CAMERA CONTROL

Aperture
Aperture is the hole that allows the light to come through to the image
sensor. The aperture controls how much light comes through to the image.
You can control the depth of field with the aperture, these settings are
called f stops. A small aperture creates a large depth of field which is f
stop 22 and above. This allows less light into the image and the whole
image is in focus. A large aperture creates a shallow depth of field which is
normally an f stop of 2.8. A large aperture allows more light to come into
the image this is because the iris is fully open, mean that the image has a
narrow depth of field.

This is my example of a
shallow depth of field. It is a
shallow depth of field
because the aperture is f
stop 2.8. This creates a
narrow depth of field as the
background is out of focus
while the foreground of the
boy is in focus and is very
clear

This is my example of large

depth of field created by a
small aperture. I used the f
stop 16 to take this image.
This image is a large depth
of field because the whole
image is in focus.

Shutter Speed
Shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time when the sensor is
exposed to light. The cameras shutter speed and aperture determine the
amount of light that reaches the sensor. If the shutter speed is set at
1/500th of a second, you can capture fast moving image as a still image so
its not out of focus or blurry, this creates a fast shutter speed. If the
shutter speed is set to 1/15th of a second this will create a slow shutter
speed allowing the moving object to have a trail behind. However
anything lower than 1/60th of second can cause camera shake, so it may
be best to you a tripod to stop this. This is because shutter speed control
movement. Another setting that allows you to capture a slow shutter
speed is the setting bulb, it lets you keep the shutter open for as long as
you hold it down.
Film speed is measured in ISO. 50 ISO film is used in very bright conditions
and produces very fine grain images. 125 ISO film is used in normal
conditions and produces fine grain images. 400 ISO film is used when the
light levels are low and produce grainer images, while 1600 ISO film is
used when light levels are very low and produces very grainy images. For
example if you speed up your shutter speed, you must increase the
aperture or ISO rating.

This is my example of a
slow shutter speed. You can
tell it is a slow shutter
speed because of the
smoke trail coming out of
the boys mouth. For this
image I used 1/60th of a
second.

This is my example of a fast

shutter speed. We rolled a tyre
at a fast speed and captured it
mid rolling. You can tell it is a
fast shutter speed due to the
tyre not being in a blur as it
moved. I captured this image
1/250th of a second.

Below is my film example with the use of different exposures using

different aperture (f stop). From this I found that f stop 11 was the best
aperture that allowed the right amount of light in. This is known as
bracketing. Below is also an example to show that I can develop and print
film.

Focus
You can adjust the focus in 2 different ways on cameras depending if the
camera is digital or film. You can either hold down the shutter and camera
will adjust the focus automatically, or you can do it manually by twisting
the lens. When an image is in focus it is said that the image is sharp. If the
photo is blurry then it is out of focus and you must adjust the lens. Focus
is also linked with different aperture settings, because if you have a
shallow depth of field you can choose that only the foreground is in
focused. Not all images need to be in complete focus as sometimes
backgrounds can ruin the image. Having certain things in an image
focused draws more attention to it instead of having the whole image in
focus, it draws people away from the main point of the image.

This is an example of a
shallow depth of field. It
shows how the writing is in
focused while the cigarette
is out of focus. It draws all
the attention to the writing.

This image is showing what

an out of focus image looks
like. This image might have
not been set to the right
ISO, f stop or not manually
focused properly.

This is an example of an
image that is all in focus.
This again is an example of
large depth of field as the f
stop for this image is 22.

Lenses & Filters

Lenses of different focal lengths allow photographers to have more
creative control. There are 4 main different lenses. Standard lens, wideangle lens, telephoto lens and macro lens. The standard lens produces
images with a perspective close to the human eye, usually on a 35mm
camera the standard lens has a focal length of 50mm. On digital cameras
the sensor is often smaller than 35mm frame. This means that the focal
length of a lens is effectively 1.5 times longer. So a 50mm lens on a digital
camera is effectively a 75mm lens. A 35mm lens on a digital camera is
effectively a 50mm lens. Wide-angle lenses have a wider field of view, so
they show more, they also have a bigger depth of field for any given
aperture. A great sense of space they extend the perspective. Wideangle lenses are typically used for landscapes and architecture. Telephoto
lenses have a smaller field of view they magnify the image. They have a
smaller depth of field for any aperture. They compress the perspective.
Normally used for wildlife and sport photography. On the other hand
macro lenses have the ability to focus much closer to the subject than a
normal lens.

Filters can be used on lenses to enhance or change the image. Neutral

density filters act like sunglasses to cut down the amount of light reaching
the sensor. They come in a range of strengths. Yellow, orange and red
filters can be used with black and white film to make blue skies appear
darker.

21 mm wide angle lens

telephoto lens

50mm standard lens

lens

80mm

200mm macro

Film Speed & Types

Different types of film are used for different styles of photography. You
have black and white film, colour negative film, colour transparency film
and instant film. Each film has its own unique characteristics and qualities.
Black and white film produces monochrome images. Film speed ISO helps
determine the characteristics of the photographs as do processing
techniques. Low ISO (125 or less) film has a fine grain and a wide tonal
range but needs a lot of light. High ISO film (400 or more) has coarse

grain and narrow tonal range but can be used in low light. Colour film
comes in two types, negative and transparency. Negative film was
traditionally used for family photo because it was easy to use.
Transparency film was used by professionals because the colour quality
was better but exposure had to be precise. Instant film was designed to
give immediate results for people who didnt wait for images to be
processed. There are different manufactures for film which have different
characteristics. These manufactures are Ilford and Kentmere.

PROCESSING &
PRINTING
Time Control
Time control is how long each process takes. Time control is very
important this is because you can overdevelop your film or under-develop
your film if the time is incorrect. In the graph below I have put a red box
around how long each process takes with two different types of kentmere
films. I prefer kentmere 400. It is said that you should keep the developer
for 14 minutes, stop bath for 30 seconds and the fixer for 12 minutes and
then in the wash for 5 minutes. However it all depends on the ISO setting
you keep your camera on. I use ISO 400.

Temperature Control
Temperature control is very important when you put the developer in. This
is because the water must be a specific temperature. You must use a
thermometer to check that the water is 20 degrees otherwise if the water
is too hot it can overdevelop or under-develop the film if too cold.

Push & Pull Process

It is an old fashion developing technique when they didnt have enough
light. The photographer would under expose his image to light and then
over develop the final image so an image appeared. By over developing
his image it could be up to 5 minutes long instead of 10 seconds long. This
process gave the image a gritty look to it. Many photographers today do
this to create an effect on their image.

Negative Storage
Negative storage bags are acid free. The key thing about them is that
stops the negatives from getting damaged.

Contact Sheets
A contact sheet is produced by placing the negatives on photographic
paper. It produces thumb nail images of the pictures you have taken so
you can carefully choose what images you want and can see them more
clearly. I have shown an example of my own contact sheet in this sketch.

Paper Choice
There are different makes of photographic paper. You can either get glossy
photographic paper or a matte styled one. Both give your images a
slightly different look. You can get different sizes of photographic
depending on how you want your image.

Test Strips
Below is my example of a test strip. A test strip is a small piece of
photographic paper that allows you to see what the best exposure time for
your image or contact sheet should be. To make a test strip, you place
your negative in the enlarger and then place your photographic piece of
paper under the enlarger. You then expose the photographic paper for 2
seconds, you cover a small section of the photographic paper and then
expose the paper for 4 seconds. You repeat the process again but each
time doubling the last number. For example 2,4,8,16,32.

Cropping
You can crop your prints while processing and printing your negatives. You
can do this with the enlarger. It is best to use an easel to frame your
negative with your photographic paper so you can see where your paper
is to your image. This makes it a lot easier to crop your images. To crop
your image using negatives, you adjust the height on the enlarger.
Adjusting the height on the enlarger allows you to zoom in and out of your
negative. You must always refocus your image after adjusting the height
of the enlarger.

Dodging & Burning

Dodging and burning is process you can do with negatives as well as
digital images when editing on Photoshop. Dodging is when you make a
selected section of your image lighter by hovering card of the chosen
section of your image while you expose the rest of the image to light.
Burning is making a section of your image darker than the rest of the
image. To do this you hover card over the part all the parts of your image
you want to keep the same, leaving the section you want darker exposed
to the light.

Masking
The mask lets you control how layers are applied. It is useful when
layering two images together for when you want to blend them together
create one image.

Special Effects
There are many different special effects you can do to your image. These
special effects include solarisation and turning the negative photo to
positive. Another special effect you can do is you can paint or splash
developer on to different parts of your
image, so only parts of the image will
develop when you put it in the stop bath. You
can
also layer your negatives together to create
an
effect or double image, this is known as
double negatives. Another special effect you
can
is expertiment by moving the photographic
paper to cause another layer of your image
to
occur on top or next to the image while its
being exposed to light. Another special effect
you
can do to your negatives is to cut them up or
burn
them creating different textures to them or adding lines, you can even
scratch your negatives to create a special effect on them.

Immersion Time
Immersion time is how long the photographic paper is in each bath.
Developer for 2 minutes, stop bath for 30 seconds and fixer for 4 minutes.
It is important that each process is done for the right amount of time,
because if you dont develop your image for long enough time you wont
get a strong black and if you dont put your image in the fix for long
enough it will start to fade.

Bath Temperature
You must use a thermometer to check that the bath stop is 20 degrees
otherwise if the water is too hot it can overdevelop or under-develop the
film if too cold.

Chemical Exhaustion
Chemical exhaustion is when the chemical reaction from the photographic
paper and the chemicals start to fade and stop working. This is because
the chemicals can only process a certain amount of images before it starts
to fade. This is why photographers keep count of how many images that
they process as they will need to change the chemicals before they start
to fade.

DIGITAL MANIPULATION
Cropping & Shape

Cropping is when you cut the unnecessary background of your image. This
allows the person looking at the image to see straight to the point of the
image. You can crop your digital images on Photoshop. You can also crop
your image into a shape, this can be circular or diamond.

Colour
You can adjust the colour of your image on Photoshop by playing with the
levels of the image or adjusting the different colours one by one. On
Photoshop you can also turn your image into black and white, negative /
positive or multiple colours for example making the model purple or green
with either colour as the background colour. Digital manipulation of the
colours makes the image look better as it enhances the colours or makes
them more dull.

Texture
You can change the texture of your image through Photoshop. You have
multiple textures you can to do manipulate your image. You might add a
texture to your image to create an effect to it. Here is an example of one
of my images having a texture added to it.

Stamps
The example below is my example of using the stamp tool. The stamp tool
is very similar to the copy tool, however it only copies the section you
circle. In my example you can see I have used the stamp tool, as my face
is all around the image in a circular motion to show, each circle is the
same size with the same image.

Lassos
Using the Lasso tool I was able to cut round my model allowing there to be
space on my background, where I could fit in a new image in the shape of
my model. Below is an example of my work using the Lasso tool.

Layering
Layering in digital manipulation through Photoshop is using Bridge and
layering multiple images that you have to create another image. Below is
an example of how to layer an image as well of my own example of a

layered image that I created.

Digital Printing
Laser printers quality poor quality cheaper
Ink jet high quality - expensive

Paper Choice
Glosspy, matte
Lots of paper for ink jet to give different effects/ textures