Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Hemichordata
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Agnatha
Class Myxini
Order Myxiniformes - mouth with lip papillae, 12
pairs of gill openings, no external gill slits (Myxine)
Class Cephalaspidomorphi
Order Petromyzontiformes - buccal funnel, mouth
lined with horny teeth, tongue with teeth, 7 pairs of gill slits (Petromyzon)
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous, w/ claspers, cerato
trichia (males)
Subclass Elasmobranchii- w/ spiracle, placoid sc
ale
Order Carcharhiniformes- fusiform, preda
tors, heterocercal tail (Squalus, Rhizoprionodon)
Order Rajiformes- dorsoventrally flatten
ed, bottom-feeders, string-like tail (Dipturus, Dasyatis)
Subclass Holocephali- w/o spiracle, fleshy operc
ulum, diphycercal tail (Chimaera)
Class Sarcopterygii - lobe-finned,
Superorder Crossopterygii - w/ spiracle, autosty
lic jaw, cosmoid, homocercal tail (Latimeria)
Superorder Dipnoi - fleshy operculum, w/o spirac
le, hyostylic jaw, cosmoid & cycloid, diphycercal tail (Protopterus, Lepidosiren
)
Class Actinopterygii
Subclass Chondrostei - w/ spiracle, ganoid scale
s
Order Polypteriformes - homocercal tail
(Polypterus) (BICHIR!)
Order Aciperseriformes- heterocercal tai
l (Acipenser, Polyodon)
Subclass Holostei/Neopterygii - w/ bony operculu
m!
Order Lepisosteiformes - ganoid, homocer
cal tail (Lepisosteus) (GAR PIKE!)
Order Amiiformes - cosmoid, homocercal t
ail (Amia)
Division Teleostei - bony operculum
Class Amphibia - slimy skin, aquatic larval stage
Order Urodela/Caudata - diphycercal tail
not homologous to fish tail! external gills (Nepturus)
Order Anura - no tail, cutaneous respira
tion (Bufo, Rana)
Class Reptilia - thick, horny skin
Subclass Anapsida - no temporal holes
Order Chelonia
Subclass Lepidosauria - 2 temporal fossae, 3-cha
mbered heart, legs splayed
Order Squamata - w/o dorsal spines (Vara
nus, Gecko, Draco)

Order Rhynchocephalia - w/ dorsal spines

(Sphenodon)
Subclass Archosauria - 2 temporal fossae, 4-cham
bered heart, legs tucked under bodies
Order Crocodilia - alligator (U), crocod
ile (V)
Class Aves - feathers
Subclass Neornithes
Class Mammalia - mammary glands
Subclass Protheria - oviparous
Order Monotremata
Subclass Metatheria - marsupium
Order Marsupiala
Subclass Eutheria -placenta
Order Carnivora
Order Chiroptera
Order Pholidota
Order Primata
Order Insectivora