Should the level of unem ploym ent increase further the trade unions will
dem and action from the governm ent, h) H ad Shakespeare not lived at the
same time, Jonson w ould be m ore famous than he is. i) Should an y thing go
wrong, let me know.
F 2
a) equality of o p p o rtunity b) trea t w om en badly/like second class citizens

c) unconventional beliefs, exploited d) are prejudiced e) discrim inated
against
116
RESOURCES
FILE
A | Story-telling
Department of the Environment
Test Centre:
ROAD TRAFFIC ACT 1972
Statement of Failure to Pass Test

of Competence to Drive
Name.....M
Address..... C
483557
................. .................... .
,
L tA U O C K
& A f c J& N .......... .,......
has this day been examined and has failed to pass the test of competence to drive prescribed for
the purposes of section 85 of the Road Traffic Ach*W 2.
Date..........
...........
A jjt k S n s e d m y \ h e S f retar y o f S ta le to c o n d u c t te sts.
Examiners have regard to the items listed below in deciding wRethen a candidate is competent to
drive. The matters needing special attention are marked for your information and assistance and
should be studied in detail.
See "Your Driving Test" (D.L. 68) Part II, paragraphs 1-21
1. Q
(a) Oral test of knowledge of the Highway Code.
Q ] (b) Eyesight test.
CONTROL
2. Q
3.
Take suitable precautions before starting the engine;

Make proper use o{lacce\eratorlc\utchl{ool brake/gears/hand brake/steering;
4. Q
Move off smoothly/at an angle/on a gradient/on \eve\lstraight ahead;
5. Q
Make normal progress to suit varying road and traffic conditions;
6. \^} Stop vehicle in emergency/promptly and under control;

7. Q
Stop machine in emergency/promptly and under control/making proper use of the

front brake;
8. Q
Reverse into a limited opening either to the right or left/under control/with reason
able accuracy/with proper observation;
Turn round by means of forward and reverse gears/under control/with reasonable
accuracy/with proper observation;
9. Q
These numbers
refer to the rules
in the H IG H W A Y
CODE
ROAD PROCEDURE
10. Q ] Look round before moving off;
.11. Q
28
Makeproperuseofthemirrorwellbefore) signalling/changing direction/overtaking/

Take rear observation well before
) stopping;
12. Q] Give signals/correctly/in good tim ely direction indicators/by arm;

13. n
3 0 , 31, 5 6 , 6 3 , 7 8,
80
26
Take correct and prompt action on all signals byjtra{{\c signs/traffic controWersjiake
appropriate action on signals given by other road users;
7 2 , 7 4 -7 8 , 8 1 ,9 7
14. O
Exercise proper care in the use of speed;
34
15. 0
Act properly at cross roads/road junctions

(i) proper use of/mirror/sianals/brakes/aears/when approaching:
(ii) correct^regulation of speed when approaching;
(iii) looking right left, and right again BFFQRE emerging;
(iv) emerging with due regard for approaching traffic ;
, ,
...
,
- ( before/after turning right;
(vt correct positioning or vehicle < , ,
, f
,
,
( before/after turningleft;
(vi) avoidance of cutting right-hand corners;
25, 27 , 40 , 5 0 -5 9,
2 6 , 31, 7 8 , 80, 82
3 4 , 70
70
7 0 -7 3 , 7 6 , 81
5 5 , 57, 5 9 , 61, 78-80
82 , 83
78
16.
Overtake /meet/cross the path oijother vehicles safely;
31, 5 2 -5 6 , 5 8 -6 0 ,
63 - 69 , 7 8 ,7 9
17. Q
18. O
Keep well to the left in normal driving;

Allow adequate clearance to/cyclists/pedestrians/stationary vehicles;
29
19. [H Pedestrian Crossings/approach at a proper speedjstop when necessary/avoid over

taking at or approaching/avoid dangerous signals to pedestrians;
20. Q
Select safe position(s) for normal stop(s);
21. Q
Show alertness and anticipation of the actions of/cyclists/pedestrians/drivers.
D R IV IN G E X A M IN E R S A R E N O T PERM ITTED
T O DISCUSS D E T A ILS OF TH E T E S T .
3 8 -41, 4 8 , 80
42-47
GU ID AN CE NOTES ARE CONTINUED

O N THE OTHER SIDE.
DL 24
(March 1974)
L.P.56-14161/75
I ^
d)
What happened during M r C l

How did M r G leethorL f , ieethorPes test ?
Should the tes, be ch an g ed "
th' exa " e r
w h a t did M r G leethorpe have to do?
2 a) What was Charles story when he arrived home?

b) Describe M arys attempts to visit Charles.
c) M r Smiths letter to M arys bank manager.
Work
1 a) An advisable career?
b) Professional army or conscript army? f
c) The navies of the future.
You could be a Naval Officer 3 months

after you've taken yourA' levels.
If you have 2 or more'A' levels, you could goto the Royal Naval
College, Dartmouth, and become a Seaman Officer.
Or (with Maths and Physics) you could spend a year at Dartmouth,
then go to the Royal Naval Engineering College, Manadon, to read for a
B.Sc. and become an Engineer Officer.
Or you could go to the university/polytechnic of your choice on a
Royal Navy grant of 1,474 a year.
And in each case, you would have started your career as a Naval
Officer.To find out more,send the coupon.
r A degree or 2'A'levels (or equivalent) are required for a Full Career 1

I Commission. However, if you have at least 5 grade 'Cs or above at'O1level
(or equivalent) including Maths and English Language, we may consider
you for a Short Career Commission.
" I think you'll be very happy with us.'
To: Captain M E.Barrow, MBIM.MNI, RN,Officer Entry Section,

I ( 20EW2), Old Admiralty Building,Spring Gardens,London SW1A 2BE.
I Name
__________________________
j________________________Date of birth______________
I Please send me further information about a commission as a
I Seaman Officer Engineer Officer
II am on a degree course in:___________________________
2 a) The characteristics of
businessmen.
kI have/expect
----------------------------------------to get 2 or more'A levels (or equivalent)
15or more grade 'Cs at 'O' level (or equivalent)
ISchool____________________________________
119
This Philips dictation machine

could save you 4 an hour
4 an hour.Thats how much it can cost you
all the timeasecretaryspendsinyour office,
taking or waiting for dictation.
Install a Philips dictation machine, like
this up-to-the-minute desk-top 97, and you
release her from the time-consuming routine of
notebook dictation. And start saving real money.
Check your own costs. And whether the
answer comes out at 4 an hour, or more, or less,
the saving you can make will add up to a lot of
money in a year.
With a Philips dictation machine on your
desk you save aggravation, as well as money.
You can dictate exactly when it suits you, while
the secretary gets on with other things that must
be done. Equally, Philips dictation equipment
is often the answer to making a sharedsecretary arrangement work.
PHILIPS
For details of the Philips 97, and all the

dictation machines in Britains best-selling
range, just fill in and post this coupon to:
Philips Electrical Limited,
Business Equipment Division, Century House,
Shaftesbury Avenue, London WCaH 8AS.
jI
Please send me
FulldetailsofthePhilipsrangeofdesktopand
| portable machines.
| Name.......................
| Position___ ________
| Company.__________
| Address__________
Postcode...
Simply years ahead.
3 a) Describe the job of i) a secretary

ii) a businessman.
b) A secretary writes to Philips about this advertisement.
120
-T el:.
L.
sHiurn,
W ith hair m eticulously rollered for a training session in the

heat, a you ng m em ber o f C ub as hurdling squad goes
through her paces
A bove: high-jum per Lucia D uq u ette (nearest camera

lim bers up.
Southampton College of Art
Part-time Prospectus
c | Leisure time
1 a) How to become a top athlete.
b) Government subsidies for sport?
2 a) Your idea of leisure?

b) How can I escape boredom?
P o p P o llu tio n
M IC H A E L H E A T H
reports yet another attack
on our beach heads
3 a) O ur beaches have become intolerable, says town councillor.

b) People at the seaside.
d |
Social organisation
1 a) Describe the incident.

b) Arrange a meeting to discuss the complaint.
c) The end of prejudice? Hopes for the future.
COMMISSION FOR RACIAL EQUALITY

Elliot House 10/12 Allington Street London SW1 E 5EH
A p p lica tio n fo r assistance from the Com m ission in co nnection w ith a co m p laint or
prospective co m p lain t o f u n law fu l discrim inatio n under the R ace Relatio ns A c t 1976.
CA N T H E COMMISSION FOR R A C IA L E Q U A L IT Y HELP?

Although individuals who allege that they have suffered racial discrimination have the right of bringing their own
cases before the courts and Industrial Tribunals, they can also apply to the Commission for Racial Equality for assistance.
The A ct gives the Con.mission discretion to assist an individual who is an actual or prospective complainant, where the
case raises a question of principle; where it is unreasonable, having regard to the complexity of the case or the position
of the individual vis-a-vis the other party, to expect the individual to deal with the case unaided; or where some other
special consideration applies. In such cases, the assistance which the Commission may afford includes giving advice,
seeking a settlement, arranging for legal advice or assistance or representation. Legal costs incurred by the Commission
will be charged to any costs (but not to any damages) payable to the complainant.
Where a person makes a written application for assistance, the Commission is required, within two months of receiving
the application, to consider it, to decide whether or not to grant it, and to inform the applicant of its decision.
Please s ta te y o u r full n a m e a n d add re ss in B L O C K C A P IT A L S .
S . - j:
T e le p h o n e N o :
S iN /q h .
H om e .
H o w w o u ld y o u d e sc rib e y o u rs e lf in te rm s o f c o lo u r, ra c e , n a tio n a lity o r e th n ic o r n a tio n a l o rig in ?
IND IA N
W h o m a re y o u c o m p la in in g a b o u t?
N am e a n d a d d re ss o f in d iv id u al o r o rg an is atio n :
____ U H E
H E A RT OEJDAKL
____ F O L K g S T O N S
ftO f t b ,
O ffic ia l p o s itio n o f p e rso n bein g c o m p la in e d a g ain st
122
PvGUtC HOUSE,
L f l N M N -S.
Please g iv e a s e x a c tly a s p o ssib le th e tim e a n d d a te o f th e in c id e n t t h a t y o u a re c o m p la in in g a b o u t.

If y o u b e liev e rac ial d is c r im in a tio n a g a in st y o u is c o n tin u in g , p le ase sa y so .
10-30 p.ru.
S E C E -M B E R
Protection against victimisation

"Please note th a t the A c t contains provisions designed to pro te ct from
victim isation those who brin g proceedings, o r give evidence in connection
w ith proceedings."
W h a t a re y o u r r e a so n s f o r b e lie v in g t h a t y o u s u f f e r e d rac ial d is c r im in a tio n ?

D esc rib e a s f u lly a s y o u c a n w h a t to o k p la c e .
2J/M.
fniind Cjirnnukh
/
visited TKa Hecurf o f w * Public Hovse to keus-e Q
kCif" AA d
dsfSScd o+\d h ^ d
0 / cO*i*Jts befae. iri&ibii-a'tkji public,
havse. , / or'&jLr-ed a.
oP r*Ud ro t rMSeJf &~ud
A den*bU
fie/ ruy /i-ia j^d . Tkn bcumald
fi, j
H-O wrs aid, / W *
r&eJC -roUJ ujitL ot-eurk heU*- W
ignSred
w*
ts/lHLc c^she*vjrS uSKo ca**u

c^btr- out oAe xS&rt*cd
a**j aCifficuXhj.
Ap6u toeUhA^ aJbaut- /5nyi^tdes ! 4Skod pelibeJLu
IP / eou-ld SCO
. ~TkJt. bcumxeula
ia*.
csv\h*^jtd
tjKere. nuL
I aj-6 -farced -in
r*y voicm- Vo a++m cJ: har
. klke^ /
tid so a nun*. kSKt> ck_f*pe*u~ed ~io be tiU /**iA*er
na^Se
CAXK& up -bo tkj cznt+Je^' perused Km* / v u a s / ajtr

fw*. W
S tu d , t-iqkh, H ^l's it, Ou.f! &vCb! J
uoff^'/- keuse. you *
*u hjtê * AJet Kri&k**~q
Causse. o^yu, hwU a. u*. Lo/& kpHjsU/ beUtus* K*.
treated U.
Cuat t^cLiou.
yt AxW of HUx bajm^cud. /
tAxs*.
O û^duJ'.
because of-
. At m j k>es4-t^piloO.
bfack. C<aS/&4S%
, a d d re ss a n d te le p h o n e n u m b e r o f a n y w itn e s s e s t o a n y p a r t o f w h a t t o o k p la ce .
Please give n a m e ,
N.: ___N. T - e ^ S P ------P.g. SiNGH

S 2 ygftRis -m&gAce.
nojsJi. -HERMce
1
-q n o q n s e i ^
LnrJfsGKl S.fi Z'a.----
N a m e : ----------------------A d d re ss:
A d d re ss:
T e le p h o n e N o :
11
I w ish t o a p p ly f o r a ssista n c e u n d e r S e c tio n 6 6 o f th e R a ce R e la tio n s A c t 1 9 7 6 .
I u n d e rs ta n d t h a t t h e C o m m issio n h a s d is c r e tio n in g r a n tin g a s s is ta n c e a n d I w ill b e in f o r m e d w ith in tw o m o n th s w h e th e r
su c h a ssista n c e w ill b e g r a n te d in m y c a se , a n d if s o w h a t f o rm i t w ill ta k e .
C an y o u p r o v id e th e n a m e s a n d a d d re s s e s o f a n y o r
sim ila r c irc u m s ta n c e s ?
KIQ
S ig n a tu re :
P lease s e n d th e f o rm a s s o o n a s p o ssib le t o :
T h e C o m p la in ts O ffic e r
C o m m issio n f o r R acial E q u a lity
E llio t H ouse
1 0 /1 2 A llin g to n S tre e t
L o n d o n S W 1E 5E H
T e le p h o n e : 0 1 - 8 2 8 7 0 2 2
H ave y o u a p p lie d f o r a ssista n c e e ls e w h e re , e .g . C o m

O rg a n isa tio n , C itiz e n s ' A d v ic e B u re a u , e t c ? If so , pi
Y o u w ill rec eiv e a n a c k n o w le d g e m e n t t o t h is a p p lic a tio n w ith in t h e n e x t f e w d a y s .
No
If you haveny difficulty pleasecontact acomplaints officer at the Commission.
If y o u a re a m e m b e r o f a tr a d e u n io n , g iv e its n a m e .
10
H ave y o u c o m p la in e d a b o u t th is m a tte r t o a n I n d u s tr ia l T r ib u n a l o r c o u n ty c o u r t?
NO
123
Where
your
money
goes
2 a) A rrange a m eeting betw een the

council and representatives o f interested
groups to discuss spending on education.
b) T h e councils plans explained.
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
177
PRIM ARY 149,820 pupils,

6,000 tcachcrs, 621 schools
PLANNING AND
TRANSPORTATION
28
POLICE
23
SECONDARY 111,610 pupils,

6,735 tcachers, 113 schools
and sixth form colleges
53
F U R TH ER 128,000 full-time
and part-tim e students,
2,829 teachers, awards, and
teacher training etc.
40
PUBLIC
PROTECTION
10
SPEC IA L 5,606 pupils,

573 teachers
SOCIAL SERVICES
23
35 million school meals

and 12 million bottles of milk
RECREATION
5
II
Share of pooled education
OTHERS
18.5
Bus and other transport

subsidies
2-5
Design and support

services
5
1-5
5
Planning services
15
9
Road safety, coastal

protection, car parks etc.
SALARIES AND P EN SIO N S

1 Chief and 4 Assistant
Chief Constables
41 Chief Superintendents
and Superintendents
185 Chief Inspectors
and Inspectors
415 Sergeants
2,299 Constables
132 Cadets
132 Traffic Wardens
692 other personnel
18
Equipment, supplies and

transport
Premises and other services
28111
10
__ 3_
2301
i77m
17
294111
Reserve for
INFLATION
M A IN TEN A N C E AND
IM PR O V EM EN T O F
ROADS AND B RIDGES
41 miles of motorway,
155 miles of trunk road,
4,921 miles of other roads
Youth, careers, and support

services
POLICE
PLANNING AND
TRANSPORTATION
m
43
This leaflet shows how the money is spent

on these services, and how much of the
average individual ratepayers contribution is
devoted to each service.
The figures only apply to the County Rate.
You will, of course, be paying for District
Council and W ater Authority services in your
total rate bill.
PUBLIC
PROTECTION
F IR E SERVICE
55 fire stations
151 fire engines and
other vehicles
1,305 full-time and part-time
firemen
167 other personnel
R EFU SE D ISPO SA L
Incineration, tipping and
pulverising (over million tonnes
Average Ratepayers contribution

1-25 per week

18p per week

7p per week
. . . the price of 50 plain cigarettes
. . . the price of a small bottle of beer
. . . the price of a small ice cream
SOCIAL SERVICES
C H ILD R EN 1,511 in residential

care and 867 with foster parents,
76 childrens homes
O LD PEO PLE69 homes with
places for 3,185 old people plus
places for 368 in other homes
AND
5-5
Other homes, hostels, special

centres for disabled and
mentally disordered
2.5
2-5
Day nurseries and other

day care services
913 home helps aiding

10,600 people
Consumer protection, analyst

service, registration, coroners
office, oil pollution, land
drainage etc.
538 social workers
iom
Support services, 665,000 meals

to elderly and housebound
RECREATION
LIBRARIES 77 full-time and
part-time, 19 million book issues
R ECR EATIONGrants,
parks, archives and
museum services
2-5
__ 3:5
23111
m
4
1
;ni
INFLATION
The County Council has
budgeted for inflation to
average 11% during
the coming financial year
inm
14p per week
OTHERS
Contributions to Capital
expenditure
Magistrates Courts and
Probation Committees
Maintenance of buildings
and other support services
. . . the price of a newspaper and a comic
5-5
2
1
2.5
Miscellaneous services
nm
F or further information about

the Hampshire County Council
Budget for 1976-77 .contact the
County Treasurers Department at
T he Castle, Winchester, telephone
Winchester 4411.
Remember that you can pay your

rates by instalments if you wish.
Details are obtainable from the
Treasurer of your District Council
who will also be able to deal
with any other queries you may
have about your rates bill.
7p per week
. . the price of a small bar of chocolate
124

18p per week
. . the price of a large packet of sweets

l i p per week
. . . the price of two packets of crisps
E | Social concern
SHARING.
IT MEANS MOKE TO SOME
THAN OTHERS.
A'
>VACCINE TO HELP GOVERN

THE HEALTH OF FIVE CHILDREN
50pBUYSY0020CIGARETTES AND A GOVERNMENT

HEALTH WARNING,
I lu u tti DmAimtt
an
I
. . JPEOPLE!________________
AT THE LOCAL CINEMA.
Are five badly needed Polio vaccinations worth the pnce
of a packet of cigarettes?
Is a lifetime's eyesight worth the pnce of a seat at the
cinema?
Believe us, there are some people who do not need any
convincing.
Which is why, during Qxfam Week, we're asking you to
share and share alike so that people less fortunate can enjoy
the bare necessities erf life.
1.80 COULD BUY A LIFETIMES VIEWING 1

PATIENTS AT AN EYE CLINIC IN EAST INDIA,
There are many different ways you can share. By giving up
some little luxury like the ones depicted above and sending
the money you save to us/
By joining m the fasts that Qxfam have organised through
out the country.
Or by making a gift of something you no longer want (china,
toys, books, ornaments) to your local Oxfam Shop.
Whichever way you choose, it will mean a great deal to a
great many people if you share this week through Oxfam.
Your donation is desperately n e e d e d So please send your share to Room 52, Oxfam, Freepost Oxford 0X2 7BR (No stamp
is needed). We will send you an Oxfam W eek Fast Leaflet
_ _ _ T, , ,
..
...
^ ^ f J k F A I R SHARES DuRINu
Name/Address
m mmmtrmrmm
"or further information on how to do your share during Oxfam Week, visit youi
'ocal Oxfam Shop, or telephone your local Oxfam Organist ;r.
SEPT.25- OCT.2.
1 a) How can people be so selfish ?

b) A plan for the future: proposals for aid to developing countries.
125
Last year hundreds of old people

died of the cold.
It was a mild winter
To be safe, old people must have a constant room
tem perature of above 60F.
So please, visit the elderly regularly and make
sure theyre warm in winter.
the Health Education Council
2 a) Living on an old-age pension: a case study.

b) The plight of the aged.
c) The problems of having a granny in the family.
126
3 a) The difference between

blind people and sighted
people.
b) Raising money for the
blind.
4 a)
Children with space to p la y :

what advantages have they
got?
Howwell can
yourfingers read?
Not very well, we expect. But if you were blind, your
fingers could be the key to normal living.
By using modem methods-including a computer-the
RNIB has been able to provide more braille to meet the
increasing demand.
However, braille instruction, literature and music
represent only a part of a wide ranging service provided
by the RNIB for Britains 120,000 blind people.
Without your legacies and generous donations, we
could not continue to maintain the help blind people need:
Sunshine Nurseries and Schools for blind children,
Talking Books, rehabilitation centres for the newly blind,
homes and holiday hotels, training and employment
schemes, research into blindness and over 300 aids for use
in everyday life.
Why not turn a thought into a gift of money now.
b) An architect defends
the urban environment.
T.TFESEftM
ROYAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR THE BLIND

224 GREAT PORTLAND STREET LONDON W IN 6AA
Under the Finance Act 1975, bequests to chanties up to a
total of 100,000 are exempt from Capital Transfer Tax.
R egistered in accordance with the National Assistance Act 1948.
+4
, eafpfv for these Londonchijdren,
The sun is shining 1
,but theres no p l a c e toplaj^m

has pronei. ----------------
Pressure for a place to
|%i
pi
y
127
o fan
o v w ofbie^
a dash
scrub
seconds.
ora good
injusf45
of advertising1
a,
T h e pow er
Slow-down.Speed-up.Stop-dead.
By remote controL
_
fe rc u s^ L
IV / ir k s o C + ^ r
I V ! L ^ U o t C 3i
T h e r e s n e v e r b e en a v id e o re co rd e r
to offer yo u m ore.
All the advantages of a video recording

system plus the capacity to slow
down the picture, freeze it to a
T~crisp, clear still, or speed it up to
f t i f f H i cover any ground you dont
want to waste time on. And you
can do it all in armchair comfort
with the Ferguson Videostar
remote control.
The Ferguson Videostar deluxe isjust what youve been
waiting for. And it doesnt stop there. You can build a
complete home video system with Ferguson-black and
white or colour video cameras with sound, even a fully port
able video recorder are all among the Ferguson Videostar
range. And because theyre
--- --------------Ferguson, youll know theyre
FERGUSON
the best
--- ---------------
Li
_ its effect on mo
2
Video equipmen
a)
Technology you can trust
dern living-
3 a) W ould you like a credit card ? W hy? W hy not?
It doesn't matter if you're a party of four or forty, ring us with your name and
American Express Card number, and the best available seats in the house are yours"
Tom Pate, Manager, National Theatre
The American Express Card says more about you

than cash ever can. It is recognised and w elcomed ail
over the world.
You can book your seats at the theatre by telephone
and sign for bills at many fine stores, restaurants, hotels
and car-hire companies. There is no pre-set limit to vour
spending ~ von set the pattern on spending limits with
the Card as you use it. You can purchase tickets lor a
long-distance flight or a world
Thee enrolm ent fee
k is 10. Additionally, there is a
subscription o f 0 0 , renewable each year There are no
autom atic interest charges, but you are required to settle
your accounts promptly on receipt.
Carry the Card and entertain in style.
"1 strongly recommend you apply now"

*.
P.O . S o n 130.
Ssvdnom ony
>ofCKJ*olibtnciwdwdm
AMERICAN E X P R E S S CARD APPLICATIO N FORM
942 930 2226 P
P lease k n o t writ s h o w th is * fo r
v n u ts for noit 'tiitifu ft o f tk* V K ant! Ireland a.
P88 <J a Siipi*i*motery C#J ffi
os* oSy
n of m y fa *fy a* foihwr*
Fwswnta
a true
1co<*vct < fewK A m erican *s>r#*s Com pany a nd <t
fapf^seoiatfves to c o n ta c t my empoyf. my Ban*. Of any o#s*j hj*c# to oM as! any o th e r wtomvaSon it
may re q w m i v n tte tttanci #st A merican ?*** Com pany r*rv* !h npfci to oac&ft# tWt *p*>tsca*Kri
w.ttwsu? gnrmg a re a so n sm t thas no comw oomfcw tce w * & t#t
m io
S w m circum stance*
C onditions governing Eh* use of th e A roaocan pr*s* Ca*<J ** a ccom pany tft C artl wfcan isaued
[ I,
enfsfs H im *
A cc o u n t Ho
it &fo* 4 .5 0 0 so u rce am i
of any atfdif
The American Express Card

Don't leave home without it
129
We've nothing against men helping

with the housework.
But a Miele is much better at washing up.
There are plenty ofgood reasons for having a dishwasher.
And even more for having a Miele.
LThe end of messy

washing up.
Washing up by hand is a messy,
nme-wasting, thoroughly distasteful
job. In fact, its probably the most
boring of all household chores.
Unless you have a Miele dishwasher
to do it for you, perfectly.
ZOne days dishes.

One Mieles load.
3. An extra hour
everyday
The Miele dishwasher does the lot,

all in one go. Washes them. Dries them
sparkling clean. Saves time, tempers,
and elbow grease. And because you can
load dirty dishes after every meal rhe
kitchen always looks tidy.
It can take between 45 and 60 minutes

to wash up by hand. So, in a year, you
eould be watching nearly 50 working
days go down the drain. Couldnt you
make better use of this time - with a
Miele to help?
4 a) Husbands or
washing-up machines?
b) Inside the house of the future.
Danger
1 a) Punishment and prevention.
b) You borrowed a car and
crashed it while under the
influence of alcohol.
130
drink and
driving
dont mix
C A M P A IG N
FOR N U CLEA R D IS A R M A M E N T (C N D )
Affiliated to the International Confederation for Disarmament and Peace
Sponsors
Abu
Beniamin Britten
John Brunner
Sydney Carter
Constance Cummings
Dame Edith Evans
Jaguetta Hawkes
F H K Henrion
Barbara Hepworth CBE
Patrick Heron
Arthur Homer
Doris Lessing
Denis Matthews
Spike Milligan
Adrian Mitchell
Henry Moore CH
Iris Murdoch
John Neville
Ben Nicholson
J B Priestley
Dame Flora Robson
Sebastian Shaw
Michael Tippett
Mike Warren
Canon L J Collins
Dayan Dr I Grunfeld
Mgr Bruce Kent
Rev Lord McLeod
Rav Paul Oestreicher
Rev Harold Roberts
Archbishop T D Roberts
Rev Lord Soper
Bishop of Southwark
Bishop of Stepney
Sir Richard Acland
Frank Allaun MP
Albert Booth MP
Lord Brockway
Rt Hon Lord Ritchie-Calder
Viscount Chaplin
Robin Cook MP
Bob Cryer MP
Bob Edwards MP
Gwynfor Evans MP
Winifred Ewing MP
Michael Foot MP
Lord Gifford
John Horner
Lena Jeger MP
Hugh Jenkins MP
Russell Kerr MP
Lord Kahn
Arthur Latham MP
Lord Milford
lan Mikardo MP
Stan Newens MP
Stan Orme MP
Verdun Perl
Gwilym Roberts MP
Caerwen Roderick MP
Lord Royle
Daffyd Elis Thomas MP
Richard Briginshaw
Les Buck
Ray Buckton
Chris Child
Lawrence Daly
Ken Gill
Doug Grieve
George Guy
Clive Jenkins
George Doughty
Alan Fisher
Alex Kitson
Jack Jones
Bill Lindley
Harold MacRitchie
Ernie Roberts
Aian Sapper
Hugn Scanlon
Dick Seabrook
Bob Wright
John Arlott
Pat Arrowsmith
Dr Charlotte Auerbach FRS
Prof E H S Burhop. FRS
James Cameron
Dr Alex Comfort
Peggy Duff
Arthur Goss
Stuart Hall
Dr Dorothy Hodgkin OM FRS
Prof Lancelot Hogben FRS
Sir Julian Huxley CBE FRS
Prof H D Kay FRS
Dr Franklin Kidd CBE FRS
Lt Col Patrick Lort-Philips
Dr Sydney Manton FRS
Sir Francis Maynell
Hon Ivor Montagu
Jim Mortimer
Dr Antoinette Pirie
Prof J Rotblat
Dr Frederick Sanger FRS
Prof C H Waddington ScD FRS
Prof K Wedderburn
,
Prof Peter Worsley
Chair
p r j Dhn cox
United Nations Association. National Peace Council
Eastbourne House, Bullards Place, London E2 OPT
01-980 0937
Vice Chair
Cllr Olive Gibbs
Dick Nettleton
Jo Richardson MP
Organising Secretary
Duncan Rees.
Treasurer
Alistair Macdonald
Dear Friend,
CND ANNUAL APPEAL - 3500 by CHRISTMAS
This is a very important time for those of us who are concerned about nuclear
weapons and the threat they pose to peace. On the one hand we have the British
Government boasting about the horrific nuclear weapons that we still have and pressing
ahead with plans to maintain and develop new ones on the other hand CND in its
work has made some important advances. However, in order to make these advances
irrepressible, we still have much work to do.
CND has been active throughout the year, and especially after major events we
have been increasing our membership noticeably. There have been several important
events for CND during the year, including our labour movement conference and the
Easter demonstration and one of the most important of all our forthcoming
programme on BBC2 (details elsewhere).
The prospects for CND expanding, and indeed the vital need for us to do so, are
therefore immediate. However, we urgently need finances not just to keep going, but
to gain in strength. If we are to increase our influence, and avoid having to curtail our
activities due to lack of money, then we must have 3500 by Christmas 1976.
CND plans to be working more effectively and with more support by the end of
the year - but to be able to do this we are depending on YOU responding generously
to this appeal.
We have just passed the 31st anniversary of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings
and that, plus our forthcoming TV programme, is maintaining and even extending
interest in CND. However, we must commit ourselves not just to maintaining CND, but
also to advancing it substantially: the need is great, the time is right. Please help us now
in this appeal and get us moving even more quickly towards nuclear disarmament.
Yours sincerely,
^ \ \ \nA<j-oA*~<=^c
Duncan Rees
Organising Secretary.
Alistair Macdonald
Treasurer.
2 a) The best ways to raise money.

b) Answer an invitation to a fund-raising meeting.
131
Grandma,
can I have $ 20?
S h e 's g o t a p ro b le m . At 16 years old
She needs the money to support her drug habit.
As she grows older she'll need more and more
and she won't be able to get it legally.
If uncured, she'll turn to crime. Or pros
titution. Or both.
That's the w ay it goes, these days. Drugs,
a kick, a habit - then descent into the
world of crime and drug dependence. It
starts early. Statistics show your child may
encounter his first pusher when he's about
16 years old.
16 y e a rs o l d ! Not your child ? Not
in your area? Don't you believe it. At 16.
children, see others using drugs. They try
them. And that's just how it starts. Unless
you do something about it now.
Contribute to the United Na
tions Fund for Drug Abuse Control.
A world-wide effort to clean up a world
wide problem.
It takes an organization like the
U N. to wage the battle effectively. In
the rich cities where drugs are used and in
the poor areas where they are grown. (And
in between where they are traded.) It's an
international problem that is difficult to fight
only on a national basis. It takes the U.N.
And it takes money.
Money to help countries train police
and custom officers to control drug traffic.
Money to compile world-wide experience on
drug abuse education and prevention meth
ods. Money to study the social cause of drug
abuse. Money to educate farmers to grow a
cash crop other than the opium poppy. And
on and on.
You can help. Send the U.N. some of
that needed money. Help launch a programme
that is aimed at protecting your children from
the terrible effects of drugs. Please do it now.
There isn't much time.
Attach your cheque to the coupon.
United Nations Fund

for Drug Abuse Control
c/o United Nations
Palais des Nations
1211 Geneva 10
Switzerland
| Address
| Amount of contribution
Should drug-users be punished ?

3 a) The results of drug-taking: a vicious circle.
b)
132
4 a)
O bligations in a
consum er society.
N ew laws to reduce
waste and pollution
5 a)
M ore than 5 m is
spent on ciagarette
ad v ertisin g : less
than
is spent
on anti-sm oking
advertisem ents.
vv non a pregnant: woman smokes she puts her unban babys life at risk.
time she inhales, she poisons her babys bloodstreamwith nicotine
and carbonEvery
monoxide.
Smoking can restrict your babys growth inside the womb, it can make him
underdeveloped and underweight at birth.
It can even kill him.
in just one year; in Britain aione, over 1(500 babies might not have died if
their mothers hadgiven up smoking when they were pregnant.
If you give up smoking when you're pregnant your baby
$ f$
will be as heaithy as if youd never smoked.
The Health Educatkxi Council
133
AD VANCED W R IT IN G S K IL L S incorporates new concepts

for teaching students writing at an advanced level. Language
is treated under the three headings of functions, topic notions
and grammar, with the aim of training the students to express
themselves clearly and accurately, particularly in writing.
The material is suitable for intensive and non-intensive
courses and a key is provided for the use of students working
on their own. It therefore provides the teacher with material
suitable for many different learning situations.
A Resources File at the errd of the book provides a variety
of stimulating visual material for further practice and revision.
AD VANCED W R IT IN G S K IL L S may be used independently
or in conjunction with AD VANCED SPEA K IN G SK ILLS.
Used together the two books form a complete course at
the post Cambridge First Certificate in English level or
equivalent.

Advanced Writing Skills (RED)

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Advanced Writing Skills (RED)

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

jID M N C ED

A cknow ledgem ents iv

C o n tro v e rsy ; reasons, causes a n d

U N I T 2 Plans an d A rrangem ents

A rra n g e m e n ts a n d in v ita tio n s ; relativ e

P e rm issio n ; su b stitu tin g infinitives for

O b lig a tio n ; re la tiv e clauses n o n

Q u alify in g g e n e ra lisa tio n s; inversion

S uggestin g courses o f a c tio n ; expressing

U n d er F u n c tio n s we consider ways in w hich language is used, for exam ple,

T h e course is designed for students w ho have either passed the C am bridge

E ach u nit contains

T h e course is designed in such a w ay th a t it can be used, at the one extrem e,

IF YOU AR E FO LLO W IN G A N O N -IN T E N S IV E COURSE (2-10 lessons a Week),

It is suggested th at students read the text to be w orked on before com ing to

These can be done m ost effectively in the classroom u n d er quasi-test

T h e m ain objective of these tasks is th a t the student should practise w h at he

As has been already pointed out, the r e s o u r c e s f i l e can be used as a

North Africa Division

We are writing in reply to your letter of August 2nd, which was

a definitive answer about the prospects for such a plan. This is

will be very happy to supply them.

| Exercises on the text

d) W h a t does w h ich in line 17 refer to ?

It would | seem i (to me) that

your best course would be to

Could you give me some advice about DOING:

w hich advice is asked for and given.

Heavy drinker, drink affecting his

Resourcesfile references 1 C2 caption b)

P erhaps the survey team will be

You will m eet T om when he arrives.

I can m ention it while I am talking to

D o n t come until I have had my lunch.

You will get to know our m ethods

| Structure and style

T h ere are a n u m b er o f adjectives w hich, w hen used in the p attern

You know m y uncle. T h a t is ra th e r odd.

C hildren are allowed so m uch freedom . T h a t is crazy.

2 M an y people are w orried ab o u t the increase in noise and air pollution in

1 Y ou w an t to m ake a career as a tourist guide, an d since you speak English

34, Clareville Mansions,

I am writing to you in your capacity as the Member of Parliament

A lot of us have become extremely alarmed by this, and we have

We are asking, therefore, for your help. In two weeks' time we

| Exercises on the text

1 J o in the following pairs of sentences to m ake one sentence.

4 W rite three sentences to someone whose son has ru n aw ay from hom e,

and has disappeared. Y ou should use

c | Arrangements and invitations

Would it be <( possible \ for x t o Z)0 . . . on Monday?

Use the following to extend invitations.

Below are some situations concerning invitations or arrangem ents. Say

G eorge is a student w ho is in his last term at college. H e is trying to get a

C oK C M -fr l/tf/fL J tfc /h jy

____________ ____________ ____ ______

16th after Trinity

lA ft/l J& tU vt] rS p o u f l i d s

Using the language o f a r r a n g e m e n t s an d i n v i t a t i o n s w rite sentences

O ne m em ber o f P arliam en t was very helpful. I spoke to him. <(formal)

A dd a relative clause to the w ord in italics to define it m ore exactly. M ake

I particu larly dislike people . . .

i) I particularly dislike people who encourage their

1 You are a new spaper reporter, an d you w ant to interview an English

______