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La dispersion de la lumire "!b*2 III

n @
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sin i1 n2 V1 1
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8H$ H V 8
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Dtraction de la lumire par un rseau
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{ 5/ 1 N d22 3

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F F 1
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sin =
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k = a(sin sin 0 )
k
a
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sin = sin 0 +
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+ , -$%./ %
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k=0
sin = 0 = 0
#$% ' .O

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k=1
sin R = 2 R n
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Dcrissance radioactive
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F }J - ] <- < ]? ! >z !F , >4i < -4 4- !4> :
Th + 24 He
234
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N(t=0)=N0=K
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: 1 1<4iw % % -3
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32
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N (t ) = N 0 e t = N 0 e
: >!n N(t) z t= >WU?<
N ( ) = N 0e 1 N ( ) = 0,37 N 0
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N0
t=t1/2 <
2
N
1
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2
2
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= Ln2 t1/ 2 = Ln2
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om
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Ln 2
= Ln 2
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t1/2=4,5.109 ans Q3 <! 238 : 7

5600ans Q3 <! 14
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dN (t ) = N (t )dt a (t ) =
dN (t )
= N (t ) >%O4
dt
: K N (t ) = N 0 e t >%O4 1J N(t) |4
a0 = N 0 PU a (t ) = N 0 e t a (t ) = a0 e t
Geigre Kj <O7 . > <GF 1<4iw r n

6BN pN B 6s?N
7000Bq XYr 70kg X? 6j
10Bq XYr 14
100Bq XYr }!" 1kg
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14 )I!@ I 2 1
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b- r 1<4i 14 n" 12 W ?< FF J 3< E?4
1$! C 6 1J J ] j P (0,0001%) >4-G XJ Q4 C-" >? !j
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34
Ln 2
t1/2=5600ans <?!
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a (t ) = a0 e t
Ln
a (t )
= e t
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1
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= t t = Ln
a0
a0
t=
t1/ 2
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= 14132 Bq
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0, 23
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ac
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om
t=
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35
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Noyau ,masse et nergie
I
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1905 + & $ %#
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# 34 7 8& m 1# -9 + E -9 ; # :
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m # 13 ; 34 kg
-9 E4$ 13 ; 34 .
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3 : E>0 E-./.
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E 'E IJ N1 D3 12 12.10-3kg(
2 E 1 W -
N=6,02.1023 :
1 12.103
= 1u1u=1,66.10 kg 4
N
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23
12 6.03.10
-27
W : #;
m p = 1,6725.10
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1,66.10 27
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27
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& 8
NT
4 C7 \; >T
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1eV = 1, 602177 1019 J

1MeV = 106 eV = 1, 602177 10 13 J
IJ ^!.
;( . u
-3 a 7
-. 1u `& 8: 8
36
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E = 1, 66054 ( 299792458)2 ) = 1492, 42 1013 J

E=
1492, 42 1013
= 931MeV
1, 602177 1013
1u = 931,5MeV / c 2
me=9,1.10-31kg eF$ E=mc2 : [;-9 7 : W
E=0,512Mev l&1eV=1,6.10-19J $ E=9,1.10-31.9.1016J=81,9.10-15J
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.
# $ Y$; -9 3 a4
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226
Ra ;
C
;
88
.
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C
Y$; -9 a 7
1u = 1,66.10
27
kg m n = 1, 00867 u m p = 1,00728u m(Ra ) = 225,977 u : 8.

c=3.108m/c2
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37
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. 7 8& Q
tT -. 8 Y$; -9 : /
E = m . c 2 = [(Zm p + Nm n ) m( AZ X )]. c 2
l& X N=226 Z=88
E = ( 88. 1, 00728 + 138. 1, 00867 225, 977). 9. 10 = 2, 779. 10 10 J = 1736,90MeV

16
E=
1736,90
E

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= 7, 68MeV / c 2 8$ E =
226
A
Aston 8 W2E 4 2

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38
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93
1
U + 01n 140
55 Cs + 37 Rb + 3 0 n
235
92
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54 Xe + 3 0 n +
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E = m.c 2 = m ( produit ) m ( reactifs ) .c2
: - *e-i
76E : q2 E
34# PC -. : Ei
. 34# P1 -. : Ef
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. T 34 1 8 -. E ( X 1 ) + E ( X 2 )

. X4 X3 C3 34; F 8 -. E ( X 3 ) + E ( X 4 )
. ;J; W t E$ 3T E1 # -. E
Q = E > 0 8 -.# ;u 3T ; F -. : F#
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235
92
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140
55
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55
234,99346 u
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0
93
37
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235
92
139,88711 u
92,90174 u
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55
=-0,18729u=-3,1100 10-28kg
E = m .c 2 = 2, 7995 10 11 J = 174, 699MeV
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or
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EI*p
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1
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1
2,01355
3
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3,01550
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4,00150
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1,00866
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.(Q=-E>0) 8Q YF 1
-.; F 1 -.# ;u 34 E < 0
( Q=E <0) 8Q YF -9 a ) -.# 34 E > 0
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222
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225,977u
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3
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;
Q = E = E C
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A
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42
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RC
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dt
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43
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) / 16 i(t A

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. ] \ /5( II
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q = qA + qB i = i1 + i2
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=
LC
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T0 = 2 LC
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:
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. A
T0 13 [ 67 H H
: Um 1 1 "
J*41 J3 . 0W! M P* e" 43 04 L 4K Um +D 4*4K
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2
1
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: LC 1
JZ 1
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HK .1 t , e , m JZ b" ( (-
P M 0 0D(! # 0vK M LC 4 M 0k M 0$ 0D(
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m 4* "43 e 0D( " _ P 1

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.
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uAB=0 i-=i+=0
u g = u AM = u AS + uSB + u BM
= R1i + R1i '+ R0i '
u AS = u AB + u BS
R1i = 0 R1i ' i = i '
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k = R0
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. ( R,L,C)

Circuit (R,L,C)en srie en rgime sinusodal forc
!"# $ % ' & # . RLC

1 %*+ 61 "! # 4 01 %*+ / ! %

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. t 6A" %& B : ( .t + u )

t=0 D EF %& G : u
u = 0 % u(t)=Um=Umcos u 1 # t=0 D EF # H

u(t ) = U m cos . t
U O4
: KRO>! KS 0G G4 + G U O4

U=
Um
2
?>= <3
: V*W V V*
O
u ( t ) = U m cos ( .t + u ) i ( t ) = I m cos ( .t + i )
u / i = u i : i (t ) ]* "u(t ) B %]1
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i / u = i u : u(t ) ]* "i (t ) B
i (t ) *] u(t ) B ^_

`
i / u u / i
. 0 # *O1
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u(t )
1 u / i > 0
i (t ) !"# G %& _û(t )

1 u / i < 0
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1 u / i =
*] %P
2
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1 u / i =
om
u/ i =
K A1 b
i (t ) = I m cos t KRO e*>& = u i = 0 1 d]*
ac
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"G
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V uR(t) Y G V O1
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u(t) %S EF %G V uR(t) O V Y Y2 Y1 R^ V
. RLC %G V f*G
. i(t) 6A" { ; O V uR(t) O V &] 1
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!"# VO ! A "! # u R ( t ) = Ri ( t ) i ( t ) =
1
u ( t ) 1 K $]h
R
. i(t) $]h 2
2
V f
A Yv u(t) " Um

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U=
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2
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&] ~ ]K 61 %& +
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i(t) u(t) % A V % / 4" /1 5
. A
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0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
I(mA)
0
0,60
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3,15
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6 %& # *O O1 Z H]!

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hR1 N=500Hz
] W %& { 1
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( R,L,C) B A 2
.
: N NR> F 1 2
i (t ) = I m cos t : % 6A" P* O gh D EF 1
u(t ) = U m cos(t + u )
u = u AE = u AB + uBD
. i P" *] B

+ uDE : ' & 1 K f*G1
: 1 K f*G
: %S EF"! # *
u AB = Ri
: L kA E O
^" " O;" *] *
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u DE = L
di
dt
: C 0O bH" *] *

O % i P "F u &i =
q
dq
uBD =
C
dt
: t=0 #
t
q (t ) = idt uDE
0
u = Ri + L
1
= idt
c0
di 1 t
+
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dt c 0
om
. @* ` 41 i u &=2N N ` 41 # i u
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t
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u = RI m cos t + LI m cos(t +

x (t ) = a cos (t + ) : Ox !"# U
# . t #] O G
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W
f G x %*W
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/ #]" ] 0k*1 %*+

W E
1 V : ~ eAF Ò
. E & W !] *W 1
W . "
. U V>1 = H3 H ?
x 1 (t ) = a 1 cos t : V V*W V* O1
a 1 = a 2 = a gA x 2 = a 2 cos t +
2
. E & W O x = x 1 + x 2 W +

t=0 6A" # B U 1 = a 1 gA U 1 W x 1
1
1 = 0
2 =
t=0 6A" %& B U 2 = a 2 gA U 2 W x 2

1

U = U1 + U2
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a 2 6 U W
t=0 6A" # B
tan = 1 S
x (t ) = a 2 cos t +
4
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!"# >A V / Y & g"H %& KRO % P1"! # #
1 2
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2
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=
C
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om
Z =
Z = R 2 + ( L
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RI m R
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=
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Z
1
C $]A1 G
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or
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cos =
1 2
)
C
. aG=b H1 d III
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d*k1
.
] W O1 %S EF" r

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100
2
2
120
3,12
3,75
130
4,37
4,37
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150
11,25
10
155
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69
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75
161
25,75
14,87
166
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14,5
170
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9,37
8,25
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53,7
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om
H :
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G
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R^ V hR A : W
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h .
# R* /
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3 A B : H1
1 k2 BI
OH1
70
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= 2N I = f(N)
I = f( )
I=
U
=
Z
U
R 2 + ( L
1
=0
C
LC 2 = 1
1 2
)
C
1 Z O1 # >K I
1
LC
1
N = N0 =
2 LC
om
= 0 =
.c
.*W < f G N=N0 *] >K I

H1 O F1?
U
U
I=
Z = R : I O4 P" I0 >

R
Z
=0: <h: MNO u(t) i(t) b: H1 O
.d
or
os
-b
I0 =
1
Z = R V1 #
C
ac
. ]
" "1 O1 L =
" 3db " . < 2
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gh " [N1 , N 2 ] W %& (R,L,C) "3db " .

G :qBF: *
( V1 # " O4 P EH I0 )
I0
] EKS"! # * I W
2
G # N = N 2 N1
:
G A

G A V" 2 1 V
V# gA*
'# I
I0
W gh
2
= 2 1 N = N 2 N1
2 1
2 2
2N =
om
N =
os
-b
ac
.c
rad/s 1 H"! #

G # V# *O
. /
:
G # ] h
I=
U
R 2 + ( L
I0 =
1
)
C
U
V1 # K
R
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or
0& f
A W
G A V" 2 VK V# gA*1
R 2 + ( L
1 2
)
C
w
w
w
U 1
I0
I=
R 2
2
1 U
2 R
2 R 2 = R 2 + ( L
1 2
)
2R
C
LC 21 1 = RC1 LC 2 1 = + RC2
R 2 + ( L
I =
1 2
1
= R
) L
C
C
LC ( 2 2 1 ) = RC (2 + 1 )
2
LC (2 1 ) = RC = 2 1 =
N =
=
2
2L
R
L
. R < B $ L R f"O
G #
. {F ~ N h V1 + {F R & % A %&
S?F? 3
: KRO W E O O
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N0
= 0
N
L
L 0
= Q =
R
R
Q=
. V1 h / h 0 # *O1

G # < ]# $ W E O Q
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. 1 { " F Q 1 "
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=
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L0=
1
V1 #
C 0
om
V1 # E & P1
. : S?F? ~ W E O %]1
: V1 # O; bH %G V * O
.c
U L = L0 I 0 U c =
I0
C0
ac
U c = U L L0 I 0 =
I0
C0
U = R .I0
os
-b
UC =
I0
U
=
= Q. U
C0 RC0
U L = L0 I 0 =
Q=
L0 U
= Q. U
R
UC QL
=
U
U
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s
W=U I
t: % X $G
% v B V *] K G t R^
P = UI

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B
%*W 6 %&
U=VA-VB
i = I 2 cos t
u = U 2 cos(t + )
p=ui 6A"
A %&
p = 2UI cos t. cos(t + )

1
cos t. cos(t + ) = (cos( 2t + ) + cos )
2
p = UI [cos( 2t + ) + cos ]
%& d
& V* %& $G
% v B V *] K G>" h Y
V V

bO k V& p<0
4 p>0 K B $] $G
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<A 2
: T R^ $G
% v B V *] K G
dE
dt
p = 2UI [cos( 2t + ) + cos ]
p=
E = UI [cos( 2t + ) + cos ]dt = UI cos dt + UI cos( 2t + )dt

t
E = UIT cos + 0 = UIT cos

E
P = P = UI cos
T
om

E O Cos
6

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ac
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S = UI
P = UI cos
P
cos =
S

E O
U = ZI
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R
Z
P = UI cos = ZI 2
R
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P = RI 2
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S?F? : d^N?

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R
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I cos =
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U
B $ *P G^ %& + O4 . cos

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I2 <
0.8 V# E
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7 w#: E '.:@ '" B# P"_ GBF Y6Z@Um=5V T
. f=20kHz A
dd B# <4@? 7:7 GBF ': <: 7 T#"$4 w#. R '.:
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3
f
10
= 7 8 : " .
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<i@M.A V
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) u ( t ) = U m ( t ) cos ( 2ft +
IL :/ f .
<i
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u ( t ) = U m cos ( 2f ( t ) t + )
. :/ Um IL
< i
# <i " i dO UL 4 #Q D
u ( t ) = U m cos ( 2ft + ( t ) )
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Modulation damplitude

I
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!"#$ '&" 1 1
AD633 #) +#, -)./$
, p(t)=Pmcos(2FP.t) "!
# s(t) p(t) s(t)

. !-
. s(t).p(t) 5/
0 s(t)+p(t) ./
0 2
A . BC .D u(t) 78 :- ; 5/ 8 > 2- 1
. u(t)=Um(t)cos(2Fp.t)

IJ D!
7R D 8 8 !8 5, !/U0 AD633 !; L!0M; 5 2 2
5 78 5, X8 YD0 !M8
C [0 \! 78 ] Bus ;20
. ^ X8 785
1 ^[ ! 0 ^ 78 7 ^ X8 ;-0 AD633 !; 5 J_`
. 8!R! 2
c
!7-e ] 8 ^ 7
-15V !D CJB0 hY0 i/C J_ 5 E2 E1 X_5 : ![ 0 ^! 5 1 2
. S o +15V , CJB0 hY0 i/C J_ 5
6 4 2 [0[ 0 i/C q 2 2
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$ !"#$ '&"

.#Z : 1 !"# .YZ
: h !, C/ i A/e
. s(t)+U0 E1 _5 ] GBF1 5 > YC *
2 78 GBF1 YD0 [ y R U0 f=100Hz ! Sm=2V !M
D , "!s(t)
U0=3V>Um
( 1 ;|"! ) # 78 :-e] s(t)+U0 Y1 _5 ] J0J D "!" 78 C!

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( FP>10f ) FP=1,2kHz I Pm=4V h

D p(t) , GBF2 YD0 E2 _5 > ] Y *
(2) ;| 78 :-e] J0J D Y2 _5 ] p(t) C!

(3) ;| 78 :-e] us(t) o J0J D "!" 78 C!

. o 5e8 :- us(t) q 1

. s(t)
"! # . us(t) X ^!2
! ! - ! 5
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. s(t)=Smcos(2fst)
p(t)=Pmcos(2FPt) : E2 _5 5e8 > Y
us(t)=k.p(t).[s(t)+U0] ! eC5 S o 5e8
u s ( t ) = k Pm ( s ( t ) + U0 ) . cos ( 2FP t )
U] u ( t ) = U m . cos ( 2FP t ) : .D

!
om
U m ( t ) = k Pm ( s ( t ) + U 0 )
b = U 0 a = k Pm .
.D Um(t) . s(t) 8 !8 U m ( t ) = a s ( t ) + b : .D :]
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s(t) B 5
C h
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U m ( t ) = k . Pm ( Sm cos ( 2f s t ) + U 0 ) U m ( t ) = k . Pm . U 0 m cos ( 2 f s t ) + 1
U
S
: ! |; 78 ^X
:] m = m A = k . Pm . U 0 : .
U0
U m ( t ) = A ( m cos ( 2f s t ) + 1)
le taux de modulation R m R

0 BC .D C ^X
X_
: ^

U m
max
= A ( m + 1) U m min = A ( m + 1)
^X
!0 Um min Um max 50 R 8
: !
m=
U m max U m
U m max + U m
min
min
: SF
3 ;|! ^ ]
fs =
1
430Hz
2, 3.103
1V/div D D!R- : Y

R iR 2
m=
U m max U m min 3 1
=
= 0, 5
U m max + U m min 3 + 1

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4 ;| . us(t)
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78 R; [ J0J D Y _5!0 us(t) X _5!0 [ 0
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3
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. fs ;0 FP ! ! 8 , ; C .D
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) 78 RC ( ; 5 oeX ! C!^ R p = 1k

R = 100; C=5F h
D q DJ0J ^ !D A . LX 0
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] _5J i X:- ue(t) .D
0 YD ;! A/e 5/ .

!0 C YD DJ0J _5 ) ue(t o
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"! . , L!0M
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] !! I
L!0M
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!: `> 78 !L!0M!"# ) ue(t
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5 > YC oe ! ,. 0!\ 1V h
D
B GBF 5 f] 0 c2YD
DJ0J Ums .Do ). us(t
5 5, ] L!e [o 7e-e B Ums
78 :-e] f 50|; . h !,
1 7e-e q f 50 Ums 0!/D . :-
2 ! 8 7R5 !-" LC C . 2Ye
1
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2 LC
= . f 0;C q
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' .E .(H> > '.>> R (O, i , j , k ) G5 :
ac

OG (t ) = x(t )i + y (t ) j + z (t ) k
2
os
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> > 23> (. .E4J:) G 1<5 M 08

#$. 1<5
? @:.: (.

) G ( t3 ) G ( t1
t

) G ( t3 ) G ( t1
t3 t1

= ) v (t 2
.U @:6 +1, .(3. :
> 0 >, #$ 6 (5 VJ: .

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) G (t1 )G ( t3 ) = G (t1 )O + OG ( t3 ) = OG ( t3 ) OG ( t1 ) = OG ( t2
) OG ( t2

= ) v (t2
t
.d
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: 34
23 G(t1) +,@ 8 > '56 t1 G )23G(t2
8< > '56 t2 G ) 23 G(t3 8<
'56, t3 = t1 + t G E '56 6t2 G

= ) v (t
#$ <1.? > <1 . V> (WX ti G [W W 0 0(G
ti+1 .< ' ti-1?(. 0

) OG ( t
d OG
[ .'56 t 0 :
[ > <J^
+, .(3. 6 0
dt
t
88
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dOG

OG
= lim
vG =
t 0 t
dt
: %"
.E 5 E 1<5 #$ .> %.> 5( 1<, 6 E
1<5 #$ . 2 ?.1 6 E #. <(>( .
m/s ' . .G5 6'
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; =< /

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dOG dxG dyG dzG

OG = xG i + yG j + zG k vG ( t ) =
i+
j+
k = vx i + vy j + vz k = xG i + yG j + zG k
=
dt
dt
dt
dt
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:
4 4"
: 0(?? <, (e' c5 6 V. @8 %'
0 $ V. 1, . < ^ > +5.? = 20 8? 'c5> V(>, ? ^
.( . (5 ' :) G # @8 23 V,( e'? 6% ' ?'c5> 6
. ( )V( 6 V5 = 40ms
' F( 'h V?.@ (i j(/? $ V. j?, ^ < .E3' c5>(' , : (,.A?
# @8 23 V, . <1? #, $ V..? j+ )l 1 k?.H V.? k+A ;( W
. ( )V( 6 V5 . = 40ms .( . (5 ' :) G
: @"A
6 $ V. @ 8 G .6% v4 v2 V( V +5.? 1
. G4 G2 0(3>
.>%.? v4 v2 0(E> V( V 6 VA 2

E> V( V 0 G3 VA . e: %
. ( v4 v2 )
.
3
34

v (t3 ) t1 G 6 E v (t1 ) 0

aG (t2 ) . E , t3 = t1 + t G

aG (t2 ) =
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v ( t3 ) v ( t 2 )
t3 t2
: (.@ :.?

v ( t2 )
t
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v (t )

a (t ) =
: t G . E .6 q?
t
. 0(?.< ' ti-1 ti+1 0(G? W[ ti G . @: #$ V>,

vG

: F(? aG ( t ) . E ,
><'.5 q , t .5 .'56
t

vG dvG
aG (t ) = lim
=
t 0
t dt
. m/s2 > ' . .G5 .'

. % (; '$ > .? . E : 8
: CD

. %.5 % .>%.? .EA . a3 E>?< .( + % '+5.? 3
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=< /

: R (O, i , j , k ) . . E .(H* '

dv
dv dv dv d 2 xG d 2 yG d 2 zG

aG ( t ) = G = x i + y j + z k =
i + G2 j +G 2 k =
xi +
y j + z k
2
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
: EF G/

r+ R ? j+ .( O, i , j ) 6 G k,.
ac
: .. .@:

+ yj
, aG =
OG = xi + yj , vG = xi
xi +
yj
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vG = vx2 + v y2 , aG = ax2 + a y2
: .. .@: s (O, i ) <(>( >G k,.
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/*
:
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j+ (i .<%u .% ,( .%
. 2>.?

G5>' . ( M , u , n ) 5
F( >1<5 23 2 ; +15

E .> %.> u '; E

u 2 '. n ;E 5
. .> .5, V) E
5 .% aG . E 06 +,

: .. +5.?
w
w

, aG =
OG = xi , vG = xi
xi
: F(? aG = aT .u + aN .n
dvG

F(? %.>> . E aT
dt
v2

. M 23> .> .5, .U F(? aN =
>G5> . E a N

: ( +W '' .5 0> v a 0(E> > ' :) 0 : 8

a.v = a.v.cos(a, v )

= (a, v ) 8.? a.v '.U

yW.+ a .v < 0

6. a.v > 0

. >G5 (>(< a.v = 0
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aT =
90
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II
1 N = F N L! .
<(. ?' '' ((,.( %>> 6>' % 0' A
> z(5? r< ><(HX.? , >( .E ., 0(? ((,. @ )( @ ).(
< ./( V(HX >( ((,.> 6 <+1>> 0 6. h
< ')( (HX >( ((,.>W 0 <+1 ^. >6>> (>5

: 8 . > < ./( = 0 .'5
<, F #$>>8 ;+U 6
ext
(. .((,.
2 N P I = +N

;
!
X 0 " N L! "4 S E #! T ND

= 0 = I
( F
ext
Y; " vG %+N # G9 S +
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< ('+ .E < .
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e.1 ^@>. 5>.? (.i 2>? }( ( .. (6.51h'@( .
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?> 5>.? .((.i .'@( .
? +5.. <( >' > 0.+6 0$>(. 0(((.i 0
bI 2
4

vG
CN
4 ` Fext = m t
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AAP

vG
3 1 ` t $ Fext
j+c,>'c5 <( . 2c, V.$ @.E? ;1?, H .E @ +1 ? j+c ?.@ ?.H1%
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j(/ r1 .>'c5 % . ;(<+, V4J, ..E ( 85 V.$
>'c5 ? Vq< F ;(6 .E<+1 ( F = 0, 27 N ) j(/ }q,@ V, k>23
G .E@ 8 V.$ ' (.. 6 V5 = 80ms(V

)( G,( V. ;q%
}q, '(,? 2.qh ? }q5'J ? 0 F (+ <,E >q 0 F+5
souflerie V.$ 6 V, .() V(
91
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1 < > 6 <+1 V.$ .5H ; ? ^ .
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5
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vG
F
<>
. Fext = m
m V.$ 0 < . m=450g :@:
t
m
6 +, @ h

f
>. G.5 . G 5 }6 . 'U f #$< .

vG
7 k>6 <,. #' 0 (5 ,.A@:
Fext = m@ ,$ <,.
t
+ 'e.q . ;5
3 c 2N @
. I

v

.5 .'56 , t.5 q ). <> E , G. r+ aG@:
t

vG

,.@ ?.>? Fext = m t G <,. Fext = m.aG 0 (5 ,.A
c :
;
!4
X 0 " N L! "=! S E #! T ND
# "+ %* : G

= maG
ext
+1 h : 8<,. 0 (5 ,.A h> 2. ((.4

(+1 (+1<,. 0 (5 ,.A> 2: ((.4
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%
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. >>'5 R' 6 aG = 0
2 +W 2<,. R 0 (5 ,.A '. . R 5
4 N @I f
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ac

+1,<,. P + F = M .aG : R 0 (5 ,.A

+1,<,. .>? R' 0 (5 ,.A s aG = 0 V(A> 0 Fext = 0< :

Fext 0
cN = : <K " .

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2
T
O
2e.E.d
:
m
+: 1:
+
.d
or
T+ *: O! 1%" E *: O! k J !( #:
.
-C7

E O75
5 v0 :
K%

O!* O+ $( 1! v0 t0 = 0 LQ(
/ (q < 0) "1Q_ % 4

/ E L+M!* :
.O %M
fb.com/dorosbaccom
106
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: +* O+

qE
. 3 8 / a =
: E O! / %( +* O+
m

E = Ej P, (O, i , j , k ) LM!! 2+!( 2! / @2 .% "
ax = 0
qE

1M
a a y =
m
az = 0
ax

"N 1"%@ 4 j+M+ " a a y
a
z
0

E E
0
MJ c2!
: + # _ #+
os
-b
ac
.c
om
vx = v0
v0
0

qE

MJ c2! $( v v y =
t : * O+ U, $( TQ" v0 0 OM 0 0
m
0
0
vz = 0
x = v0t

qE 2
OM y =
t ( O, i , j , k ) (2! /
m
z = 0

+ v0 #* O+ $( 1! L+M *O / % , j+M+ "
. 1+ ,
*/ ( Oxy ) 1+ !
.d
or

!L+M !%+ , (O, i ) 1Q! $(

. L+" g+ !%+ , (O, j ) 1Q! $(
! 2
: y(t) x(t) +MJ +2! t J TV ! 2 $( TQ"
qE 2
x : M y(t) MJ 2!
2mv02
. q < 0 PQ y =
# v0 #* O+ $( 1! L+M *O
/ t=
x
v0
/ "1Q_! %
. O(k J
: *: O!* 4 LQ %
: !* : O! % 4 %" S U, @= :_ ^ , M
TQ" c2!
/ tS =
LQ( M S %M
v0
fb.com/dorosbaccom
107
xs =
/ % 1 S
qE 2
y
=
2mv02
vSx = v0

vS
qE : $(
vSy = m v
0
www.doros-bac.com
PQ 9 K: $!
%/= Oc 8 vS *O+! 1:
tan =
vSy
vSx
qE
mv02
: *: Q"c=
: *: O!* g M % , 2#x
# ^ , !V .%/ *" (* %#! 1%/ *: O!* 4 M

1! 22_+ k_ T+/ . vS *+ !L+M !%+ % , 1: 1T%
% "@ %" O %M k_( s / ! OA ' = L
2" . (O, i ) 1Q! $(
/ s %" A %M / ! 1) X@3N K: De
O! I
! "
De = ys + ( L ) tan tan =
om
: M :_@ 4 . *: O! 11 s %" A * :
AH
A ' H = ys PQ De = A ' A = A ' H + HA
L
: M % @ 2 ^ ,
qU
U
qE
: @2 #T E =
! De = L
2
d
2 mdv0
2 mv02
.c
+ De = L
ac
$( ^+:
K = L
2 mdv02
K PQ De = K .U :
+ :_
os
-b
+QT W#! 1+ 8 x^ M+ *: Q"c j+M+ "
1+ 8 Q"c^ M+ P, + g+k # / sZ = g+
+ +QT $( W#! 1+ 8 %/ Q"c +%/ +QT $( W#!
: ) I
. v0 = 107 m / s %/ v0 +%/ +J(/ +Qs +: j(
.d
or
1x d = 4cm +QT( s / ! U = VP VN = 40V +QT 1+

. = 6cm !*M

E *: O!* g M +:
%+"c N! + AH / ! ^ , 1

. A %M / +:* O+ J! , 2
O %M 22_+ ! k_( s / ! . De
*: Q"c ^ ! , 3
L = 50cm
v0 = 10 m / s # +: j(
:
De #2 ! 2+^ O
+ U 8 + 1 !

U U c
: 1
%/ .Z 8 6 2
AH 3, 2.10 3 m 1
v0 #%
U ' = 282,5V De 5cm 3
fb.com/dorosbaccom
108
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III .
'( )*
KL(
- (. GH 8( )8Y
1 O U J, $( Mg+:"
Mg ^% M : O"1# "@ ,"Q JQ+:" " .!@M L,
/ ! #1 ( ^% * $QM g+ .Q"c # 231 : M!Mg
$QM :2+ *:! /!( (. #1
" : j+M+
J, $( :":+:" 41#M ! *1 %" . U+!1% :":
! $1% ! . Mg !J*
2 1% ! M2
2 1 @ 1"J+
8YZ "1Q_ % Q+ q MQk v *+*O+O 4 Mg
om

1 $ 1 $! F Mg 1"Q J+ @2! *O+F = qE B : +

J! /2 ! qv +*O+ :! B+M+ !J 1% . F
*( W#
ac
.c
@4 = "*! %!_ "1Q 1% ! Mg+

2 J! 2 1% ! Mg
!J 1 1" J+ :
" % U+#+ * " % " % .

B +*O+

.4 : U+1!2 ( $! 1+ !Q 1 ) (v , B 1! F ( $! v *O+($
os
-b
!. B *O+
! : $QM 1!1: PQ $QM U@U
_ F = qvB sin :
)(T

B 8 v *"1:
.d
or
MQk : q % )(C

: v % m/s
k : B !O ! Mg

k# (qv , B, F ) 1 .
J +
k : F 1 1"(N) J+
(: u1Q
^ , g+ F $QMk 1TQ( (! . q ( $QM $! W#" F *O+, 1% .
8s@N ( ! . $M* . qv . B : #
F: $1
I#
!$M
cQ 2M + */1% !: xMg
q=0Q % *

v = 01+ %
I B = 0 !O ! Mg

= 0 = v $( B %+, .
I(
(9. \UCK : ) I [X-73
He 2 +
2
4
(
@ 75 . B=2.10-3T `Ca b8Y( :'( v0=103m/s

5 N v 0 , B
60
Ca n.
b8Y ) Rkl 3 [X-C73 .( \% '3 B v0
)*
K O75 F I (v , B ) = 60 : I (B , v ) = 60
0
109
fb.com/dorosbaccom
www.doros-bac.com
3
v0 = 10 m / s q = +2e "M 2! ^ , F = qv 0 B : J+"1 @ ^ , : \
B = 2.10 3 T
F = 3 , 2.10 19 N V/ F = qvB sin
F 1% k !
.c
om
GH 8( )b8Y(
*) ('KL(
-
. 3
Q / (U! W 8! #+ "+: JQ $( *!!2" % , "
. B $( 1! v0 B !L+M Mg cO j( m *+(+ q *+MQk % #+2"
. B )b8Y\ ' U
K No(
9
.
<b
1+ +: #"
t LQ( / % $( 1M "N 1"% W#"
$( % * O+!@ 2 #T+/ xMg! 1% _ % "*! P + F = ma
os
-b
ac

q

a=
v0 B qv 0 B = m . a F = qv 0 B ! F = m . a : + :_
m

M a z = 0 M2 a ( 0, an , 0 ) M u , n , k :_ / =+4 M/ (2 /

, % Q/ +( u , n ) 1+ ! / + % , # ! z = g (t ) = 0
.d
or
at =
dv
=0
dt
M/ (2
/ W ( Q+ ^ ,
v = cte = v0
/ "( 2" a n =
M/ (2
v0

n
2
m.v 0
q
v
= Cte = R j+M+ " a = an v0 B = 0
q .B
m

a = an + at = an
. 1+
\ Na (
. 1 %
TrU
v0
XC@
5@ B H 8( b8Y( :'( 3v C85 m
7 q
8a
-
.
.
H 8(
X
. B R( C(< (
. 'O75 <O ) 8 (
(1) R =
m.v0
: 35<a
q .B
-
JC
b8Y C- *

(

P = F .v P = q v B .v = 0
$( 1! ! 1% = 1: 2M ! xMg! 1%
: t M@ 4 *%+" M % $( Q M# W#"
fb.com/dorosbaccom
110
www.doros-bac.com
( )

1
mv 2 = Cte v = cte = v 0 E C = Cte E C = W F = 0
2
.
KL(
-C

- Y : )b8Y ' :
TrU
)b8Y Ko : 4
O' P = D m / !
L+M
R=
xMg! Q"c
! " : z<
xMg O! 8YZ P, 1x J, v0 O %M W J, j(
. #* O+ 8 2+
mv 0
*2k C J 1 # 1
q .B
xMg! O!
/ %
.
xMg! O! % g S %M M
om

) !L+M !%+ *+, #T PQ v 0
( 1T% #
PQ J Q"c $! = (OC , OS ) J

R
.c
sin =
ac
tan =
O' P
OO' OI
Dm
L OI
os
-b
) << L gs (!2+ ! J* / !

( sin = tan
.d
or
xMg! Q"c
m.v0
Dm
=
R
L
*: Q"c" %! :

{7(
Dm =
*: Q"c : N
. (+ 1#"
q . B . L.
Dm =
q . B . L.
m.v0
De =
q E . L.
2
m . v0
xMg! Q"c ,@
/ !2+ *.
1
8 x^ M+ "
v0
: VI
7N 1
T" :k $( D2 D1 +(s1 +#( 1(: 1:+ W * 1(:
. !*2k gs / !*M T +I +"1
. B =0.14T k B L+M Mg O #( 4 1
"1# J, W(M . #1 N U 1 +#(2 W#" 1
1: P, D1 #(2 1Q" * +/ S 8#M!
v1=4.38.105m/s : A %M 1s M 1
! 2k R1 ! 1M "N 1"% W#+ 2 1
. D1 4 1#(
.# c T . 1# Q T ! 2 1
. = 2_ c 1#
U 1+ k M g+ + LQ( / B1 $ 1# T 2
D2 #(2 1Q" 1# +/
M 1#( v2 Q M# W#+ 1 2
. v2 v1 U =-2kV (! A2 %M
fb.com/dorosbaccom
111
www.doros-bac.com
22k R2 : 2 #1 4 D2 #(2 ( $ . R2>R1

2 M 31s #1 $ g+ B2 %Mk , s . 1+ #1 21s
. B2 $ j+M+ u 1(: (!` k g+ U .
" 2 (+#1 m=1.67.10-27kg
MQk#1 e = 1.6.10-19C
2 zb GJ
7 N
x* (+: !/ : "1 + (+Z Qk !2+ O
* O . Mg
1:+ (1" (+: : (Dempster) + #
O, j+M P, +"1

E
om
O, 4 P, 8 +"1 : 1: + 2M

Q 1 . U 1
4
2+ 3
2+
" / "1 2 He ,2 He+(+! m3= 5.10-27kg # 4" m4=6.7.10-27"1 /
O
1 Z "1
.c
* Q L+M 1 +Qs W# U 1 P1 + !*2 + P2 $%M
.A
2+
2+ 3
2 He ,2 He$( A %M
os
-b
ac
v1 + 8++ !*" v2 M +O %M

# . v1 + 2 c v2 . M
v1 ^ ,. v2
2 4"1 M xMg cO A %M
1! B !L+M ( +*O+ $ v1 + v2T
%M $#%+ MP! $( M2_. :
^ ,! MP / P (s +%" M8
"1 %M $( 24 He2 + ,23He2 +#%+ 2" .
.d
or
=104V B=0.5T
112
fb.com/dorosbaccom
www.doros-bac.com

' %
$
!"#

I . ,
-Kepler !
)*+
1 9: 67

.

)(' #%&# %#( S , i , j , k ) !"#
.d
or
os
-b
ac
.c
om
(
# / . *# .*) +
# ,-
3) ,, (%
)0&% . &(,
2 ,
-
! :
-. - @ >
"
.
*4 ; ): (# %08 6 # 56 .
E-. : I 6H 9: 6$
J7 K P7@ N%. L
M
F4 / &# >"*"# E 3# ?&C&? 5AB ) ?# # @:; "*">
HB . &(, G3# ?&&(, ?&@:"( G0B"&@: F K( F BF. E
&? " ?# M @:FMF + MF ' = Cte = 2a : "4 E
8 P5) a * O 0. E
-# # : S 0G ?G>4 E
UC0 # &"4 /*( lliptique > &#
; .
-. 6-+ - .
) 0&%# 0 56 C P . ` .
?# P H:&"4 t = t2 t1 "# P1 a> . P2 a
` ; :&)d B A1 # c *5 (?

PP . P
] [ SP1 ] [ SP21 2 @:
` ) A P3 ?# P H:&"4 t = t4 t3 "#> P4
113
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)` e ; :&)d B c A1 = A2 / A2

E--. RM : [ SP ] . S%M 6# % P7
ac
.c
om
@ 6H .#
# .

&4; ): !# 0& KB B
( &(, h G &6 ?#
e&G. c*i %
B G 56 &4 #"G
# 56@:"( .
A6S # ?#
B G ) &4 #"G
# 56@:"( .
A# ?# %(S .
-. W+ -
: A # ?( #?&&# ?4
A) ?# P ."# ?# @: . .
T "#& +6&4
#3)F . C. #
E-. 9% \ # :@ @ Z Z [I- 9 Y !
]
. K
os
-b
T2
, !-^ *% E= k :
#
a3
/ T )(s
8 P5) a * O 0 (m) &( E
( r%&B d &(, K m 2 / s 3 +B
k 6 ) 3 0"( +A "! .

_Y 0"( : & ?40&G # +Br +G%t 4
.d
or
T2
&4): = k : 0 /-
r3
)@)6 r0 0 >G v46S G"@id& B C . #; .* # H4
6S & B ) A &( k 6 r%&B . .
II Y @ `#
T2
(K BF E )w 0"( e = k :
a3
) 3 0"( eA
T2
)6 S c054 = k :
r3
" C 5&: 6S >G 4 / 4

6 r0@B)? 0iw & :
# # .
# P G &(, * !&"# 4
r %t .
1 '
Y @ `#
[M
B ) @: !&"# 4 # ; ." @:4
). &(, +&G 6 z
a"#
) C M @:) 0&% # . ?%# %# C !&"# 4 M
114
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# C . >*"# C 0
# e
# r eG%t* C M a# %) .&

) ( (C , i , j 4 5CS .
` i : !&"# 4
d
G= cte : &(, 4
dt

+3&# # v G *"# >*"#* v = r .u : +3&# u
= =
# 4.
2 r
* # : #
v
=. T
5A 4 rad G 4 rad / s
om
a"##
C* 4"&! &4 +3&# .3B0&G( G
dv v 2
}C "4C u + n
dt
r
= a) %)* 0"( e 4
.c
v2
dv
v = cte a = n
"&! = 0
r
dt
ac
os
-b
(& }C +3&#& #%"# h8 ?# *# &+3

"! n # *) e
# .
Y ! % a"# `##
^"-
!M
% :
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or
v2

a = n % cH v = r . a = r 2 n
r
a !- rad / s d r @ v #% L !-

m / s a !-
a# a !- m / s 2 n a"#
@ `
Y- a: . C
2 Z7 \\
IY f . `#
) 0i
0&%&& m e # 56 .. h %# C !&"# 4

v2
F
=
F
M
34
(&
a
=
ext
r
^ ^"-

%
56 3);3( # z(, +!"# 44 +!"# :
ex

)@ r0): >G ?B" )- ; = m . aG : 3

(* / 3# Fext = F : @ >G :0 3. 5

*5 >G 34 !&"# 4 B +3&#& aG
mv 2
à
r
III - "# ,M
- 6-
=. F
E-. :@Y (A) ,
.- ,
: ,
% ) (B m A a## mB AB H a
% JIM
"M mM 6- FA/ B W

Y% FB / A :
115
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www.doros-bac.com

G . m A . mB
FA/ B = FB / A =
u AB
AB 2
G = 6, 67.10 11 m 3 . kg 1 . s 2 : 6-" # #%) : G

. B Y- A , a: @ a"# u AB
os
-b
ac
.c
om
: ?&& *&? C @:) h

S> G U;) : ; r0@4
. & 4 &H,B

. +"( iA C # +# %( +

@ Y IV
. S #
.d
or
? ;0) . &

w)
. *.; # "&! )*#
: ,M
6-+ -. o
!M 1
mS & C .56 # # r(@&4 ;P .# m e&& 0 0&%)

FS / P

m.m
FS / P = G 2 S u SP : ) 3& 6 > vw4
r
m. m
m

= G 2 S uSP = m . a p a p = G 2S u SP : "4 ?B" )-) :
r
r
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116
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}C &( # (;3)" & %4 .3Bd A) + uSP a p 6%? ` # 4

. !&"# 4 P
: }C 4# (;3) 6 ) 3& 6 (

m
G . mS
v2
v2
= G 2S v =
. )- r:*&4 &( FS / P = m. uSP
r
r
r
r
B a #
# C
v=
G . mS
: 6% e&G r:*B ( r
r
T !
@ @M 2
T
om
2 r
r3
T2
4 2
2
"4
=
:
0
/-
):
>G
H5*)
6%
.;
?#
T
=
T
=
r 3 G . mS
v
G . mS
ac
.c
T2
. (& r%&B d 3 &(
r
. r
r @Y V
os
-b
6$ 9: %
# 3& w) S 6
. 4# C
H 6 )
. %08 6 (la lune) : H4 : -#
. !
@ @M 1
8 r:*&4 #"G !&"# 4 S G"@i 6 B
rT % mT & T S 8 ?# :0@ :
.d
or
. 4# (;3) FT / S
G"@id :> G
mv 2
6% r:*4 z(, FT / S +!"#
r
a=
v2
&
r
,B z*B G"@id :

4: ?B" )-) : r0@&(
FT / S =
)S
:> G S 8 ?# :0@ : FT / S
) :
: G"@id

mT . mS
mS v 2
FT / S = G
uTS =
uTS
r2
r
GmT
GmT
v2 =
v=
r
r
. S %t rT 0"( G"@i : AB z r = rT + z /*(
r3
T = 2
= 2
G . mT
( rT + z )
G . mT
: G"@i : * T
H( G"@id : (& T G"@id : G v r%&Bd : *#

. S c@ 0"( z eGAB (r%&B
satellisation .#\ 2
fb.com/dorosbaccom
117
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: [M
:&d 6 a# C G"@i . S @G G .wB C e 4
!&"# S .
&B; .( %@ # vC 0& :B ( # :
H : G"@id> AB A4 / 200km 3 S%"# 04:B a .
c"# :# C >:04 e%3B G G"@id S (*B / +3&#G
G 0 +3&# >G 4 TS ar:*4 +!"#
G . mT
: 6%
) ( rT + z
=v
z 36000km
T 2 .G . mT
z =
rT
2
4
)(r + z
G . mT
=T
.d
or
G r0@B :
os
-b
ac
.c
om
) 0&% :: %a` G"@id &3 S':C a

) H+&d &. 3( :%
3
r ! % .
4 : G"@id" (" 0 ( #
*&# h (" c@ >G 0S .
4 : G"@id" (" 0 :
C
SB a S *#
0@:4 ;+ T w ( G 24 ) C #4
+!4 : G"@id" (" 0 : 34
4 >*"# C S *# . +0@6
4 . T iw *# . 0@:
#
4 . &# C `' &d .
z 6 4*B ?# T 6 ?B T = 23h56 min = 84164 s dAB c@ ?G zS
118
fb.com/dorosbaccom
www.doros-bac.com

I "! ) &%( $
% ! "#$
) ( ( &'( )*$
* 87 452 * -01 .'-** *- ) ( .

(B >) ('& A@ )$ "#> (=<; :
1 "!
EF 7 &'-* "#$ A M
! ) (
7 *J = Ox ,OM : H$
. ( t ) -
os
-b
2
ac
.c
om
Ox ) =$! LF (
*# B8 &'-* H$
4- 2 (=<; . <$
B EF 7 :- =* B
. rad
ST @ "# E *
) ( UEF 7 ) t A 7 (
(=< ( ST @ "# E
* ) ( ( W t i : M &'-*>) . M i
(=< ' B$ A: t i +1 A LXW t i 1 t i : ;2 #W 5#7

M &'- t i : 5#* A M &'- &1 t i +1 A: t i 1 :
) ( t i +1EF 7 M &'-t i +1 :
( t i +1 ' B$ t i 1Z A -W t4
( [E %1 : (B-5
d
lim
=
t 0 t
dt
d
dt
( = ( t i +1 ) ( t i 1 ) )Y t = t i +1 t i 1
) ( t i 1EF 7 M &'-t i 1 :
.d
or
) ( t i +1 ) ( t i 1
=
t i +1 t i 1
*' FE\ A 7 <#- 4 7
.t1 :
B 5#7 :- =* B
rad / s
.<WEF 7 EF * s ( t ) -- S= : s ( t ) = r . ( t ) :
119
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^-#( -= A S 5# ) v ( t ) = s ( t ) M &'- : 5#_& ( 5#7
) v ( t ) = r ( t ) : ( t
3 , ) ( t
&-.
( t i ) A% 5#7 ! "#$ A M &'-
t i :
LX ' B$ A: t i +1 A J t i 1 ) ( t i +1 5#7 M &'-
t i +1 : ) ( t i 1 5#7 M &'-t i 1 :
om
-W B-5 ( t = t i +1 t i 1 4- [ET 4 '*#

t
) ( t i +1 ) ( t i 1
t i +1 t i 1
4*'
5# A 7 <#-7 :
t i +1 t i 1
.c
d
) = ( ti
dt
) ( t i +1 ) ( t i 1
lim
t 0
B # 7 :- =* B rad / s 2
ac
&: 01$23& 45
1 5#7 &'- ! "#$ A M
. = 10rad / s
os
-b
## 7
;2H . &'-
=<L M &'-
<=WEF 7 eB *5 t A 7 EF 7 B-5! f
. 0 = 2rad
2 <=WEF 7 ! "#$ A N &'-
:
<=W B$ 5#7 eB. A 7

<=W B$# 7 eB. A 7
=<L N &'-
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F = m.a ' ( O, j ) $ A- $ N P + R = 0 #

xi t v$- # G x / $' F = kxi : ( O, i ) A- ~=
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& I
L} - , & ' 7!4 - , P 7O
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A- = 52E Z ! =

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= J : L= T0 V .
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2 & g * gh. c626 56
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T0 P 5 C * l
: lNL n 6 g m[/# c626 56$ D T0
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L
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}# ; )
. m / s2
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& L C f 0 '(' #C 6 = : NO
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& 3EK' Q- P< $ V JLR E m = 100 g 3- ' k
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. g = 10m / s 2
1 1 '*O Y '. K ' k
= P&: k' ' Q-
< A- LK P : P F P 'k

V} QLK ' I + P L E
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F = P mg = K ' 2E = 42 N / m
=K
132
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1 2
V I 3 . R
K 4
( ': :KC# L X
X exp X th
X th
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2 ' =& & &'r I ' # # C ; .
m
K
P-& T = 2 #' 2 # # ! - kg # '*O 'N / m k
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I kg .m / s 2
! & Y &'r #- C A- T0 7!4 :
1/2
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[ M ] .[ L ] .[T ]2
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1 0,7
3,6
1,5
3,3
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( )
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( )
( )
&' * ) + , -/ 3

. >- . * >-> @; - */0 7* k 7!+ *G B , R N
. R
& 7-: S RT
.d
or
. OM = xi
?> & - M ;@ O
T/
. U*
%T V.S
6/ * F '= U X- /
w
w
F M & 7-: U= *

/ M
%& U -
F = kxi %& F = F >
x G-L =* F F = kxi

. B >0-

B A U :
' F

B
B
B
W F = A W F = A F . = A kxi . x.i
A B
( )
( )
: /6/ Z' &' : /[ K/'

: ', 0
J 0 F = kx . U : > x G-L 1 F
T/ ' &/\ >. /\
+ /
( )
KI> - /[ L >?)6

./ S. W F = k .x. x >?)6
I= -'
. 7C
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xB 0G- B x A 0G- A M
S. /6 7- 'F *> *K

I X&/ 7 S. .')? 6! ./
CDEF

W F = ACDEF = AOEH AOCD
A B
A B
( )

( F ) = 12 kx
2
B
1
kx A2
2
223 0
K
/6/ .> ! -
om
*
G&- dx >*@, / >?)6 1
: !
xB

xB
1
W F = kxdx = kx 2
xA
A B
2
xA

1
1
W F = kxB2 kx A2
A B
2
2
.c
( )
ac
( )
: 567
;@ A ;@
' 7*6' U & * 6 : /

( F ) = 12 kx
os
-b
1
kx A2 : xB x A > * /0G- B
2

1
1
W F = kx A2 kxB2 : U : / 1
X- F = F /
A B
2
2

. `.6 G )/ >?0@; /@; ?> / F 1'*=

. W
A B
.d
or
( )
2
B
' 9: ) II
;@ : /. 7I & a : )b' )b' 7X- 1 :N U K'
. /
0G- A

c
6 U* & * F 6/ '=
V.S 7X- K[ S >- dZ C %S xB 0G- B K[ S >- x A
: ' &
( )
( )
( )
( )

1 2 1 2
mvB mv A = W F + W F = 0 W F = W F
A B
A B
A B
A B
2
2

1
1
W F = kx A2 kxB2
A B
2
2
( )
K
K .' U : * 6/ : =/
I
. ;@ : > { U 6/ } /6/*
( )

W F = EPe ( A ) E Pe ( B ) ; N
A B
>> > -> @; - { U ` .C } K /6/ / @; :
. E pe =
1 2
kx + C : ` .6 7'I C /6/ cZ 7)b
2
. / @; C/ & ! & C
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137
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(C = 0) %S x = 0 G-h =-/@; /> - / @; : b ,G
. 6 > S* >/> \ - 0S E pe =
1 2
kx : / @; : K2
. 7!+ k U : x

B
F : j&*
A E pe = W
A B
9:
( )
E { &' @25 AB- } ;#2 =< III

. E
. ;#2 3 1
* ;C/ . S> - v 7[ m 7* 7'I*
B V*G` .6 -'
1 2
mv %& EC S :
2
om
. 6 > S* >/> \ - EC S EC =
cG ) > [ V*G` .6 [ X- S S >- `.6 /

V*G` .6* > &ZZ/ Z0 & ZZ/ .
ac
.c
1
1
x = xm cos
t + %& EC = mv 2 = mx 2
2
2
T0
os
-b
. ;#2 G'G 2

: G'G H0 I
;@ : & /6 > t \& >- /6/ KK/; C >. /6/ cZ0
EP = E pp + EPe / 7@ : T 7@ : /6 >> - ZZ/ ;@ :
G ) G /> -L ./ ; T @; C/ & b
.d
or
`.C K /6/ KK/ EP = EPe *

G& ( EPP = 0 ) ZZ/
Em =
1 2 1 2
mv + kx + C : > - U V*+
2
2
Em =
1 2 1 2
mv + kx : >
2
2

* G& x = 0 E pe = 0 : > / @; C S J
fb.com/dorosbaccom
138
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GKL K
K- T0 b c
* \ G&- xm ZZ & ' [; cZ> -
1
1
v x ` R /0 Em = mv 2 + kx 2 . /6/* KK/ ,&
2
2
1
Em = kxm2 KK/ X- xm 'G 0/ [1 ZJ
2
1
1
1
7 Em = kxm2 = mvm2 X- > Em = mvm2 X- x = 0 [1 K /
2
2
2
vm = xm
k
: ! n.
m
om
*/ KK/ ! ZZ/* *@, /

* G& K/' dZ
: )* . 0
.c
dEm
= 0 mx + kx = 0
= kxx + mxx
dt
.d
or
os
-b
ac
: >-L / * b

Em EC EPe /\ p, *
T/
. S> - KK/ r,& KS1 B >- : 567

. 2O+ GK K
1 7
* \G&- t ) ; 6' ZZ [; s ' & cZ> . /0 KS S >( KS1 C & ) 1 t ) ; /6/* KK/ s ')
: ) 1 Em EC E pe
& K
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139
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om
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2 R =< IV
ac
. ;#2 3 1
{ d*. VN > } ZZ/ /6/
/ VN* > &- G& >* & X- */0 7* d*. /
os
-b
: >
KI & * K[ ( ) R &S S >- 7
.d
or
1
d*. : .6/& ) ( /* . VN G )J %S EC = J 2
2
. VN )' .
. ;# 2 9: ) 2
VN G ) d*. c.6' ( ) &S ZZ S >- C 7 >
@ /6/ cZ = & * . J & ) ( /* .
. 2 1 : )/0G-

R VN * d*. VN P : 7S VN * / C
MC = C. 0) >* C)

1
1
:' R P aJ / J 22 J 12 = W P + W R + WC : /=
2
2
1 2 1 2
J 2 J 1 = WC /0* X- ( ) &/;
2
2
( )
2
T0
= m cos
( )
t : >
KI > * ZZ/ /6/ ) & /*`
. .&* / a. = 0 ZJ

2
2
2
2
t1 2 = m cos
t2 1 = m cos
t1
sin
1 = m
T0
T0
T0
T0
2
2
1
1
sin
t2
WC = C12 C 22 (1) !> - cZ U' 2 = m
T0
2
2
T0
fb.com/dorosbaccom
140
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. 2 1 )G-L *> ' C

)T/ ! cZ
;@ : > { d*. VN } /6/* K
K .' >* C)
1
1
C 22 E pt (1) = C12 %& WC = E pt (1) E pt ( 2 ) . >*
2
2
1
? I c &C/ *= & Cte E pt = C 2 + Cte : > / >*
2
;@ : > E pt (2) =
. ;#2 G'G 3

. Em =
1 2 1
J + C 2 + Cte : *> KK/
2
2
. 2O+ GK K
om
. J + C = 0 *@, 7 /b B S > L ZZ

d /6/* KK/ ,& K/' KK/!
: )* . Em
.c
dEm
+ C
= J + C = 0 E = cte
= J
m
dt
ac
. r,& KK/
2
t ) / ! dZ K/'
T0
1
Em = C m2 = cte
2
os
-b
: > T cZ = m cos
1
Em = C m2 = cte : /b B S > KK/ r,& : 567
2
.d
or
: >
KI > * b
> & /b/> B &ZZ! J 7 ' b !J

. F&+ pK @; : &
GKL - K E
. 'S : & %& >* * KK/ s
R2 =< V
fb.com/dorosbaccom
141
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S `*/ S `.6 G )J %& { S `.6 }&

/6/
. >@; C/ a `*/ . t \&
)G-L cG )
: L a/; C/> - S : * -' : ;#2 3
EC =
1 2
J
2
;#2 W 9: )

: T 6 >- T @; :
. z S `.6 * m %S E pp = mgz + cte

`\/ R (O, i , j , k ) `*/> - cG )
om
g *L & 7C( [> O , k ) c&
.c
. T
. C/ & ! & cte T
. R2 G'G
Em = EC + E pp
os
-b
ac
a `* >- KK/

: ; @> C/
Em = mgz +
: W+
:
KI V.S
OG = d ;N h = O ' G O ' G cos

z = z0 + d (1 cos )
: C/ ! & cte T &' K/'
.d
or
%& z = z0 + h
1 2
J + cte
2
cte = mgz0 z = z0 E pp = 0

Em = mgd (1 cos ) +
1 2
J
2
dEm
= mg sin + J
dt
= mgd sin + J = 0
Em = cte
*KK/ KS! B > R . T 6 >-
YE3+ ;#+
/+
+I 3
. z .L 1 T @; : > /
T/*
E pp = mgz
Em = g ( z ) = cte
fb.com/dorosbaccom
142
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Em E pp = Ec
. C &
EC = 0 E pp = mgzM M > -
Em = E pp = mgzM
`.6 ~ - z = zm FG E pp
z < zM '> zM 6 0K/'1 z

1 2
E pp = 0 : O > EC = Em = mvmax
2
;@ : )EC &s z )
EC = 0
om
& cZ> - z=z0 . E pp
R K
= 0 C & b * T @; :
E pp = mgd (1 cos )
.c
b
* . > KK/ Em = E pp + EC
.d
or
os
-b
ac
E pp = f ( ) T @; : E pp = mgd (1 cos )
()
E pp ( ) .S
dE
= mgd sin = 0 sin = 0
d
= =

0 E pp 2mgd
EC > 0 Em = E pp
:Z [3
+ EC Em > 2mgd
&/ S '7K/'' ~ 1 - >
& & *cZ> - EC 0 / EC = Em E pp
: 'W 3
Em < 2mgd
& cZ> - m m / .

0!J &/ B S ZZ S /6/*
. EC = E pp ;@ : &
sin sin + ;[ Z S >-
cos 1
2
2

2
EP = mgd 1 1 + = mgd
2
2
fb.com/dorosbaccom
143
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I 23

1 9 9 6
9 : )?@+(>< *+<-
A m A B mB

* ) ('& % ! A
B0 0 &./ , :
m A .mB
om
) ( AB
FA/ B = FB / A = G
.c
G 203! 53. G = 6, 67.1011 N .m 2 .kg 2 . !4

m m
FA/ B = G A B2 u AB
) ( AB
ac
9 %
q A 0, A qB 0, B
q A qB , :
203
os
-b
9 * ) ('& % &7

A B0 ; ,:3 !
q A .qB
2
) ( AB
FA/ B = FB / A = k
= 0 2 k! 53.;? !7=&
.d
or
4 0
k = 9.109 N .m 2 .C 2

q .q
FA/ B = k A B2 u AB
) ( AB
k .e
Fg
4, 4.1040
Gme .m p
: 5@0 &.B! !7 !3E D &.B! A&4 .

5 !7 9F
:
Fe
2 >D (< %

;A3 % 3 5 . &.B! !3 !4% ! A&4
7 J !7& ; " &I
" E E 2 43 NE
&4R %B3 E 4 N % 40 F &.B! & !7 !3 5%O
4% 40 N &.B! A&4 & !7 5&4R .
3 23

5* 5 3 ) 5 &% 54:3 /3 Y4 Z 9F ( !*TJX
& [ !7 !*T O
Y &` 4&I ]:7 5 ;, & [*3 ) !*T a]& ( 4 E'B
J . 54

*3
d &4 E & !7 5]& 5b 5
;I 4 Y4 &4R J
E'B 54:7 !3 !
144
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4A = d ;, N E O Z0T &e !

= f 0 J
5* 5=g3
= f? .E ;Y4 D
;? * = &. a
[ Y4 4 = & b& =?] 5! 0 * ) E ?h
3 aEb& =?] 5[ !3 5% ;, !]X! & \ E
II D(+H 9F
om
0 5%
* T 5%35
* 0 3 !3 &.BE ;, . !]X
1900 5A JX=?]! !O : 5X&7 Y93 f o [ 4 [ 5%
[ 43 = ) 5 gD . 9F
5% 3 Eech 5 ;, 4 [ !]X E'B[ 0 % = 5 g
aE 5%4 5 .
N =0 :7 5% 5%&\ 5 `& \ E1 % 3 %
.c
E2 . E = E2 E1
ac
1 D #
\ 5X&7 IY93 f
* ) D4, 5%.:3 Y 5% 0#- ) ]% .
=
os
-b
= r 5% 5 !7 D 50I &e=& 5*& 3o . c = 3, 00.108 m / s :

4
5&` & 5 \
!7=& 7 .
\ 5% 7 D :
. E = h. = h
.d
or
&
5 Hz \
5 & m ( J .s ) Y93 53. h 5%\ E= . J
;& * \ 5%= ; e D&4R 1eV = 1, 60.10 19 J : s7
: <J(F !)D
3 N &4R3 . 7 5%\ s7 & ;,u3 t &O
5*&A : !; . 657nmo !7=& c = 3, 00.108 m / s : Y93 53.
h = 6, 626.10 34 J .s
5%\ := ! :
h.c
= E = h.
6, 626.10 34 3.108
\ 5%= 3 = 3, 03.10 19 J :
9
656.10
\ 5%= E = 1,89eV : eV
=E
2
L, -)
5A& t 5[; E
!7
&]! 4 * ? 5 7 D; *;,
4 ? J3 \
! :
1 = 411nm 2 = 435nm 3 = 487nm . 4 = 657nm
= & aEb& JX; =?]! ! 3 f&
*X D0: A
* `& E 5% `& 4 .
145
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*
* ; 7 & D * aE \ E p !%) \ En !%D%
E p En = h : 203
III !+'
D . 9F
.c
om
1 !+'
D <M 9F
E 3 ;X& NA47O DF 54E !7 \ 5%E
4 [ A E'B w;3 = 5 g0 )
'!+ . 9F D
\ 5; 5%\ 5 !%? ;3 2&- ) n <DE E'B*O 1 2
..... 3
; 5 3 5% ) n = 1 !4
!AAO 7 5% ) &`TO 50 &
E (
5% ; n > 1 !4 7 F
.
!% ; n = !4 7E = 0 5%
.d
or
os
-b
ac
2&4R 3 s & &e . E [9T

N 4
D4 &'B 5% \. 5A 5%
!+'
PFQ 9F 2O. N
e !7 &X '
! r 50E 5AAO !
]:7 5 E ) !7 aE. 50
* N 4 \' 5%
D :7 55AAO
) [0 F ! 4 !7`& &e N 4
*&A ; ) [ \ !% D%Y
=3 \4 5% 4 .
J+H )D
3 T)/
'+ <9R() ) ? (
'+
<9R2JM) Y9 ?H (
: <J(F !)D
;A3 sd E 5%
:
1
. 5AAO
2 ! & 5% 54 5%[ 3
:
1
E4 E1 = 0,85 (13, 6) = 12, 75 eV
2 0 ; o;3 * &F; w 50 5AAO 50F

O) :
E2 E1 = 10, 2eV
2 !+'
D <M 9F*"!Z
4 ?h * &F4 !3 &.B !7 5%;A
4 o! ; &4R3 3? ? 5h &? 5 43
3 !+'
D <M 9F> .
\ 5% 4 203 YE
=3 Y \ 5% 3 . 3 4 F D;=3T J 5% 5* 55%
&7E ?h * ) 4 5% .
146
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* aE* \ J 5% sAd

! D :7 \ EP !%)
\ En !% ;. f4
aE 5%3 5%9* 40 5& r03 E = E p En : EP > En

VI J(F T%L]R .
&)!^ , ^F-
! \X t *;,R ! 4 E o ? D;, 3
5
!7=& .
1 R
om
.c
ac
os
-b
.d
or
w
http://www.unice.fr/lasi/pagesperso
/golebiowski/cours.htm
DF 5.*? t\ a9 [g \? t [; E g {9 ?0

f= D0 5 b? JX [; .
* D \ EP !%) &'z \ En 5%D4, ) * F; 5%\ = :7 D%
* =& E& & .
* & *;,R ;0 5F 5% t\ !=7
[; E ? D 5 ) \ 5
( 57
[ . 5% 3
* [ ; E 5% [ 5;3E . aE&'O ;2
*;, ? ! 4 % * ) Tg o \t
[; E ? E !7 B,B, Y . 5%
* X 3X 5A \
!7 5=& & a
;, & 203 a E = E p En = h
DE \ En !%) \J ( n < p ) EP !%
147
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h = E p En r; ,R g
h r
. &X
a;* &, :7 & EP !%\ ) En !%\ D *
. E = E p En = h 203
.d
or
os
-b
ac
.c
om
N2O" 3 ^R c : <(!)* b

`
: 53&
. 5A3 ; 4 E .
E [;t\ 4 E X 2;7
: {9
. J t\
: 5 J3O 5=\ * ) ?0
! =3 411nm ! 435nm 487nm
& 657nm
www2.ac-lyon.fr/lyc69/herriot/SPC/2nde/cours/PHYSIQUE/chapP4.pdf
E [;t 5
\ 4 5X 5%9* ?& % 1908 5A !7
5
\ 5%9; aE s3& &O r0 ! = 7 !]&! [ 7

: ! p > n ... n = 3 n = 2 n = 1 2 p n ;\ ;3 np
RH = 1, 09737320.107 m 1 : Rhydberg &3 53. RH 203
np
1
1
= RH 2 2
p
n
(1)
. p `& ;3 Y? 0 5 4 n ;5; 5% %9
5; 5% ?D 7 5]& ?J3O 5

;! \ n = 2 7& 3 5
. p ;
p > 3 n = 3 ;5 3 * Dg0 ,3 5
p > 1 n = 1 ;5 3 * Dg0 5

p > 4 n = 4 ;5 3 * Dg0 r&3 5
1913 5A !7
N
Z0T *n 2 En =
13, 6
n2
( eV )
: ! 5
;?5%\ ) DT
[ E'B [ 203 4

5%\ E d . ! ]&! 4 ) ;
. n ? ; 0 %
fb.com/dorosbaccom
148
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FA :
1 50T 0; 03 (1) 5%9 \

?0 5 &]% . &3 5 5
; J 5 g0 . 5.

2 N& ?0 np O J3O) 9 = 5E& .
% D& 0 ) * np & !A 9F ? D sd3 !7& ? D43
; n p. 7
; D 1cm 2.1014 Hz
3 3 5%\ rE 4 :7 `& 5%
J sAd
! ! `& 4 . o
om
r.; 5%9! 4 =&
E p En! 7[ 5%
. E p En
.c
2 R *"!Z :
4 \ t[g ?? 5h [ [g w=d 2 I ;,R 5]o
B7 2 7& 53 5% D ;,R .
?h
? aE[Tg ;3

( cm ) 5
1
) ( cm
1
C =O
1700
= !7 ! : 5 F
OH
C =C
.d
or
* 5?
os
-b
ac
% 5 ;, ! 5h? 5 3 1011 Hz * ) [ [g

e
!7 r0 &O 5]& &e !7 !3 `! ;A3 =F4
aE 5A*;,R .
t\ D 0[g ? 4 5h;& * ) aE? 5h ; *
* 5@= 5* & s3! 0 * ?. 5h
: <J(F !)D
!74 ; 5o* ? *;, &` 4 5;& * )
3350
1650
1 3 N ) %\ ( eV *;,R &\ 5g * ? .
2 '9
&,] s[g gd3 \ 5%? 5h
3 ;& ? 5h 2 w YFR N tg 5`gI ?. h
&% D43= ? 5h. 57
149
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3 R >
\ 5% ! 4 o !=7 I 4 !*;,R r= * 5 !*;,
F 7 . .R aE g; 7 \ ) 5* 5% 5*;,I ? (
*. 5F
% 5 `& !7 5% ? `&4 . ( MeV ) s7

: <J(F !)D
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: ) (1 !*;I 5A &% *T;,
& .;! ) (2*;I E 5* 5; &T. 5]4
)(1
% O
;, ) ( km
Huble D3
om
6, 0.10 2
A spot 5 5
8,3.10 2
& La lune
) ( pm
25
1 5* 5A )(1

1 1
; . 5
1 2
3,83.10
Fe
140
175
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-b
ac
;I E
.c
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; &g!]4
1 3& 5*&A J3& v 2 &; A? g% & [;, r 5[3 !*T aE ;&a
]& .
.d
or
mM T
1 D 4 ;& \ 5% JX & 5F[ !*T m 5 4 :
r
M T 5O 53. G !4 ;, r & [. !*T
2 E pp = G
;& 5% & Em 544[ . !*T Em D 5 r 5[3 5 T
238
92
2 1*& s NE 11H Fe
56
28
1 5* &3 s % 5 ;,

D
O !7 ). (1
D % !*;, & [ 3% *T J 5 % 5 ;, &
2 5* 5A )(2
2 2 % 5 ;I E . &g* D4 D N 5 3% 3 7 5

2 & 7 3 = f; &g f= !]4;I E
&; D 3 5 .* } : % 5
{ 5*T* 5E } 5
&4 {
&I 5 . 5. 5* 5 d
150
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.c
om
I

1
"!

"
:
& : #$% 34" 1+ + *+, -. ( '&$%
=< 99 9%: 9%: & ... 7 C+, @+<? @A B
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H2SO4 = F NH3 NaOH @W" Cl2F9%: C2H5OH.... 7
'(!
H+I" $%&' E^+
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+
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or
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f [F .... 7
2
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log10 = 1
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>4È ab /?B 46

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J/ pH N/ NIR; NIM N ;U=a-b.pH KR;

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5, 623.10 4 mol / H3O + 7,079.10 4 mol /
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,-.; 3! N/
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;
-
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3 ;
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3J; (S) [J/ "J; HCOOH LI 3! N/ ni = 5, 00.10 3 mol ,; LI
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. Qr '() , I

"!
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I = 5, 0.10 2 mol /
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2 2 3
. ! , ' I %4!
2 >9Fb _C@
: ! , $-./" e "fg h I, ' %4!"
CH3COOH(aq) + H2 O ( ) CH3 COO (aq) + H3 O+ (aq)
.(1) %_4 / , % ' %4!3 j 1
CH3COO . H3O +
Qr =
CH3COOH
: t D "
2
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181
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CH3COO = H3 O+ = 1, 2.104 mol /

t
t
CH3COOHt = 9, 6.104 mol /
t D ' . `
Qr = 1,5.10 5
: f <7
. , ' I
. F7g Gi 67
<) 2
: ` ! Ag+(aq) 1' " q, / D ' 3 %4!"
Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) Cu2+ (aq) + 2Ag(s)
om
. 4D - w13 o" C "

%x

. Cu Ag ID' e. Cu Ag I,. IC I / I
w13 t
C , t D / ' 1 !, $y !" . %! %x `D{ w
%3
: '
+
ac
Cu2+
Qr =
2
Ag+
.c
2+
.d
or
os
-b
: Jbg
3 >9Fb _C@
1' ' , ! Ag2SO4 1' %4 AgCl 1' D` %3 p ` !1
. Ag3PO4
. ' %4!3 j 2
) W= '() , 3
: pC@B 1

C3 / ' .q Qr.eq / '"
.
C" B D2 D!' % 43 {
3 /
Gf 'D2 %, 3 IC /! [X]eq .q3 I G ,H
.o " C
( D ) D
. 7g 91 '() , I WCW< : >FC@
r4
-3

/ C=1,0.10 mol/l %3 e "fg h S D V w
D %"
. = 5, 2mS.m1 : 25C / D D
. ,. C " D!' % 1

: 25C % - / !"
H O+ = 35, 0mS.m2 .mol1

3
CH COO = 4, 09mS.m2 .mol1

3
. / Qr ,q ' / 2
. >)< 1 4@9) ) 1d II

WF< 1
> : '() , I v7B) '
. > ) : '() , 67 WF@ < dw : 2 >FC@
r4
"25C % - / 'D2 %3 e "fg h D "
:
/
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1,0.10-2
16,2.10-3
C(mol/l)
(S.m-1)
5,0.10-3
11,4.10-3
2,0.10-3
6,9.10-3
1,0.10-3
4,9.10-3
1
. D C 4/, / Qr,q '
: !"
H O+ = 35, 0mS.m2 .mol1

3

3
.c
om
/" 2
: gJ,
WF < x4 C) 1d ) W= '() , KC =B @i W=
.
7
) ) 1d pC@B 1
K ) ) 1d 6G ; Qr,q I ) W= '() , 2,wC _B '() FG=1
. <@iW1 l v7B)l
B1 2= > 7< >: '() FG=1 ) ) 1d })K
ac
A q . B q
: >)' Kr 67
os
-b
K = Qr ,q =
C q . D q
.d
or
. , !, ,H I %4! : D

>7) ) )< 1d 2
% - ! / 4% 3 ' %3 C / D ' %4!"
. (K>104) - %4 K C3 "/
. D{ ! %'/ o !" .
: >7' : _ ~ iW` 7 (' : X
HC (g) + H2 O( ) C (aq) + H3 O+ (aq)
@HF @ 6<=> : ) ) 1d 3

: (2) ( 1) I/ H I.D ID' %4!"
K1
cC(aq) + dD(aq) aA(aq) + bB(aq)
K2
/ ' %4!3 ' 3 C 4/, ,H %4!3 C /
K 1 = Qr1,q =
K 2 = Qr2 ,q =
C q . D q
A q . B q
A q . B q
C q . Dq
K1 =
1
: /" IG! I
K2
3 >9Fb _C@
10
K

$" 3
,H
n
1'
D
`%3
'3 %4!"
1' D ,' 3 /, . 1=5,5.10
-10
. K2=1,8.10 $" 3 ,H
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. D - Cl- Ag+ " B" B %3 ` 1

/3 2
D , %_4 %x / /, . D' 3 %_4 / '
. - '3 1'
>`= W9) FG4 67 @d 8 III
os
-b
ac
.c
om
. >`= W9) FG4 67 WF@ < dw 1

3 >FC@
r4
{" D , 'D2 %3 e "fg h !, D "
:
D
-2
-3
-3
C(mol/l)
1,0.10
5,0.10
2,0.10
1,0.10-3
-3
-3
-3
-1
16,2.10
11,4.10
6,9.10
4,9.10-3
(S.m )
C 4/, o/ 4" ` 1
/3 2
: gJ,
@g T )@x4 7K:
7 WF< 1 >`= W9) FG4 I v7B)
. @F =`> W9) FG4 x4
. >`= W9) FG4 67 ) ) 1d @dw 2
' o/ 4" 0 3 I C ,H IC3
. _7() >`= W9) FG4 49 : 4 >FC@
r4
. C=1,0.10-2mol/l % "' o I1 I D .q"
. e " h D S2 D e "fg h D S1 D
K1=1,6.10-5 : 0 e "fg h ' ,H
. K2=1,6.10-4 : 0 e "f h ' ,H
: 43
/ S2 S1 I D D "
1
' 3 C o/ 4" 2
H O+ = 35, 0mS.m2 .mol1

3

3
HCOO = 5, 46mS.m2 .mol1
: gJ,
. B(@ >`= W9) FG4 x4 @F) ) 1d x4 7
S2
.d
or
2 = 510S.cm1 1 = 153S.cm1
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184
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I % #$
1 * )' (' .
, 1
# ()# $%# &#'#
# !

' . +, $%#3 . 1%# 6 34'# 0 0 1
# . 8%
; # )4# 8% 19 1 @# 25C
H 2O = 5, 5.10 S . m . pH = 7 , 0
6
1
+
# &C3 Cu = 5 , 9 .10 S . m@ E# ' 8%
C &@, 9 &@,
om
2 # H2O N ;# H 3O + ( aq ) / H 2 O ( ) 19 .#6;#. H 2 O ( ) / HO ( aq ) 19

2 1', P 1 + &O H2O .# ) H2O
# P' Q 6 O, 3 .#;# H 2 O ( ) / HO ( aq ) 19 ) 3
.c
;# H 3O + ( aq ) / H 2 O ( ) 19 & # N .#6 &O4 .#6 +;#19
ac
N ;# 19 P6 1 S'# 1 : 1
) H 2 O ( ) + H 2 O ( ) H 3O + ( aq ) + HO ( aq
os
-b
.0# *
. /) * -)'
2 4 & 2 9 H 3O + C 3 HO-# . 8%
]\ 9 @) O :
) HO ( aq
0
x
xeq
) H 3O + ( aq
0
x
xeq
) 2 H 2O (
)ni(H2O
ni(H2O)-x
ni(H2O)-xeq
)
0
x
xeq
1
1 $
d &O

.d
or
D44 C 3# 1D 8%& $ 4# 4

2 6 3 +, V=1l WD 1$ 25C# )4 8% &O )
. N[ 1$ Z) C C . &O
'( :
1# 1 #D eau = 1g / cm 3
P6D @ O :
)4 : 25C &O
xq = nq ( H 3O + ) = H 3O + .V
xq = 10 pH .V = 107 mol /
) N :
O &O &O# # # :
ni
2
= ni ( H 2O ) 2 xmax = 0 xmax
) m ( H 2O
eau .V
=
= 28mol
) 2. M ( H 2O ) 2 M ( H 2 O
= xmax
1$) C :
185
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xq
= 3, 6.109
xmax
h;9 [[ % 8% # i$# # 3 , 9 &O + $ #,

. C +, 1O 'j 9 1 # #
. 2 * ' * ' ('
25C C# N , . &O C 1) # 1 $'4 l 4 2
: # 4 4 $ & 1'# 1) # 1
K e = H 3O + . HO
q
q
om
. # D #4

: 4 5* 5 )0/ #$ % 4
K e = H 3O + . HO
q
q
ac
.c
. 2 Ke 8 94'

Ke=1,0.10-14 8( AB' 25C /
pKe=-logKe 8 H(* 40
. 2 #N Ke 8 5 #N'
: 5)O' P#'
. 25C 19 B A + , 3
os
-b
pH = 9, 2 B # pH HO = 4 , 3.10 4 mol / : A # 3 HO- ; 4

A
. A # pH P6 1
. B # 3 HO C ; 4 P6 2
. 1) # 1 0# & # 2
: Z # D d +,
-
.d
or
pH = pK e HO = H3O+ , , 3

1
pH < pK e HO < H3O+ : 0#6 , 3

2
1
pH > pK e HO > H3O+ : N ,

2
/ 2N 5Q R II
T#4' 1
: ]
& # 3 HA .#& O 1', P
4
HA ( aq ) + H 2 O ( ) A ( aq ) + H 3 O + ( aq )
1 1Nd' C $' 1 0# 1S &O C 1) # 1 #4
A . H 3O +
KA =
[ AH ]
. 19 q 1 0# 1 s'4 q
0C 6 19 K A NH 4+ / NH 3 = 8, 0.1011 : S,
5C 6 19 K A NH 4+ / NH 3 = 6, 3.1010
50C 6 19 K A NH 4+ / NH 3 = 3, 1.109
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186
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pK A = log K A 1Nd' AH/A- 19;# pKA 1S'
pKA
0
2N
H 3O + / H 2 O
$ 9
1,9
HSO4 ( aq) / SO42 ( aq)
yO[O .#6
2, 1
H 3 PO4 ( aq ) / H 2 PO4 ( aq )
y O .#6
3,5
HF ( aq ) / F ( aq)
yS # .#6
3,8
HCOOH ( aq) / HCOO ( aq)
y;$ .#6
4,2
C 6 H 5 COOH ( aq ) / C6 H 5 COO ( aq )
yS{ .#6
4,8
CH 3COOH ( aq ) / CH 3 COO ( aq )

.#6
6,4
CO2 , H 2 O / HCO3 ( aq )
,
9,2
NH 4+ ( aq ) / NH 3 ( aq )
9
10,3
HCO3 ( aq ) / CO32 ( aq )
#
14,0
.c
om
2N VW

ac
H 2O( ) / HO ( aq )
: X
: ]
& #~ , BH .#& O4 1', P
4 BH /B 19;# 16 3
BH + ( aq ) + H 2 O ( ) B ( aq ) + H 3 O + ( aq )
os
-b
.d
or
: BH+/B 19;# 1 0# 1S $'4
KA =
[ B ] . H 3O +
BH +
. KA 5Q R pH P5 4 2

: P
+
A/B 19;, &
1$
[ B ] H 3O +
pK A = log K A = log
[ A]
[ B ] pH = pK + log [ B ]
pK A = log H 3O + log
A
[ A]
[ A]
. ) 0/ 5Q R 3

: .#6/ N + 9;, 3 & O, #
H 3O + ( aq ) / H 2 O ( ) 2N )0/
~, H 3O + .# 1'# 1) # 1 0# 1S H 3O + / H 2 O 19;# KA 1 0# 1

. #
H 3O ( aq ) + H 2 O ( ) H 2 O ( ) + H 3 O ( aq )
+
H 3O +
= 1 pK A1 = 0 : 1 1Nd' KA1 1 0# 1S + $'
K A1 =
H 3O +
H 2 O ( ) / HO ( aq ) 2N )0/
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187
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.# 1'# 1) # 1 0# 1S H 2 O ( ) / HO ( aq ) 19;# KA 1 0# 1

. #~ , H 2 O
H 2 O ( ) + H 2 O ( ) HO
( aq ) + H 3 O + ( aq )
K A 2 = H 3O + . HO = K e pK A 2 = pK e : 1 1Nd'KA2 1 0# 1S + $'

K A 2 = H 3O + . HO = 1014 pK A 2 = 14 25C 6 19
. * R 4
19;# 1 ## B2 )A1/B1 19;# ## A1 .# + N .#6 &O $'
: A2/B2
A1 ( aq ) + B2 ( aq ) B1 ( aq ) + A2 ( aq )
om
: & O 1'# 1) # 1 + $'
[ B1 ] . H 3O +
B1 ][ A2 ]
[ A2 ]
[
K=
K=
[ A1 ][ B2 ]
[ A1 ]
[ B2 ] . H 3O +
.c
K1 10 pK1
pK pK
= pK2 = 10( 2 1 )
K 2 10
ac
K=
.

$ W III
os
-b
.
$ W 1
2 )#%' ,
S2 S1 + , $'
-2
CA = 10 mol/l
KA(CH3COOH/CH3COO )
yS{ .#6 ,
-5
1.8 .10
( CH3COOH ) S1
-2
CA = 10 mol/l
KA(HCOOH/HCOO )
yS$# .#6 ,
1.8.10-4
( HCOOH ) S2
. # 3 HA .# 1& O 1', P 1
pH = 3.4
.d
or
pH = 2.9
HA ( aq ) + H 2 O ( ) A ( aq ) + H 3 O + ( aq )
. # # C ; pH 1q &O C C ) 1$ $'4 l 2

1
)HA ( aq ) +
H 2O ( )
A ( aq ) +
H 3 O + ( aq )
0
x
xq
CV
CV-x
CV-xq
3
3
3
1 $ 1
&O d
16
0
0
x
x
xq
xq
: C ) 1$ P

xq
xmax
H 3O + 10 pH
=
=
C
C
: D W#4 3
.#
pH
yS # .#6
yS{ .#6
2,9
3,4
12,6%
4%
1.8.10-4
1,8.10-5
KA
3,74
4,75
pKA
O ; C 1 0#6 & , pH 1q C ) 1$ 4 E 4
pH #
C ) 1$ 1 KA 1 0# 1S 1# N 4 , 5
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188
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1$ $ 1 0# 1 # 1'O4 ,

4 C ) 1$ + $ D d +,
. O ; C 1 0#6 & #
: aA
) 0 e0 N5) 0/ f A2 P A1 b#
( 1 > 2 ) ) e i j/
. 0#6 , 16 3 &O C ) 1$ 1q KA $'4 P 6
: Z O@ D d +,
om
x
H 3O + = A = q
q
q
V
x
[ AH ]q = C q
V
+
H 3O
q
=
H 3O + = .C
q
C
2
.c
( .C )
C H 3O +
KA =
C .C
KA =
2 .C
1
ac
KA =
H 3O +
q
pK A1 < pK A 2 K A1 > K A 2 3 1 > 2 : 3 14 1 KA
.d
or
os
-b
: aA
: N .#6
; ! O C 1 , & , 3 #6 1$
. O 'j # pH
. @ pKA 1S $ 1 # 19;# KA 1 0# 1

W 2
3 )#%' ,
-2
. 25C C=1,0.10 mol/l ; ! O #C S2 S1 + , $'
KA1=6,3.10-10 , , : S1
KA2=2.10-11 + , & S, , : S2
. pH2=11,4 pH1=10,6 $4 D3 25C + # + pH ! )
. # 3 B )1& O 1', P 1
B ( aq ) + H 2 O ( ) BH + ( aq ) + HO ( aq )
. # C # ; pH 1q &O C C ) 1$ $'4 l 2
n ( HO )
n i ( B)
HO 10 pH pK e
=
=
C
C
! ; O C 1N & , pH 1q C ) 1$ 4 E 3

C 1N & # 1$ $ $ pH # pH 1q $' +, + $
. ; ! O
+ , & S,
,
)
11,4
10,6
pH
25%
4%
-11
-10
2,0.10
6,3.10
KA
10,7
9,2
pKA
. KA 1q 4 E 1 3 6 4
$ pKA @ KA
4 $ # Z + $4
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189
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1
)
1 $ 1
&O d
16
0
x
xq
B ( aq ) + H 2 O ( )
ni(B)
3
ni(B)-x
3
ni(B)-xq
3
BH + ( aq )
0
x
xq
HO ( aq )
0
x
xq
: & O 1'# 1) # 1
BH + HO
H 3O +
q
q
K=
H 3O +
[ B]q
Ke
KA
.c
K=
om
BH + H 3O +
1
q
K=
.Ke
HO H 3O + =
q
KA
[ B]q
ac
: C ) 1$ 1q K 1 + $' +

#
x max = C. V Q 6 =
x q
x max
[ B]i = C
os
-b
2
BH + HO
C )
(
C2
q
q
K=
=
=
C (1 ) 1
[ B]q
.d
or
K=
K e C2
1
=
KA = 2 .Ke
KA 1
C
14 1 1
1 4 1 KA
: aA
: ( 5) ) b' N5 l/ )0/
. 5) pH
. 5) pKA 8 5oa A 2N KA 5Q R f
. e# /5j OOq IV
/5j OOq 1
: 1 1Nd' s)4 , , 3 A(aq)/B(aq) N .#6 19;# 1$
pH = pK A + log
[ B]
[A]
: 1Nd' d +, Z

log
[ B] = 0
[A ]
pH = pK A
#C 1)3 # 4N .# [

A ] = [ B]
. + +, +# C q . ; ! O

log
fb.com/dorosbaccom
190
[ B] > 0
[A ]
pH > pK A
www.doros-bac.com
. B )+# C4 [ A ] < [ B]
A .# +# C [ A ] > [ B]
log
[ B] < 0
[A]
pH < pK A
(' NH4+/NH3 19;# N .#6 3 +# C pH D, 6 : ) $(4 + #4

. pKA( NH4+/NH3 )=9,2
. e# OOq 2
. B 1)3 # 4N A .# , q, $'
# 3 )1$ y ( A ) =
[A]
[ A ] + [ B]
)# , 3 .# 1$ #
[ B]
[ A ] + [ B]
om
( B) =
: )#
.c
$9 &

] 3 ~ l(%, &S#
+ $( 4 CH 3 COOH / CH 3 COO 19;#
ac
# pH 1q ).# + h#

. 19! O
( B ) = ( A )
+ #)~ 4
.d
or
os
-b
. pH = pK A [ A ] = [ B]
T-b 3
T#4'
N E 'j 0 .#6 # Ei

.# 3 , , 3 9 1O 'j
. + O%, 1)3 # 4N

T-b P#B'
Hind # Ei
1,' 1 ;,
+ 1 1'#
H 3O+ + Ind-
HInd + H2O
# Ei
1) 1 Ind- # Ei
1 0# 1 Hind # 3 # Ei

KA =
[H O ][Ind ]
+
: KA 1 0#6 1S ; #
[HInd ]
: ]
& C +
#
pH = pK Ai + log
[Ind ]
[HInd ]
: q6 d ; #4 +
# Q 6
[Ind ]e >> [HInd] e . .$
-
[Ind ] 10 1 O3, ( 4 Ei

1) 1
[HInd ]
[Ind ] 1
pH
pKAi + 1 pH- pKAi 1
log
[HInd ]
[Ind ]e<< [HInd] e : 58
fb.com/dorosbaccom
191
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1 Ei
1 0# O3 ( 4 : 1
[HInd ] 10 [Ind ] 1
] [Ind
] [ HInd
log
pH pKAi- 1
pH - pKAi - 1
][Ind-] = [HInd
: 88
( 4 q @ +, 1 +3 , # Ind s(4 HInd
1)(,('q . #4 1 . 1[6 1 C &# 3
4 1]KA= [H3O+
pKA= pH
pH 1)(,# pKAi- 1 + 1)(# #4 pKAi + 1('q
om
.c
ac
V #4
.d
or
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-b
1 'T#4
', , ) .#6 N ( 4 + '4 ; .# ) &#'# ) 3 ( 1#'#
# D y .#6 &O4 N &O # '# .
i &O4 '# :
PD
&O4 '# :
3 yC : &O# # .
[ ' C :' , N .
) &O q : '#%# ~, q . '#
2 #r#4
'# # 1 4 #'4 d l % . &O
'# ) #@ : 1 (4 ~$4 #'4 1 @,d l % .&O
'# ) pH (4 ~$4 #'4 pHd l % . &O
3 s
b
) s
d 3 ', .#6 N O ) + O# '# P6 ( '#P
1 , 4 P s3d,'# [ 1 $# &O4 1'# 1)3 '#
dS, ', , # A1H .# , ) , A2- .#6 + &O4;#19
A1H/A1N ;# P6 A2H/A2- 19'# 1 : 1) A1 H ( aq ) + A 2 ( aq ) A 2 H ( aq ) + A1 ( aq

n ( A1H ) = n ( A 2 ) : 3
: X/R #4 ' 45)r 5o * * :

)* b# s
b #4 * .
4b# s
b #4 * .
4 4s
b
W'#
3; ## \9O# 1 ; O # d ) &O # pH
. ( 1 @#

4 3 # ) + O# '# 1,', $i ( '# WD6 ## '#
0# WD6
3 ;, . VE
192
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VI #4 5 pH
4 ' * #4 :
os
-b
ac
.c
om
1 #r. *4
'# ) A .#6 ) B ~$ pH(% : 1
' +[( +, VA ', #D6 1@, 1# '#
4 ; CD, dS, 3 $ .
E 0 ,
+, d N# ()# 3 #
C9 !D, pH ($j ' ,[( & , 1W 1
]& # &'D (#. D, l %
# 16## 19 '# 4 ; ', .
4 P D[( 1, 16 '#) ! pH
l %& . 13j
9 3 WD0# +, VB# '# pH
l %& l% W 13j. pH=f(VB) #
2 #4
] ', :4 $ D , .#6{ yS[(1
, .
3 : 1 D4 , +, Va=20ml .#6{ 4 yS ; P Ca=10-2mol/l
4 D[(, 16[ 1 4 ; Cb=10-2) ! pH l %& . 13j Z
3 C &#D :
) CH3COOH ( aq ) + HO ( aq ) CH3COO ( aq ) + H 2 O (
.d
or
: pH 5o' . /
)pH = f(Vb
193
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: ;9 1d +, &
# #
. #& O# HO . O%4 HO- d N pH 0<VB<11ml : MN ;D*
;D 3 94 . #& O# 4 s3 pH \ 9O, 4 11ml<VB<13ml NB ;D*
. 3
1() s(4 E '(1()
# 4 ' W HO $@ 16 1# N d N pH VB>13ml BQ ;D*
. yS{ .#6 #& O#@
*
: & 3
' #
-
n ( CH 3 COOH ) = n ( HO ) CA VA = CB VB
.d
or
os
-b
ac
.c
om
. s
b O # ' 55
: [## 1) *
T2 T1 + [#, l #'4 1 [ 1) ( 1) 1 0#' # E 3
1() 4 +
#
T W )# l W 3
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O
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= g ( Vb ) d ]
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dVb
. 8,3 3
l %
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V #4 5
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#
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CH3COOH ( aq ) + HO ( aq ) CH3COO ( aq ) + H 2O ( ) : &O 1',

: &O ( O@ 9
)CH3COOH ( aq )
1 $
d
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0
xf
CAVA
CAVA xf
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HO ( aq )
CH3COO ( aq )
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0
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3
3
VB<VBE 0# , WD6 VB +

C '#& O# #& O# 1 3
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A
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I

1
: "! #$ T

aA(aq) + bB(aq) cC ( aq) + dD( aq)

: )( '& , )( . /
[ C ] .[ D ]
Qr =
a
b
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[ X ] 0 /
c
. mol /
om
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$ ; : 3 4

6 ,4 @ & Qr () . 8.<7 $ 5 $

K A & C 4#4
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K = Qr ,eq =
a
b
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7 A 7 I (aq ) 7 I 2 (aq ) A F4 7 V 4 7

. S 4O62 ( aq ) A 7 S 2O32 ( aq )
: )( , K8 $ /7
I 2 ( aq ) + 2 S 2O32 ( aq ) 2 I ( aq ) + S 4 O62 ( aq )
: K8 5 L

0
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or
[ I 2 ]0 = 0, 20mol /
S 2O32 = 0,30mol /
0
I = 0,50mol /
0
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: () . 6 O7 6P
2
I S 4O62
Qr =
2
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S4O62 = 0, 020mol /
0
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:
5 *
2
Qr =
I S 4O62
0
0
[ I 2 ]0 S2O32 0
[ I 2 ]t = 0,15mol /
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(0,5) 2 0, 02
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0, 2.(0,3) 2
U t S 4*

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: 0.
P)( $ 7 8
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7
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2S 2O32 (aq )
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0, 20
0, 20
0,30
x
V
0,50
0, 02
x
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2x
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0,50 +
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V
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5 HCOOH (aq ) / HCOO (aq ) CH 3COOH (aq ) / CH 3COO (aq ) 0)( $
: 6P
CH 3COO (aq ) + HCOOH (aq ) CH 3COOH (aq ) + HCOO

(aq )
K A1 ( HCOOH / HCOO ) = 1, 6.10 4
.d
or
K A 2 (CH 3COOH / CH 3COO ) = 1, 6.10 5
K=
K A1
= 10 25C
8V , A &
K A2
d 4 79 e7 4 g7e7h d 4 C B A ' À 5 0
6P g C = 1, 0.10 1 mol / P) 0 V 79 e 4 g7e
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C
1,0
B
5,0
A
10,0
1,0
10,0
10.0
10,0
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10,0
1,0
1,0
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3,8
3,7
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79
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79
C 4# pH

HCOO
i
[ HCOOH ]i
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i
[CH 3COOH ]i
0,1
0,05
10
1
40
0,8
1
2,5
0,1
0,08
0,25
CH 3COO
eq
[CH 3COOH ]eq
10
10
10
Qr ,eq
Qr,i
HCOO
eq
[ HCOOH ]eq
. Qr,i v & Zw
om
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HCOO
CH 3COO
i
i
/ P
& 5 6P 1
HCOOH
CH
COOH
]i
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V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 : ( P C 4# v 6
ac
: ( 5 L
0 7

C.V1
C.V2
, HCOO =
i
V
V
C.V
C.V
[CH 3COOH ]i = 3 , CH 3COO i = 4
V
V
HCOO V CH 3COO V
i
i
= 2,
= 4
HCOOH
V
CH
COOH
[
]i 1 [ 3
]i V3
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[ HCOOH ]i =
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or
[CH 3COOH ]i . HCOO i

Qr ,i =
CH 3COO [ HCOOH ]i
i
V3 V2
.
V4 V1
HCOO
CH 3COO
eq
eq
/ P /
2
[ HCOOH ]eq [CH 3COOH ]eq

S : Z
: Qr,i & ZP
/ P / $ 6P . KA H 3O + ;

7
HCOOH / HCOO
HCOO
eq
pH = pK A1 + log
[ HCOOH ]eq
04 P
HCOO
eq

= 10 pH pK A1
[ HCOOH ]eq
CH 3COO
eq
pH = pK A 2 + log
[CH 3COOH ]eq
CH 3COO
eq
= 10 pH pK A 2
[CH 3COOH ]eq
. V 5 () . & Zw 3
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199
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[CH 3COOH ]eq . HCOO eq

Qr ,i =
CH 3COO [ HCOOH ]eq
eq
K A1
= 10
K A2
X$ 9# K A ! Qr ,i & , / ZP /7 4

F !&$ / )( , K A ! Qr ,i () . , /$
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HCOO
HCOO
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7

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70$
P
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[ HCOOH ]eq [ HCOOH ]i
CH 3COO
CH 3COO
CH 3COO
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i
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()5
P z&$
<
[CH 3COOH ]
[CH 3COOH ]eq [CH 3COOH ]i
ac
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. g7e7h d e 7 $ F 5

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. 4 { F 5 X$ A <5
Qr ,i = 40 > K B 23 4
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HCOO
HCOO
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i

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P
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HCOOH
HCOOH
HCOOH
[
]
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CH 3COO
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P
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[CH 3COOH ]
CH 3COO
CH 3COO
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i
g8 7

>
[CH 3COOH ]eq [CH 3COOH ]i
.d
or
@ F 5 $ B e7h 7 g7e d $ F 5

7
. 4 {
Qr ,i = 10 = K C 23 4
CH 3COO
HCOO
CH 3COO
HCOO
eq
eq
i
i

6P 7

g8
=
=
CH
COOH
CH
COOH
HCOOH
HCOOH
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[ 3
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[
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Qr ,i < K
. N O -.% 4
Qr ,i > K
( % S ) 4
3 Qr ,i = K
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200
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I

1 & %
!
.

+*)(
:
:
V = 20m ! II C = 1, 0mol /
V ' = 20m

" ! II C ' = 1, 0mol /
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2 /01 E ; = DC B =A
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M K' 'B 069I $
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Zn( s ) = Zn 2+ (aq ) + 2e
Cu 2+ / Cu
2+
Zn / Zn
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K' OP ' M ( <Cu 2+ (aq) + Zn( s) Zn2+ (aq) + Cu ( s ) : E
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S Q 'Q R B
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Zn 2+
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Cu
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/01
' () , <; V = 20m II

! . C = 1, 0mol /
Q ! e ) K + (aq ) + C (aq
EM (M( ! 8Q ! <;

g) E BR = 10 f
=h A .
j =h A D,
iR Ec .
ke :
1 90 1 0 'c ' QP WI' <
QP O9
1 0 'c WI' < O9 :
201
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(M 1e *Q ) E6 . g

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6 Zn 2 + )NI0 (1
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Cu 2 + ) (2
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(2
)(1
3 :
:;5
9
B !x B
Q
6 ' \ +
( 9< ) 'M *Q( E) Q QP) E CBQ P Q A
' (
II %)8>=
1 %)8
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)( M 1 M 26; , <; ! M 1n1 + D

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k <;
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M 1n1 + / M 1 : M 1 S 0 M 2n2 + / M 2
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M 1 NCB N I 9I;
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! ; I MB ! <; ( ! lMQ f D K .

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A 9V QP K ( I
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203
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T I = 0 Q U = E rI QP ! f ^ 9< K CQ Q ! ] B
. K ' CA 99! B ! V NI0 U = E

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. *

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: Ec <; N! K ,V ' K ( 2) 8 c E) i! 9B
Cu 2+ (aq ) + Zn( s ) Cu ( s ) + Zn 2+ (aq )

K = 4, 0.1036 : E< ( OPQ '
B ' Q R ' A
Zn2+ (aq)
C'
i
=
= 1 : ' 9 ' E< ( $ NI
Qr ,i =
2+
C
Cu (aq)
om
Qr ,i < K Q
. Qr ,i = K S 0 ' 0 ; EM ; E< ( O C ' QP
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'I Q Y I ;< ' ; ( < K =A C ;
: PQ A ' e9
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Cu 2 + + 2e = Cu : Cu 2 + / Cu K lM

Zn = Zn 2 + + 2e : Zn 2 + / Zn K lM

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( I = 0 Qr , eq = K
: (8 %)8
: f
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! V = 50, 0m f 80 's(

f 80 II 99 C = 0, 20mol /
. C ' = 0,10mol / ! V ' = 50, 0m

' ' 6 CB
; C( c K + ( aq ) + NO3 ( aq ) e !
. N e !!
. K OP ' 01C)^ <*
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5
204
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.

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1
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'BC ' B P 9 ,V 1$ '$9 Qmax MB QP ' I!
. 'B
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1F = N A . e F f
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om
QP ! f QP E) S =CB t ' 9 1$ f

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: S =CB 8! c 8 . e E' V . N I
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ac
( Qmax = n(e ).N A . e = n(e ).F : ' A1K I Q n(e ) =
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?
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x < x f 9BQ 9 EK
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.
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QP ' K' $9 * [
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: ' ' 01C)^
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: ' K V <' ; 8 C! S Q
2 Ag + ( aq ) + Cu ( s ) Ag ( s) + Cu 2+ ( aq )
I = 86, 0mA f!9V ! t = 1,5 min 9 1$ K 9
. 9 O 1$ '$9 QP ' NI0 1

. PI(
9 1$ 's( '
,! II '
,! NI0 2
. 's( <; Pje ' s( ' ,! me 3
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205
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I !
1 ! ) &% (
"
(' & %$ . # , - . / & *
, 4 . Qr = K '012 3 -*14
+, &*)( :
& 2 89 -*14 7*- ) Br2 (aq ;/ ) 3 =" > , Cu ( s"4 II
"4 *- ) @A, Br (aq1 :
om
)Cu ( s ) + Br2 ( aq ) Cu 2 + ( aq) + 2 Br ( aq
27 B K = 1, 25.10 25 : 89

1 E @A, / 89 * . =A
.c
ac
Cu 2+ . Br
i
i
E 89 * = 0 :
= Qr ,i
Br
[ 2 ]i
Qr ,i < KK / 2 / J* J -L ) Br (aq
os
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) . Cu 2+ (aq
2 , /*-* O 4- " / II J"4 Cu 2+ (aq ) II

"4 *- ) Br (aq 1 89': 1
)Cu 2 + ( aq ) + 2 Br ( aq ) Cu ( s) + Br2 ( aq
1
27 = 8, 3.10 26 0
K
.d
or
27 @A, / K RB . =A
= ' K 27 - UV # A *"- -9S
, / # . O 4W/ 2 .

2 ! .
&" X -*4 -A4 J / J1 J Y

K : *"- 8. 2-
;4- @ @"-[ 3*4# 8 & *4 " U 8L J & 4 O J
& 10m 7*- ) - Br2 (aq ; 10mmol / R & 20m -2 * K
- ; 1, 0mol / R & 20m *"- - ; -/ / -U4 . 1, 0mol / R]*4
- ] & -U ^ /[ & 4 ) -E( ( 8S4 .-a"& *2
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2 , J =K h 2-
-a4 - : /0K %2- /-a"& j/ J1 J Y 2-
& - -U 4 ^ /-
206
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]"4 - : / 3# > 2 4 ) ) 4 ( K + ( aq ), Cu 2+ (aq %*-

@2 @A 3#]4 4 )) 4 ( SO42 ( aq ), Br ( aq]4 @2 %*-@#
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3 X
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2 - ]4

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ac
2-a4 J-
-U @A, ^ /1 :
2 Br ( aq ) = Br2 ( aq) + 2e
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7 80E 8 2- t 2- & Q- J-E 2 K
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L ^4 2- / 0E 27 I 8 W/ t . Q = I .t
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I .t
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F
s14 2- 2 *- -a4 & - J-E * -
4 /h *"- j2A - *1 # 0E 4 80E 2-

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vh4 : 89 9V
2
+
Cu ( aq ) + 89

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) n (e

0

0
' C 'V
C 'V ' x
x
x
2x
n(e ) I .t
# @A, "
= n(Cu ) = x
=
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CV x
,
*
W/ 2 :
I .t
) M (Cu
2F
= ) m(Cu ) = n(Cu ).M (Cu
207
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III < ; ( : @

-14 X J 01/= 44 8 2-
B0
)( 2
x4 2 U 8L J 2*4 S"
/ -U4-( 8 *4x - & -U^ /
8S4-a"& - *2-A
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