Science vi

NAT REVIEWER

REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The female reproductive
anatomy includes internal
and external structures.
The
function
of
the
external
female
reproductive
structures
(the genital) is to enable
sperm to enter the body
and to protect the internal
genital
organs
from

The main external structures of the female

reproductive system include:
1. Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other
external reproductive organs. The labia majora contain sweat
and oil-secreting glands. After puberty, the labia majora are
covered with hair.
2. Labia minora: They lie just inside the labia majora, and
surround the openings to the vagina and urethra.
3. Bartholin's glands: These glands are located next to the
vaginal opening and produce a fluid (mucus) secretion.
4. Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small,
sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the penis in males. The
clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, which is
similar to the foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the

The internal FEMALE reproductive

system :
1. Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix (the
lower part of uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is
known as the birth canal.
2. Uterus (womb): The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped
organ that is the home to a developing fetus. The
uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is
lower part that opens into the vagina, and the main
body of the uterus, called the corpus. The corpus can
easily expand to hold a developing baby. A channel
through the cervix allows sperm to enter and menstrual
blood to exit.

The internal FEMALE reproductive

system :
1. Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are
attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as
tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries
to the uterus.
2. Cervix: The cervix is the lower end of the uterus. It is
located at the top of the vagina and is about one inch
long. The cervical canal passes through the cervix,
allowing blood from a menstrual period and a baby (fetus)
to pass from the womb(uterus) into the vagina. The
cervical canal also allows sperm to pass from the vagina
into the uterus.

THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The penis and the scrotum are
the external organs. The penis
is the organ for reproduction
and
for urination. Behind the penis
is the scrotum, a sac-like pouch
that supports the testes. The
testes begin to produce sperms
during puberty.

THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Each testis produces billions of sperm cells.

Each sperm, the male reproductive cell, has a head and a tail. The
tail makes the sperms move very fast.
The sperm travels from the testes through the tubes called the
vas deferens that circle the bladder.
The bladder is a sac that serves as the receptacle for urine.
Behind the bladder is the gland called seminal vesicle. This gland
provides the sperms with a fluid that enables them to move.
The mixture of the sperm and the fluid is known as the semen.
The semen leaves the body via the urethra.

TEST YOURSELF.
1. What is another name for the uterus?
a. stomach
b. womb c. ovary d. marrow
2. What is the name of the tube that carries the egg cell to the uterus?
a. fallopian
b. urethra c. aorta
d. Vagina
3. What do the ovaries store?
a. Semen b. embryos
c. sperm

d. egg cells

4. The cervix is the connection between which two structures?

a. penis and testicles b. fallopian tube and ovary
c. vagina and uterus d. elbow and wrist
5. Only girls have a urethra.
a. True b. False
c. Definitely

d. Maybe

TEST YOURSELF.
6. Name the parts labeled A and B in the diagram.

a.
b.
c.
d.

A=prostate gland
B=urethra
A=scrotum
B=prostate gland
A=scrotum
B=urethra
A=sperm duct
B=penis

TEST YOURSELF.
7. The diagram shows a sperm. The tail enables the sperm to
swim. Why does the sperm need to be able to swim?
a.
b.
c.
d.

In order to get the egg

Because it is a member of the fish family
So that it does not drown in the semen
To travel around in the testicle

8. Which of the following is not part of the male reproductive

system?
e.
f.
g.
h.

seminal vesicles
urethra
prostate gland
kidney

TEST YOURSELF.
9. The tube that connects to the bladder and carries urine out of the body is called
the___________?
a. artery b. fallopian
c. penis
d. Urethra
10. Which of the following surrounds the testicles?
a. The sperm duct

b. The scrotum

c. The urethra d. The penis

11. Another name for the sex cell is ___________.

a. hormone

b. gamete c. zygote d. testicle

12. A gamete is the name given to the sex cell produced by either parent. What is
the name of the male gamete?
a. Egg b. Sperm c. Semen d. hormone

TEST YOURSELF.
12. Name the part labeled X in the diagram that produces fluids
which help the sperm to swim?
Ureter b. Prostate gland
c. Urethra d. Scrotum
a.

13. Where is the hormone testosterone made?

a. penis b. uterus
c. testicles d. kidney
14. Identify the parts labeled A and B in the diagram of a sperm
shown.
b.
c.
d.
e.

A=nucleus
B=leg
A=head B=nucleus
A=nucleus
B=tail
A=head B=tail

HOW THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

WORKS

15. What is the purpose of the little hairs inside the nose?
a. To fight disease.

b. They serve no purpose.

c. To keep dust out of the lungs.

d. To tickle the nose and cause sneezes.

16. What is another name for the windpipe?

a. Lungs

b. Larynx c. esophagus

d. Trachea

18. Air can enter the body and travel to the lungs _____________________.
a. through the mouth

b. through the esophagus and gullet

c. through the windpipe and the pores d. thru the nose and the nervous system
19. What is the respiratory system?
a. The bodys breathing system.

b. The bodys system of nerves.

c. The bodys food processing system. d. The bodys blood transferring system.

21. What important activity takes place in the lungs?

a. Food is digested.

b. Liquid waste is filtered from the blood.

c. Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.

d. The trachea is exchanged for the larynx.

22. Oxygen moves from the lungs into the bloodstream through _______________.
a. nerve fibers

b. a large artery in the heart

c. small blood vessels in the lungs d. a tube in the lungs called the jugular vein
23. When we breathe in, we inhale many gases, including oxygen. What
happens to the gases that the body can't use?
a. They are exhaled.

b. They are changed into oxygen by the lungs.

c. They circulate through the body and are disposed of later.

d. They are absorbed into the digestive system and used to create energy.
24. What are lungs for?
a. To digest food.

B. To help us breath.

26. To go on living, the body's cells need food, water, chemicals, and _____________.
a. helium b. oxygen c. vegetables

d. carbon dioxide

27. What happens when you breathe in?

a. your diaphragm expands and your ribcage contracts
b. your diaphragm contracts and your ribcage expands
c. your diaphragm explodes and your ribcage contradicts
d. All of the above
28. What are bronchial tubes?
a. air passages inside your lungs

b. blood vessels inside your body

c. tiny air sacs that deliver oxygen to the blood

d. none of the above

29. Air enters your lungs through the __________.

a. trachea

b. esophagus

c. alveoli

d. bronchial tubes

URINARY
SYSTEM
AND
ITS
FUNCTIONS
The urinary system removes substances from the blood in the
form of urine and regulates various metabolic processes. The urinary
system is made up of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder,
two sphincters and the urethra.
Two kidneys - a pair of purplish-brown organs located below the
ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to remove liquid
waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of
salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin,
a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells.
The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering
units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a ball formed of
small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube called
a renal tubule. Urea, together with water and other waste

URINARY SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Two ureters - narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to
the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax
forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. If urine backs up, or
is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop. About every
10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the
bladder from the ureters
Bladder - a triangle-shaped, hollow organ located in the lower
abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other
organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to
store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the
urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to two cups of
urine for two to five hours.

URINARY SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Two sphincter muscles - circular muscles that help keep urine
from leaking by closing tightly like a rubber band around the
opening of the bladder.
Nerves in the bladder - alert a person when it is time to urinate,
or empty the bladder.
Urethra - the tube that allows urine to pass outside the body. The
brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine
out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the
sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder through the
urethra. When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal
urination occurs.

31. The urinary system includes all but which of the following?
a. Urethra

b. ureters

c. kidneys d. adrenal glands

32. What are you doing when your diaphragm and rib muscles contract
and air enters the space created inside your chest cavity?
a. Coughing

b. Eating c. Inhaling

d. Exhaling

33. Functions of the urinary system include all of the following except:
a. Regulating blood volume.
b. Conserving nutrients by preventing their excretion in the urine.
c. Regulating plasma concentrations of ions by controlling the amount lost in the urine.
d. Regulating blood pressure.

34. What is the purpose of the little hair inside the nose?
a. To fight disease.

B. They serve no purpose.

c. To keep dust out of the lungs. d. To tickle the nose and cause sneezes.

35. Structurally, a kidney is__________________.

a. approximately the size of a full gall bladder.
b. soft enough to change shape dramatically in response to the activity of abdominal
organs that might constrict it.
c. covered by four capsular layers.
d. kidney-bean shaped.

36. A glomerulus___________________________.
e.
f.
g.
h.

is a portion of the proximal convoluted tubule.

occurs in the Loop of Henle.
filters urine just prior to its exit from the kidney.
is a capillary knot contained within the renal corpuscle.

37. Which of the following is not true of nephrons?

i.
j.
k.
l.

There are roughly 2.5 million nephrons in each kidney.

Each nephron consists of a long renal tubule.
They can be viewed only with a microscope.
One type occurs only in the medulla of the kidney.

38. A nephron has two parts, and these are the______________.

a. glomerulus and collecting duct.
b. renal corpuscle and renal tubules.
c. collecting duct and convoluted tubules.
d. proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubules

39. The renal medulla is composed of tissue called ______.

a. renal pyramids
b. nephrons
c. renal sinus d. renal pelvis
40. Which is found in the highest concentration in the urine?
a. Uric acid b. Urea
c. Glucose
d. Creatinine
41. The ___________________ is the functional unit of the kidney.
a. renal pyramid b. renal medulla c. nephrond. renal cortex
42. Where is the location of the external urethral sphincter in the human
male?
a. prostatic urethra

b. spongy urethra

c. membranous urethra d. tip of the penis

4c. An infection of the urinary bladder is termed

_________________.
a. Urethritis

b. cystitis c. nephritis

d. glomerulonephritis

4d. How is excess salts and minerals from the bladder

remove?
a. by respiration b. by the sweat glands
c. by digestion

d. by urination

45. Which organ excretes urine?

a. Kidneys

b. sweat glands

c. large intestine d. anus

Classification of Vertebrates

Vertebrates possess a skull that protects the brain. Vertebrate

skulls house the sensory organs for taste, smell, hearing and vision.
Most vertebrates have two pairs of appendages which can take the
form of wings, flippers, fins, arms or legs.

Classification
ofandVertebrates
- live both on land
in the water. They are cold-

1. Amphibians

blooded animals with three- chambered heart.

2. Mammals generally considered the most advanced members of

the
animal kingdom.
3. Reptiles

they have either an outer covering of scales or thick,

leathery plates.

4. Birds - they are warm-blooded, they consume a great deal of

food to maintain their body temperature.
5. Fishes - are vertebrates with special characteristics that allow
them to spend all or part of their lives in water.

46. What do you call animals that are cold-blooded with threechambered heart
as well as other organs are commonly found?
a. Birds b. Mammals
c. Amphibians
d. Fish
47. What are the typical examples of amphibians?
a. Frogs, toads and salamanders
b. Giraffe, cat and dogs
c. Sharks, salmon and trout
d. Turtles, reptiles and lizards
48. How do amphibians protect themselves?
a. by quickly scurrying away from danger
b. absorb oxygen into their bodies through their skin
c. they need parental care to protect them.
d. by hiding into the grasses.
49. The picture below shows several different birds.
What characteristic do all birds share?
a.

They can fly.

b.

They have feathers.

50. Which of the following questions is testable in a scientific investigation?

a.

Are dogs better pets than cats?

b.

b. Are dogs happy when they are walked?

c. Are cats more active at night than during the day?

d.

Are cats easier to take care of than dogs?

51. What are the special characteristic of a fish and amphibians?

e. Allow them to spend all of part their lives in water.
f. They are oviparous and lay eggs with brittle shells which must be incubated while they
develop.
g. They breathe exclusively through the use of well-developed lungs.
h. They possess hair that can cover all or part of their bodies.

52. Which of the following mammals belong to phylum Chordata?

a. giraffe
b. dog
c. elephant
d. frog

53. The following are characteristics of mammals, which one does not belong
to the group?
a. They are members of Phylum Chordata.
b. They are the most advanced members of the animal kingdom.
c. They are nourished with milk secreted by the mammary glands of their mothers.
d. They are more sophisticated than other types of animals.

54. What are the two classes of fish?

a. Chondrichthyes and osteichtyhyes b. Aves and reptilia
c. Chordata and mammalia

d. All of the above

55. What are the common characteristics of a bird?

a. They are warm blooded.
b. They consume s great deal to maintain their body temperature
c. Have highly efficient respiratory system and a fast beating.

Characteristics that enable animals to survive in an

environment.
Animals characteristics include numerous adaptations that
enable them to survive in a wide range of environments. They live in
nearly every habitat around the globe, from frigid polar regions, to
turbulent seas, to dense tropical forests. Animals also possess body
structures that help them get their food. They also possess body
structures to protect themselves .

Modern mammals range in stature from tiny field mice to

massive whales and although various species may look drastically
different, all mammals still share a unifying set of characteristics. Some
mammal characteristicssuch as their hair, mammary glands, and three
specialized middle-ear bonesare shared by no other groups of animals.

Characteristics that enable animals to survive in an

environment.
Fish are found nearly everywhere there is water with enough
food, oxygen and cover. Near your home there should be a body of
water that has fish living in it.

Amphibians have adapted to survive in many different types

of habitats. They can be found in forests, woodlots, meadows,
springs, streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, bogs, marshes, swamps,
vernal ponds and even farmland.

Characteristics that enable animals to survive in an

environment.
ANIMAL ADAPTATION
1. MIMICRY Imitating the shapes, colors, smells or sounds of other animals.
2. MIGRATION Movement of animals to warmer places during winter.
Movement from one place to another during certain seasons of the year.
3. CAMOUFLAGE Copying the features of a superior animal to protect oneself
from its enemies.
4. GROUP LIFE Animals gathering together usually following a leader.
5. ESTIVATION Deep sleep during summer that lasts for a long time.
6. HIBERNATION Deep sleep during winter that last for a long time.
7. PROTECTIVE COLORATION Blending of an animals color to its
surrounding.

58. Which of the following animals live in the pond?

a. rabbit

b. milkfish

c. dove

d. cat

59. Koala bears live on ___________.

a. fruit bearing tree

b. mountain

c. eucalyptus Three d. acacia tree

60. What kind of poison does Puffer fish have?

a. Venom
61.

b. Tetradon Toxin c. Cyanide

d. ethanol

Mosquitoes breed and stay in _____________________.

a. clear stagnant water
c. rice field with plenty of grains

b. trees and bushes

d. inside the house

62. Most animals sleep during winter, what do we call this?

a. Camouflage

b. Hibernation

c. Estivation

d. Rainy season

64. Animals that can blend with its surrounding are called ___________.
a. camouflage

b. blending

c. coloring

d. eagle

65. Which of these animals demonstrates cryptic coloration?

a. native ducks b. bumble bee

c. grasshopper

d. tamaraw

66. Which of these describes cryptic coloration?

a. blends with the environment
c. changes in color

b. changes the environment

d. invisibleness

67. Some animals like fish can live only in water. Some animals can live
only in land. Why can animals live in a particular environment?
a.

They live where they can get food.

b.

They live where the temperature is hot

c.

They live where they have no enemies.

d.

They live where the temperature is cold.

69. Why do polar bears have thick furs?

a. So that they can walk fast.

B. So they can sleep better.

c. So that they are good to look at.

C. So that they can always feel warm.

70. Which of the following animal characteristics in NOT mimicry?

a. Frogs change their colors.
b. Turtles hide under their hard shells
c. Walking sticks blends with twigs and under bush.
d. Sphinx moth resembles its wooden resting place.

71. Animals live in places where they can find food and shelter. Which
animal is mostly likely in frigid climates?
a. Camel

b. Polar Bear

c. Lion

d. Monkey

72. Why do many desert animals eat meat?

c. Desert animals do not like plants.

73. How do animals in cold places adapt to his cold surroundings?

a.

They have thick skin to keep their body warm.

b.

Their bodys color blends with their surroundings.

c.

They have layers of fats to keep their body warm.

d.

They have feathers or hair to keep their body warm.

7d. How does a skunk protect itself from its enemies?

e.

It blends its color with the environment.

f.

It mimics the sound and shape of its prey.

g.

It secretes a foul-smelling substance that keeps its enemies away.

h.

They play dead.

75. How do ants, monkeys and elephants protect themselves from their
enemies?

 76. How do bears prepare themselves for hibernation?

a. They grow large thick furs.
b. They build nests for themselves.
c. They change the color of their furs.
d. They eat enormous amount of food just before winter.

Describe the characteristics of different kinds of

plants.
Plants have special characteristics which help them adapt to their environment.

1. PROTOPHILIC Plants that adapt to intense light.

2. PHOTOPHOBIC Plants that grow in shady areas

3. PARASITE PLANTS Non-green plants survived by getting food from other

living things.

4. SAPROPYTES plants line on the body of once living thing.

77. The branches and stems of plants move towards source of light. This type
of movement is called _____.
a. geotropism

b. hydrotropism

c. chemotropism d. phototropism

78. Seeds are dispersed from one place to another. Which seed is best suited
for dispersal by means of animals like birds?
a. Narra

b. Guava c. Coconut

d. Mango

79. How do colors of flowers help the plant in reproduction?

a. They help in beatifying the garden.
b. they drive insects that harm the plants.
c. They attract insects that help in reproduction of plants.
d. To attract insects that protects plants from harmful enemies.
80. Why do coconut seeds and fruits easily float on water?
a. They have light husks.

81. What characteristics make the water hyacinth float in water?

a. Light weight of the plants.

B. Light, rounded, waxy leaves.

c. Bulbous stems filled with air. D. Spreading, feathery root stem.

82. Why mosses able to live on damp rocks?
a. Because they can make rock slippery.
b. Because they can cut down water loss.
c. Because they can give off carbon dioxide.
d. Because they can absorb water better in this place.

83. What makes rain and snow easily slide of pine trees?
I.

Its waxy-coated leaves.

II.

Its needle-shaped leaves.

III. Its drooping leaves and branches.

85. Some people plant bougainvillea along fences to prevent

people from passing through. What prevents people from
touching or getting near bougainvillea plant?
a. It has hooks.
b. It has sticky juice.
c. It has sharp thorns.
d. It has unpleasant smell.

86. How do some mushrooms protect themselves from animals?

e. By growing spines.
f. By having fine hairs.
g. By producing poison.

Differentiate physical from chemical

changes/processes
1. PHYSICAL CHANGE Involves the change in phase, size, and shape of matter
but not changing its chemical properties. It does not produce new substances.
The new form may be changed back in to the old form.
Tearing

cutting crumpling

Drying

pounding breaking

Molding

bending

shaping

Differentiate physical from chemical

changes/processes
2. CHEMICAL CHANGE It alters the chemical characteristics of matter, thus
forming a new substance. It cannot return to its former structure.
Some evidences of chemical changes are:
formation of gas
formation of precipitate
change in color
production of light and heat energy
burning, cooking, rusting, decaying, fermenting.

87. Michelle hung wet clothes outsides the house during a sunny day.
After hours they all dried up. What change took place?
a. Physical change

b. Chemical change

c. Physical and chemical change.

D. None of the above.

88. Hazel heated the sugar to make syrup. What change was brought by
heating?

a. Physical change

b. Chemical change

c. Physical and chemical change

d. No change at all

89. Your mother brought Kilo raw mangoes from the market. She
placed them in a basket. After 3 days, the green mangoes turned
yellowish in color. What changes took place?

a. Physical change
c. Energy change

b. Chemical change
d. Electrical change

91. How can you produce a chemical change in wood?

a. Chop it b. Cut it into many tiny places

c. Burn it d. Put it in water

For Items Number 92 and 93, refer to the box listing the different changes
A. Ripening of fruits
D Evaporating saltwater
take place.
B. Burning of wood
C. Cementing processes

E. Sewing cloth into a dress

F. Coconut water turning into vinegar

9b. Which are examples of chemical change?

a.
b.
c.
d.

A,
A,
B,
C,

B, C
B, F
D, F
D, E

9c. Which are examples of physical change?

e.
f.
g.
h.

A, B, C
A, B, F
C, D, E
D, E, F

For item 94, refer to the box below.

I melting ice
II melting
wax

9d. Which statement is true about the changes in the two given examples?
a. I is physical change. II is chemical change.
b. I is chemical change. II is physical change.
c. I and II are physical changes.
d. I and II are chemical changes.
95. Which of the following is a result of a chemical change?
e. Frozen water
f. Broken glass
g. Chopped wood
h. Tarnished silverware
96.Which of the following is a result of physical change?
i. An iron nail becomes rusty.
j. Burning a piece of paper.
k. Nail polish was removed from the fingernails using acetone.
l. Mixing of salt and water.


OXYGEN
CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE

An ecosystem has materials that plants and animals used in

order to live. Among these materials are oxygen and carbon-dioxide.

Oxygen is a gas released as a by-product of photosynthesis.

It is cycled in the environment.

Carbon dioxide is released in respiration .It is also released

when decomposition occurs.

Oxygen is released by plant sand is taken in by animals for

respiration while carbon dioxide is taken in by plants for
photosynthesis.

97. In the carbon-oxygen cycle carbon gas and oxygen gas mixes in the
____________.
a, atmosphere

b. soil

c. fossil fuel

d. factories

98. Carbon dioxide is taken in by plants through the process

called_______________.
a. symbiosis b. photosynthesis c. chemical process d. All of the above
99. Carbon gas can be stored underneath the earth as a _____________.
a. fossil fuel

b. soil

c. water

d. garbage

100. Carbon- dioxide is one of the gases that cause the warming of the
atmosphere. This condition is known as the ____________.
a. global warming

b. green house effect

c. thermal energy d. heat

101 .The cycle shown in the illustration below is ____________.

a. carbon cycle

b. carbon oxygen cycle

c. oxygen cycle

d. none of these

102. Which statement is true about the plants in the illustration?

a. They give off carbon-dioxide for animals use.
b. They give off oxygen for children use in breathing
c. They need oxygen to synthesize glucose and photosynthesis
d. They need carbon-dioxide from the sun to manufacture food.
103. Which statement is true about the animals in the illustration?
e.

They

give-off carbon-dioxide for plants use

f.

They need carbon-dioxide from the plants for breathing

g. They give off oxygen gas for plants use in photosynthesis.

h. They need the sun which provide them oxygen for breathing

The plants and the fish in the aquarium show a basic type of ecosystem.

104. Which statements above illustrate the dependence of one organism

to another?
a. The fish can make food through the help of the plants
b. The fish needs the plants for reproduction and the plants need the fish for
protection.
c. The fish need carbon-dioxide from the plants for respiration and the plants
oxygen from the fish for photosynthesis.
d. All of the above.
105. What will if the supply of carbon dioxide is permanently cut off?
a. Green plants will grow
b. Photosynthesis cannot take place
c. Animals can not undergo respiration
d. All of the above
106. What is a by-product of respiration?
a. Oxygen b. Carbon dioxide and water
c. Nitrogen d. Both 1 & 2

Encircle the number of the correct

answer.