Chapter 10 THE MOLE

1. Why do we use the a.m.u as a form to measure the masses of elements?

The atomic mass unit or amu gives a value of 1 to each proton and neutron
2. What scale was used to determine the a.m.u?
Well, scientists found that the mass of carbon was 12. Since the mass relates to its
protons and neutrons, then they assumed that 6 amus corresponded to the protons
and 6 amus to the neutrons. Basically, this was a measure arbitrarily taken by
scientists.
3. What is the formula mass of a compound?
It is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a compound. Example, H2O has
2H and 1 O. The mass of H=1 and the mass of O=15.9 ~ 16. So the total mass is
2(1) + 1(16) = 2+16 = 18 a.m.u
4. What is the difference between mass number and atomic mass?
The mass number is the average of isotopes of a particular element found in nature
(this is the number you see in the periodic table as a fractional number).
The atomic mass is the mass number expressed in a.m.u. Meaning you round up the
mass number since 1 amu is given to each proton and 1 amu to each neutron without
decimals. Ex> Mass number of oxygen is 15.9. Atomic mass of oxygen is 16
5. What is a

A mole of any element is defined as the number of atoms of that element which
equals to the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon (the 12 grams = the
atomic mass of carbon)
6. What is the unit of mass used in the lab?
Gram
7. So, how many atoms are in an element?
6.02 x 1023 = 1 mole
8. What does the number 6.02 x 1023 mean?
It is the number of atoms found in an element. It is a constant value since it was
originated from carbon experimentally
9. What is the importance of the mole?
The mole establishes a relationship between the atomic mass unit and the gram.

10. What does that mean?

That the mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance equals its atomic mass or formula
mass in a.m.u.
Example, Oxygen = O the mass number is 15.9 = 16 a.m.u. = 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023
atoms.
Copper = Cu= 63.5g mass number = 64 a.m.u = 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 atoms.
11. Now, if you have a molecule, how do you know how many moles are in one
molecule?
Well, since the molecule is the result of combining atoms through covalent bonds,
then the mole describes the number of atoms existing in each substance which is 6.02
x 1023 atoms, and the number of moles in a compound, so 1 molecule one mole.
12. Now, how does the mole accounts to the particles that form an ionic compound?
You, need to remember that ionic compounds are formed by the exchange of cations
and anions. For example, Na+ (+) Cl- NaCl is known as a formula unit. The
formula unit is the whole-number ration of elements in an ionic compound 1:1
13. So the mole of an ionic compound equals the number of items or particules in a
substance and we know that the numerical value for atoms in a compound or
element is = 6.02 x 1023 atoms
14. But, still, what does the 6.02 x 1023 represent?
It is the scientific notation of the Avogadros number. The Avogadros number is used
to count tiny particles.
15. What is the molar mass?
It is the mass in grams of 1 mole of substance and it is abbreviated with the letter
THE MOLAR MASS = THE ATOMIC MASS UNIT
16. The whole picture
Substance
Particle
Neon (Ne)
Zinc (Zn)
Magnesium
oxide(Mg0)
17. So.
Substance

Calcium (Ca)
Atomic Number 20
Sodium chloride
Hydrogen H2

# of particles in
1Mole
6.02 x 1023
6.02 x 1023
6.02 x 1023

Mass of 1 mole

Particle

Atomic or Formula
mass (expressed in
amu)

element

40 amu

Molar mass
(same as A. mass,
but expressed in
grams)
40g/mo/

Ionic compound
Diatomic molecule

23+35= 58amu
1 + 1 = 2 amu

58g/mol
2g/mol

atom
atom
Molecule

20.2g
65.4g
40.3g

18. Find the molar mass of C6 H12 O6 = glucose

First, Find the atomic mass or formula mass of each element in the periodic table
C : 12
H: 1
O: 16
Second, Multiply the atomic mass or formula mass times the # of atoms per
element
C: 12 x 6 = 72 amu
H: 1 x 12 = 12 amu
O: 16 x 6 = 96 amu
Add up your answers 72 + 12 + 96 = 180 amu
Formula mass = 180 amu
Molar mass of C6 H12 O6 = 180 g/ mol

SECTION 10-2 MOLE CONVERSIONS again dimensional analysis!

19. Calculating number of moles in a given sample.
Problem: calculate the number of moles in 11.2 grams.
Step 1: Find the molar mass or atomic mass for NaCl. Look up the mass of each
element in the PT
Na= 22.9g= 23 a.m.u
Cl= 35.4g = 35 a.m.u
Step 2: Since NaCl is a compound made our of 1 atom of Na and 1 atom of Cl add
up their masses
23 + 35 = 58 a.m.u
Step 2. 1 mol of NaCl has 58 g or 58 a.m.u
Step 3: Since you have a sample of 11.2g and since you know a that 1 mol = 58g
then by using dimensional analysis you can find how many moles are in your
sample
11.2g NaCl x 1 mol NaCl = 0.193 mol of NaCl
58g NaCl
(This means there are 0.193 moles in a 11.2g sample)

20. Calculate the mass of a sample if you know the number of moles of the
sample.
Problem: 2.50 moles of NaCl were used in an experiment. Calculate the sample size in
grams.
Step 1: Find the molar mass of your substance first
Na= 23 a.m.u
Cl = 35 a.m.u
58 a.m.u or g
Step 2: Use your result as a conversion factor 1 mol NaCl = 58g
2.5moles NaCl x 58gr NaCl = 145g NaCl
1 mol
21. Useful formula to convert from mass to moles
Grams x 1 mol = MOLES
Gram
22. Formula to convert moles to mass
Moles x grams = grams
1 Moles
CONVERSION OF PARTICLES AND MOLES
23. In these conversions you do not need to know the identity of the substance. You
have to remember that 1 mole of any substance = 6.02 x 1023 atoms/ formula
units/particles = 1 molecule
Problem: how many molecules are in 2 moles of H2O
2 moles x (6.02 x 1023 molecules) = 12 x 1023 or 1.2 x 1024
1 mol

Problem: how many formula units are in 3 moles of Zn(NO3)2

3moles X (6.02 x 1023 formula units)/ 1mol = 1.806 x 1024
Formulas
Moles to particles
Moles of the substance x 6.02 x 1023 particles = number of particles in the substance
1 mol

Particles to moles
Particles of the substance x 1mol = moles of substance
6.02 x 1023
PARTICLE CONVERSION
The number of particles in 1 mole of any substance equals the number of Avogadro.
Thus, the conversion factor is 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 particles/formula units/molecules
Example: A piece of a substance contains 8.74 x1023 formula units. How many moles of
CaCO3 does it have?
8.74 x 1023 formula units x 1mol CaC03 = 1.45 moles CaCO3
6.02 x1023
MOLES AND GASES
You can find the number of moles that exist in a certain volume of gas. 1 mole of any gas
at standard temperature and pressure (STP) is 22.4 liters.
This 22.4l number is called the molar volume because it is the volume of 1 mole of a gas
at STP
Example: A container has 1 liter of a particular gas at STP. How many moles does it
have?
1L of gas x 1mol = 2.7moles
22.4L

Empirical Formulas and Molecular Formulas

To determine the Empirical Formula of a compound:
In a 100g sample with a percentage composition of 80%carbon and 20% hydrogen,
determine the empirical formula:
Step1: In a sample of 100g, 80% means 80 grams of the sample and 20% means 20g of
the sample. So, the first step is identifying how much do you have of each element:
meaning 80g of carbon and 20g hydrogen in terms of moles.
STEP 2 Convert the mass of each element into moles
80g C x 1mol of C = 6.67 moles of carbon
12g of C
20g of H x 1 mol of H = 19.8 moles of Hydrogen
1.1 g of H

STEP3: With this information you now that you have 6.67 moles of C and 19.8 moles of
H. Using the smallest whole number ratio of moles (meaning the smallest number) divide
each mole value .
C = 6.67
6.67

H= 19.8
6.67

STEP 4: Round up your answers to whole numbers

C= 1

H= 2.97~ 3

STEP5 It means that you have one atom of carbon and 3 of hydrogen or CH3
Since C is the least electronegative it is written first.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
The mass of each element in a compound compared to the entire mass of the compound
and multiplied by 100 percent is called the percentage composition of the compound.
Or,
% Composition of an element = Mass of the element x 100
Mass of compound
Example % composition of H in H2O
% of H =

2g of H
18g of H2O

x 100 = 11%

MOLECULAR FORMULA
This is the formula that gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecular
compound.
Example: the empirical formula of glucose is CH2O. Experiments show that the molar mass of
glucose is 180g/mol. What is the molecular formula of glucose?
STEP 1: calculate the mass of the empirical formula
C= 12 x1 = 12
H=1x2= 2
O = 16 x 1 = 16
30g
STEP 2: Divide the molar mass of the substance (glucose) by the empirical formula mass of
glucose
180 = 6
30
STEP 3: this number tells you that the molar mass of glucose is six times more than the empirical
formula so multiply the formula by 6.
6(CH2O) = C6H 12O6