2012

, !
1. ' A, B, C 2 2 , ,

a11 a12
,
A =
a21 a22
B, C. (A B) C A (B C)
.
A, B, C 2 3, 3 2 2 2, .
2. ,
. , , ,
,
.

2 1
0
0 0

0 3

1 1 1 2
2 3

2 1
0 0
1

.
4 5
1 7 , 1 3 3 0 ,
0 1

2 1 0

2 1 3 5
1 3 5 2
0
0 1
2 5
: (3, 1, 0), (3, 2, 1), (1, 2, 3, 4).

3.
x+y+z = a
x + 2y + bz = 11
2x + 3y 4z = b
a, b . Gauss ,
: , , ,
. , .
: b , 5 .
' b = 5 a , 16,
. b = 5 a = 16, x = 43 7z, y = 27 + 6z, z
.

4.
x + by z = 0
x 2y z = 0
y+z = 0
b . , , b
, ,
, .
: b = 2, (x, y, z) = (t, t, t), t
. b , 2, (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0).

5.
x + y + z = 2
3x + 3y z = 6
x + ay + z = 1
a . Gauss, , , a ,
,
a, .
: a = 1, . a , 1, (x, y, z) =
, 1 , 3).
( a2
a1 a1

6. '

1 1

N =
1 1

M =

1 1
.
1
1

N 2 , , 0.
, , N k k 2.

4
4
8
8
2
2

, M 4 =
, M 3 =
,
M 2 =

4
4
8
8
2
2
, ( ), k 2,

2k1 2k1
k
M =
2k1
2k1

7.

0
5

A = 1 4 ,

0 3

B =

3
5 3 3
,
2 1
2
5

3 2 5

5
2
1
.
C =
3 5
5

1 2 3

6 ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA ;

, .
:

50

ABC = 68

30

90
97
54

20
32
12

BCA =

25
18

192
,
110

82

78
CAB =
55

50

48
46
45
32

82
78
55
50

196
186
115
116

8. Pi j Ei j (t)
5 5.
P45 E53 (t)P45 = E43 (t) P45 E53 (t) = E43 (t)P45 .
P45 E52 (t)P45 = E42 (t) P45 E52 (t) = E42 (t)P45 .
P45 E51 (t)P45 = E41 (t) P45 E51 (t) = E41 (t)P45 .
P45 E21 (t)P45 = E21 (t) P45 E21 (t) = E21 (t)P45 .

P45 E53 (t1 )E52 (t2 )E51 (t3 )E21 (t4 ) = E43 (t1 )E42 (t2 )E41 (t3 )E21 (t4 )P45 .
' M = E43 (t1 )E42 (t2 )E41 (t3 )E21 (t4 ). M, , A, AM = I4 MA = I4 .
:

t4

A = E21 (t4 )E41 (t3 )E42 (t2 )E43 (t1 ) = 0

t3

0
1
0
t2
0

0
0
1
t1
0

0
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
1

9. Gauss-Jordan
, c

1 2
3

5
6

1
2
c
3

 . c = 4.
1
3

22

13

2
7
4

3
6
3

10.

1 1 1

1
2 3

0 1 1

1 1
1

1
2

6
6
0
2

8
8
0
2

12
13
1
4

0
4
3
0

11. Gauss-Jordan , :

1 0 0 0
2 1
1
1
2 0 4
1 0 0

1 0 0

4
1 2 0 , 1 3 1 , 3 1
.
0 , 1 1
3 3 1 0

1 1 1

0 1 2
2 3 3
2 3
1
2
2
2 1

1
2
16

0
0

1
2
12

1
3

5
6
1
3
16

2
3
2
3
13

2
1
1

1
1

4
1
4
41

0
1
13
13

0
0
1
21

12. Ei j () 4 4 A U
4 n. U .
44 L 44
P ( P ), PA = LU.
(') E43 (2)E42 (1)P34 E31 (2)A = U.
(') E42 (3)P34 E31 (2)P34 E21 (1)A = U.
(') E43 (3)P34 E31 (1)E21 (2)A = U.
:

('):

P = P34 , L =

1
0
0
2

0
1
0
1

0
0
1
2

0
0
0
1

('):

1
P = I4 , L =
0

0
1
0
3

0
0
1
0

0
0
0
1

0
0
0
1

('):

2
P = P34 , L =
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
3

0
0
0
1

13.
x + 2y + 2z = 1
2x + 4y + 5z = 4 .
: x1 = 3 2t, x2 = t, x3 = 2, t R.

14.

x1

x2 a
= ,
A
x3 b

x4

1 2 0 3
.
A =
2 4 0 7

: x1 = 7a 3b 2t, x2 = t, x3 = s, x4 = 2a + b, s, t R.

15. , , c
x + y + 2z = 2
2x + 3y z = 5
x 3y + 8z = c
. c
;
: c = 4. c, x1 = 1 7t, x2 = 1 + 5t, x3 = t.

16. Ai , (i = 1, . . . , 5)
N(Ai ).

1 2 0 0 0 0

2 1 0 0 0 0

1
2 2 1 0 0
0 0 1 2 0 0

A1 = 2
3 3 2 1 1 , A2 =

0 0 2 1 0 0
1 3
3
1 1 1

0 0 0 0 1 2

0 0 0 0 2 1
5

A3 =

1
2
0
0
0
0

2
4
0
0
0
0

0
0
1
2
0
0

0
0
2
4
0
0

0
0
0
0
1
2

0
0
0
0
2
4

1 2 3

2 3 4
,
A4 =
3 4 5

7 5 3

1 2 3

2 3 4

A5 =
3 4 5

4 5 7

: N(Ai ) , N(Ai ) = {0},

, N(Ai ) , {0}, N(A). , (1)
N(Ai ) (2)
N(Ai ), Ai X = 0,
.
dim N(A1 ) = 4, N(A2 ) = {0}, dim N(A3 ) = 3, dim N(A4 ) = 1, N(A5 ) = {0}.

17. Ai 16,
, ,
. ,

(
16).

1
1
9


,
(1) A1 x = 3 , (2) A1 x = 2 , (3) A2 x =
12

0
0
15

18

(4)

A3 x =

1
2
3
4
5
6

(5)

A3 x =

6
5
4
8
9
10

(6)

1

1
A4 x = ,
1

1

(7)

A4 x =

1
1
1
2

(8)

1

1
A5 x = ,
1

1

(9)

1
.
A5 x =
1

: (1): ' . .
(2): . (3): . (4), (5), (6): .
(7):
' . . (8):
. (9): .

18. ' v1 , v2 , v3 Rn .
(') ,
v1 + 2v2 + v3 , v1 + v2 , v1 3v2 + v3 , ,
.
(') v1 + v2 + 5v3 = 0, v1 + 2v2 + v3 , v1 + v2 , v1
3v2 + v3 .
19.

1 1
2
3
4

1 1
4
4
7
A =
,
0
0
2
1
3

3
3 2 7 6
, R(A), R(AT ),
N(A) N(AT ).
(): A 2, , R(A)
R4 , R(AT ) R5 , N(A)
R5 N(AT ) R4 .
, .

20. ' A mn,

Rm .
m = n = A.
21. (') ' V W R5 .
.
. V, W .
(), . . . .

(') ('), , V W
Rm n k, , n + k > m,
V W .
22. A 2 3
, (1, 1, 1) R3
A . ,
m 3.
23. , e1 , e2 , e3 standard R3 , , e1 = (1, 0, 0), e2 = (0, 1, 0) e3 = (0, 0, 1).
' f : R3 R3 ,
, : (x, y)- 90o
z, e1 e2 (z, x) 90o y, e3
e1 , (y, z)- 90o x,
e2 e3 . f
(, f (x, y, z) = x, y, z).
. e1 , e2 , e3 . , , .
.
' , f . . . ;

0
0 1

: ( f ) = 0 1 0 , f (x, y, z) = (z, y, x).

1
0 0

24. f : R3 R3
f (1, 1, 1) = (1, 0, 1)

f (0, 1, 1) = (2, 1, 3)

f (1, 2, 1) = (1, 1, 2).

f :
(')
A f .

: 1

0
1
1

2
0
2

(') f (R3 ) R3 .
: f (R3 ) R3 (;).
2

(') V R3 2 f (V) = f (R3 ).

: ,
w1 , w2 f (R3 ). v1 , v2 R3 , f (v1 ) = w1
f (v2 ) = w2 .

(') {0}.
: f 1 ({0}) R3 (;).
A.

(') v R3 , f (v) = (6, 1, 5).

: (2, 1, 0).

(') W R3 2,
f (W) (6, 1, 5).

: W AX = ,

0
. '
v1 , v2 R3 , W (,
) v1 + v2 .

3
2
25. '

LA : R R ,
1 0 1
.
A =
2 1 3

(') LA .
(') v R3 , f (v) = (2, 5).
: .

(') L1
A ({0}).
: L1
A ({0}) = N(A),
A.

(') LA ; ;
(): A , A
(. ).
' 3 2 B, A B = I2 .
, LB : R2 R3 LA , , LA LB = idR2 .
B , , LB .
B AX = e1 AX = e2 .
B
B. B LB .

26. ' V, W Rn , v1 , . . . , vk
V w1 , . . . , wl W. V W
vi w j i = 1, . . . , k j = 1, . . . , l.
27. ' V, W Rn , V = hv1 , . . . , vk i. V W w vi i = 1, . . . , k.
28. ' n n A 1 i, j n, i , j.
i- A j- A1 .
i- A i- A1 ;
29. A,
(1, 2, 3) (2, 3, 5),
(1, 1, 1).
: A.

30. A,
[1 1 1] [0 0 0]T .
: (1, 1, 1) A . , .

1

31. 3 3 A, Ax = 1

1

1 0

AT 0 = 0 .

0
0
: (1, 1, 1) A
(1, 0, 0) . ,
.

32. V R4 , , (1, 4, 4, 1)
(2, 9, 8, 2).
: A (1, 4, 4, 1) (2, 9, 8, 2). V
A.

33. .
u, v Rn , uT v = vT u. (u + v) (u v)
10

kuk = kvk. u, v
.
34. R4 ,
h0i; h(0, 0, 0, 1)i;
: , R4 . , h(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0)i.

35. .
' m n A b Rm . ,
.
(') x Rn Ax = b.
(') y Rm AT y = 0 yT b , 0.
: ' p q
, , p
q, q p.
, ,
, ,
.
'.

36. '

1 0
2
1

1 0
1 1
.
A =
1 2
2
2

2 2 1
0
, Gauss, . det A
,
.
: det A = 6.

37. 4 4 A 1/2,
2A, A, A2 , A1 , AT A.
: det(2A) = 8, det(A) = 1/2, det(A2 ) = 1/4, det(A1 ) = 2, det(AT A) = 1/4.

11

38. 3 3 A 2,
12 A, A, A2 , A1 , AT A.
: det( 21 A) = 1/4, det(A) = 2, det(A2 ) = 4, det(A1 ) = 1/2, det(AT A) = 4.

39. ,
, :

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1
0
0
0

0 1 0

0 0 1

0 0 0

1 0 0

0
0
1
0

: ,
+1,
1.

40. , n n A B , ,
, AB .
41. ' n n A, :
. det A = 0.
42. ' n n A, :
1. det(A In ) = 0.
43.

1 a a2 a3

1 b b2 b3
= (b a)(c a)(d a)(c b)(d b)(d c) .
det
1 c c2 c3

1 d d2 d3
44. adjA (, )

2
0
1 5

8 1
2
1
.
A =
4 3 5
0

1
4
8
2
12

18
26
86
58

59 213
333
254
.

:
21
107 177 106

43
11
1
2

45. ' M n n , In j-

a1

a2
n 1 . . ,
..

an
, , det(M) = a j .
46. a, b, c, d
ax + by = 1
cx + dy = 0
; ,
Cramer.
.
47. Cramer
x + 4y

z = 1

x+y

+z = 0
+3z = 0

2x

13