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Manuel Ventura
mventura@mar.ist.utl.pt
Summary
Ship Dimensioning
Owners Requirements
Traditional approach
Generic Ship Dimensioning Process
Most common implementation methods:
Excel Solver
Matlab fmincon() function
Annex A.
Annex B.
Annex C.
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Ship Dimensioning
Ship Dimensioning
The determination
of the main
dimensions and
characteristics of
the ship is the first
step of the
preliminary design
stage.
Yang & al (2006)
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Ship Dimensioning
Owners Requirements
The starting point is a set of Owners requirements defining
mainly the ship type, cargo capacity and speed
Example of requirements:
Type of ship:
Mission:
Deadweight:
Max. Draught:
Cargo capacity:
Service speed:
Autonomy:
Cargo Equipment:
Other:
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Selection of the Cb
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Ship Dimensioning
( ) ( )
3
L 2 B
B
T
L=
(
)
1
.
025
1
s
C
L
B=
L
B
B
T=
B
T
D =T D
T
( )
( )
( )
M.Ventura
(1+s) is a coefficient
related to the hull
appendages
Ship Dimensioning
Ship Dimensioning
10
Generic Ship
Dimensioning
Process
Modern approach
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Ship Model
Type of Ship
CDW, TEU, Lane Length
Vs
Autonomy
Etc.
Lpp, B, D, T, Cb
Etc.
Design
Variables
Mission
Requirements
Ship Model
Possible
Solution
M.Ventura
Technical
Design
Parameters
Displacement
Cm, Cwl, Kb, Lcb, BMT, BML, Sw
Lightship Weight, Kg, Lcg
GMt
DW, CDW
Cargo Capacity
Ballast Capacity
Propulsion Power
Length of Engine Room
Length of Cargo Area
Etc.
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Constraints
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Economical Assessment
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Typical Voyage
The specification of the typical ship voyage allows a more
comprehensive analysis of the economic aspects
It may include:
The number of ports visited during the round trip
The distance between ports
The cargo-handling capabilities available and the corresponding
handling rates and costs
Port fees and taxes
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Setbal
Anturpia
Sines
600 teus x 14 t
400 teus x 16 t + 200 teus vazios
60 teus/hora shinc
70 teus/hora shinc
Li-Lo
10,000 + 0.5xGT
30,000 + 0.5xGT
100/teu cheio, 50/teu vazio
120/teu cheio, 70/teu vazio
RFR (frete mnimo requerido)
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fio
fiost
li-lo
shinc
sshex
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MAR
10%
355 d (10 d)
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10
Optimization Methods
The independent variables are obtained from an optimization
algorithm
Possible to find a better and faster solution
Only provides information about the optimal point found (single
objective methods)
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Parametric Studies
11
= L B T Cb
= LWT + DW
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Ship Dimensioning
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Functional
Diagram of the
Dimensioning by
Systematic
Variation
The system of nonlinear equations is
solved by an iterative
process
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12
Main Dimensions
The main dimension can be obtained from the ratios and
coefficients used as independent variables
For example:
The ratio k can be obtained
from statistics:
1
= DW
k
DW
k =
T=
L B
Cb
B T
B
B = T
T
L
L = B
B
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Optimization Methods
13
Multi-Objective
Hybrid
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Non-Linear Methods:
Gauss-Newton
Levenberg-Marquardt
Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP)
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
Genetic Algorithms (GA)
Simulated Annealing (SA)
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
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14
Random Search
Direct Search
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15
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16
Limits
Usage:
<Tools>/<Solver>
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Multiple range
<Changing Cells> can be
indicated separated by
commas:
$C$4, $C$6:$C$8
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17
Objective Function
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18
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19
input cells
<orange> constraints
<red>
objective function
<gray>
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NOTES:
The value 2.46 results from taking into consideration the width of
the container plus the interval between containers (abt. 25 mm)
In Excel the expression will be:
mod(B; 2.46)
where the function mod(a;b) returns the remainder of the division
a/b
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21
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25
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26
Objective Function
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Non-Linear Constraints
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27
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Dimensioning
annualCargoCostShip
= aoc/nvr/cdw;
56
28
Fn dw;
Lpp = x(1);
B = x(2);
D = x(3);
T = x(4);
Vs = x(5);
Cb = x(6);
% Stability
kb = 0.53*T;
bmt = (0.085*Cb - 0.002)*B*B/T/Cb;
kmt = kb + bmt;
gmt = kmt - (1.0 + 0.52*D);
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29
7.972 US$/t
The results are quite similar to those obtained from the Excel
spreadsheet using the Solver.
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30
Introduction
Linear Programming (LP), is an Operations Research
technique that was first applied during the Second World
War to help solve troop-supply problems.
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LP Solve (ANSI C)
Current version: 5.5 (CD-ROM#68)
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31
Bibliography
Bibliography (1)
9 Artana, Ketut Buda and Ishida, Kenji (2003), "The Determination
of Optimum Ships Design and Power Prediction Using Spreadsheet
Model", Journal of the JIME Vol. 37, No. 6.
9 Artana, K.Buda and Ishida, Kenji (2003), "Spreadsheet Modeling to
Determine Optimum Ship Main Dimensions and Power Requirements
at Basic Design Stage", Marine Technology, Vol. 40, No. 1,
Jan.2003, pp. 6170. (CD-ROM#51)
9 Brinati, HL; Augusto, AO and Conti, MB (2007), Learning Aspects
of Procedures for Ship Concept Design Based on First Principles,
International Conference on Engineering Education ICEE2007,
Coimbra, Portugal.
9 Burgos, D. and Martins, M. (2008), "Projeto Preliminar de
Embarcaes Usando Algoritmos Genticos", SOBENA 2008.
9 Chao, Chen (2009), "The Container Shipping Network Design under
Changing Demand and Freight Rates", The Eighth International
Symposium on Operations Research and Its Applications
(ISORA09) Zhangjiajie, China, September 2022, pp. 245262.
(CD-ROM#68)
M.Ventura
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32
Bibliography (2)
9 Chryssostomidis, Chryssostomos (1967), "Optimization Methods
Applied to Containership Design", MsC Thesis, MIT. (CD-ROM#67)
9 Cudina, Predrag (2008), "Design Procedure and Mathematical
Models in the Concept Design of Tankers and Bulk Carriers",
Brodogradnja, Vol.59, No.4, pp.323-339. (CD-ROM#70)
9 De, Abhijit and Kumar, Ashish (2006), "OPTI-MARINE-WARE
(Optimization of Vessel's Parameters Through Spreadsheet
Model)", Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.
(CD-ROM#51)
9 Dobie, Thomas (2002), The Importance of the Human Factors in
Ship Design
9 Frank, Darko; Klanac, Alan and Bralic, Svemir (2008), "A Concept
for Concurrent Group Design of Ships", Proceedings of
COMPIT'08, Liege, pp.450-459. (CD-ROM#68)
M.Ventura
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Bibliography (3)
9 Frank, D.; Klanac, A. and Bralic, S. (2008), "ng.zine - A New Design
System for Naval Architecture", Proceedings of SORTA'08, Pula.
(CD-ROM#68)
9 Ganesan, Vikram (2001), "Global Optimization of the Nonconvex
Containership Design Problem Using the Reformulation-linearization
Technique", MSc Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University. (CD-ROM#67)
9 ISSC 2003, Technical Committee IV.2 Report
Ship Dimensioning
66
33
Bibliography (4)
9 Liang, Zheng Xuan; Yan, Lin and Shang, Ji Zhuo (2009),
"Collaborative Multidisciplinary Decision Making Based on Game
Theory in Ship Preliminary Design", Journal of Marine Science and
Technology, Vol.1, pp.334344. (CD-ROM#70)
9 Murphy, R.; Sabat, D. and Taylor, R., Least Cost Ship
Characteristics by Computer Techniques (CD-ROM#33)
9 Na, S-S and Karr, D. (2002), Product-Oriented Optimal Structural
Design of Double-Hull Oil Tankers, Journal of Ship Production, Vol.
18, No. 4, Nov. 2002, pp. 237248. (CD-ROM#51)
9 Parsons and Scott (2004), Formulation of Design Optimization
Problems for Solution with Scalar Numerical Optimization
Methods, Journal of Ship Research, Vol.48, No.1, pp.61-76. (CDROM#51)
M.Ventura
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Bibliography (5)
9 Peri, D. and Campana, E. F. (2003), Multidisciplinary Design
Optimization of a Naval Surface Combatant, Journal of Ship
Research, Vol.47, No.1, pp.1-12. (CD-ROM#51)
9 Ross, J.; McNatt, T. and Hazen, G. (2002), The Project 21 Smart
Product Model: A New Paradigm for Ship Design, Cost Estimation,
and Production Planning, Journal of Ship Production, Vol. 18, No. 2,
May 2002, pp. 7378. (CD-ROM#33)
9 Schiller, T.R.; Daidola, J. C.; Kloetzli, J.C. and Pfister, J. (2001),
"Portfolio of Ship Designs: Early-Stage Design Tools", Marine
Technology, Vol.38, No.2, April 2001, pp.7191. (CD-ROM#51)
9 Schneekluth, H. e Bertram, V. (1998), Ship Design for Efficiency
and Economy, Butterworth-Heinemann.
Watson, DGM and Gilfillan, AW (1976), Some Ship Design
Methods, RINA Transactions, Vol.119, pp.279-324.
Whiton, Justin C. (1967), "Some Constraints On Shipping in Linear
Programming Models", Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, Vol. 14,
Issue 2, pp.257-260.
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34
Bibliography (6)
9 Xinlian, Xie; Tengfei, Wang and Daisong, Chen (2000), "A Dynamic
Model and Algorithm for Fleet Planning", Maritime Policy &
Management, Vol.27, Issue 1, pp.53-63. (CD-ROM#68)
9 Xuebin, Li (2009), Multiobjective Optimization and Multiattribute
Decision Making Study of Ships Principal Parameters in Conceptual
Design, Journal of Ship Research, Vol.53, No.2, pp.83-92.
9 Yang, Y-S; Park, C-K; Lee, K-H and Suh, J-C (2007), A Study on
the Preliminary Ship Design Method Using Deterministic and
Probabilistic Approach Including Hull Form, Journal of Structural
Multidisciplinary Optimization, Vol.33, No.6, pp.529-539. (CDROM#65)
9 Zanic, Vedran and Cudina, Predrag (2009), "Multiattribute Decision
Making Nethodology in the Concept Design of Tankers and Bulk
Carriers", Brodogradnja, Vol.60, No.1, pp.19-43. (CD-ROM#70)
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Bibliography
Linear Programming
9 Ferris, Michael C.; Mangasarian, Olvi L. and Wright, Stephen J.
(2007), Linear Programming with MatLab", Society for Industrial
and Applied Mathematics and the Mathematical Programming
Society.
9 Luenberger, D.G. anf Ye, Y. (2008), Linear and Non-Linear
Programming , 3rdEd, Springer.
9 Matousek, Jiri and Gartner, Bernd (2006), "Understanding and
Using Linear Programming", Springer.
Linear Programming Applied to Ship Design
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To improve the quality of the process, the Data Base should first
be cleaned from:
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36
Built
Year
IMO
No
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Lpp
Lwt
DW
Vs
Main
Engine
MCR
Ship Dimensioning
Electr.
Power
73
Cargo
Equipment
Tankers
Bulk carriers
Cargo pumps
Cranes
Container carriers
Cranes
Cell guides
Ro/Ro
RoPax
Ferries
Ramps, lifts
Passenger Ships
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Number of passengers
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37
Ballast
Pumps
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Vol. FO
Vol. DO
Crew
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Cb
LWT/(L.B.D)
CSR WB/DW
Ship Dimensioning
%TEUdeck
%TEU hold
%TEUref
76
38
Notes
exchange.dnv.com
www.sea-web.com
polship.cto.gda.pl
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Notes
Motor Ship
www.motorship.com
Ingenieria Naval
Journal of the association of Spanish naval architects that
www.ingenierosnavales contains some ship descriptions (in Spanish). Digital version
available only by subscription.
.com
Naval Architecture
Significant Ships
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Physical Limitations
Physical limitations can be associated to the geographical
route that the ship uses
Limitations can be due to the existence of canals, straights,
bridges, ports, locks systems
The dimensions affected can be the Length, the Breadth,
the Draught and the Air Draught
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Air Draught
Designation given to the
vertical distance measured
from the load waterline up
to the upper extremity of
the ship (top of the mast,
chimney,..)
Limited to 4.50 m in many
inland waterways in central
Europe due to the
existence of bridges
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Bmax
[m]
Tmax
[m]
Air
Draft
max [m]
DW Max.
[t]
TEU Max.
Panama Canal
294.13
32.31
12.04
--
65,000
4,000
Panama Canal
(after 2014)
427.00
55.00
18.00
--
Kiel Canal
315.00
40.00
9.50
--
St. Lawrence
Canal
222.50
22.86
9.10
35.50
Suez Canal
---
--
20.12
--
240,000
17,000
Strait of Malacca
---
---
21.00
--
300,000
18,000
M.Ventura
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Updated
on Jan. 2010
12,000
82
41
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83
Panama Canal
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42
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2014
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M.Ventura
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Updated
on Jan. 2010
86
43
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Strait of Malacca
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44
Breadth
Station B = 200 m
Station C = 100 m
Leixes/
Other ships
Draught
Air Draught
Station B = 9 m
Station C = 5.8 m
?
Aveiro
140 m
8m
Figueira da Foz
100 m
4.7 m
Lisboa
Trafaria = 235 m
Barra= 10.5 m
(dep. on the tide)
Liscont = 10 m
Sta.Apol. = 8 m
Trafaria = 12 m
Barreiro = 9 m
Seixal = 5m
Setbal
250 m
Barra= 9.5 m
(dep. on the tide)
Sines
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Gen.Cargo = 125 m
Petrol.= 28 m
Grain.= 17 m
Gen.Cargo= 5.5 m
Ship Dimensioning
Petrol.= 23 m
Grain.= ?
89
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Viana do Castelo
Leixes
Aveiro
Figueira da Foz
Peniche
Lisboa
Cascais
Sesimbra
Setbal
Sines
Lagos
Faro
V. R. Sto. Antnio
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45
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(Panama Canal)
www.suezcanal.gov.eg
www.kiel-canal.org
(Kiel Canal)
www.greatlakes-seaway.com
www.atlas.com.eg/scg.html
www.nnc.egnet.net/suezrules.htm
www.portguide.com
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Measures of Merit
The type of measure of merit used depends on the previous
knowledge of the earnings of the ship
Known Results
Net Present Value (NPV)
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Unknown Results
Required Freight Rate (RFR)
Present Value (PV)
Average Annual Cost (AAC)
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47
NPV =
P W
(Q
FR ) PW
(AOC )
PW
( C 0 )
where:
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48
RFR =
AOC + Ci
Q
Ci = CRF ( C0 PW VR )
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49
CRF =
i (1 + i )
(1 + i )
where:
N No. years of ships life
i
Interest rate
PW = (1 + i )
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Bibliography
9 BTE (1982), An Estimate of Operating Costs for Bulk, RoRo and
Containers Ships, Bureau of Transport Economics, Camberra.
9 Watson, D.G.M. (1998), Practical Ship Design, Vol.1, Elsevier.
9 Y-S Yang, C-K Park, K-H Lee and J-C Suh (2007), A Study on the
Preliminary Ship Design Method Using Deterministic Approach and
Probabilistic Approach Including Hull Form, Structural and
Multidisciplinay Optimization, Vol.33, No.6, pp.529-539. (CDROM#50)
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Description / Notes
www.awes-shipbuilding.org
www.cesa-shipbuilding.org
www.dataloy.com
www.priyablue.com
www.bunkerworld.com
www.brs-paris.com
www.equasys.org
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Description / Notes
e-ships.net
www.shippingdatabase.com
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